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Chapter 3
Dynamics
Long Questions
Dynamics:
The branch of physics which deals with the study of motion along with discussing its causes is called
dynamics.
Force
Definition:
Force moves or tends to move, stops or tends to stop the motion of a body. It can also change the
direction of motion of a body. A force can also be used to change the shape of a body.
Formula:
F=ma
Unit:
Its unit is newton which is equal to kgm/s2.
Nature:
It is a vector quantity.
Example:
A batsman hitting a ball.
A goalkeeper stopping a football.
A knife can be used to cut an apple.
Inertia
Definition:
The property of a body due to which it resists any change in its state of rest or motion is called inertia.
Example:
A book lying on a table stays at rest until no net force acts on it.
The coin falls into the glass as the card is flicked away
Momentum
Definition:
The quantity of motion possessed by a body due to its mass and velocity is called momentum.
The product of mass and velocity is called momentum.
Formula:
P=mv
Unit:
Its unit is kgm/s.
Nature:
It is a vector quantity.
Newton’s First Law of Motion
Statement:
“A body continues its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line until no net force acts on
it.”
Net force is the resultant of all the forces acting on the body.
It is also called law of inertia.
Validity:
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It deals with the bodies which are at rest or moving with uniform velocity.
Example:
A book lying on a table stays at rest until no net force acts on it.
A ball rolled on smooth surface stops earlier than that rolled on a smooth surface.
Law of inertia:
Newton’s first law of motion is also called aw of inertia because it deals with the inertial property
of matter according to which a body resists any change in its state of rest or motion. Therefore, it is also
called law of inertia.
Why passengers fall forward when driver hits brakes suddenly?
Passengers standing in a bus fall forward when driver applies brake suddenly because of inertia. Upper
parts of their bodies tend to continue their motion, while lower parts in contact with the bis stop with it.
Hence, they fall forward.
Newton’s second law of motion
Statement:
“When a net force acts on a body, it produces acceleration in the direction of net force. The
magnitude of acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass
of the body.”
Validity:
It deals with the conditions when net force is applied on a body.
Explanation:
Let a force F act on a body of mass m. Applied force produces acceleration a in the direction of
force. We know that, its magnitude is directly proportional to this force and inversely proportional to its
mass.
Mathematical relation:
a∝F_______eq(1)
a∝1/m______eq(2)
Combining eq(1) and eq(2):
a∝F/m
Rearranging the above equation:
F∝ma
Replacing sign of proportionality by inserting a constant k:
F∝kma_________eq(3)
In SI units, the value of k is 1:
F=(1)ma
F = ma
F = ma
SI unit:
The SI unit of force is newton (N).
One newton:
The force which produces an acceleration of 1ms-2 in the body of mass 1kg.
Mathematically:
Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
1N = 1kg x 1ms-2
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1N = 1kgms-2
Q. Differentiate between mass and weight.
Mass Weight
Definition: Definition:
The quantity of matter possessed by a body is The force of gravity acting on the body is called
called mass. weight.
Quantity: Quantity:
It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
Change of place: Change of place:
It does not change with the change in place. It changes with the change of place, depending on
the value of g.
Dependance: Dependance:
It does not depend on gravitational acceleration. It depends on gravitational acceleration.
Unit: Unit:
Its unit is kg. Its unit is Newton.
Measurement: Measurement:
It is measured by comparison with beam balance. It is measured by spring balance.
Both quantities are related to each other by the formula
W=mg
Newton’s third law of motion
Statement:
“To every action there is always an equal but opposite reaction.”
It deals with the reaction when a net force acts on a body.
Action and reaction always act on different bodies.
Example:
Consider a book placed on the table. The weight of the book acts downwards on the table, which is
action. On the other hand, the table exerts a reaction force on the book in upward direction.
Application:
Rockets work on the same principle. When fuel burns the gases come out of its tail with very high
velocity which provides the reaction force on the rocket and it moves in upward direction.
Relationship between force and momentum
Statement:
When a force acts on a body, it produces acceleration in the body and is equal to the rate of
change of momentum.
Mathematical relation:
F= Pf - Pi/t
Explanation:
Consider a body of mass m moving with initial velocity vi. Let a force F act on a body which
produces acceleration a in the body. It changes its velocity. Let the velocity after time t be v f. Its initial
and final momentum is given as:
Initial momentum = Pi = mvi
Final momentum = Pf =mvf
Change in momentum = Pf - Pi = mvf - mvi
Dividing above equation by t:
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P f −P i mv f −mv i
=
t t
P f −P i m(v f −v i)
=
t t
( v f −v i)
As =a
t
P f −P i
= ma
t
According to Newton’s 2nd law:
F = ma
So, above equation becomes:
P f −P i
F=
t
Above equation related force with momentum.
Unit:
The above equation shows that the unit of momentum is N/s which is the same as kgms -2.
Q. State and explain law of conservation of momentum with the help of two spheres.
Statement:
“The momentum of an isolated system of two or more interacting bodies remains
Constant.”
System:
A group of two or more interacting bodies within certain limits is called system.
Isolated system:
A system of two or more interacting bodies on which no external force is acting is called isolated
system.
Mathematical relation:
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
Explanation:
Consider an example of isolated system containing two sphere of masses m 1 and m2.
They are moving in a straight line with initial velocities u 1 and u2 in a straight line, such that u1 is
greater than u2.
Their initial momentum is given as:
Initial momentum of mass m1 = m1u1
Initial momentum of mass m2 = m2u2
Total initial momentum before collision = m1u1 + m2u2
After sometime m1 hits m2 with some force.
According to Newton’s 3rd law m2 exerts equal and opposite force on m1.
Let their final velocities be v1 and v2.
The final momentum of m1 and m2 is given as:
Final momentum of mass m1 = m1v1
Final momentum of mass m2 = m2v2
Total Final momentum after collision = m1v1 + m2v2
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According to law of conservation of momentum:
Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
Conclusion:
The above equation shows that the total momentum of an isolated system before and after
collision remains constant.
Q. Explain the recoil of gun on the basis of law of conservation of momentum.
Statement:
“The momentum of an isolated system of two or more interacting bodies remains
Constant.”
System:
A group of two or more interacting bodies within certain limits is called system.
Isolated system:
A system of two or more interacting bodies on which no external force is acting is called isolated
system.
Mathematical relation:
m
V=- v
M
Explanation:
Consider an isolated system of a gun and a bullet.
The total momentum of the gun before firing is zero, because both the gun and the bullet are at rest.
So,
Total momentum before gun is fired = 0
As the gun is fired, the bullet shoots out of the gun and possesses momentum.
For the conservation of momentum, the gun recoils in the opposite direction.
According to law of conservation of momentum, the total momentum of gun and bullet must be zero.
Let the mass of the bullet be m and v its velocity.
The mass of gun is M and V be the velocity with which it recoils.
The momentum of gun and bullet is:
Momentum of gun = mv
Momentum of bullet = MV
Total momentum of the system is given as:
Total momentum after it is fired = MV + mv
According to law of conservation of momentum, the total momentum of the gun and the bullet must be
zero before and after it is fired. Therefore,
0 = MV + mv
MV = -mv
m
V=- v
M
The above equation gives the velocity of gun with which it recoils.
Negative sign:
The negative sign indicates that the velocity of gun and the bullet is opposite to each other. Since, the
gun is much heavier than the bullet, therefore, the recoil is much smaller than the velocity of bullet.
Q. Write a note on friction.
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Definition:
The force which opposes the motion of a body is called friction.
Reason of friction:
Friction is a force that comes into action when a body is pushed or pulled.
Dependance:
In case of solids, friction depends upon many factors such as:
Nature of two surfaces in contact
Pressing force
Example:
It is easier to rub our palms on smooth surfaces than rough surfaces.
Friction opposes motion:
No surface in the universe is perfectly smooth. A smooth surface has pits and bumps that can be
viewed under a microscope. A magnified view of two surfaces in contact shows the gaps and contact
points between the surfaces. These contact points between two surfaces form a sort of cold welds. These
cold welds resist the surfaces from sliding over each other.
Pressing force:
Greater the pressing force greater will be the force of friction between two sliding surfaces.
Explanation:
It can be seen from the figure that increasing weight on the upper surface of the block increases
the force pressing surfaces together and hence, increases the resistance.
Applied force:
Friction is equal to the applied force that moves the body at rest. It increases with the applied
force.
Force of limiting friction:
The maximum value of friction beyond which it cannot be increased is called force of limiting
friction.
Explanation:
Friction increases with the applied force. But it can only be increased to a certain maximum
value. It does not increase beyond this, which is called force of limiting friction.
Mathematical relation:
Fs=μ R
Coefficient of friction:
The ratio of force of limiting friction Fs to the normal reaction R is called coefficient of friction.
Formula:
Its formula is given by:
μ = Fs/R
If m is the mass of block then for horizontal surface R = mg
μ = Fs/mg
Advantages of friction:
It enables us to write, we cannot write if there is no friction between pen and paper.
It enables us to walk on the ground. It is harder to run on a slippery floor due to lack of friction.
Birds could not fly, if there were no air resistance.
Disadvantages of friction:
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It is highly undesirable when moving at high speeds, because it opposes the motion and limits the
speed.
Most of our useful energy is lost as heat and sound due to friction.
It also causes the wear and tear of moving objects in a machine.
Methods of reducing friction:
Making the sliding surfaces smooth.
Making the fast moving objects streamline shape.
Lubricating the sliding surfaces.
Using ball bearings or roller bearings.