GeoSI

Software Version: HRS 10.0 B1

Data Location: \\cgyhrssrv01\disk28\repository\Data\Guide_Data\HRS-10
Creation: ___________ By: ___________
Revision: September, 2015 By: Ahmed Alawa
Notes: Exercise screenshots update
Starting the Geoview project

Start the HRS10 Geoview program by clicking the

Geoview icon on your desktop:

When you launch

Geoview, the first
window that you see
contains a list of any
projects previously
opened in Geoview.
Your list will be blank if
this is the first time you
are running Geoview.

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 Starting the Geoview project
For this guide, we will start a new project.
Before doing that, you should set all the
data paths to point to the location where
you have stored the guide data. To do
that, click the Settings tab:

To change all of the directories to the same location, click the option Set
all default directories and then click the button to the right:

Then, in the File

Selection Dialog, select
the folder which contains
the workshop data:

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Starting the Geoview project

After you have set all three paths, the Geoview window will now show
the selected directories (note that yours may be different than below):

When you have

finished setting
all the paths,
click Apply to
store these
paths:

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Starting the Geoview project
Now click the Projects tab and choose the option to create a New
Project:

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Starting the Geoview project

A dialog appears,
where we can set the
project name. We will
call it GeoSi Guide, as
shown.

Enter the project name

and click OK on that
dialog:

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 Starting the Geoview project

By default, Geoview expects

to use a well log database
with the same name as the
project, located in the same
directory. If that is not the
case, you can Specify the
database.

In this case, we have created

the database previously, with
three wells already loaded.
So, click Specify database
and select [Link], as
shown.

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Starting the Geoview project

The Geoview Start Window now looks like this:

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Starting the Geoview project
The Project Data list shows the three wells loaded from the database.
Double-click the first well, well101, to display the curves in that well:

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 Reading in the Seismic Data
Now we will read in the seismic angle stacks. Follow the series of steps
shown below:

1 2

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 Reading in the Seismic Data

Even though we are

reading in three angle
stacks from the same 3D
volume, we will read them
in separately at this point
and combine them later.

Accept the default

settings on this
dialog and click
Next.

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Reading in the Seismic Data

We must tell the program that

the same format applies to all
three volumes. Click the
button shown on the right,
Apply Format to all Files, and
then click Next.

This warning appears, telling you that the

program is about to scan the volumes
and create information files. Click Ok to
start that process.
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 Reading in the Seismic Data
When the scanning process has completed,
the geometry page appears, showing you
what geometry configuration the program has
determined from the SEGY trace headers.

If this appears incorrect, you can edit the

geometry settings here, or go back and check
the trace headers to see if different locations
should have been read.

In this case, the geometry is correct, so click

OK to accept that.

Finally, a table appears specifying how

the wells will be mapped to the seismic
data. Click OK to confirm that.

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 Reading in the Seismic Data
The seismic data now appears in the Geoview window. To
improve the display, follow the series of steps shown below:

1. Click the 2. Click the

Vertical Well icon
Zoom Out and select
icon to well 104:
compress
the plot
scales:

3. The
display
looks like
this:

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 Reading in the Seismic Data

One more step we will do with the seismic data is

to create an angle gather from the three angle
stacks. To do that, select the Data Explorer tab
and the Seismic Data Explorer on the pull-down
menu:

Click the Options button and select

Create a Gather from Stacked Volumes:
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 Reading in the Seismic Data

In this dialog, we select the option to

create Angle Gathers from the angle
stacks. Note that this process does not
duplicate the data on disk. It simply
creates a look-up table, which is used by
later processes.

We will call the new group gather_group.

Click Next.

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Reading in the Seismic Data

On the next dialog which appears,

select the items shown here:

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Reading in the Seismic Data
On the next dialog, type in the angle
corresponding to each stack and click Next.
Select All the available volumes and
click OK.

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Reading in the Seismic Data

This final dialog summarizes the Now, looking at the Project Data tab, we see
process. Click Finish to that a new item, gather_group, has been added
complete the operation. to the list.

Double-click that name to see the display on

the next slide:

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 Reading in the Seismic Data
The display now shows the original 3 angle stacks reorganized by collecting all traces within
a single bin. Because there were 3 stacks, the result is a 3-fold gather. For some processes,
such as simultaneous inversion and wavelet extraction, it will be more convenient to use
this volume as input than the original stacks.

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 Reading in the Horizons
Now, we read in the horizons which will be
used to build the initial model. Perform the
three steps shown:
2

3
1

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Reading in the Horizons
To specify the organization of the ASCII horizon files, first click View Files:

We see that the file contains one line for each pick value, contained in columns 2,3 and 4:

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Reading in the Horizons

Fill in the dialog as

shown and click OK:

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Reading in the Horizons

Now we see the horizons displayed on the gather_group:

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Reading in the Horizons

To see the horizons displayed on one of

the stacks, double-click that name on the
Project Data list:

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Stochastic Inversion

Now that we have collected all the data

necessary to do the stochastic inversion,
we will proceed to do the inversion itself.
There are actually two ways in which to
do this.

1. The first is to select Stochastic

inversion (GeoSI) from the Processes
list in the Project Manager.

2. The second is to use the Stochastic

Inversion Workflow, which is what we
will do in this tutorial.

However, let us first see where the option

is located under the Processes list. Go to
the Processes list in the Project Manager
and select Stochastic Inversion (GeoSI):

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Stochastic Inversion

When you select the Stochastic Inversion (GeoSI)

option, you will see that two options appear: Build
SIModel and GeoSI.

It is necessary to build an SIModel before

performing the stochastic inversion, and we will do
that. SI stands for Seismic Inversion and is
appended to several of the programs in the
Processes list: Facies Classification (LithoSI),
Petro-Elastic Modeling (RockSI) and Stochastic
Inversion (GeoSI), which are all grouped together.
Click on LithoSI and RockSI to open their options,
as shown here.

The SI family of products were developed by CGG’s research group and have all been
ported into the Hampson-Russell Geoview program. These products are based on
Bayesian and stochastic techniques and are closely related. Although they are sold
separately, several modules are common to all three programs, such as the Lithology
Logs Creation Tool and Define Facies Classification. In particular, we will use the Define
Facies Classification option later in this tutorial.

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Using the Stochastic Inversion Workflow
An easier approach to performing The workflow lists a series of
Stochastic inversion is to use the built-in suggested steps. We will
workflow. To do that, go to the Workflows perform all of these steps in
tab and select Stochastic Inversion: order:

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Extracting angle-dependent wavelets
Double-click the first step, Extract Statistical Wavelet. By using the gather_group as input,
we extract three wavelets, one for each angle. Fill in the dialog as shown and click Run.

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Extracting angle-dependent wavelets
The resulting wavelet display shows three wavelets, one for each angle, but they
are virtually identical for this simple model data set:

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Correlating the wells.
The next step on the workflow is Correlate the Wells. This is the process of adjusting
the depth/time relationship for each well to ensure that the calculated synthetic aligns
optimally with the corresponding seismic data. This step has actually been done
previously for this data set, but we should check that anyway. Double click the item
on the workflow and select well101:

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 Correlating the wells.

On this Parameter Menu,

select the 5º seismic volume,
select the corresponding 5º
wavelet and click OK.

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Correlating the wells.
The Log Correlation display shows a very accurate correlation between the synthetic
traces (in blue) and the real composite trace (in red). The cross-correlation curve (upper
right) confirms that there is no residual time-shift or phase error. Click Cancel to accept
this result without any changes.

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Building the Strata model

The next step, Build the Strata model, is optional, but highly recommended.

The two inversion processes, Strata and GeoSI, use different underlying
models.

The Strata model specifies values at every time sample.

GeoSI uses a stratigraphic grid of layers of varying thicknesses that track the
horizons.

Geoview has the ability to convert between these two model styles.

Although we could build the stratigraphic grid directly, we recommend building

the Strata model first for these reasons:

(1) It is very convenient for performing a Strata simultaneous inversion for

comparison.

(2) Most of our clients are already familiar with building the Strata model.

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Building the Strata model
Double-click the workflow item, Build Strata Model. Fill in the parameter dialog as
shown, and click Run.

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Building the Strata model

The Strata model appears. Note that, by default, the model has been filtered to
provide the low frequency trend only. This is one of many parameters which control
the model building. For more information on building the Strata model, see the Guide
to Pre-Stack inversion.

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 Building the Strata model

For now, modify the color scheme by performing the steps shown below:

1. Right-
click on 2
the color
bar:
3

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Building the SI model

Double-click the workflow item, Build SIModel. The following parameter dialog will
now appear. Note the three tabs on this dialog: Parameters, QC on Sections and
QC on Maps. We will start by filling out the Parameters tab:

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 Building the SI model

On the Parameters dialog, select the Strata Model we have just created, called “Model”,
default the output SIModel name to Model_SI, change the Mean Layer Thickness
values to the values shown below, and finally click Create and Save SIModel.

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Building the SI model

Once the SIModel has been created, the QC on sections tab will appear with a display
of the first Crossline of the model. Change Crossline to Inline on the pull-down menu:

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Building the SI model

As shown below, the Inline display shows a lot more structure:

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Building the SI model

Next, we will show the grid. Right-click anywhere on the model display to bring
up the menu shown here and select Display Grid:

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Building the SI model

Click the Double Zoom In icon so the display will look like this:

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Building the SI model

Finally, click Reset Limits to Defaults to make the display look like this:

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 Wavelet scaling with Strata model and Seismic
Because of the differences in wavelet scaling between
Strata and GeoSI, we next select Wavelet Scaling with
Strata Model and Seismic from the Workflow. Fill in
the resulting dialog like this: select the 5º wavelet, click
Calculate Wavelet Scale and finally click Apply Scale:

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 Wavelet scaling with Strata model and Seismic

This shows a comparison

between the time and
frequency responses of
the scaled and unscaled
5º wavelets:

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Wavelet scaling with Strata model and seismic

Repeat the procedure for

the 25º wavelet:

And finally for the 35º

wavelet:

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Define Facies Classification
Our final step is to define a facies relationship based on the Lithology_1 log. To see
that log, go back to the Wells tab and look at well101. Note that the Lithology_1 log
has values of 1, 2, and 3, corresponding to shale, water sand and oil sand respectively.

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Define Facies Classification

If you do not have a lithology log, you can

create it using the Lithology Logs Creation
Tool under Facies Classificaton (LithoSI).

Since this log does exist, we can define the

facies by either using the Define Facies
Classification option under Petro-Elastic
Modeling (RockSI) or using the Stochastic
Inversion Workflow.

We will use the Stochastic Inversion

Workflow.

Go to the workflow and select Define

Facies Classification.

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Define Facies Classification

Next, click New and type Facies for the classification name in the window that appears:

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Define Facies Classification

For the first facies, type Shale and change the color to olive green:

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Define Facies Classification

Then select Add Facies twice, typing Water Sand and Oil Sand and changing the colors
to blue and green:

Finally, click OK. This defines our three facies and later we will use these facies to rank
our stochastic inversion results.
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 Stochastic Inversion
Now, we are ready to perform Stochastic Inversion, so select that option from the Workflow.
You will first be warned to make sure you have performed the wavelet scaling. Click OK
since we have done that, then accept the session name GeoSISession and click OK again:

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 Stochastic Inversion

The initial window will look like this. We need to fill out the Inversion Parameters:

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 Stochastic Inversion
Fill out the Inversion Parameters dialog as shown below, with Ip-Is for the Type of Inversion,
adding the three seismic volumes and scaled wavelets, at 5º, 25º and 35º, and the three well
logs. Use the green plus sign to add the volumes and logs. Change the Uncertainties to 5%.

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 Stochastic Inversion

Use the tabs above the log

display to look at each well log.
Also, use the middle mouse
button to zoom up the zone of
interest and the left mouse button
to center the well logs, as shown
here.

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Stochastic Inversion

Next, change the Deviation Percentage of the P_Impedance from 20% to 10%.
Note the change on the well log. You can also change the S_Impedance if you
want. When finished, change it back to 20%.

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 Stochastic Inversion

If you scroll over on the well display

you can see the synthetic fit to the
seismic trace and also the extracted
traces themselves.

Click Show seismic envelope to show

the envelope of all the extracted
traces around the well. As we increase
the number, the envelope grows
larger. For example, we have changed
the number of traces to 5 below:

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Stochastic Inversion
Next, let’s look at the Wells Statistics by selecting the last tab on the well display,
which gives us the uncertainty on the Ip and Is logs. Note that for the whole model the
average uncertainty is 8.13% for the Ip and 7.24% for the Is. If we want, we could
change this on the Deviation Percentage, but in this case we will leave these values at
20%. Note also that the average cross-correlation value is 0.98.

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Stochastic Inversion
Now let us change the correlations for the variogram by clicking on the Correlations
tab. Note that the default display is the Vertical Variograms tab.

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Stochastic Inversion
Click on the ln(Ip)-ln(Is) Correlation Coefficient tab to see the following display. It is
obvious from the correlation ellipse that the correlation coefficient of 0 is much too small.

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Stochastic Inversion
Changing the correlation coefficient to 0.98, which was the lowest value on the well
statistics, gives a much better fit.

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Stochastic Inversion
You can also specify a different correlation value for each layer by clicking Per Macro-
layer, as shown here, but in our case we will stay with the constant value, so click the
Constant option.

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Stochastic Inversion
Now, go back to the Vertical Variograms option and optimize the variogram parameters.
Choose Stable Model for the Model type. The stable model is controlled by the Alpha
factor, and is the same as the Exponential model for alpha = 1 and the Gaussian model
for alpha = 2. We will use a value between 1 and 2.

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Stochastic Inversion
For the vertical variogram, we will set the alpha factor to 1.6 and the range to 4 to get a
better fit to the points, as shown by the line fitted to the points. Note that the green
circles represent the computed Ip variogram values and the blue circles represent the
computed Is variogram values. The size of the circles is proportional to the number of
pairs of values in each lag.

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 Stochastic Inversion
We now specify the vertical variograms by layer by changing to Per Macro-layer. Change the
number of lags to 30, and the ranges of the four layers to 2, 4, 7 and 2, as shown:

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 Stochastic Inversion
Now we specify the horizontal variogram. Although we could specify parameters per
Macro-layer, in this case we simply use a Stable Model with Range = 800 and Alpha = 1.6.

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Stochastic Inversion
Finally, let us look at the display parameters. Note that we can turn the Input model and the
variogram values off and on, and also display individual well values (here, we display the
values from well101). Also, we can change the sill, but choose to leave it equal to 1.0.

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Stochastic Inversion
Next, we will run the stochastic inversion at the well location. Select the Inversion tab,
and, on the dialog, select At well location, change to well3, set the Number of
realizations to 150 and click Run Inversion. The result will look like this:

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Stochastic Inversion
To see the results at the well, select the well3 tab. The results will appear as below and can
be modified using the tick boxes below each well log and trace. Currently we are displaying
the well log and the average of the realizations (red) for P-impedance, S-impedance and
Vp/Vs ratio, as well as the synthetics and real traces from each angle.

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Stochastic Inversion
In this display, we have turned on the prior model for the P-impedance, as well as the
individual realization. You can scroll through the realizations by selecting the
realization’s number through the spinner on the bottom left.

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 Stochastic Inversion

To see the effect of

the wells on the
inversion, go back
to the Inversion
Parameters tab
and turn them off
as shown here.

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 Stochastic Inversion
Then, go back to the Inversion tab, select the Run Inversion option and click Yes to run it
again. Note that the inversion is much less effective when not using the well logs as
constraints.

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Stochastic Inversion

Therefore, return to
the Inversion
Parameters tab and
reselect the wells,
as shown here.

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 Stochastic Inversion
Next, go back to the Inversion tab and select to invert the model using the Full Model
option. Click Run Inversion then click Yes. The inversion at the wells looks like it did the last
time, but now we can analyze the results on the section.

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Stochastic Inversion
Select the Section tab and make sure Inline is selected for the Section type. The display
will appear as below, although the color scheme has not been optimized. Double left-click
on the color scale and set the Min value to 3500 and the Max value to 6500 and click OK.

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The optimized display is shown below. Now you can scroll through the inline sections
using the scroll bar shown in the middle panel, and scroll through the realizations using
the spinner at the lower left part of the main panel.

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Stochastic Inversion

Next, open the Results Analysis tab. Select LINE Section for the type of display and
again change the Min and Max values to 3500 and 6500, respectively.

The Results Analysis tab allows us to display up to 10 sections and 10 maps to

compare the results of the inversion. Currently, we are displaying one section and
no maps, as can be seen. The default display, shown here, is the P-Impedance
mean.

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Stochastic Inversion
Next, change the Number of Sections to 2, and
select S-Impedance Mean from the Pull-down
menu as the second display. Change the Min
and Max value for S-Impedance to 1500 and
3500, respectively.

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Stochastic Inversion
The display now appears as shown below.

Now that we see the mean values of P and S impedance, it would be useful to see the
Vp/Vs means and also to compare these means to the individual realizations.

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To display P-Impedance in the left panel and Vp/Vs ratio in the right panel, select VpVs
Ratio Mean from the pull-down menu in Section 2, select Hampson-Russell / Lithology for
the color scheme from the small color scheme icon to the left of Min, and set the Min and
Max values to 1.8 and 2.1. The result is shown below, which indicates that the Vp/Vs ratio
decreases for the second two layers.

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Stochastic Inversion
Now, we will create 4 panels, as shown below. We
will reset the VpVs ratio mean to the S-impedance
mean in the second panel, and select P and S-
Impedance Realizations for the other two panels.

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The result looks like this. Now, we can scroll through the realizations and compare them
to the means.

Note that each realization is a higher frequency than the mean, since they have a greater
impact from the well logs themselves.

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Stochastic Inversion
Next, we will display a map of the P-Impedance.

Set the Number of Sections back to 2, and set the Number of Maps to 1. Note that the
default is the P-Impedance Realization. You can scroll through the map slices using the
slider at the top. You can scroll through the realizations using the slider at the bottom of
the dialog.

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 Stochastic Inversion
Now, change the Type of Map from Layer to Time Slice, as shown here, and scroll through
the layers and the realizations.

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Stochastic Inversion
Note that we can also export the results, but before doing this, we will proceed
to Facies Classification.

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Stochastic Inversion
Select the Facies Classification tab. The default display is to cross-plot P-Impedance
against itself, which creates a not very useful straight line!

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Stochastic Inversion
We will therefore change the second attribute to VpVs Ratio, as shown below. Now we
see a display of both the upscaled well values and the posterior mean values (in red).

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If you turn off the Show upscaled logs option, you will see all the original well values,
color-coded by well (blue for well101, green for well104 and red for well3).

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If you turn off the well values, as shown here, only the posterior mean values remain.

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Turn the upscaled values of all wells back on and turn on the Realization option. This
shows the values for realization 1, shown as the green dots, and you can scroll though
the other realizations.

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Stochastic Inversion
Turn off the Realization option and turn on the Prior Mean.

The strange shape of these values is due to the fact that the prior is a smoothed low-
frequency parameter.

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Stochastic Inversion
We are now ready for the facies classification. First, specify the facies log, which is called
Lithology_1. Note that the facies are then shown on the logs. Next, we define the facies.
The easiest way would be to define polygons on the cross-plot. However, in this tutorial
we are going to use the second option, the LithoSI Bayesian classification option.

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To do this, select the Density Function option. Note that the default is to use equal
weighting for each facies, which is actually the Maximum Likelihood approach rather than
the Bayesian approach.

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To use the Bayesian approach, click Use all facies followed by Initialize from Wells. You
will see that the proportions change to 0.44 for the Shale, 0 for the Water Sand and 0.56
for the Oil Sand. The reason that the water sand has 0 proportion is that it is not included
in our seismic window.
If the buttons
under
“Proportions”
are not fully
visible, move
the mouse near
the red line is
and the cursor
should change
to a left-right
adjust icon. Do
a small
adjustment and
this will trigger
a proper resize
of the buttons.

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Stochastic Inversion
Next, to create the kernel function pdf (probability distribution function) that fits the
Oil_Sand facies, click the icon shown below, to the right of the Oil-Sand Smoothing value.
Note that the pdf contours for the Oil sand appear on the cross-plot.

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Next, to create the kernel function pdf that fits the Shale facies, click the icon shown
below, to the right of the Shale Smoothing value. Note that the pdf contours for the Shale
appear on the cross-plot.

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Going back to the model, move your cursor to note that we want to classify between
layers 10 and 53, our zone of interest:

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Next, we will proceed with the classification. Fill in the value 10 for the First layer and 53
for the Last layer under the Ranking Parameters. Select Classify automatically after
inversion, and then click Classify Now.

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 Stochastic Inversion
A warning will appear that you have not defined
the parameters for all facies. Click Yes to accept
this. The log display on the right below will
appear.

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Stochastic Inversion
Next go to the Convergence sub-tab under the Inversion main tab, which shows the
mean facies volume convergence of the algorithm. By holding the mouse above a low
number of iterations, note that the count is low (the red line does not appear on your
screen and is here to indicate more clearly where the mouse is being held).

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However, by holding the mouse above a high number of iterations, note that the count
converges to a stable Gaussian type distribution.

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 Stochastic Inversion
Next, we will analyze the connectivity of the facies, by selecting Analyse connectivity
automatically, and clicking Analyse Now:

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Go back to the Results Analysis tab and change the first section display to Connection
Probability and the second section display to Geobodies Realisation.

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Now, change the Number of Sections to 4 and add Oil-Sand Probability and Shale
Probability in the other two windows. Also, set the color range to 0 to 1 or 0 to 10.

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Next, we will rank the realizations. Change the Number of Sections back to 2 and display
the P and S-impedance Realisations in each window. Now, change the Ranking criterion
to Facies Volume. As you change the realization number note that a yellow bar appears
on the facies distribution plot showing where that realization falls.

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Finally, go to the Export of Results tab. Select

the results to export as shown (we have
included Individual Realizations now), select
Extract as SIModel and Extract as SEG-Y, type
3 for the Number of Realisations to Extract,
and select Quantiles 10, 50, and 90 for these
realizations (the program fills in the
corresponding Realisation number). Then
click Extract Now.

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Once the process is finished, you can

go to Project Data / SIModel and check
that the outputs have all been created.

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Likewise, use Project Data /

Seismic to see that the
outputs have all been
created.

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From the seismic project data, double-click on the Faciesvolume_P90 result to display it
as shown here. Note that the zero zones outside the computed impedance are colored
green since that color is for the lowest value.

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To color these zones white, click the color bar and follow
the steps shown here. That is, double-click on the lowest
green square, change it to white on the Select Color
dialog and click OK.

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The display now looks like this:

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Finally, let us visualize the results. Select the last item in
Stochastic inversion workflow: Visualize GeoSI Result to get
the new display shown below:

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Select Model_SI for the Inversion Grid and P_Impedance for the Data. By placing the
cursor over the grid in the blue background, use the “hand” icon to rotate the grid as
shown:

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Next, select one of the saved volumes from the project. (In this case we chose the P 50
Ip volume but any volume would work as well):

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Next, open the Wells Select vertical tab and select all the wells (either one at a time from
the pull-down menu or all at once with the green icon, , to the right of the Well menu),
and select P-Impedance1 for the Logs. This display will be shown:

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Before we proceed, it is helpful to know some of the mouse interaction controls.
On the 3D viewer menu bar, select Help, Quick Help.

By default the
Quick Help window
will appear docked.
You can click and
hold on the title bar
to undock it. Resize
the window to see
the entire content.

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We continue now to adjust the color key impedance range of the result.
Right-click anywhere on the displayed volume and select Options. If the control panel
on the right hand side is too narrow, you can adjust the size by moving your mouse
near where the red line is (until the mouse change to the adjust icon).

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In the Options dialog to the right of the display, change the Min and Max impedance
values to 3500 and 6500, as before.

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You can zoom the volume, using the middle mouse wheel, and rotate it by holding
down the left mouse button. Also, the grid lines can be displayed using the Cell
Outline option at the bottom of the right panel. Experiment with the different options.

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From the Layer Explorer, we can bring up the parameters controls for well curves.
Select Layer Explorer and click on one of the wells: well101.

Enter the same Min and

Max impedance values
of 3500 to 6500.

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Now both the inversion result and the well curves are using the same color key range.
To see how the inversion ties at the well locations. Select Model_SI view parameters
again.

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Turn off Full Mesh and Cell Outline. Toggle on Inline and Crossline. Enter 932 for
Inline and 1679 for Crossline. Use the Wheel mouse button to zoom out.

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Final step, we will add the near angle stack to the display.
Go to Project Data Tab and Seismic. Drag and drop the volume to the view area.

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Answer Yes to convert the data into LDM (Large Data Management) format for
efficient visualization.

Right click on the displayed

angle stack to select
Options….

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Use the Inline slider to scan through the sections. Alternatively, you can change to
selection mouse mode by clicking the Arrow icon. In this mode you can interactively
move the section in the display area. The Space Bar on your keyboard allows you to
toggle between selection and the viewing mode.

GeoSI Guide This concludes the GeoSI guide.

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