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Matrices & Determinants

 Key Takeaways

• A rectangular arrangement of 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑛 numbers (real or complex) or

expressions (real or complex valued), having 𝑚 rows and 𝑛 columns is
called a matrix. (𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ)

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛

𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
𝐴= Rows

⋯
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛

Columns

• An element of a matrix is denoted by

𝑎𝑖𝑗 : Element of 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row & 𝑗𝑡ℎ column.
 Key Takeaways

• A rectangular arrangement of 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑛 numbers (real or complex) or

expressions (real or complex valued), having 𝑚 rows and 𝑛 columns is
called a matrix. (𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ)

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛

𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
𝐴= Rows

⋯
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛

Columns

• Number of elements in a matrix

= Number of rows × Number of columns
=𝑚×𝑛
 UpperΔ
Definition :
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
1) If 𝑚 = 𝑛 then it is square matrix. 𝐴=

⋯
⋯
A) It has a principal diagonal. 𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛

B) Principal diagonal elements are like

𝑎11 , 𝑎22 , 𝑎33 , ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 Lower Δ Diagonal Elements
2) Principal diagonal produces 2
Δ′ 𝑠 upper 𝑖 < 𝑗 & lower 𝑖 > 𝑗

• Elements above diagonal elements has 𝑖 < 𝑗 → upper Δ

• Elements below diagonal elements has 𝑖 > 𝑗 → lower Δ

 Order of Matrix :

• Order of a matrix denotes the arrangement of elements as

number of rows and number of columns.

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛

𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
𝐴= 𝑚 Rows
⋯

⋯
⋯
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛

𝑛 Columns

Order = number of rows × number of columns

Order = 𝑚 × 𝑛
In a matrix consisting of total elements 12 then how many different
order of matrices are possible ?

Order of matrices = No. of rows × No. of columns = 𝑚 × 𝑛

For Total elements = 𝑚𝑛 = 12

Possible different order of Matrices can be :

1 × 12
2×6
3×4
4×3
6×2
12 × 1

Six different order of matrices are possible.

 Types of Matrix :

• Row Matrix (row vector) : A matrix having a single row is called a row matrix.

𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is a row matrix if m = 1 Ex : 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 3 2 1

𝑚×𝑛 1×3

𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗
1×𝑛
= 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 1×𝑛

Examples :

𝐵= 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 1×3

𝐶= 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 1×4
 Types of Matrix :

• Column Matrix (column vector) : A matrix having a single column is called

a column matrix.

𝑎11 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is a column matrix if n = 1

𝑚×𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = ⋮
𝑚×1
Ex : 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏
𝑎𝑚1 𝑚×1
3×1
𝑐

Example :
𝑎
𝐵= 𝑏
𝑐
𝑑 4×1

Note : Matrices consisting of one row,

or one column are called vectors
 Types of Matrix :

• Singleton Matrix : A matrix having only one element i.e., if for a matrix.

𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 if 𝑚 = 𝑛 = 1
𝑚×𝑛

Example :
𝐴 = [𝑘] , 𝐵 = [3] are singleton matrices.

• Zero Matrix (null matrix) :

If all the elements of a matrix are zero, then it is called zero or null matrix
Hence 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is called a zero matrix, if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗.
𝑚×𝑛

0 0 0 0 0
Example : 𝐴 = ,𝐵 =
0 0 0 0 0

Note : 0 0
≠
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
 Types of Matrix :

• Square Matrix : A matrix where number of rows = number of columns

𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 for which m = n

𝑛×𝑛

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛

𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
𝐴= = 𝑎𝑖𝑗
𝑛
𝑎𝑛1 𝑎𝑛2 𝑎𝑛3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑛
𝑛×𝑛

Examples :
2 1
• A matrix of order 2 implies 2 × 2 is of order 2
3 −1

−4 5 0
• 𝐴= 8 −1 3
9 7 2 3×3
 Types of Matrix :

• Principal Diagonal of a Matrix :

Diagonal containing the elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , where 𝑖 = 𝑗 is called principal diagonal of a matrix.

Example :

2 −6 10
𝐴= 5 0 7
19 −3 −8 3×3
 Classification of Square Matrix:

Square Matrix

Diagonal Matrix Triangular Matrix

𝑑1 0 0
A= 0 𝑑2 0 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔. (𝑑1 , 𝑑2 ,𝑑3 ) Upper Triangular Lower Triangular
0 0 𝑑3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 0 0
0 𝑑 𝑒 𝑏 𝑐 0
0 0 𝑓 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
Scalar Matrix Identity Matrix
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0
𝑘 0 0 1 0 0
𝐴= 0 𝑘 0 𝐴 = 0 1 0 = 𝐼3 when 𝑖 > 𝑗 when 𝑖 < 𝑗
0 0 𝑘 0 0 1
 Diagonal Matrix: Lower ∆
𝑖>𝑗 elements = 0
A square matrix 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is said to be a diagonal matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 , ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
𝑛
𝑖<𝑗 Upper ∆
elements = 0
Note: A diagonal matrix is represented as : 𝐴 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔. (𝑎11 , 𝑎22 ,.., 𝑎𝑛𝑛 )

𝑑1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0
, 0 𝑑2 0 , 0 0 0
0 2
0 0 𝑑3 0 0 0

Example:
1 0 0 0
−3 0 0 0 2 0 0
𝐴= 0 2 0 𝐵=
0 0 0 0
0 0 −10 3×3 0 0 0 −4 4×4

𝐴 = diag. −3, 2, − 10 𝐵 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔. 1, 2, 0, −4

Types of Matrix

❑ Scalar Matrix :

A diagonal matrix whose all diagonal elements are equal is called scalar matrix

𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is a scalar matrix if

𝑛

❑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 , ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 Upper and Lower ∆′ 𝑠 elements = 0

❑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑘 , ∀ 𝑖 = 𝑗 Principal diagonal elements = 𝑘

Example:
𝑎 0
𝐴=
0 𝑎
Types of Matrix
❑ Unit Matrix (identity matrix) :

A diagonal matrix whose all diagonal elements are equal to 1 is called identity matrix

Unit matrix of order 𝑛 is denoted by 𝐼𝑛 ( 𝐼 ).

𝐼𝑛 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 such that

𝑛

❑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 , ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗

❑ 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 1

Example:
1 0 0
1 0
𝐼2 = 𝐼3 = 0 1 0
0 1
0 0 1
Triangular Matrix

𝑖 Upper Triangular Matrix

A matrix in which all the elements below the principal diagonal
are zero is called an upper triangular matrix.

𝑃 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 such that 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 , ∀ 𝑖 > 𝑗

𝑛

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
0 𝑑 𝑒 , 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 when 𝑖 > 𝑗
0 0 𝑓

1 2 1
Example: 𝐴= 0 1 6
0 0 5
Triangular Matrix

𝑖𝑖 Lower Triangular Matrix

A matrix in which all the elements above the principal diagonal

are zero is called a lower triangular matrix

𝑃 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 such that 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 , ∀ 𝑖 < 𝑗

𝑛

𝑎 0 0
𝑏 𝑐 0 , 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 when 𝑖 < 𝑗
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓

Example: −7 0 0
𝐴= 3 4 0
−2 10 0
 Classification of Square Matrix

Note: ❑ Every Diagonal matrix is a Lower & Upper triangular matrix also.

❑ Minimum number of zeroes in diagonal matrix = 2𝑥 = 𝑛2 − 𝑛, for 𝑛 order

𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥 elements

𝑎21 𝑎22 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮
𝑥 elements 𝑎𝑛1 𝑎𝑛2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑛×𝑛
𝑛 elements

Total elements = 𝑛 × 𝑛 = 𝑛2

Minimum number of zeroes = 𝑛2 − 𝑛 Diagonal elements

❑ Maximum number of zeroes in diagonal matrix

= 𝑥 zeroes in upper ∆ + 𝑥 zeroes in lower ∆ + 𝑛 − 1 in diagonal
= (𝑛2 − 𝑛) + 𝑛 − 1 = 𝑛2 − 1
 Elements of Lower Triangular Matrix

𝑛2 −𝑛
0 0 0 0 𝑥 elements =
2
0 0 0
0 0
𝑛2 −𝑛
0 𝑛 elements
𝑥 elements =
2 𝑛×𝑛

𝑛2 −𝑛
𝑖 Minimum Number of Zero’s: When all elements of upper ∆ are zeroes =
2

𝑖𝑖 Maximum no. of zero’s

1. Every diagonal Matrix is also a lower triangular Matrix

2. So, maximum number of zeroes in diagonal Matrix is also be considered as
maximum number of zeroes in lower triangular matrix = 𝑛2 − 1
 Comparable Matrix

❑ Two matrices 𝐴 & 𝐵 are said to be comparable if,

order of matrix 𝐴 = order of matrix 𝐵

Example: If matrices 𝐴3×5 & 𝐵𝑚×𝑛 are comparable , then :

A 𝑚, 𝑛 ≡ 5,3 Solution:

B Order should be same

𝑚, 𝑛 ≡ 10,6
𝑚, 𝑛 ≡ 3,5

C 𝑚, 𝑛 ≡ 3,5

D 𝑚, 𝑛 ≡ 15,15
 Equal Matrices

❑ Equal Matrix : Two matrices 𝐴 & 𝐵 are said to be equal if,

𝑖 They are of same order

𝑖𝑖 corresponding elements of them are identical.

Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 Example:

𝑚×𝑛

and 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 3 1 5
𝑝×𝑞 If 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = ;
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 2 0 4

Then 𝐴 = 𝐵 , if Given 𝐴 = 𝐵 then find 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧.

❑ 𝑚 = 𝑝 ;𝑛 = 𝑞 Solution:
𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 5
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑐 = 4
❑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗
 1
sin 𝜃 1
sin 𝜃
2
2
Let 𝐴 = − 1
cos 𝜃 𝐵 = cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 then find 𝜃 so that 𝐴 = 𝐵.
2
cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃 cos 𝜃 −1

𝐴=𝐵

1 1
⇒ sin 𝜃 = , cos 𝜃 = − , tan 𝜃 = −1
2 2

⇒ 𝜃 = 135∘

3𝜋
⇒𝜃=
4
 Key Takeaways

Algebra of Matrix:

Addition/Subtraction of Matrices :

• Let 𝐴 & 𝐵 are two comparable matrices , then

𝐴 ± 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ± 𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 𝑐𝑖𝑗 , where 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ± 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗.

𝑚×𝑛 𝑚×𝑛 𝑚×𝑛

Example: If 𝐴 = 2 −3 4 , 𝐵 = −6 0 −2 , find 𝐴 + 𝐵 , 𝐴 − 𝐵.
0 1 5 1 7 −8

−4 −3 2
𝐴+𝐵 =
1 8 −3

8 −3 6
𝐴−𝐵 =
−1 −6 13
 Algebra of Matrix:

Properties of Addition/Subtraction of Matrices :

• Let 𝐴 & 𝐵 are two comparable matrices having order 𝑚 × 𝑛 , then

𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴 ( commutative )

𝐴−𝐵 ≠𝐵−𝐴
 Algebra of Matrix:
3 0 1 7
Example: Let 𝐴 = −1 4 , 𝐵 = −2 5
5 −6 −8 10

3 0 1 7 4 7 3 0 1 7 2 −7
𝐴 + 𝐵 = −1 4 + −2 5 = −3 9 𝐴 − 𝐵 = −1 4 − −2 5 = 1 −1
5 −6 −8 10 −3 4 5 −6 −8 10 13 −16

1 7 3 0 4 7 1 7 3 0 −2 7
𝐵 + 𝐴 = −2 5 + −1 4 = −3 9 𝐵 − 𝐴 = −2 5 − −1 4 = −1 1
−8 10 5 −6 −3 4 −8 10 5 −6 −13 16

❑ 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴 ( commutative ) ❑ 𝐴−𝐵 ≠𝐵−𝐴

 Algebra of Matrix:

Properties of Addition/Subtraction of Matrices :

• Let 𝐴 , 𝐵 & 𝐶 are two comparable matrices having order 𝑚 × 𝑛 , then

𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 ( associative )

• Let 𝐴 is a matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 , then

𝐴+𝑂 =𝑂+𝐴 =𝐴 (𝑂 = 𝑂𝑚×𝑛 is the additive identity )

𝐴 + −𝐴 = 𝑂 = −𝐴 + 𝐴 ( −𝐴 is the additive inverse of 𝐴 )

 Algebra of Matrix:

Properties of Scalar Multiplication :

• Let 𝐴 & 𝐵 are two comparable matrices having order 𝑚 × 𝑛 , then

❑ 𝑘𝐴 = 𝐴𝑘 , 𝑘 is a scalar

❑ 𝑘 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = 𝑘𝐴 ± 𝑘𝐵 , 𝑘 is a scalar

❑ 𝑘1 ± 𝑘2 𝐴 = 𝑘1 𝐴 ± 𝑘2 𝐴 ; 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 are scalars

❑ 𝑘 𝛼 𝐴 = 𝑘𝛼 𝐴 = 𝛼 𝑘𝐴 ; 𝑘 , 𝛼 are scalars
Key Takeaways

Multiplication of Matrix:

Matrix Multiplication :

• Product of two matrices 𝐴 & 𝐵 will exist only when number of columns of 𝐴
is same as number of rows of 𝐵 .

i.e. let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 and 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗

𝑚×𝑝 𝑝×𝑛

𝑝
𝐴𝑚×𝑝 . 𝐵𝑝×𝑛 = 𝐶𝑚×𝑛 = 𝑐𝑖𝑗 , where 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = σ𝑘=1 𝑎𝑚𝑘 𝑏𝑘𝑛
𝑚×𝑛
 3
1 1 2
1 2 1 ෍ 𝑏𝑟3 ⋅ 𝑎2𝑟
Let 𝐴 = , 𝐵 = −1 1 0 , find
−1 0 1
2 3 1 𝑟=1

1−2+2 1+2+3 2+0+1

𝐴𝐵 =
−1 + 0 + 2 −1 + 0 + 3 −2 + 0 + 1

1 6 3
= 2×3
1 2 −1

3 3

෍ 𝑏𝑟3 ⋅ 𝑎2𝑟 = ෍ 𝑎2𝑟 ⋅ 𝑏𝑟3 = 𝐴𝐵

23
𝑟=1 𝑟=1

= −2 + 0 + 1 = −1
 3
1 1 2
1 2 1 ෍ 𝑏𝑟3 ⋅ 𝑎2𝑟
Let 𝐴 = , 𝐵 = −1 1 0 , find
−1 0 1
2 3 1 𝑟=1

Alternate Method:
3

෍ 𝑏𝑟3 ⋅ 𝑎2𝑟 = 𝑏13 × 𝑎21 + 𝑏23 × 𝑎22 + 𝑏33 × 𝑎23

𝑟=1
= 2 × −1 + 0 × 0 + 1 × 1

= −2 + 0 + 1
= −1
 Remark:

• If 𝐴 & 𝐵 commute with each other, then 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴.

• When matrix multiplication is not commutative, then 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴.

Commutative 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴

Not-commutative 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴

Anti-commutative 𝐴𝐵 = −𝐵𝐴

• Let 𝐴𝑚×𝑛 , 𝐵𝑛×𝑚 be two matrices.

𝐴𝐵 exists because No. of columns in 𝐴 = No. of rows in 𝐵
𝐵𝐴 exists because No. of columns in 𝐵 = No. of rows in 𝐴

Note:
If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴, then 𝐴 & 𝐵 are commutative to each other but need not be of the
same order.
Example: 𝐴3×4 and 𝐵4×3 , here 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴 both exists,
 Remark:

• 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 & 𝐵 ⋅ 𝐴 exists when 𝐴 & 𝐵 are square matrices of same order.

• 𝐼 𝑛 = 𝐼 , where 𝐼 is the identity matrix.

• Multiplication of two diagonal matrices is diagonal matrix.

• Multiplication of two triangular matrices is triangular matrix.

• Multiplication of two scalar matrices is scalar matrix.

Properties of Multiplication

2
𝐴+𝐵 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐴 + B = 𝐴2 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 + 𝐵2 ≠ 𝐴2 + 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2

And 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴2 − 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 − 𝐵2 ≠ 𝐴2 − 𝐵2 , where 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴.

• 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐶 ⇏ 𝐵 = 𝐶 even if 𝐴 ≠ 0
⇒ 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 − 𝐶 = 0 ⇏ 𝐴 = 0 or 𝐵 − 𝐶 = 0 But converse is correct.

• 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 = 0 ⇏ 𝐴 = 0 or 𝐵 = 0 or 𝐵 ⋅ 𝐴 = 0
But if one of the matrix is null matrix then 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 = 0

• If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are Non-null matrices &𝐴⋅𝐵 =0

Then both matrices must be singular. ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐵 = 0

Properties of Multiplication

• 𝐴+𝐵 2 = 𝐴+𝐵 ⋅ 𝐴+𝐵

=𝐴⋅ 𝐴+𝐵 +𝐵⋅ 𝐴+𝐵
= 𝐴2 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 + 𝐵2
𝑎 If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are commute → 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴
𝐴+𝐵 2 = 𝐴2 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2 = 𝐴2 + 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2

𝑏 If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are anti - commute → 𝐴𝐵 = −𝐵𝐴

𝐴 + 𝐵 2= 𝐴2 − 𝐵𝐴 + 𝐵𝐴 + 𝐵2 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2

• If 𝐴 is a square matrix, then

𝐴𝑚 ⋅ 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴 𝑚+𝑛
; 𝑚 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 𝐴𝑚 𝑛
= 𝐴 𝑚×𝑛
; 𝑚 ,𝑛 ∈ ℕ
 Trace of a Matrix :

• Sum of all diagonal elements of a square matrix

𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is called trace of a matrix.

𝑚×𝑛

𝑇𝑟 𝐴 = ෍ 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 𝑎11 + 𝑎22 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛𝑛

𝑖=1

Examples :

2 −6 1
𝐴 = 15 9 0 ⇒ 𝑇𝑟 𝐴 = 3
−7 3 −8 3×3

1 2 3
𝐴= 0 1 5 ⇒ 𝑇𝑟 𝐴 = −3
1 −1 −5 3×3
 Properties of Trace of Matrix :

• 𝑡𝑟 𝐾 ⋅ 𝐴 = 𝐾 ⋅ 𝑡𝑟(𝐴) where 𝐾 is a scalar.

• 𝑡𝑟 𝐴 = 𝑡𝑟(𝐴𝑇 )

• 𝑡𝑟 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑟 𝐴 ± 𝑡𝑟(𝐵)

• 𝑡𝑟 𝜆𝐴 ± 𝜇𝐵 = 𝜆𝑡𝑟 𝐴 ± 𝜇𝑡𝑟(𝐵) where 𝜆 and 𝜇 are scalars.

• 𝑡𝑟 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑟(𝐵 ⋅ 𝐴)

if matrix 𝐴 and 𝐵 are of same order.

Example :

𝑡𝑟 2𝐴 − 3𝐵 = 𝑡𝑟 2𝐴 − 𝑡𝑟 3𝐵

= 2 𝑡𝑟 𝐴 − 3 𝑡𝑟 𝐵
 1 2 3
𝐴= 5 0 9 , Find 𝑇𝑟(2 ⋅ 𝐴) ?
−1 2 −3

2 ⋅ 𝑇𝑟𝐴 = 2 × (−2) = −4

Hence 𝑡𝑟 𝐾 ⋅ 𝐴 = 𝐾 ⋅ 𝑡𝑟(𝐴)
 2 1 3 4 3 −4
𝐴= ,𝐵= ,𝐶=
4 1 2 3 −2 3 , then find
𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐴 𝐵𝐶 2 𝐴 𝐵𝐶 3
𝑡𝑟 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑟 + 𝑡𝑟 + 𝑡𝑟 + ⋯∞
2 4 8

2 1 3 4 3 −4
𝐴= ,𝐵= ,𝐶=
4 1 2 3 −2 3
Since there are terms of 𝐵𝐶, 𝐵𝐶 2
… and so on, so first find 𝐵 ⋅ 𝐶

3 4 3 −4
𝐵⋅𝐶 = ×
2 3 −2 3

9−8 −12 + 12 1 0 =𝐼
= =
6−6 −8 + 9 0 1
𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐴 𝐵𝐶 2 𝐴 𝐵𝐶 3
𝑡𝑟 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑟 + 𝑡𝑟 + 𝑡𝑟 +⋯
2 4 8
𝐴𝐼 𝐴𝐼 2 𝐴𝐼 3
= 𝑡𝑟 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑟 + 𝑡𝑟 + 𝑡𝑟 +⋯ ∵𝐵⋅𝐶 =𝐼
2 4 8

𝐴𝐼 𝐴𝐼 𝐴𝐼
= 𝑡𝑟 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑟 + 𝑡𝑟 + 𝑡𝑟 +⋯
2 4 8
 2 1 3 4 3 −4
𝐴= ,𝐵= ,𝐶=
4 1 2 3 −2 3 , then find
𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐴 𝐵𝐶 2 𝐴 𝐵𝐶 3
𝑡𝑟 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑟 + 𝑡𝑟 + 𝑡𝑟 + ⋯∞
2 4 8

1 1 1
= 𝑡𝑟 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑟 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑟 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑟 𝐴 + ⋯ ∵ 𝑇𝑟𝑎 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘𝑇𝑟𝑎 𝐴
2 4 8

3 3 3
=3+ + + +⋯ ∵ 𝑡𝑟 𝐴 = 3
2 22 23

1 1
=3 1+ + +⋯
2 22
1 𝑎
=3× 1 𝑆∞ =
1− 1−𝑟
2

=6
Key Takeaways

Polynomial Equation in Matrix

A matrix polynomial equation is an equality between two matrix polynomials,

which holds for specific matrices.

▪ If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 , then

𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑎0 𝐴𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝐴𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝐼, where 𝐴 is a square matrix.

▪ If 𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑂, then 𝐴 is called zero divisor of the polynomial .

 2 3
If 𝐴 = & 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7 , then the 𝑓(𝐴) is :
−1 2

Solution : 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7

𝑓(𝐴) = 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 + 7𝐼

2 3 2 3 1 12
𝐴2 = =
−1 2 −1 2 −4 1

1 12 2 3 1 0
𝑓 𝐴 = − 4 + 7
−4 1 −1 2 0 1

0 0
=
0 0

𝑓 𝐴 =𝑂
 2 3
If 𝐴 = & 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7 , then the 𝑓(𝐴) is :
−1 2

A 𝐴

B 7𝐼

C 𝑂

D 𝐴−𝐼
Transpose of a Matrix:

The matrix obtained by interchanging rows and columns of a matrix 𝐴

is called Transpose of matrix 𝐴.

Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , then its transpose is denoted by 𝐴′ or 𝐴𝑇 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ,

𝑚×𝑛 𝑛×𝑚
where 𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗

Example:
𝑧 𝑎 𝑥
𝐴= 𝑐 𝑒 𝑓 2×3

𝑧 𝑐
Its transpose is : 𝐴′ = 𝑎 𝑒
𝑥 𝑓 3×2
 cos2𝜃 −sin 2𝜃
If 𝐴 = and 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼 where 𝐼 is 2 × 2 unit matrix and 𝐴𝑇 is the
sin2𝜃 cos2𝜃
transpose of 𝐴, then the value of 𝜃 is equal to

Solution : cos2𝜃 −sin 2𝜃

We have 𝐴 =
sin2𝜃 cos2𝜃

cos2𝜃 sin 2𝜃
⇒ 𝐴𝑇 =
−sin2𝜃 cos2𝜃

2cos2𝜃 0 1 0
⇒ 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 = =𝐼=
0 2cos2𝜃 0 1

⇒ 2cos2𝜃 = 1

1 𝜋
⇒ cos2𝜃 = = cos
2 3

𝜋
⇒ 2𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 +
3

𝜋
∴𝜃=
6
 cos2𝜃 −sin 2𝜃
If 𝐴 = and 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼 where 𝐼 is 2 × 2 unit matrix and 𝐴𝑇 is the
sin2𝜃 cos2𝜃
transpose of 𝐴, then the value of 𝜃 is equal to

A 𝜋
6

B 𝜋
2

C 𝜋
3

D 3𝜋
2
Properties of transpose of a matrix:

❑ For a matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , 𝐴′ ′

=𝐴
𝑚×𝑛

❑ Let 𝑘 is a scalar and 𝐴 is a matrix. Then 𝑘𝐴 ′ = 𝑘𝐴′

❑ 𝐴1 ± 𝐴2 ± ⋯ ± 𝐴𝑛 ′
= 𝐴1 ′ ± 𝐴2 ′ ± ⋯ ± 𝐴𝑛 ′ , for comparable matrices 𝐴𝑖

❑ Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 & 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 , then 𝐴𝐵 ′

= 𝐵′ 𝐴′
𝑚×𝑝 𝑝×𝑛
Properties of transpose of a matrix:
Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 & 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 then 𝐴𝐵 ′
= 𝐵′ 𝐴′
𝑚×𝑝 𝑝×𝑛

Example:
−2 1
2 0 −1
𝐴= and 𝐵 = 0 −6
4 −3 5
3 −1
−2 1
2 0 −1 −7 3
𝐴𝐵 = 0 −6 =
4 −3 5 7 17
3 −1
−7 7
𝐴𝐵 ′ =
3 17
2 4
−2 0 3
𝐴′ = 0 −3 𝐵′ =
1 −6 −1
−1 5
2 4
′ −2 0 3 −7 7 ∴ 𝐴𝐵 ′ = 𝐵′ 𝐴′
𝐵 𝐴′ = 0 −3 =
1 −6 −1 3 17
−1 5

❑ 𝐴1 𝐴2 … 𝐴𝑛 ′
= 𝐴𝑛 ′ 𝐴𝑛−1 ′ … 𝐴2 ′ 𝐴1 ′ , whenever product is defined .
 Note:
For every square matrix 𝐴 , there exist a
determinant denoted by 𝐴 or det 𝐴.

𝐴 ≠0 𝐴 =0

Non - Singular Matrix Singular Matrix

(Invertible)
Properties of Determinant of a Matrix:

𝑖) 𝐾𝐴 = 𝐾 𝑛 𝐴 , where 𝑛 is the order of the matrix.

𝑖𝑖) 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 𝐴⋅𝐵⋅𝐶 = 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 ⋅ 𝐶

𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐴2 = 𝐴 2

𝐴3 = 𝐴 3

𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴 𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
 𝛼 2 𝐴
If 𝐴 = ; 𝐴3 = 125, then find 𝛼 and −
2 𝛼 2

𝐴3 = 125
𝐴 is of 2 order Matrix
3
⇒ 𝐴 = 125
2
𝐴 1 5
⇒ |𝐴| = 5 − = − |𝐴| =
2 2 4

⇒ 𝛼2 − 4 = 5

⇒ 𝛼2 = 9

⇒ 𝛼 = ±3
Key Takeaways

Symmetric and skew symmetric Matrix:

A square matrix 𝐴 is said to be symmetric if, 𝐴′ = 𝐴

Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , then 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗

𝑛

Example:
𝑎12 = 𝑎21
3 −1 2
𝐴 = −1 4 5 𝑎13 = 𝑎31
2 5 7
𝑎23 = 𝑎32

3 −1 2
𝐴′ = −1 4 5 = 𝐴
2 5 7
Properties of Symmetric matrix

If 𝐴, 𝐵 are two symmetric matrices then

• 𝐴 ± 𝐵 , 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 are also symmetric matrices.

• 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴 is a skew – symmetric matrix .

• 𝐴𝐵 is symmetric matrix when 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 .

Properties of Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix

If 𝐴 is a square matrix, then

• 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 , 𝐴𝑇 ⋅ 𝐴 are also symmetric matrices.

• 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 is skew-symmetric

• Determinant of all odd order skew-symmetric matrix is 0.

• If 𝐴 is a symmetric matrix then A − 𝐴, 𝑘𝐴, 𝐴𝑇 , 𝐴𝑛 , 𝐴−1 , 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝐵

are also symmetric matrices where 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅 and 𝐵 is a square matrix of
order that of 𝐴.
Properties of Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix
• Every square matrix can be expressed as a sum of symmetric and skew-
symmetric matrix.

𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇
𝐴= +
2 2
Symmetric Skew-symmetric

𝐴 =𝑃+𝑄

• If 𝐴 is symmetric matrix, then 𝐴𝑛 is also symmetric

matrix

To prove 𝐴𝑛 𝑇
= 𝐴𝑛

LHS = 𝐴𝑛 𝑇
= 𝐴𝑇 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑛 = RHS
Example: 𝐴3 𝑇
= 𝐴3
Properties of skew-symmetric matrix

If 𝐴 is a skew-symmetric matrix then,

𝐴𝑛 𝑛 = even
𝑛 𝑇
• 𝐴 =
−𝐴𝑛 𝑛 = odd

• 𝐴2𝑛 is symmetric matrix for 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁

• 𝐴2𝑛+1 is a skew – symmetric matrix for 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁

• 𝑘𝐴 is also symmetric matrix where 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅

• 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝐵 is also skew symmetric matrix where 𝐵 is a square matrix of

order that of 𝐴.
 If 𝐴 is of order 3, find 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇

Solution: Given that, A → 3 order

⇒ 𝐴𝑇 → 3 order

⇒ 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 → odd order

Let, 𝐶 = 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇

𝐶 𝑇 = (𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 )𝑇

⇒ 𝐴𝑇 − (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 ∵ (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐴

⇒ 𝐴𝑇 − 𝐴

⇒ −𝐶 ∴ C is a skew- symmetric matrix

∵ 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 is a skew -symmetric matrix of an odd order ∴ 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 = 0

Key Takeaways
Special types of Matrices

• Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix 𝐴 is said to be orthogonal if 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴

For orthogonal matrix 𝐴, 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = ±1

Example: If 𝐴 is orthogonal and 𝐴𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵𝑇 , then

show that 𝐵𝐴 is symmetric .
𝐴𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵𝑇

Pre multiply 𝐴𝑇 on both sides 𝐴𝑇 𝐴𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼

⇒ 𝐼 ⋅ 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐵𝑇 ⇒ 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 ⋅ 𝐵𝑇

𝐵𝐴 = (𝐵𝐴)𝑇 ⇒ 𝐵𝐴 is symmetric .
Key Takeaways
Special types of Matrices

• Involutory matrix :
A square matrix 𝐴 is said to be involutory if 𝐴2 = 𝐼.

⇒ 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴 = 𝐼 ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐴−1

⇒ 𝐴3 = 𝐴2 ⋅ 𝐴 = 𝐼 ⋅ 𝐴

⇒ 𝐴3 = 𝐴

Note:

If 𝐴 is involutory , then 𝐴 = 𝐴−1

𝐴3 = 𝐴 ; 𝐴4 = 𝐼

𝐴2𝑘 = 𝐼 ; 𝐴2𝑘+1 = 𝐴 , 𝑘 ∈ Integer

Special types of matrix

Idempotent matrix : A square matrix 𝐴 is said to be idempotent if 𝐴2 = 𝐴.

• Every idempotent matrix has its determinant value either 0 or 1

4 6
Check whether 𝐴 = is idempotent or not ?
−2 −3

Proof:

4 6
𝐴=
−2 −3

Check condition to be idempotent i.e if 𝐴2 = 𝐴.

4 6 4 6 16 − 12 24 − 18
⇒ =
−2 −3 −2 −3 −8 + 6 −12 + 9
4 6
⇒ = 𝐴 ∴Matrix is an idempotent matrix
−2 −3
Special types of matrix

Nilpotent Matrix
A square matrix 𝐴 is said to be nilpotent matrix of order 𝑘 if 𝐴𝑘 = 𝑂

Note: 1) K is known as an index

2) Every Nilpotent matrix is singular matrix 𝐴 = 0

Periodic Matrix

If 𝐴𝐾 = 𝐴, then 𝐴 is a periodic matrix and period = 𝑘 − 1

Every idempotent matrix is a periodic with period 1.

Example: If 𝐴3 = 𝐴

⇒A is a periodic matrix ⇒Period = 𝑘 − 1 ⇒ 2

 If 𝐴 & 𝐵 are Idempotent and anti commute matrices, then
prove that 𝐴 + 𝐵 is idempotent
Solution:
Given 𝐴2 = 𝐴 , 𝐵2 = 𝐵 & 𝐴𝐵 = −𝐵𝐴

2
𝐴+𝐵 = 𝐴2 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 + 𝐵2

2
⇒ 𝐴+𝐵 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2

2
⇒ 𝐴+𝐵 =𝐴+𝐵

⇒ 𝐴 + 𝐵 is idempotent.
 If 𝑥 is orthogonal & 𝐵 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝐴 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑇 , then prove that: 𝑖)𝐴 = 𝑥 𝑇 ⋅ 𝐵 ⋅ 𝑥
𝑖𝑖) 𝐵10 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝐴10 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑇 𝑖𝑖𝑖) If 𝐴 is involuntary then 𝐵 is also involuntary

Solution:
𝑖 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑇 ⋅ 𝐵 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 𝐵10 = 𝑥 𝐴10 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑇

RHS = 𝑥 𝑇 ⋅ 𝐵 𝑥 𝐵2 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝐴 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑇 ⋅ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝐴 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑇

= 𝑥𝑇 ⋅ 𝑥 𝐴 ⋅ 𝑥𝑇 ⋅ 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝐴 𝐼 𝐴 ⋅ 𝑥𝑇

=𝐼𝐴𝐼 = 𝑥 𝐴 𝐴 ⋅ 𝑥𝑇

=𝐴 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝐴2 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑇
= LHS Similarly,

𝐵10 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝐴10 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑇
 If 𝑥 is orthogonal & 𝐵 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝐴 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑇 , then prove that: 𝑖)𝐴 = 𝑥 𝑇 ⋅ 𝐵 ⋅ 𝑥
𝑖𝑖) 𝐵10 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝐴10 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑇 𝑖𝑖𝑖) If 𝐴 is involuntary then 𝐵 is also involuntary

Solution:
𝑖𝑖𝑖 If 𝐴 is in voluntary then 𝐵 is also in voluntary

Given : 𝐴2 = 𝐼

𝐵2 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝐴2 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑇

= 𝑥 ⋅ 𝐼 ⋅ 𝑥𝑇

= 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥𝑇

=𝐼
 Key Takeaways

Determinants

• A determinant is a scalar value that is a function( real or complex

valued ) of entries of a square matrix .

Let a matrix be : 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , then its determinant is denoted as det 𝐴 = |𝐴|

𝑛

If 𝐴 = 𝑎 1𝑋1 , 𝐴 =𝑎

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
If 𝐴 = , 𝐴 = = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑

5 −1
Example: 𝐴 = , its determinant is
4 3

𝐴 = 15 − −4 = 19
Determinant

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

∆ = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 is a 3𝑟𝑑 order determinant
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

It can be expanded in 6 ways.

𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
∆ = 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 = 𝑎1 𝑏2 𝑏3 𝑏
− 𝑎2 1
𝑏3 𝑏
+ 𝑎3 1
𝑏2
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐2

= 𝑎1 𝑏2 𝑐3 − 𝑏3 𝑐2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 𝑐3 − 𝑏3 𝑐1 + 𝑎3 𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑏2 𝑐1

+ − +
Sign Convention = − + −
+ − +
Minor of an Element

Let ∆ be a determinant
𝑎 𝑏
∆=
𝑐 𝑑

Minor, of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗 is defined as determinant of a

sub – matrix obtained by deleting the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row and 𝑗𝑡ℎ column, in which the
element is present, of ∆.

Element of a matrix = 𝑎𝑖𝑗

Minor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑀𝑖𝑗 .
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑀11 = 𝑑 𝑀12 = 𝑐
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑀21 = 𝑏 𝑀22 = 𝑎
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
Co-factor of an Element

Let ∆ be a determinant

𝑎 𝑏
∆=
𝑐 𝑑
Co – factor, of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , denoted by 𝐶𝑖𝑗 is defined as

Element of a matrix = 𝑎𝑖𝑗

Minor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑀𝑖𝑗
Co – factor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝐶𝑖𝑗 .

𝐶𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗

𝐶11 = 𝑀11 = 𝑑 𝐶12 = −𝑀12 = −𝑐

𝐶21 = −𝑀21 = −𝑏 𝐶22 = 𝑀22 = 𝑎

 Find the minor and co – factors of elements 𝑎11 , 𝑎12 , 𝑎23 , 𝑎33 of
−1 2 4
the determinant. ∆ = 0 −5 3
6 −7 −9

Solution: −5 3 −1 2 4
𝑀11 = = 66 ∆ = 0 −5 3
−7 −9 6 −7 −9
1+1
𝐶11 = −1 𝑀11 = 66
0 3 −1 2 4
𝑀12 = = −18 ∆ = 0 −5 3
6 −9 6 −7 −9
1+2
𝐶12 = −1 𝑀12 = 18
−1 2 −1 2 4
𝑀23 = = −5 ∆ = 0 −5 3
6 −7 6 −7 −9
2+3
𝐶23 = −1 𝑀23 = 5
−1 2 −1 2 4
𝑀33 = =5 ∆ = 0 −5 3
0 −5 6 −7 −9
3+3
𝐶33 = −1 𝑀33 = 5
Evaluate value of the determinants

log 3 8 log 3 512 1 −3 5

𝑖 ∆= 𝑖𝑖 ∆ = 2 −1 0
log 2 3 log 4 9 −7 6 8
log 3 8 log 3 512
𝑖 ∆=
log 2 3 log 4 9

= log3 8 log 4 9 − log 2 3 log 3 512

1 log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑘 = 𝑘 log 𝑎 𝑥
= log3 23 log 22 32 − log 2 3 2 log 3 29 1
log 𝑎𝑘 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑘

1
= (3 log3 2) × 2 × × log2 3 −(1 × log 2 3) × 9 × log 3 2
2 2

9 9 3 ∵ log 𝑎 𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑥 𝑎 = 1
= log 3 2 × log 2 3 3 − = 3 − = −2
2 2
Evaluate value of the determinants

log 3 8 log 3 512 1 −3 5

𝑖 ∆= 𝑖𝑖 ∆ = 2 −1 0
log 2 3 log 4 9 −7 6 8
1 −3 5
𝑖𝑖 ∆ = 2 −1 0
−7 6 8

∆= 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎32 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎33 − 𝑎31 𝑎23 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32 − 𝑎31 𝑎22

= 1 −8 − 0 − −3 16 − 0 + 5(12 − 7)

= 65
Key Takeaways

Some Important Determinants

1 1 1
• 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

Degree = 4 Degree = 3 Linear term

Proof:
Δ = 1 𝑏1 𝑐 3 − 𝑏 3 𝑐

Put 𝑎 = 𝑏 ⇒ Δ = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑏 is a factor of Δ

𝑏 = 𝑐 ⇒ Δ = 0 ⇒ 𝑏 − 𝑐 is a factor of Δ

𝑐 = 𝑎 ⇒ Δ = 0 ⇒ 𝑐 − 𝑎 is a factor of Δ
Key Takeaways

Some Important Determinants

1 1 1
• 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎)
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

Degree = 5 Degree = 3 2𝑛𝑑 degree terms

Put 𝑎 = 𝑏 or 𝑏 = 𝑐 or 𝑐 = 𝑎

⇒Δ=0
Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑅 be all non – zero and satisfy 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 = 2. If the matrix
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐴 = 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 satisfies 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼 , then a value of 𝑎𝑏𝑐 can be :
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏

Solution: 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼 A 2
3
⇒ |𝐴𝑇 𝐴| = |𝐼|
B −
1
⇒ 𝐴𝑇 |𝐴| = 1 3

2
⇒ 𝐴 =1 C 3
⇒ 𝐴 = ±1
1
D
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 3
𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 𝑐 3
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏

⇒ 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 𝑐 3 = ±1
1
⇒ 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 1 , 3 ⇒ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 3 , 1
Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑅 be all non – zero and satisfy 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 = 2. If the matrix
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐴 = 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 satisfies 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼 , then a value of 𝑎𝑏𝑐 can be :
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏

A 2
3

B −
1
3

C 3

1
D
3
 Determinant

❑ Sarrus Method :

For determinant of order 𝑛 repeat the columns 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 , … 𝐶𝑛−1 as shown

below.

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1
Δ = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3

Δ = [ 𝑎1 𝑏2 𝑐3 + 𝑏1 𝑐2 𝑎3 + 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑏3 ] − [ 𝑎3 𝑏2 𝑐1 + 𝑏3 𝑐2 𝑎1 + 𝑐3 𝑎2 𝑏1 ]

Note: Multiplication of terms of the left bracket is equal to the multiplication of terms
of the right bracket.
Example
Example:

𝑎 ℎ 𝑔 𝑎 ℎ
Δ = ℎ 𝑏 𝑓 ℎ 𝑏
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐 𝑔 𝑓

∆= (𝑎𝑏𝑐 + ℎ𝑓𝑔 + ℎ𝑓𝑔) − (𝑏𝑔2 + 𝑎𝑓 2 + 𝑐ℎ2 )

∆= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2ℎ𝑓𝑔 − (𝑏𝑔2 + 𝑎𝑓 2 + 𝑐ℎ2 )
Determinant:
𝑎11 𝑎11 𝑎13
∆ = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 = 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎32 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎33 − 𝑎31 𝑎23 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32 − 𝑎31 𝑎22
𝑎31 𝑎31 𝑎33

Value of determinant in terms of minor and co-factor

• Sum of product of elements of a row (column) and corresponding

co – factors of elements of the same row (column) gives value of
determinant .

∆ = 𝑎11 𝐶11 + 𝑎12 𝐶12 + 𝑎13 𝐶13

• Sum of product of elements of a row (column) and corresponding

co – factors of elements of any other row (column) is zero.

∆ = 𝑎11 𝐶21 + 𝑎12 𝐶22 + 𝑎13 𝐶23 = 0

➢ If all the elements of a row or column are zero , then the value of determinant is zero.

Proof:

0 0 0
∆ = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

⇒ Δ = 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎32 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎33 − 𝑎31 𝑎23 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32 − 𝑎31 𝑎22

⇒ Δ = 0 𝑎22 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎32 − 0 𝑎21 𝑎33 − 𝑎31 𝑎23 + 0 𝑎21 𝑎32 − 𝑎31 𝑎22

⇒Δ=0
➢ If corresponding elements of any two rows (or columns) are identical
(or proportional), then value of determinant is zero .

Proof:

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

∆ = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23

⇒ Δ = 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎23 − 𝑎22 𝑎23 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎23 − 𝑎21 𝑎23 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎22 − 𝑎21 𝑎22

⇒ Δ = 𝑎11 0 − 𝑎12 0 + 𝑎13 0

⇒Δ=0
➢ If elements of a row ( or column ) are multiplied by a constant, then value
of determinant also gets multiplied by the same constant .

Proof:

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑘𝑎11 𝑘𝑎12 𝑘𝑎13

∆1 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ∆2 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

⇒ Δ1 = 𝑎11 𝑀11 − 𝑎12 𝑀12 + 𝑎13 𝑀13

⇒ Δ2 = 𝑘 𝑎11 𝑀11 − 𝑘 𝑎12 𝑀12 + 𝑘 𝑎13 𝑀13

⇒ Δ2 = 𝑘 Δ1
➢ If 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑛 , then
𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 𝑛 𝐴 where 𝑘 is a scalar.

Example:

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑘𝑎11 𝑘𝑎12 𝑘𝑎13

𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘𝑎21 𝑘𝑎22 𝑘𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑘𝑎31 𝑘𝑎32 𝑘𝑎33

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

⇒ 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 3 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

⇒ 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 3 𝐴
➢ If any of two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then
its value gets multiplied by −1

Proof:

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23

∆1 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ∆2 = 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

⇒ Δ1 = 𝑎11 𝑀11 − 𝑎12 𝑀12 + 𝑎13 𝑀13

⇒ Δ2 = −𝑎11 𝑀11 + 𝑎12 𝑀12 − 𝑎13 𝑀13

⇒ Δ1 = −Δ2
➢ The determinant of the transpose of a square matrix is equal to the
determinant of the matrix.

Proof:

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎21 𝑎31

Δ = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 Δ′ = 𝑎12 𝑎22 𝑎32
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎13 𝑎23 𝑎33

By 1𝑠𝑡 row, Δ = 𝑎11 𝑀11 − 𝑎12 𝑀12 + 𝑎13 𝑀13

By 1𝑠𝑡 column, Δ′ = 𝑎11 𝑀11 − 𝑎12 𝑀12 + 𝑎13 𝑀13

Δ = Δ′
➢ If each element of any row ( or column ) can be expressed as sum of two terms , then the
determinant can also be expressed as sum of two determinants .

𝑎+𝑥 𝑏+𝑦 𝑐+𝑧 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

Δ= 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 = 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 + 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖

Proof:

Δ = (𝑎 + 𝑥)𝑀11 − (𝑏 + 𝑦)𝑀12 + (𝑐 + 𝑧)𝑀13

= 𝑎𝑀11 − 𝑏𝑀12 + 𝑐𝑀13 + 𝑥𝑀11 − 𝑦𝑀12 + 𝑧𝑀13

➢ The value of determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column)
a constant multiple of corresponding elements of any other row
(or column).

Proof:

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

Δ1 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑝𝑅2 , where 𝑝 is a scalar
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

𝑎11 + 𝑝𝑎21 𝑎12 + 𝑝𝑎22 𝑎13 + 𝑝𝑎23

Δ2 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

Δ1 = Δ2
➢ The value of determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column)
a constant multiple of corresponding elements of any other row
(or column).

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

Δ1 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
Proof:
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑝𝑎21 𝑝𝑎22 𝑝𝑎23
Δ2 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 + 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23

= 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 + 𝑝 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

Δ2 = Δ1 + 𝑝 (0)

Δ2 = Δ1
 𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑥 𝑓3 𝑥
➢ Δ 𝑥 = 𝑔1 𝑥 𝑔2 𝑥 𝑔3 𝑥
ℎ1 𝑥 ℎ2 𝑥 ℎ3 𝑥

𝑓1 ′ 𝑥 𝑓2 ′ 𝑥 𝑓3 ′ 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑥 𝑓3 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑥 𝑓3 𝑥
Δ′ 𝑥 = 𝑔1 𝑥 𝑔2 𝑥 𝑔3 𝑥 + 𝑔1 ′ 𝑥 𝑔2 ′ 𝑥 𝑔3 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑔1 𝑥 𝑔2 𝑥 𝑔3 𝑥
ℎ1 𝑥 ℎ2 𝑥 ℎ3 𝑥 ℎ1 𝑥 ℎ2 𝑥 ℎ3 𝑥 ℎ1 ′ 𝑥 ℎ2 ′ 𝑥 ℎ3 ′ 𝑥

(differentiation can also be done column - wise)

 𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑥 𝑓3 𝑥
➢ If Δ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓

σ𝑓1 𝑥 σ𝑔1 𝑥 σℎ1 𝑥 ‫𝑓 ׬‬1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ‫𝑔 ׬‬1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ‫ ׬‬ℎ1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

σΔ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 ‫ ׬‬Δ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓

Note :

If variable is present in more than one row (or column), then first expand the
determinant and then apply summation or integration .
Key Takeaways

Application of determinants:

• Area of triangle with vertices 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 is:

1 𝑥1 𝑦1 1
∆= 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
2 𝑥 𝑦3 1
3

Note: If ∆= 0 , then points are collinear .

• Equation of straight line passing through points 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 & 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 is :

𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥1 𝑦1 1 =0
𝑥2 𝑦2 1
Key Takeaways

Application of determinants:

• The lines:
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 are concurrent if,
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 = 0
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 = 0
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
Note: The converse is not true

• The general 2 – degree equation

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0,
represents a pair of straight lines if,
𝑎 ℎ 𝑔
ℎ 𝑏 𝑓 = 0 or 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2ℎ𝑔𝑓 − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2 = 0
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐
 𝜋
1 + cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 4 cos 6𝜃
Find the value of 𝜃 ∈ 0, for which cos 2 𝜃 1 + sin2 𝜃 4 cos 6𝜃 =0
3
cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 1 + 4 cos 6𝜃

Solution:
1 + cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 4 cos 6𝜃 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2
cos 2 𝜃 1 + sin2 𝜃 4 cos 6𝜃 = 0
cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 1 + 4 cos 6𝜃 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2

1 −1 0
⇒ cos2 𝜃 1 + sin2 𝜃 4 cos 6𝜃 = 0 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 + 𝐶1
0 −1 1

1 0 0
⇒ cos2 𝜃 2 4 cos 6𝜃 = 0
0 −1 1
1
⇒ 2 + 4 cos 6𝜃 = 0 ⇒ cos 6𝜃 = −
2
𝜋
𝜃 ∈ 0, ⇒ 6𝜃 ∈ 0, 2𝜋
3

2𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
⇒ 6𝜃 = , ⇒𝜃 = , ⇒𝜃 = (in the given options)
3 3 9 9 9
 𝜋
1 + cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 4 cos 6𝜃
Find the value of 𝜃 ∈ 0, for which cos 2 𝜃 1 + sin2 𝜃 4 cos 6𝜃 =0
3
cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 1 + 4 cos 6𝜃

JEE Main 2019

A 𝜋
18

𝜋
B
9

C 7𝜋
24

7𝜋
D
36
 𝑎2 + 𝜆 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
𝑎𝑏 2
𝑏 +𝜆 𝑏𝑐 = 0 , then 𝜆 = ?
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐2 + 𝜆
Solution:
𝑎2 + 𝜆 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐 ×𝑎 (Multiply 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 Row wise & take common column
2
𝑎𝑏 𝑏 +𝜆 𝑏𝑐 ×𝑏 wise/row wise)
2
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 +𝜆 ×𝑐

𝑎2 + 𝜆 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎2 𝑐
1
𝑎𝑏 2 𝑏2 + 𝜆 𝑏 𝑏2𝑐
𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑎𝑐 2 𝑏𝑐 2 𝑐2 + 𝜆 𝑐
÷𝑎 ÷𝑏 ÷𝑐

𝑎2 + 𝜆 𝑎2 𝑎2
⇒ 𝑏2 𝑏2 + 𝜆 𝑏2 =0
𝑐2 𝑐2 2
𝑐 +𝜆

𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
 𝑎2 + 𝜆 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
𝑎𝑏 2
𝑏 +𝜆 𝑏𝑐 = 0 , then 𝜆 = ?
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐2 + 𝜆
Solution:
𝑎2 + 𝜆 𝑎2 𝑎2
⇒ 𝑏2 𝑏2 + 𝜆 𝑏2 = 0 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
𝑐2 𝑐2 2
𝑐 +𝜆

1 1 1
2 2 2 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶1
⇒ (𝜆 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) 𝑏 2 𝑏 +𝜆2
𝑏2 =0
𝑐2 𝑐2 2
𝑐 +𝜆 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶1

1 0 0
2 2 2
⇒ 𝜆+𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 𝑏2 𝜆 0 =0
𝑐2 0 𝜆
⇒ 𝜆 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝜆2 = 0

⇒ 𝜆 = 0, 𝜆 = − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
 𝑛
2𝑟−1 2. 3𝑟−1 4. 5𝑟−1
If ∆ 𝑟 = 𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 , then the value of ෍ ∆(𝑟) is :
𝑛 𝑛
2 −1 3 −1 5𝑛 − 1 𝑟=1

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛
෍ 2𝑟−1 ෍ 2. 3𝑟−1 ෍ 4. 5𝑟−1
෍ ∆(𝑟) = 𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
𝑟=1 𝛼 𝛽 𝛾
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2 −1 3 −1 5 −1
𝑛
1 2𝑛 − 1
𝑟−1 = 20 + 21 + 22 + ⋯ + 2𝑛−1 = = 2𝑛 − 1
෍2 2−1 𝑎 1 − 𝑟𝑛
𝑟=1 𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
𝑛
0 1 2 𝑛−1 1 3𝑛 −1
2 ෍ 3𝑟−1 = 2 3 + 3 + 3 + ⋯ + 3 = 2× = 3𝑛 − 1
3−1
𝑟=1
𝑛
1 5𝑛 −1
4 ෍ 5𝑟−1 = 4 50 + 51 + 52 + ⋯ + 5𝑛−1 = 4 × 5−1
= 5𝑛 − 1
𝑟=1
 𝑛
2𝑟−1 2. 3𝑟−1 4. 5𝑟−1
If ∆ 𝑟 = 𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 , then the value of ෍ ∆(𝑟) is :
𝑛 𝑛
2 −1 3 −1 5𝑛 − 1 𝑟=1

𝑛
2𝑛 − 1 3𝑛 − 1 5𝑛 − 1
෍ ∆(𝑟) = 𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 = 0 ( Identical rows )
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑟=1 2 −1 3 −1 5 −1

Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.

 𝑛
2𝑟−1 2. 3𝑟−1 4. 5𝑟−1
If ∆ 𝑟 = 𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 , then the value of ෍ ∆(𝑟) is :
𝑛 𝑛
2 −1 3 −1 5𝑛 − 1 𝑟=1

A 0 B 𝛼𝛽𝛾

C D 𝛼2𝑛 + 𝛽3𝑛 + 𝛾4𝑛

α+𝛽+𝛾
Key Takeaways

Singular/Non-singular Matrices

• A square matrix 𝐴 is said to be singular or non – singular according as

𝐴 = 0 or |𝐴| ≠ 0 respectively.

Co-factor matrix and Adjoint (Adjugate) matrix

• Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗
𝑛
be a square matrix

➢ The matrix obtained by replacing each element of 𝐴 by corresponding

co factor is called a co factor matrix .
𝐶 = 𝑐𝑖𝑗
𝑛
, where 𝑐𝑖𝑗 is co factor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗

➢ Transpose of co factor matrix of 𝐴 is called adjoint of matrix 𝐴 ,

and is denoted by 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 .
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝑑𝑖𝑗
𝑛 , where 𝑑𝑖𝑗 = 𝑐𝑗𝑖 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗
Key Takeaways

Co-factor matrix and Adjoint (Adjugate) matrix

• Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗
𝑛
be a square matrix

𝐶 = 𝑐𝑖𝑗
𝑛
, where 𝑐𝑖𝑗 is co factor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗

𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝑑𝑖𝑗
𝑛 , where 𝑑𝑖𝑗 = 𝑐𝑗𝑖 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑐11 𝑐12
𝐴= 𝑎 𝑎22 , 𝐶= 𝑐 𝑐22
21 21

𝑐11 𝑐21
𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴) = 𝐶 𝑇 = 𝑐 𝑐22
12

𝑎22 −𝑎12
= −𝑎 𝑎11
21
Note:

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎22 −𝑎12

For 𝐴 = 𝑎 𝑎22 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = −𝑎 𝑎11
21 21
Adjoint Of Matrix:

Properties

❑ 𝑛−1
𝐴 adj 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐼 = adj 𝐴 𝐴 ❑ adj 𝐴 = 𝐴

❑ 𝑛−1 2 𝑛−2
adj(adj 𝐴) = 𝐴 ❑ adj adj 𝐴 = 𝐴 ⋅𝐴

❑ adj 𝐴𝑇 = adj 𝐴 𝑇
❑ adj 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 = adj 𝐵 ⋅ adj 𝐴

❑ adj 𝐾𝐴 = 𝐾 𝑛−1 ⋅ adj 𝐴 ❑ adj 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 ⋅ 𝐶 = adj 𝐶 ⋅ adj 𝐵 ⋅ adj 𝐴

Properties of Inverse of a matrix

If 𝐴 is a non – singular matrix ,

1
❑ 𝐴−1 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴−1 = = 𝐴 −1
𝐴

❑ 𝐴−1 −1
=𝐴

❑ If 𝐴 = diag (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 ) , then 𝐴−1 = diag ( 𝑎1 −1 , 𝑎2 −1 ,…, 𝑎𝑛 −1 )

❑ 𝐴−𝑘 = 𝐴−1 𝑘 , 𝑘 ∈ ℕ

❑ 𝐴−1 𝑇
= 𝐴𝑇 −1

1
❑ 𝑘𝐴 −1
= 𝐴−1 ,
𝑘
 0 1 2
If 𝐴 = −1 0 2 , then find 𝐴 , 3𝐴 , adj 𝐴 , 4 ⋅ adj𝐴 , 3 ⋅ adj adj𝐴
3 1 4
Solution:

𝐴 = 0+6−2 − 0+0−4 =8

3𝐴 = 33 . 𝐴 = 27 × 8 = 216

𝑛−1
adj𝐴 = 𝐴 = 82 = 64

4. adj𝐴 = 43 . 𝐴 𝑛−1
= 43 . 82 = 43 . 43 = 46

𝑛−1 2
3. adj(adj𝐴) = 33 . adj(adj𝐴) = 33 . 𝐴 = 27. 84
Key Takeaways

System of linear equations (Cramer’s rule):

Two variables :

Consider system of equations

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2

𝑎1 𝑏1
∆= = 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑐1 𝑏1 = 𝑐1 𝑏2 − 𝑐2 𝑏1
∆1 (∆𝑥 ) =
𝑐2 𝑏2

𝑎1 𝑐1
∆2 (∆𝑦 ) = 𝑎 = 𝑎1 𝑐2 − 𝑎2 𝑐1
2 𝑐2
∆𝑥 ∆𝑦
Solution : 𝑥 = ;𝑦 =
∆
∆
❑ Two variables Linear Equation :

𝑎1 𝑎2
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1 ⇒ 𝑚1 = − 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2 ⇒ 𝑚2 = −
𝑏1 𝑏2

Consistent System:
𝑎1 𝑏1
(𝑖) If ≠ , then system of equations has unique solution.
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
(𝑖𝑖) If = = , then system of equations has infinite solution.
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
❑ Two variables Linear Equation :

Inconsistent System:

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
If = ≠ , then system of equations has no solution.
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
System of linear equations ( Cramer’s rule )

❑ For Three variables : Consider system of non-homogeneous equations

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1 → Plane 1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2 → Plane 2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3 → Plane 3

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑑1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑑1
𝐷 = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝐷1 = 𝑑2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝐷2 = 𝑎2 𝑑2 𝑐2 𝐷3 = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑑3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑑3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑑3

𝐷1 𝐷2 𝐷3
Solution : 𝑥 = ; 𝑦=
𝐷
; 𝑧=
𝐷
𝐷

Note: Linear equations in 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 represents a plane in 3𝐷.

System of linear equations ( Cramer’s rule )

Proof: To prove : 𝐷 ⋅ 𝑥 = 𝐷1

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝐷 = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
𝑎1 𝑥 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝐷 ⋅ 𝑥 = 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑏2 𝑐2 = 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝐶1 → 𝐶1 + 𝑦𝐶2 + 𝑧𝐶3
𝑎3 𝑥 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑦+𝑐 𝑧 𝑏3 𝑐3
3 3 3

𝑑1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= 𝑑2 𝑏2 𝑐2 = 𝐷1
𝑑3 𝑏3 𝑐3

Similarly for 𝐷 ⋅ 𝑦 = 𝐷2 , 𝐷 ⋅ 𝑧 = 𝐷3
❑ Three variables : 𝐷 ⋅ 𝑥 = 𝐷1 ; 𝐷 ⋅ 𝑦 = 𝐷2 ; 𝐷 ⋅ 𝑧 = 𝐷3

𝐷1 𝐷2 𝐷3
𝑥= ,𝑦 = ,𝑧 =
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷

𝐷≠0 𝐷=0
𝐷. 𝑥 = 𝐷1 , 𝐷 ⋅ 𝑦 = 𝐷2 , 𝐷 ⋅ 𝑧 = 𝐷3

𝐷1 = 𝐷2 = 𝐷3 = 0 𝐷1 , 𝐷2 , 𝐷3
not all 0 𝐷1 = 𝐷2 = 𝐷3 = 0 One of (𝐷1 , 𝐷2 , 𝐷3 ) ≠ 0
𝑥=𝑦=𝑧=0
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ≠ 0 0 ⋅ 𝑥 = 0, 0 ⋅ 𝑦 = 0, 0 ⋅ 𝑥 = 𝐷1 , 0 ⋅ 𝑦 = 𝐷2 ,
Trivial solution Non - Trivial solution 0⋅𝑧=0 0 ⋅ 𝑧 = 𝐷3
Unique Solution Unique Solution ∞ Solutions No Solution

Consistent Inconsistent
Consistent Consistent
 Homogeneous System

❑ For Three variables : Consider system of equations

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 0 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 0 𝐷 = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 0 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

0 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 0 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 0
𝐷1 = 0 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝐷2 = 𝑎2 0 𝑐2 𝐷3 = 𝑎2 𝑏2 0
0 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 0 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 0

𝐷1 𝐷2 𝐷3
Solution : 𝑥 = = 0; 𝑦= = 0; 𝑧= =0
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
Homogeneous System

❑ If 𝑑1 , 𝑑2 , 𝑑3 all are zero simultaneously , then we have

HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM.

❑ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (0,0,0) is always a solution of homogeneous system and it’s

called Trivial solution.

Case (𝑖)
If 𝐷 ≠ 0 , then system has unique trivial solution .

Case (𝑖𝑖)
If 𝐷 = 0 , then system has non - trivial solution (exist infinitely
many solutions).
 Homogeneous System

𝐷1 𝐷2 𝐷3
𝑥= , 𝑦= , 𝑥= , 𝐷1 = 𝐷2 = 𝐷3 = 0
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷

𝐷≠0 𝐷=0

⇒𝑥=𝑦=𝑧=0 0⋅𝑥 =0,0⋅𝑦 =0,0⋅𝑧 =0

Trivial solution Non trivial Solution

Unique solution ∞ Solution

❑ If homogeneous system has non trivial solution then 𝐷 = 0.

Key Takeaways
Geometric Interpretation for Three Variables

(𝑖) Unique Solution

Planes intersecting at one point

like a corner of a room

If point of Intersection: (0,0,0)

then trivial Solution

If point of Intersection: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 not all zero simultaneously

then Non-Trivial Solution

 Key Takeaways
Geometric Interpretation for Three Variables
(𝑖𝑖) Infinite Solutions

All 3 planes are coincident

All 3 planes are intersecting on a line

 Key Takeaways
Geometric Interpretation for Three Variables

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) No Solution

𝑃3 𝑃2

𝑃1
All three planes
form a triangle
shape

Two planes are parallel

All three planes are parallel

Find the value of 𝑝 and 𝑞 such that the system has:
𝑖 Unique Solution 𝑖𝑖 Infinite Solution 𝑖𝑖𝑖 No Solution
2𝑥 + 𝑝𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 8 ; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑞𝑧 = 5 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4

2 𝑝 6 𝐷1 = 𝑝 − 2 4𝑞 − 15
𝐷= 1 2 𝑞
1 1 3
𝐷2 = 0

⇒ 𝐷 = 12 + 𝑝𝑞 + 6 − (12 + 2𝑞 + 3𝑝)
𝐷3 = 𝑝 − 2

⇒ 𝐷 = 𝑞 𝑝 − 2 − 3(𝑝 − 2)

⇒𝐷 = 𝑝−2 𝑞−3
Find the value of 𝑝 and 𝑞 such that the system has:
𝑖 Unique Solution 𝑖𝑖 Infinite Solution 𝑖𝑖𝑖 No Solution
2𝑥 + 𝑝𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 8 ; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑞𝑧 = 5 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4

𝐷 = 𝑝−2 𝑞−3 𝐷1 = 𝑝 − 2 4𝑞 − 15 𝐷2 = 0 𝐷3 = 𝑝 − 2

𝑖 Unique Solution : 𝐷 ≠ 0 𝑖𝑖𝑖 No Solution : 𝐷 = 0 & 𝐷1 , 𝐷2 , 𝐷3 not all zero.

⇒ (𝑝 − 2)(𝑞 − 3) ≠ 0 ⇒𝑞=3 & 𝑝≠2

⇒ 𝑝 ≠ 2 ,𝑞 ≠ 3

⇒𝑝 ∈ℝ− 2 , 𝑞 ∈ℝ− 3

𝑖𝑖 Infinite Solution : 𝐷 = 0 & 𝐷1 = 𝐷2 = 𝐷3 = 0

⇒𝑝=2& 𝑞∈ℝ
 The set of all values of 𝜆 for which the system of equations
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 𝜆𝑥; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝜆𝑦; −𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝜆𝑧 has a non –trivial solution
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution:

1−𝜆 −2 −2
𝐴 = 1 2−𝜆 1 =0
1 1 𝜆

1 − 𝜆 𝜆 2 − 𝜆 − 1 + 2 𝜆 − 1 − 2(1 + 𝜆 − 2) = 0

⇒ 𝜆3 − 3𝜆2 + 3𝜆 − 1 = 0

⇒ (𝜆 − 1)3 = 0

⇒𝜆=1
The set of all values of 𝜆 for which the system of equations
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 𝜆𝑥; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝜆𝑦; −𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝜆𝑧 has a non –trivial solution
JEE Main Jan 2019

A Is a singleton

B Contains exactly two elements

C Is an empty set

D Contains more than two elements

THANK
YOU