Pre-Sessional Mathematics 2020

Chapter 5

Integration

Introduction

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation.

Notation:  f ( x)dx is the integral of f(x) with respect to x.

If f(x) = x3 + 5x2 + 6 then f (x) = 3x2 + 10x + 0.

So, if f (x) = 3x2 + 10x + 0, then we can get back f(x) using integration, except for the actual

 (3x + 10 x) dx = x3 + 5x2 + C, (Example 1(a) explains

2
constant. By integrating we can get

how to get this) where C is an arbitrary constant.

There are two types of integrals: indefinite integrals and definite integrals.

Indefinite integrals

An indefinite integral is of the form  f ( x)dx

If F (x) = f(x), then  f ( x)dx = F(x) + C.
d
A constant C is added since we must give the most general answer possible and (C) = 0.
dx

Standard Integrals
𝑥 𝑛+1
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, for 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

2. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

1
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥

4. ∫ sin (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑥) + 𝐶

Chapter 5 Integration

5. ∫ cos (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑥) + 𝐶

1
 Pre-Sessional Mathematics 2020

Rules of integration

Sum Rule:  ( f + g ) dx =  f dx +  g dx

Difference Rule:  ( f − g ) dx =  f dx -  g dx

Constant Multiple Rule:  kf dx = k  f dx, where k is a constant

Example 1

Find the following integrals

1
(𝑎) ∫(3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (𝑏) ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐) ∫(𝑥 − sin(𝑥) + 2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

Solution

𝑥3 𝑥2
(𝑎) ∫(3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 + 10 + 𝐶 = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 𝐶
3 2

1 1
(𝑏) ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥

𝑥2
(𝑐) ∫(𝑥 − sin(𝑥) + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = + cos(𝑥) + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2

Example 2

Determine the following integrals:

5 1
(𝑎) ∫ (− ) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑏) ∫ (5𝑥 2 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 5𝑥 2

3
(𝑐) ∫ (𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑) ∫ (√𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
Chapter 5 Integration

√𝑥

1 2 (𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 1)
(𝑒) ∫ (𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥

2
 Pre-Sessional Mathematics 2020

Solution
5 −3
𝑥 −2 5
(𝑎) ∫ (− 3
) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −5 +𝐶 = 2+𝐶
𝑥 −2 2𝑥

1 𝑥 −2 5𝑥 3 𝑥 −1 5𝑥 3 1
(𝑏) ∫ (5𝑥 2 − 2
) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (5𝑥 2
− ) 𝑑𝑥 = − + 𝐶 = + +𝐶
5𝑥 5 3 −5 3 5𝑥

2𝑥 3 5𝑥 2
(𝑐) ∫ (𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 = + − 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2

3 1 3
3 1 1 𝑥2 𝑥2 2𝑥 2 1
(𝑑) ∫ (√𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = −3 +𝐶 = − 6𝑥 2 + 𝐶
√𝑥 3 1 3
2 2

1 2 1
(𝑒) ∫ (𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥 −1
= ∫(𝑥 2 + 2 + 𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = + 2𝑥 + +𝐶
3 −1
𝑥3 1
= + 2𝑥 − + 𝐶
3 𝑥

(𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 1) 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1
(𝑓) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥

1 3𝑥 2
= ∫ (3𝑥 + 2 − ) 𝑑𝑥 = + 2𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥 2

Example 3
Determine each of the following integrals:
Chapter 5 Integration

 
  3x
1
(a) 3
+ x 2 − 5 x + 12  dx
2 
 4
(b)   x + x +  dx
x

3
 Pre-Sessional Mathematics 2020

x3 − 1
(c)  x
dx

 x (x + 1) dx
2 3
(d)

Solution
 
  3x
1 3 4 1 3 5 2
(a) 3
+ x 2 − 5 x + 12  dx = x + x – x + 12x + C
2  4 6 2

 4  4
  x + x +  dx =   x + x1/ 2 +  dx =
1 2 2 3/2
(b) x + x + 4lnx + C
x  x 2 3

x3 − 1  1
 dx =   x 2 −  dx =
1
(c) x3 – lnx + C
x  x 3

 x (x + 1) dx =  ( x 5 + x 2 ) dx =
2 3 1 6 1
(d) x + x3 + C
6 3

Definite integrals
b
A definite integral is of the form a f ( x) dx , where x = a and x = b are the limits of integration.
Such an integral only makes sense when the function f(x) is continuous between x = a and x =
b.
5 1 1
For example, the integral  dx is not defined since the function f(x) = is not
0 x−3 x−3
continuous at x = 3 and since 0  3  5.

The answer to an indefinite integral is an algebraic expression that includes “+ C”.

However, the answer to a definite integral is a number.

f ( x) dx = F ( x) ba = F(b) – F(a).

b
If F (x) = f(x), then a
Example 4

Evaluate each of these integrals.

2  
 0  3x
3
Chapter 5 Integration

(a) 3
+ x 2 − 5 x + 12 dx
2 
5 1
(b) 0 x+3
dx

4
 Pre-Sessional Mathematics 2020

4 x2 +1
(c) 2 x
dx

2
(d) 0 x 3 (3x 2 + 1)dx

1
 0 e dx
x
(e)

e 1 
(f)  1  x + 2 dx

Solution
2
2  3 3 2  3 4 1 3 5 2 
(a) 0  3x + x − 5 x + 12 dx =  x + x − x + 12 x 
 2  4 2 2 0
= (12 + 4 – 10 + 24) – (0) = 30

dx = ln x + 3  0 = ln(8) – ln(3)

5 1
0
5
(b)
x+3

4
4 x2 +1 4  1 1 
(c) 2 x
dx = 2  x +  dx =  x 2 + ln x  = [8 + ln(4)] – [2 + ln(2)] = 6 + ln(2)
 x 2 2

2
2 2 1 
0 0
1
(d) x (3x + 1)dx =
3 2
(3x + x )dx =  x 6 + x 4  = (32 + 4) – (0) = 36
5 3

2 4 0

 0 e dx = e 0 = e1 – e0 = e – 1
1 x 1 x
(e)

1 
 1  x + 2 dx = ln( x) + 2 x 1
e e
(f)

= (ln e + 2e) – [ln(1) + 2(1)] = (1 + 2e) – (0 + 2) = 2e –1

Chapter 5 Integration

5
 Pre-Sessional Mathematics 2020

Area as a Definite Integral

If f(x) is continuous and f(x) ≥ 0 on the interval a  x  b, then the region R under the curve y
𝑏
= f(x) over the interval a  x  b has area A given by the definite integral 𝐴 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

y = f(x)

x=a x=b

Example 5

Find the area under the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 over the interval -1  x  2.

Solution

The area of the shaded region =

2 2
4
𝑥5 25 (−1)5 32 1 33
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( ) = ( ) − ( )= + = = 6.6
−1 5 −1 5 5 5 5 5
Example 6

Find the area under the curve 𝑦 = √𝑥(𝑥 + 1) over the interval 0  x  4.

Solution
Chapter 5 Integration

The area of the shaded region =

4 4 3 1
∫ √𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 0

6
 Pre-Sessional Mathematics 2020

5 3 4 5 3 5 3
𝑥2 𝑥2
42 42 02 02
=( + ) =( + )−( + )
5 3 5 3 5 3
2 2 0 2 2 2 2

64 16 272
= + = = 18.13
5 3 15

Chapter 5 Integration

7
 Pre-Sessional Mathematics 2020

Revision Problems

1. Determine the following integrals:

 2 7
  3x + 8x + −  dx
5
(a)
x x

1+ x
(b)  x
dx

2. Evaluate the following integrals

 (5x )
− 5 x + 6 dx b) (x )
− 7 x 2 + 3 dx c)  (5 x3 − 3x + 4) dx
8 6
a)
 3 5  3 1   9 5 
d)  1 − + 3  dx e)   5 x 2 / 3 − 5 +  dx f)  1 − + 7  dx
 x x   x 3x   x x 

3. Evaluate the following integrals

4x −1 2x − 3
 (5x )
− e x dx b)    x ( 2 x + 5 − 3 x ) dx
2 3
a) dx c) dx d)
x5 x4

4. Find the area of the region under the line y = 4x + 9 over the interval 1  x  9

 (5x )
5
5. Evaluate 5
+ 2 x3 − 6 x dx
–5

Chapter 5 Integration

8
 Pre-Sessional Mathematics 2020

Solutions to Revision Problems

 2 7
−  dx =   3x 5 + 8 x + 2 x −1 / 2 −  dx
7
  3x + 8x +
5
1. (a)
x x  x

x6
= + 4x2 + 4x1/2 – 7ln(x) + C
2

1+ x
 (x )
 1 x 
 dx =   1/ 2 + 1/ 2 dx = −1/ 2 2 3/2
(b) + x1/ 2 dx = 2x1/2 + x +C
x x x  3

 (5x − 5 x + 6 dx )
8
2. a)

5𝑥 9 5𝑥 2
= − + 6𝑥 + 𝐶
9 2

(x − 7 x 2 + 3 dx )
6
b)

𝑥7 7𝑥 3
= − + 3𝑥 + 𝐶
7 3

c)  (5 x3 − 3x + 4) dx

5𝑥 4 3𝑥 2
= − + 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4 2

 3 5
d)  1 − + 3  dx
 x x 

3 𝑥 −2
= ∫ (1 − 𝑥 + 5𝑥 −3 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 5 +𝐶
−2

5
= 𝑥 − 3𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶

 3 1 
e)   5 x 2 / 3 − 5 +  dx
 x 3x 

1 𝑥 3/2 𝑥 −4 1
= ∫ (5𝑥 3/2 − 3𝑥 −5 + 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 5 −3 + 3 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶
Chapter 5 Integration

3/2 −4

10 3 1
= 𝑥 3/2 + 4𝑥 4 + 3 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶
3

9
 Pre-Sessional Mathematics 2020

 9 5 
f)  1 − + 7  dx
 x x 
9 𝑥 −6
= ∫ (1 − 𝑥 + 5𝑥 −7 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 5 +𝐶
−6

5
= 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 6𝑥 6 + 𝐶

 (5x ) 5𝑥 3
3. a) 2
− e x dx = 3
− 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶

4x −1 𝑥 −3 𝑥 −4
 x5 (4𝑥 −4 −5 )
b) dx = ∫ − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 − +𝐶
−3 −4

4 1
= − 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 4 + 𝐶

2x − 3 𝑥 −2 𝑥 −3
 x4 (2𝑥 −3 −4 )
c) dx = ∫ − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 − 3 +𝐶
−2 −3

1 1
= − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝐶

 x ( 2 x + 5 − 3 x ) dx = ∫(2𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
3 4 3 7/2
d)

𝑥5 𝑥4 𝑥 9/2
=2 +5 −3 +𝐶
5 4 9/2

2𝑥 5 5𝑥 4 2𝑥 9/2
= + − +𝐶
5 4 3

4. Area of the region under the line y = 4x + 9 over the interval 1  x  9 is

9
= ∫1 (4𝑥 + 9) 𝑑𝑥 = (2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥)19

= (2 × 92 + 9 × 9) − (2 × 12 + 9 × 1) = 243 − 11 = 232

5
 (5x )
Chapter 5 Integration

5 5𝑥 6 2𝑥 4 6𝑥 2
5. 5
+ 2 x3 − 6 x dx = ( 6
+ 4
− 2
)
–5 −5

5(5)6 (5)4 5(−5)6 (−5)4

( + − 3(5)2 ) − ( + − 3(−5)2 ) = 0
6 2 6 2

10