MATHEMATICS

STUDY MATERIAL

CLASS – X

INDEX

[Link]. Topics Page No.

1. Quadratic Equation 1-55
2. Arithmetic Progressions 56-92
3. Co-ordinate Geometry 93-130
4. Applications of Trigonometry 131 - 156
5. Circle 157 - 173
6. Constructions 174 - 185
7. Areas Related to Circle 186 - 227
8. Surface Areas and Volumes 228 - 257
9. Probability 258 – 275
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

INDEX

Topic Name Page No

 Overview 1-1
 Quadratic Equations 2-39
 Radical Test  I
 Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Factorisation
 Radical Test  II
 Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Completing the Square
 Radical Test  III
 Nature of Roots
 Radical Test  IV
 Sum and Products of Roots
 Equations Reducible to Quadratic Equation
 Radical Test  V
 Applications of Quadratic Equations
 Radical Test  VI
 Concept Map 40-40
 Solved Example 41-44
 Exercise 45-53
 CBSE Assignment
 Mind Booster Assignment
 Answer Key 54-55
 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

INDEX
Topic Name Page No

 Overview 56–56

 Sequence and Series 57–73

 Radical Test  I

 nth TERM OF AN A.P.

 To find nth Term from the end of an A.P.

 Radical Test  II

 sum of n Terms of an A.P

 Selection of Terms in A.P.

 Radical Test  III

 Concept Map 74–75

 Solved Example 76–85

 Exercise 86–90

 CBSE Assignment

 Mind Booster Assignment

 Answer Key 91–92

 COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Topic Name Page No

 Overview 93-93

 Coordinate Geometry 94-111

 Coordinates of a Point

 Distance Formula

 Collinear Points

 Radical Test-I

 Section Formula

 Centroid of a Triangle

 Radical Test – II

 Area of a Triangle

 Radical Test – III

 Concept Map 112-112

 Solved Example 113-123

 Exercise 124-129

 CBSE Assignment

 Mind Booster Assignment

 Answer Key 130-130

 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY

INDEX
Topic Name Page No
 Overview 131 - 131
 Introduction 132 - 153
 Line of Sight
 Angle of Elevation
 Angle of Depression
 Radical Test
 Concept Map
 Exercise 154 - 155
CBSE Assignment
 Answer Key 156 - 156

CIRCLES

INDEX
Topic Name Page No
 Overview 157 - 157
 Introduction 158 - 39
 Circles
Radical Test-I
 Concept Map
 Exercise 40 - 42
CBSE Assignment
Mind Booster Assignment
 Answer Key 173 - 173
 CONSTRUCTIONS
INDEX
Topic Name Page No
 Overview 174 - 174
 Introduction 174 - 183
 Division of a Line Segment
Radical Test-I
 Construction of Tangents from a Point on or Outside the Circle
when centre is Given
Radical Test-II
 Concept Map 184 - 184
 Exercise 185 - 185
CBSE Assignment

AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES

INDEX
Topic Name Page No
 Overview 186 - 186
 Area related to Circle 187 - 206
Terms related to Circles
Formulae
Radical Test – I
Area of sector and segment of a Circle
Radical Test – II
Areas of combination of plane figures
Radical Test – III
 Concept Map 207 - 207
 Solved Example 208 - 214
 Exercise 215 - 225
CBSE Assignment
Mind Booster Assignment
 Answer Key 226 - 227
 SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES

INDEX
Topic Name Page No
 Overview 228 - 228
 Surface Ares and Volumes 229 - 250
Cuboids and Cubes
Right Circular Cylinder
Right Circular Cone
Sphere
Hemisphere
Radical Test – I
Conversion of solid from one shape to another
Radical Test – II
Frustum of a Right Circular Cone
Radical Test – III
 Concept Map 251 - 251
 Exercise 252 - 255
CBSE Assignment
Mind Booster Assignment
 Answer Key 256 - 257
 PROBABILITY

INDEX
Topic Name Page No
 Overview 258 - 258
 Probability 259 - 269
Experiment
Event
Probability of occurrence of an Event
Complementary Event
Some special sample spaces
Radical Test
 Concept Map 270 - 270
 Exercise 271 - 274
CBSE Assignment
Mind Booster Assignment
 Answer Key 275 - 275
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Greek mathematician Euclid developed a geometrical approach for
finding out lengths which, in our present day terminology are
solutions of quadratic equations.
Brahmagupta (A.D. 598-665) gave an explicit formula to solve a
quadratic equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0. Later,
Sridharacharya (A.D. 1025) derived a formula, now known as the
quadratic formula, (as quoted by Bhaskara II). An Arab
mathematician A1-Khwarizmi (about A.D. 800) also studied quadratic
equations of different types.
In this chapter, we will study quadratic equations and various ways of
finding their roots along with some applications of quadratic

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
A polynomial of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial. Its general form is ax 2  bx  c where a  0
and a, b, c are real numbers.
Any equation of the form, p(x) = 0, where p(x) is a polynomial of degree 2, is a quadratic equation.
Therefore, ax 2  bx  c  0, a  0 is called the standard form of a quadratic equation. e.g. 2 x 2  3 x  7,
8 x 2  x  19

ZEROS OF QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL

For a quadratic polynomial p( x )  ax 2  bx  c , those values of x for which ax 2  bx  c  0 is satisfied,
are called zeros of the quadratic polynomial p(x ) , i.e. if p(  )  a 2  b  c  0, then  is called the
zero of the quadratic polynomial.

ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATION

If ,  are zeros of polynomial ax 2  bx  c, then ,  are called roots (or solutions) of
corresponding equation ax 2  bx  c  0 which implies that p(  )  p()  0.
i.e., a 2  b  c  0 and a 2  b  c  0.

Illustration 1 : Check whether the following equations are quadratic or not.

(i) (x – 2)2 + 1 = 2x – 3 (ii) x(x + 1) + 8 = (x + 2)(x – 2)
1
(iii) 7x = 2x2 (iv) x + =2
x
Solution: (i) (x  2)2  1  2x  3 can be rewritten as
x 2  4x  4  1  2x  3
x 2  6x  8  0
Since, it is of the form ax 2  bx  c  0, a  0
Therefore, the given equation is a quadratic equation.
(ii) As x(x  1)  8  (x  2)(x  2)
x 2  x  8  x2  4
 x  12  0
It is not of the form ax 2  bx  c  0 , a  0.
Therefore, the given equation is not a quadratic equation.
(iii) 7x  2x2  2x 2  7x  0
As 2x 2  7x is a quadratic polynomial
 2x 2  7x  0 , a  0 is a quadratic equation.
1
(iv) x  2
x
Usually in such cases x  0 is specified then we can multiply the equation by x which results
in quadratic equation.
 x  x 1  2  0
x  x 1  2 is not a polynomial because degree of one of the terms is not a whole number
polynomial.
1
 x  2 is not a quadratic equation
x

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

1
Note : We cannot convert x + = 2 as x2 + 1 = 2x i.e. x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 because x  0 is not
x
specified in this case.

Illustration 2 : In each of the following, determine the value of k for which the given value of x is a
solution of the equation.
(i) kx2 – 3x + 2 = 0; x = 2 (ii) 2x2 + kx + 6 = 0; x = –2
Solution: (i) kx 2  3x  2  0 …(i)
Since x  2 is a solution of the equation
Now substituting x = 2 in equation (i), we get

k(2)2  3(2)  2  0

 4k  4  0
 4k  4
 k  44 1
(ii) Since x = –2 is a solution of the equation

2x 2  kx  6  0 …(i)
Now substituting x = – 2 in (i), we get
2(2)2  k( 2)  6  0

 8  2k  6  0
or 2k  14
 k  14  2  7
Illustration 3 : In each of the following, determine whether the given values of x are the solutions of the
given equation or not:
(i) x2 + 6x + 5 = 0; x = – 1, x = – 5
1 2
(ii) 6x2 – x – 2 = 0; x = – ,x=
2 3

(iii) x 2 + 2 3x – 9 = 0; x = 3, x = –3 3

Solution: (i) Consider p(x) = x 2  6x  5 …(i)

Substituting x = –1 in (i), we get
p( 1)  (1)2  6  (1)  5

=1–6+5
= 66  0.
Hence x = 1 is the solution of given equation.
Again substituting x = –5 in (i), we get
p( 5) = (5)2  6  (5)  5

= 25 – 30 + 5
= 30 – 30 = 0
Hence x = 5 is the solution of given equation.
 x = –1 and x = –5 are the solutions of the given equation.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

(ii) Consider p(x)  6x 2  x  2 …(i)

1
Substituting x   in (i), we get
2
2
 1  1  1
p   = 6          2
 2  2  2
1 1 3 1 31 4
= 6
 2  2 = 2  2
4 2 2 2 2 2
=2–2=0
1
 x   is the solution of the given equation.
2
2
Again substituting x  in (i), we get
3
2
 2  2 2 4 2 8 2 6
p  = 6      2 = 6    2    2   2  0
3
  3
  3 9 3 3 3 3
2
 x is the solution of given equation.
3
1 2
 x and x  are the solutions of the given quadratic equation.
2 3
(iii) Consider p(x)  x 2  2 3x  9 …(i)

Substituting x  3 in (i)

p  3 = ( 3 )2  2 3( 3)  9  3  6  9  0

 x  3 is a solution of the given quadratic equation.

Substituting x  3 3 in (i) we get
p( 3 3) = (3 3 )2  2 3( 3 3)  9
= 27 – 18 – 9 = 0 = RHS
 x  3 3 is a solution of the given quadratic equation.

2
Illustration 4 : If x = 2 and x = 3 are roots of 3x – p2x + 2q = 0, find the values of p and q.
Solution: Since x = 2 is a root of the given equation,
 we have 3(2)2  2p(2)  2q  0
 12  4p  2q  0  4p  2q  12 …(i)
Since x = 3 is a root of the given equation,
 we have 3(3)2  2p(3)  2q  0
 27  6p  2q  0  6p  2q  27 …(ii)
Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii), we get
15
6p  2q  4p  2q  27  12 or 2p  15  p 
2
15
Substituting p  in equation (i), we get
2
 15 
4    2q  12
 2 
 2q  30  12  2q  18  q = 9
15
Hence p  and q = 9.
2

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

RADICAL TEST - I (CLASS WORK)

1. Which of the following are quadratic equations:

1
(i) 2 x 2  3 x  9  0 (ii) 3 x 2  5 x  9  x 2  7 x  3 (iii) x  1
x
2
 1  1
(iv)  x    3  x    4 (v) ( x  2)3  2 x( x 2  1)
 x  x

2. In each of the following, determine whether the given values are the solutions of given quadratic
equation or not
1 13 5 4 a b
(i) x   ,x ,x (ii) a 2 x 2  3abx  2b 2  0, x  , x 
x 6 6 3 b a
2
(iii) x  2 x  4  0, x   2 , x  2 2
m n
(iv) mnx 2  ( m 2  n 2 )x  mn  0; x   , x 
n m
3 2
(v) (2 x  3 ) (3 x  2)  0, x   , x  
2 3

3. In each of the following, find the value of k for which the given value is a solution of the given
equation
(i) x 2  x (a  b )  k  0; x  a (ii) 5 x 2  kx  4 5  0; x   5
2
(iii) kx 2  x  2  0; x  (iv) kx 2  2 x  4  0, x  2
3
(v) x 2  3ax  k  0; x  a.

2
4. If x  and x = – 3 are the roots of the equation ax 2  7 x  b  0, find the values of a & b.
3

5. Determine, if 3 is a root of the equation given below

x 2  4 x  3  x 2  9  4 x 2  14 x  16

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST – I

1. (i) Yes (ii) Yes (iii) No (iv) No (v) No

5 4 a
2. (i) x  and x  are not the solutions. (ii) x  is not a solution.
6 3 b
(iii) x   2 is a solution but x  2 2 is not a solution.
m n
(iv) x   and x   are solutions.
n m
3 2
(v) x   is a solution, but x   is not a solution.
2 3
3. (i) k  ab (ii) k  9 (iii) k = 6 (iv) k = 1 (v) k  2a 2
4. a = 3, b = –6
5. x = 3 is not a root of the given equation.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

SOLUTION OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION BY FACTORISATION

Consider the following products.
6  0  0;  b  0  0, 0  a  0
Above example illustrate that whenever the product is 0, at least one of the factors is 0.

Note : If a and b are number, and ab = 0, then either a = 0 or b = 0.

Above principle is used in solving quadratic equation by factorization. Let given quadratic equation be
ax 2  bx  c  0. Let the quadratic polynomial be expressed as product of two linear factors i.e. (px + q)
and (rx + s), where p, q, r, s are real numbers and p  0, r  0,
Then, ax 2  bx  c  0
 ( px  q ) ( rx  s )  0
 Either ( px  q )  0 or (rx  s )  0
px  q or rx = –s
q s
x or x
p r
Following steps are involved in solving a quadratic equation by factorization.
 Transform the equation into standard form, if necessary.
 Factorize ax 2  bx  c .
 Put each factor containing variable = 0.
 Solve each of the resulting equation.

Illustration 5 : Using factorization, solve following equations.

(i) (x – 2)2 – 36 = 0 (ii) x2 + 2 2x + 3 = 0
Solution: (i) (x  2)2  36  0
 (x  2)2  62  0
 (x  2  6)(x  2  6)  0
 (x  8)(x  4)  0
either x  8  0 or x  4  0
either x  8 or x  4
Solution is x = 8, –4
(ii) x 2  2 3x  3  0
or x 2  3x  3x  3  0
x(x  3 )  3(x  3)  0
(x  3) (x  3 )  0
either x  3  0 or x  3  0
either x   3 or x 3
Solution is x   3
Illustration 6 : Solve : a2b2x2 + b2x – a2x – 1 = 0
Solution: a 2b 2 x 2  b 2 x  a 2 x  1  0
 b2 x(a2 x  1)  1(a2 x  1)  0
  
(a2 x  1) b 2 x  1  0
2
Either (a x  1)  0 or (b 2 x  1)  0
 a 2 x  1 or b2 x  1
1 1
 x 2 or x 2
a b
1 1
Hence, x   2 , 2 are the required solutions.
a b

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 7 : Solve the following quadratic equation by factorization method:

 a a + b
x2 +  + x + 1 = 0
a + b a 
Solution: We have,
 a ab
x2    x 1 0
ab a 
a ab a ab  a ab 
 x2 
ab
x
a
x
ab

a
0  a  b  a  1
 
 a  ab a 
 x x   x  0
 a  b  a  a  b
 a  a b
 x   x  0
 a b  a 
a
either x 0
ab
ab
or, x 0
a
a
 x
ab
ab
or, x
a

Illustration 8 : Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization method:

1 1 1 1
= + + ,a+b0
a+b+x a b x
Solution: We have,
1 1 1 1
  
abx x a b
x  (a  b  x) a  b
 
x(a  b  x) ab
xab x ab
 
x a  b  x  ab
(a  b) ab
 
x(a  b  x) ab
1 1
  [a  b  0]
x(a  b  x) ab
 ab = x(a  b  x)
 x (a  b  x)  ab  0
 x 2  ax  bx  ab  0
 x (x  a)  b(x  a)  0
 (x  a)(x  b)  0
 x  a  0 or, x  b  0
 x  a or, x  b
 Solutions are x = –a, –b

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

RADICAL TEST – II (CLASS WORK)

1. Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization method:
(i) abx 2  ( b 2  ac )x  bc  0

(ii) a( x 2  1)  x(a 2  1)  0

2 5
(iii)  20, x  0
x2 x

 2x  3   x 3  3
2. Solve 2    25    5, given that x  3, x  
 x 3   2x  3  2

3. Solve 4 x 2  4a 2 x  (a 4  b 4 )  0

x x  1 34
4. Solve   , x  1, x  0
x 1 x 15

5. Solve (a  b ) 2 x 2  4abx  (a  b ) 2  0
2 2 2
6. Solve: 4x - 4ax + (a - b ) = 0 , a, b are real numbers

ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST – II

b c 1 1
1. (i)  , (ii) a, (iii) 2,
a b a 2

2. x = 1, 6

a2  b2 a2  b2
3. ,
2 2

3 5
4. x ,
2 2

2
ab
5. x = 1,   
ab

ab ab
6. x ,
2 2

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

SOLUTION OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE

Following steps are involved in solving a quadratic equation by completing square method
 Consider the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 , where a  0
 Dividing throughout by ‘a’, we get
b c
x2  x   0
a a
2
1 
 Add and subtract  coefficient of x  , we get
2 
2 2
b2  b   b  c
x  x        0,
a  2a   2a  a
2
 b  b2 c b 2  4ac
x     
 2a  4a 2 a 4a 2
 If b 2  4ac  0 taking square root of both sides, we obtain
b  b 2  4ac
x 
2a 2a
 b  b 2  4ac
Therefore x 
2a
The Shridharacharya (Quadratic) Formula: Quadratic equation, ax 2  bx  c  0, where a, b, c are
real number and a  0 , has the roots as :

b  b2  4ac
x
2a

1
Illustration 9 : Solve by completing the square : y2 + y – 1 = 0.
2
1
Solution: y2  y 1 0
2
1
 y2  y 1
2
2
 1 1
Adding   i.e. on both sides, we have
 4 16
1 1 1
 y2  y  1
2 16 16
2
 1 17
or y   
 4 16
1 17 17
 y  
4 16 4
1 17  1  17
 y   
4 4 4
 1  17  1  17
So, the solutions are ,
4 4

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 10: By using the method of completing the square, show that the equation 2x2 + x + 5 = 0 has
no real roots.
Solution: 2x 2  x  5  0
x 5
 x2    0 [Dividing the equation by 2]
2 2
x 5
 x2   
2 2
2
 1 1
Adding   i.e. on both sides, we have
4
  16
2 2
 1  1 5  1
 x2  2   x        
4
  4
  2 4
2
 1 5 1 40  1 39
 x       
 4  2 16 16 16
2
 1 39
 x    
 4  16
2
 1
RHS is negative but  x   cannot be negative for any real values of x.
 4 
[  square of any real number is non–negative]
Hence, the given equation has no real roots.

Illustration 11: Find the roots of the following equation 4x2 + 4bx – (a2 – b2) = 0, by the method of
completing the square.
Solution: We have,
4x 2  4bx  (a2  b2 )  0
 a2  b2 
 x 2  bx     0 [Dividing the equation by 4]
 4 
b a2  b2
 x2  2   x 
2 4
2
b
Adding   on both sides we have
 2
2 2
b b a2  b2  b  a2  b2 b2
 x2  2   x        
2 2 4  2 4 4
2
 b a2
 x   
 2 4
b a
 x  [taking square root of both sides]
2 2
b a b  a b  a
 x   x ,
2 2 2 2
b  a b  a
Hence, the roots are and
2 2

Illustration 12: Solve the equation x 2 – ( 3 + 1) x + 3 = 0 by the method of completing the square.
Solution: We have,
x 2  ( 3  1) x  3  0  x 2  ( 3  1)x   3
2
 3  1
Adding  on both sides we have
 2 
 

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

2 2
2
 3  1  3  1  3  1
 x  2 x   3 
 2   2   2 
     
2
 3  1 3  1 2 3
  x     3 
 2  4
4 3  3  1  2 3 3  1  2 3
 
4 4
2 2
 3  1  3  1
  x     
 2   2 
3 1 3 1
 x 
2 2
3 1 3 1 2 3
 x    3
2 2 2
3 1 3 1  3  1 3 1 2
or x  ; x      1
2 2 
 2  2 2
 x  3, 1
Hence, the roots are 3 and 1.

Illustration 13: Using the quadratic formula, solve the equation a2 b2 x2 – (4b4 – 3a4)x – 12a2b2 = 0
Solution: a2 b2 x 2  (4b4  3a4 )x  12a2b2  0

Comparing the given equation with ax 2  bx  c  0,

We have a  a2b2 ,b  (4b4  3a4 ), c  12a2b2

Discriminant D  b2  4ac
D  (3a4  4b 4 )2  4a2b2 ( 12a2b2 )

 9a8  16b8  24a4 b4  48a4 b4

 9a8  16b8  24a 4b 4

 (3a4 )2  (4b4 )2  2  3a4  4b4

 (3a4  4b 4 )2  0 [  square of any real number is always non–negative]

Hence, the given equation has real roots given by

4b 4  3a 4  (3a4  4b 4 )2  b  D 
x  x  
2a2b2  2a 

The roots are

4b 4  3a 4  3a4  4b 4 4b 4  3a 4  3a 4  4b4
and
2a2b2 2a2b2

8b4 6a 4
or and
2a 2b2 2a 2b2

4b 2 3a2
or and 
a2 b2

4b 2 3a2
Hence, x  ,  are the required solutions.
a2 b2

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

RADICAL TEST – III (CLASS WORK)

1. Solve the following equations by method of completing the square.
(i) x 2  ( 2  1) x  2  0

(ii) a2 x 2  3abx  2b2  0

1
(iii) y 2  y 1 0
2
(iv) 3x 2  10x  7 3  0

2. Solve the following equations by method of quadratic formula.

(i) 3x 2  x  4  0
(ii) 36x 2  12ax  (a 2  b 2 )  0

(iii) 3x 2  11x  6 3  0
5 1
(iv) y 2  y
3 3

3. Find the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations. If the real roots exist, find them:
(i) 2x2 – 3x + 5 = 0 (ii) 3x2 – 4 3x + 4 = 0
(iii) 2x2 – 6x + 3 = 0

4. Using quadratic formula, solve the following quadratic equation for x:

x 2  2ax + (a2  b2 ) = 0

5. Using quadratic formula solve the following quadratic equations:

(i) p2 x 2  (p2  q2 ) x  q2  0

(ii) 9x 2  9(a  b) x  (2a 2  5ab  2b2 )  0

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST – III

2b b
1. (i) x  2 , 1 (ii) x  ,
a a

 1  17  1  17 7
(iii) x  , (iv)  3 ,
4 4 3

4 ab ab
2. (i) x  1,  (ii) x  ,
3 6 6

2 5  13 5  13
(iii) x   3,  3 3 (iv) x  ,
3 6 6
2 2
3. (i) No real roots. (ii) x = and x 
3 3

3 3 3 3
(iii) x = and x =
2 2

4. x  a  b or x  a  b.
q2 2a  b a  2b
5. (i) and –1 (ii) x  and
p2 3 3

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

NATURE OF ROOTS
In previous section, we have studied that the roots of the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 are given by
b  b2  4ac b  D
x  where D = b2  4ac is called discriminant.
2a 2a
A quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 has
 Two distinct real roots if b2 – 4ac > 0.
b b 2  4ac b b 2  4ac
If b 2  4ac  0, we get two distinct real roots   and  
2a 2a 2a 2a
 Two equal roots, if b2 – 4ac = 0.
b0
If b 2  4ac  0, then x  
2a
b
i.e. x
2a
b
So, both the roots are 
2a
 No real roots, if b2 – 4ac < 0.
If b 2  4ac  0, then there is no real number whose square is b 2  4ac.

Note : b 2  4ac  determines whether the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 has real

 
roots or not, hence b 2  4ac is called the discriminant of quadratic equation.
It is denoted by D.

The following chart summarizes the nature of the roots :

Consider the quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 having ,  as its roots; D = b2 – 4ac

D=0 D 0
Roots are equal  =  = – b/2a Roots are unequal

a,b,c  R & D  0 a,b,c  R & D  0

Roots are real No real roots

a,b,c  Q & a,b,c  Q &

D is perfect square of rational number D is not a perfect square of rational number
 Roots are rational  Roots are irrational
 i.e.,   p  q,   p  q
a  1, b, c  I & D is a perfect square
 Roots are integral

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 14 : Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation 2x2 – 4x + 3 = 0 and hence find the nature
of its roots.

Solution: The given equation is of the form ax 2  bx  c  0, where a = 2, b = – 4 and c = 3. Therefore, the
discriminant.

 b2  4ac  ( 4)2  (4  2  3)  16  24  8  0

So, the given equation has no real roots.

1
Illustration 15 : Find the discriminant of the equation 3x 2 – 2x + = 0 and hence find the nature of its
3
roots. Find them, if they are real.
1
Solution: Here a  3, b  2 and c  .
3
1
Therefore, discriminant b2  4ac  ( 2)2  4  3   4  4  0.
3
Hence, the given quadratic equation has two equal real roots.
b b 2 2 1 1
The roots are  ,  , i.e., , , i.e., , .
2a 2a 6 6 3 3
Illustration 16 : Find the values of k for which the following equation has equal roots:
(k – 12)x2 + 2(k – 12) x + 2 = 0
Solution: We have,
(k  12) x 2  2(k  12) x  2  0

Here, a  k  12, b  2(k  12) and c = 2

 D  b 2  4ac  4(k  12)2  4 (k  12)  2

 D  4(k  12){(k  12)  2}

 D  4(k  12)(k  14)

The given equation will have equal roots, if
D0  4(k  12)(k  14)  0  k – 12 = 0 or k – 14 = 0

 k = 12 or, k = 14
Illustration 17: Is it possible to design a rectangular mango grove whose length is twice its breadth, and
the area is 800 sq. metre? If so, find its length and breadth.
Solution: Let the breadth be x metres
 Length = 2 x metres
Now, Area = Length × Breadth = 2x × x metres2 = 2 x 2 sq. metres
According to the given condition, 2 x 2 = 800
2 800
x =  400  x   400  20
2
Therefore, x = 20 and x = – 20
But x = – 20 is not possible  breadth cannot be negative
 x = 20
 2 x = 2 × 20 = 40
Thus, length = 40 m and breadth = 20 m.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 18 : Kishor says “The sum of the ages of two friends is 20 years. Four years ago, the product
of their ages in years was 48”. Is he telling the truth?
Solution: Let the age of one friend = x years.
 The age of the other friend = (20 – x) years  Sum of their ages is 20 years

Four years ago

Age of one friend = (x – 4) years

Age of other friend = (20 – x – 4) years = (16 – x) years

According to the condition, (x – 4) × (16 – x) = 48

2
 16x – 64 – x + 4x = 48

 – x2 + 20x – 112 = 0

 x2 – 20x + 112 = 0 . . . (i)

Here, a = 1, b = – 20 and c = 122

 b2 – 4ac = (– 20)2 – 4(1) (112) = 400 – 448 = – 48 < 0

Since b2 – 4ac is less than 0.

 The quadratic equation (i) has no real rots.

Thus, the given equation is not possible.

Hence, we conclude, Kishore is not telling the truth

Illustration 19 : Find the values of k for which the given equation has real roots:
(i) kx2 – 6x – 2 = 0 (ii) 9x2 + 3kx + 4 = 0 (iii) 5x2 – kx + 1 = 0
Solution: (i) We have
kx 2  6x  2  0
Here, a  k, b  6 and c = –2

 D  b 2  4ac  (6)2  4  k  2  36  8k

The given equation will have real roots, if

36 9
D  0  36  8k  0  8k  36  k  k 
8 2

(ii) The given equation is 9x 2  3kx  4  0

Here, a = 9, b = 3k and c = 4
 D  b 2  4ac  9k 2  4  9  4  9k 2  144
The given equation will have real roots, if
D0
 9k 2  144  0
 9(k 2  16)  0
 k 2  16  0 [ab  0 and a  0  b  0]

 k  4 or k  4 [ x2  a2  0  x   a or, x  a]

(iii) The given equation is 5x 2  kx  1  0

Here, a  5, b  k and c = 1

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

 D  b 2  4ac  (k)2  4  5  1  k 2  20

The given equation will have real roots, if

D0

 k 2  20  0

 k   20 or,k  20 [ x2  a2  0  x  a or, x  a]

Illustration 20 : Find the values of k for which the equation x2 + 5kx + 16 = 0 has no real roots.
Solution: The given equation is x 2  5kx  16  0
Comparing the given equation with ax 2  bx  c  0, we have a = 1, b = 5k, c = 16

D  b 2  4ac  (5k)2  4  1 16  25k 2  64

The given equation will have no real roots if D < 0

 25k 2  64  0

 64 
 25  k 2  0
 25 

64
 k2  0 [If ab < 0 and a > 0, then b < 0]
25
8 8
  k [If x 2  a2  0, then –a < x < a]
5 5

2 2
Illustration 21 : If – 4 is a root of equation x + px – 4 = 0 and the equation x + px + q = 0 has equal roots,
find the values of p and q.
Solution: Since – 4 is a root of x 2  px  4  0, we have
(4)2  p( 4)  4  0  16  4p  4  0
 4p  12  p3 …(i)
Putting p = 3 in equation x 2  px  q  0, we have
x 2  3x  q  0
Equation will have equal roots if D = 0 i.e. b2  4ac  0
 p2  4q  0  (3)2  4q  0 [Using (i)]
9
 9 – 4q = 0  q
4
9
Hence, p = 3 and q  .
4

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

RADICAL TEST – IV (CLASS WORK)

1. Determine the nature of roots of the following:
(i) x 2  2 3x  1  0

(ii) 2(a 2  b 2 )x 2  2(a  b)x  1  0

(iii) 3x 2  4 3 x  4  0
5
(iv) x2  x70
3
2. Find the value of ‘p’ for which roots of the following equations are real and equal.
(i) 5x 2  4x  2  p(4x 2  2x  1)  0

(ii) (p  1)x 2  2(p  1)x  1 = 0

3. Find the value of ‘k’ for which the following equations have real roots.
(i) 5x 2  kx  5  0
(ii) x 2  6x  (2k  1)  0

4. For what value of p, (4  p)x 2  (2p  4)x  (8p  1)  0 , is a perfect square.

5. If the equation (1  m2 )x 2  2mcx  (c 2  a 2 )  0 has equal roots, prove that c 2  a 2 (1  m2 ) .

6. Show that the equation 2(p2  q2 )x 2  2(p  q)x  1  0 has no real roots when p  q.

7. If the roots of the equation (c 2  ab)x 2  2(a2  bc)x  b2  ac  0 are equal, prove that either a =
0 or a3  b3  c 3  3abc .
8. Is it possible to design a rectangular park of perimeter 80 m and area 400 m2? If so, find its
length and breadth.
9. If the roots of the equation (a  b)x 2  (b  c)x  (c  a)  0 are equal, prove that 2a = b + c.

10. If – 5 is a root of the quadratic equation 2x 2 + px  15 = 0 and the quadratic equation

p(x 2 + x) + k = 0 has equal roots, find the value of k.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST – IV

1. (i) Real and distinct (ii) Not real

(iii) Real and equal roots (iv) Not real

6
2. (i)  ,1 (ii) 0, 3
5

3. (i) k  10, k  10
(ii) k  4

4. p = 0, 3

8. Breadth = 20 m, Length = 20 m.
So this rectangle is a square.
49 7
10. k k 
28 4

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

SUM AND PRODUCTS OF ROOTS

If S and P stand for the sum and product of the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0, respectively then we
have
b Coeff. of x
S=+=  = 
a Coeff. of x 2
c Constant term
P== 
a Coeff. of x 2
An equation whose roots are  and  is given by
x2 – x ( + ) +   = 0  x2 – ( + ) x +  = 0
 x2 – x. S + P = 0  x2 – S.x + P = 0.

PROPERTIES OF ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATION

(i) In a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0; if a, b, c  Q, then irrational roots always occur in

pair i.e., if one of the roots is u + v , then u – v will be the other root of the Quadratic equation.

For example, 2 + 
3 and 2 +  3 , etc. 
(ii) If  and  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then –  and –  are the roots of the equation which is
obtained by changing x to – x in ax2 + bx + c = 0. Such an equation is a (– x)2 + (b) (– x) + c = 0 i.e.
ax2 – bx + c = 0.

1
(iii) Similarly, by changing x to in ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get an equation whose roots are reciprocal
x
roots of this equation.
2
 1  1
 a    b    c  0 or cx2 + bx + a = 0
x x

(iv) Condition that the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are

(a) Equal in magnitude and opposite in sign b = 0
(b) Reciprocal to one another c = a.
Let the roots be  and –  so that sum of the roots is zero.
b
   0 or b = 0
a
1
Again, let , be the roots so that the product of the root is 1.

c
  1 or c = a
a

(v) If one root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is zero, then c = 0

(vi) If both roots are zero, then b = 0, c = 0 and a  0.

(vi) If b2 – 4ac  0, then the equation can be expressed into two real linear factors.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Following variations prove very useful in formulating forming equations from given roots :
(i) 2 + 2 = ( + )2 – 2
(ii) 3 + 3 = ( + )3 – 3 ( + )
(iii) 4 + 4 = (2 + 2)2 – 222
2
(iv)  –  =      4

Illustration 22 : If one of the roots of the rational quadratic equation is (2 – 3 ), Formulate the equation

Solution: x=2– 3
2
 (x – 2)2 =  3  
i.e., x2 – 4x + 4 = 3
 x2 – 4x + 1 = 0

2 1 1
Illustration 23 : If  and  are the roots of 4x + 3x + 7 = 0, find the value of +
α3 β3
Solution:  +  = – 3/4 and  = 7/4
3
1 1 1       3b     
a3
 3  3 3  3  3 =
 
  3
  
27 7 3
 3 
 64 4 4  225 .
3
7 343
4
 

Illustration 24 : If ,  are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then find the equation whose roots are
1 1 1
& +
α+β α β

b c
Solution: +=  and  =
a a
1 a 1 1   b
  and   
  b    c

1  1 1 a b  b2  ac 
S=     =     
    b c  bc 

1  1 1 c
P=    
       a
a b  a  b 
Equation is x2     x +       0
b c   b  c 
 bcx2 + (b2 + ac)x + ab = 0
α β
Illustration 25 : If   , but 2 = 5 – 3,  2 = 5 – 3, then the equation whose roots are and is
β α
Solution: ,  satisfy x2 = 5x – 3 i.e., x2 – 5x + 3 = 0
  +  = 5,  = 3

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

   2  2 19
 Sum =    and product = 1
   3
2
    2 52  2  3

 3
 Equation is x2 – S. x + P = 0
19
 x2  2
x  1  0 or 3x – 19x + 3 = 0.
3
2
Illustration 26 : Two candidates attempt to solve a quadratic equation of the form ax + bx + c = 0. One
starts with a wrong value of b and finds the roots to be 2 and 6. The other starts with the
wrong values of c and finds the roots to be 2, 9. The correct roots of the equation are

Solution: a and c are true so that product of the roots are 2 × 6 i.e., 12. Again a and b are true so the sum
of the roots is – 7.

 The roots are –3 and –4.

Illustration 27: If one root of 5x2 + 13x + k = 0 is reciprocal of the other, then the value of k is
Solution: Condition for the reciprocal roots is c = a.
 k = 5.
x 2 – bx m–1
Illustration 28: If the equation = has roots equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then
ax – c m+1
find m.
Solution: (x2 – bx) (m + 1) = (ax – c) (m – 1)
Equating the Coeff. Of x to zero, we have – b(m + 1) = a(m – 1)
a b
m= .
ab

Illustration 29: The set of values of p for which the roots of the equation 2x2 + 2x + (p – 1) p = 0 are of
opposite sign, is
Solution: Products of the roots is negative

p  1 p
 0
3
 (p – 0) (p – 1) < 0 i.e. 0 < p < 1
Hence the set of values are (0, 1)

2 4 2
Illustration 30 : If x – 3x + 2 is a factor of x – px + q = 0, then the value of p and q are
Solution: x2 – 3x + 2 = (x – 1) (x – 2)
 x = 1 and x = 2 are the roots of the equation
f(x) = x4 – px2 + q = 0
 f(1) = 0 and f(2) = 0 which gives q – p + 1 = 0 and q – 4p + 16 = 0
 p = 5, q = 4.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO QUADRATIC EQUATION

Illustration 31 : Solve 5x 2 – 6x + 8 – 5x 2 –6x – 7 = 1

Solution: Let 5x 2  6x  y . Then

5x 2  6x  8  5x 2  6x  7  1

 y8  y7 1   y8  y7

2
 1
 y  y2  y  56  y 2  y 2  y  56  y  56

 5x 2  6x  56  y  5x 2  6x 

 5x 2  6x  56  0
  5x  14  x  4   0
2
5x – 20x + 14x – 56 = 0
5x(x – 4)
14
 x  4,
5
Clearly, both the values satisfy the given equation. Hence, the roots of the given equation are 4
and 14/5.

Illustration 32 : Solve the equation : 12x4 – 56x3 + 89x2 – 56x + 12 = 0.

Solution: The given equation is
12x 4  56x 3  89x 2  56x  12  0
56 12
Dividing by x 2 , we get 12x 2  56x  89   0
x x2
2
 1   1  1   1
 12  x 2  2   56  x    89  0  12   x    2   56  x    89  0
 x   x  x   x

2
 1  1 1
 12  x    56  x    65  0  12y 2  56y  65  0 where y = x +
 x  x x

 12y 2  26y  30y  65  0   6y  13  2y  5   0

13 5
 y or y 
6 2
1 13
If y = 13/6, then x  
x 6
2 3
 6x 2  13x  6  0   3x  2  2x  3   0  x  ,
3 2
5
If, y  , then
2
1
 2x 2  5x  2  0   x  2  2x  1  0  x  2,
2
1 2 3
Hence, the roots of the given equation are 2, , , .
2 3 2

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 33 : Solve the equation (x – 1)4 + (x – 5)4 = 82.

Solution: y
 x  1   x  5   x  3  x  y  3
2
Putting x = y + 3 in the given equation, we obtain
4 4
 y  2   y  2   82
2 2 2
 y 2
 4y  4   y 2
 4y  4   82   y 2
    y
 4  4y 2
 
 4  4y2  82

 
2 y2  4 
2
 16y 2  82    a  b 2   a  b  2  2 a2  b2 
   
 y 4  8y 2  16  16y 2  41  y 4  24y 2  25  0
 y 2

 25  0,y 2  1  0  y   5i,y  1

 x  3   5i, x  3   1  x  3  5i, x  4,2  y  x  3

Hence, the roots of the given equation are 3  5i,2 and 4
Illustration 34 : Solve the equation : (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 8) (x + 12) = 4x2
Solution:  x  2 x  3  x  8  x  12   4x 2
  x  2  x  12  x  3  x  8   4x 2

 x 2

 14x  24 x 2  11x  24  4x 2 
Dividing throughout by x 2 , we get

 24   24 
 x  14    x  11  4
 x  x 

24
  y  14  y  11  4, where x + y
x
 y 2  25y  154  4  y 2  25y  150  0

  y  15  y  10   0  y  15, 10

24
If y =  15, then x   15
x

15  129
 x 2  15x  24  0  x
2
24
If y =  10, then x   10
x
 x 2  10x  24  0   x  4  x  6   0  x  4, 6

15  129
Hence, the roots of the given equations 4, 6,
2

Illustration 35 : Evaluate 6 + 6 + 6 +..........

Solution: Let x = 6  6  6  ..........

x  6  x  x 2  6  x  x 2  x  6  0   x  3  x  2  0

 x  3 or x  2

But the given expression is positive. Hence, the value of the given expressions is 3.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

RADICAL TEST – V (CLASS WORK)

1. Find the roots of the equation

2
(a)  x  2   4  x  1 (b) x 2  14x  45  0

(c) x 4  8x 2  9  0 (d) x 4   
5  2 x 2  10  0

2. Solve the equation

(a) x  1 2x  5  3 (b) x 2x
(c) 3x  1  x  1  2 (d) x  20  x  4  4 x  1

3. Solve the equation

(a) x  1  2x  5  3 (b) x 2x
(c) 3x  1  x  1  2 (d) x  20  x  4  4 x  1

4. Solve the equation

2
x 1  x 13  1 3  1 
(a)   (b)  x     x   4 
1 x x 6  x 2 x 
 1  1 x x
(c) 9  x 2  2   27  x    8  0,x  R
 x   x

(d) 4  15   4  15  8

5. Solve the equation

2

(a) x 2  5x   
 2 x 2  5x  24  0 (b) 2x 4  x 4  11x 2  x  2  0
4 4
(c)  x  2 x  4  x  6  x  12   4x 2  0 (d)  6  x    8  x   16

ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST – V

1. (a)  i (b) 5,  9 (c)  3,  i (d)  4 5,  4 2

2. (a)  2,  3 (b) 1, 8 (c) 1, 2 (d) 1, 1

3. (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 1, 5 (d) 5

9 4 1 1
4. (a) , (b)  ,  1,2 (c) 3, (d) 1, 1
13 13 2 3

3  5 1
5. (a) 1, 4, 6, 1(b) , ,2 (c) 6  2 3 (d) 6,8,7  7
2 2

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

APPLICATIONS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Illustration 36 : Solve 5(x + 1) + 5(2 – x) = 53 + 1
(x + 1) (2 – x) 3
Solution: We have 5 +5 =5 +1
 5x. 5 + 52 . 5–x = 126
25
 5x. 5 +  126
5x
Let 5x = y
25
 5y +  126  5y 2  126y  25  0  5y 2  125y  y  25  0
y
 5y(y – 25) – 1(y – 25) = 0  (y – 25) (5y – 1) = 0
If y – 25 = 0, then y = 25, i.e., 5x = 25 or 5x = 52  x = 2
1
If 5y – 1 = 0, then y = , i.e., 5x = 5–1  x = – 1
5
Hence, x = 2, – 1.

1 1 1 1
Illustration 37 : Solve for x : + + =
 x–1 x–2   x–2  x–3   x–3  x–4  6

 1 1  1 1
Solution: We have,    
  x  1 x  2   x  2  x  3    x  3  x  4  6

x  3  x 1 1 1 2x  4 1 1
     
 x  1 x  2  x  3   x  3  x  3  6  x  1 x  2  x  3   x  3  x  4  6
2 1 1 2x  8  x  1 1
    
 x  1 x  3   x  3  x  4  6  x  1 x  3  x  4  6

3  x  3 1 3 1
   
 x  1 x  3  x  4  6  x  1 x  4  6
 (x – 1) (x – 4) = 18  x2 – 5x + 4 = 18  x2 – 5x – 14 = 0
1  14   14 
 
Using middle term splitting we get  2   7   14 
 2  7  5 
 
 x2 – 7x + 2x – 14 = 0
 x (x – 7) + 2(x – 7) = 0  (x – 7) (x + 2) = 0
If x – 7 = 0, then x = 7 and if x + 2 = 0, then x = – 2
Hence, x = 7, – 2.
3
Illustration 38 : The sum of two numbers is 15. If the sum of their reciprocals is , find the numbers.
10
Solution: Let the required numbers be x and 15 – x. Then,
According to question, we have
1 1 3
 
x 15  x 10
15  x  x 3 15 3
   
x(15  x) 10 x(15  x) 10
 150  3x(15  x)
 150 = 45x  3x 2
 3x 2  45x  150  0

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

or x 2  15x  50  0
 x 2  10x  5x  50  0
 x(x  10)  5(x  10)  0
 (x  10)(x  5)  0
 x  10  0 or x  5  0
 x = 10 or, x = 5
Hence, the two numbers are 10 and 5.
3
Illustration 39 : Two water taps together can fill a tank in 9 hours. The tap of larger diameter takes 10
8
hours less than the smaller one to fill the tank separately. Find the time in which each tap
can separately fill the tank.
Solution: Let the smaller tap fills the tank in x hours
 The larger tap fills the tank in (x – 10) hours.
Amount of water flowing through both taps in one hours
1 1 x  10 2x  10
=    2
x x  10 x  x  10  x  10x
8  2x  10 
Now, according to the condition,  
75  x 2  10x 
75  2x  10  150x  750
 1  1

8 x2  10x  8x2  80x
2
 8x – 80x – 150x + 750 = 0
 8x2 – 230x + 750 = 0 . . . (i)
Comparing (i) with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 8, b = – 230, c = 750
2 2
 b – 4ac = (– 230) – 4(8)750 = 52900 – 24000 = 28900 > 0
b  b2  4ac
Since, x =
2a
  230   28900 230  170
 x= x   28900  170 
28 16  

230  170 400

Taking positive sign, x =   25
16 16
230  170 60 15
Taking negative sign, x =  
16 16 4
15 15 25
For x = ,  x  10    10   time cannot be negative 
4 4 4
Which is not possible,
 x = 25  x – 10 = 25 – 10 = 15
Thus, time to fill the tank by the smaller tap alone = 25 hours
Larger tap alone = 15 hours.
Illustration 40 : A two–digit number is such that the product of its digits is 14. When 45 is added to this
number, the digits interchange their places. Find the number.
14
Solution: Let the tens digit be x then the units digit  [  product of two digit is 14]
x
 14 
Then, the two digit number is  10x  .
 x 

28 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

 140 
Reverse number =   x
 x 
According to question, we have
14 140
10x   45  x
x x
10x 2  14  45x  140  x 2

10x 2  x 2  45x  14  140  0

9x 2  45x  126  0
or x 2  5x  14  0

x 2  7x  2x  14  0
x(x  7)  2(x  7)  0

(x  7)(x  2)  0

x  2 ; x  7 is rejected as digit can not be negative

14
 x  2 and other digit  7
2
Hence, the required number is 10 × 2 + 7 i.e. 27.

Illustration 41 : A two–digit number is 4 times the sum of its digits and twice the product of its digits. Find
the number.
Solution: Let the tens digit be x and the units digit be y.
Since, the two digit number is 4 times the sum of its digits, we have
10x  y  4(x  y)
 10x  y  4x  4y
 6x  3y
y
 x …(i)
2
Since, the two–digit number is twice the product of its digits, we have
(10x  y)  2(xy)
 10x  y  2xy  0 …(ii)
y
Substituting x = from equation (i) in equation (ii), we have
2
y y
10   y  2  y  0
2 2
 y 2  5y  y  0
or y 2  6y  0  y(y  6)  0
 Either y = 0 [rejected] or y6  0
 y6
6
 x 3 [from (i)]
2
The required number is (10 × 3 + 6) = 36

PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai 29
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 42 : A pole has to be erected at a point on the boundary of a circular park of diameter 13
meters in such a way that the differences of its distances from two diametrically opposite
fixed gates Q and R on the boundary is 7 metres. Is it possible to do so? If yes, at what
distances from the two gates should the pole be erected?

Solution: Let P be the required location of the pole. Let the distance of
the pole from the gate R be x m, i.e. RP = x m. Now the R
difference of the distances of the pole from the two gates = QP
– RP
13
(or, RP – QP) = 7 m. Therefore, QP = (x + 7) m.
Now, QR = 13m, and since QR is a diameter. Q P

QPR  90 (Angle in a semicircle is right angle)

Therefore, QP 2  PR2  QR2 (By Pythagoras theorem)
2 2 2
i.e., (x  7)  x  13

i.e., x 2  14x  49  x 2  169

i.e., 2x 2  14x  120  0
So, the distance x of the pole from gate R satisfies the equation
x 2  7x  60  0
We will find its discriminant and find whether it would be possible
b2  4ac  72  4  1 ( 60)  289 > 0
So, the given quadratic equation has two real roots, and it is possible to erect the pole on the
boundary of the park.
Solving the quadratic equation x 2  7x  60  0 , by quadratic formula, we have

b  D
x
2a

7  289 7  17
x 
2 2
Therefore, x = 5 or –12.
Since x is the distance between the pole and the gate R, it must be positive. Therefore, x = –12 is
rejected. So, x = 5.
Thus, the pole has to be erected on the boundary of the park at a distance of 5m from the gate R
and 12 m from the gate Q.
Illustration 43 : A cottage industry produces a certain number of pottery articles in a day. It was observed
on a particular day that the cost of production of each article (in rupees) was 3 more than
twice the number of articles produced on that day. If the total cost of production on that
day was Rs.90, find the number of articles produced and the cost of each article.
Solution: Let the number of pottery articles, produced on a particular day be x.
Cost of production of each article = Rs.(2x + 3)
 Total cost of production of x articles = Rs.(2x + 3) × x … (i)
It is given that the total cost of production = Rs.90 …(ii)
 (2x  3)x  90

 2x 2  3x  90  0
 2x 2  12x  15x  90  0
 2x(x  6)  15(x  6)  0

30 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

 (x  6)(2x  15)  0

15
 x=6 or x (rejected as the cost cannot be negative)
2
 x6
Hence number of articles produced in a day = 6
Cost of production of each article = Rs. (2  6 + 3)
= Rs. 15

Illustration 44 : X and Y are centres of two circles of radii 9 cm Y

2cm
and 2 cm respectively and XY = 17cm. Z is the
centre of a circle of radius r cm. which touches the r
Z r X
above circles externally. Given that XZY = 90°, 9cm

write an equation in r and solve it for r.

Solution: According to question, we have
(r  2)2  (r  9)2  172 [By Pythagoras theorem]

 r 2  4r  4  r 2  18r  81  289
 2r 2  22r  204  0
or r 2  11r  102  0 [Required equation]
 r 2  17r  6r  102  0

 r(r  17)  6(r  17)  0

 (r  17)(r  6)  0

 r  17 or r = 6 cm

As r can not be negative  r = 17 is rejected

Hence r = 6 cm

Illustration 45 : A farmer wishes to grow a 100 m2 rectangular vegetable garden. Since he has with him
only 30m barbed wire, he fences three sides of the rectangular garden letting compound
wall of his house act as the fourth side–fence. Find the dimensions of his garden.
Solution: Let length of one side of rectangle = (x) m
Total length of wire = 30 m
Then, the length of adjacent side = (30 – 2x) m
2
 Area = x (30 – 2x) = 30x – 2x
By the given condition,
30x  2x 2  100
2x 2  30x  100  0
or x 2  15x  50  0
 x 2  10x  5x  50  0
 x(x  10)  5(x  10)  0
 (x  5)(x  10)  0
 x 5  0
or x  10  0
 x5

PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai 31
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

or x = 10
Case 1: If one side = 10 m, then 2nd side = 30 – 2 × 10 = 30 – 20 = 10 m
nd
Case 2: If one side = 5 m, then 2 side = 30 – 2 × 5 = 30 – 10 = 20 m
So, the dimensions of garden are either 10 m × 10 m or 20 m × 5 m.
Illustration 46 : A piece of cloth cost Rs.200. If the piece was 5m longer and each metre of cloth costs Rs.2
less, the cost of the piece would have remained unchanged. How long is the piece and
what is its original rate per metre?
Solution: Let the length of the piece be x metres.
Cost of the cloth Rs.200 Rs.200
Length of the piece x metres (x + 5) metres
Rate per metre 200 200
Rs. Rs.
x x5
If the piece is 5 m longer rate per metre is Rs.2 less.
200 200
  2
x x5
x  5  x
 200  2
 x(x  5) 
 5 
 200  2 2
 x  5x 
 x 2  5x  500
 x 2  5x  500  0
 x 2  25x  20x  500  0
 x(x  25)  20(x  25)  0
 (x  25)(x  20)  0
 x  25  0 or x  20  0
 x  25 (rejected, as length cannot be negative) or x = 20
200 200
Rate per metre = Rs.  Rs.  Rs.10
x 20
Hence, the length of the piece of cloth is 20 metres and the rate per metre is Rs.10

Illustration 47 : The denominator of a fraction is one more than twice the numerator. If the sum of the
9
fraction and its reciprocal is 2 , find the fraction.
10
Solution: Let the numerator of the fraction be x.
x
Then, the denominator = 2x + 1. Fraction =
2x  1
According to question, we have
x 2x  1 29
 
2x  1 x 10
x2  (2x  1)2 29
 
x(2x  1) 10
x2  4x2  4x  1 29
 
2x 2  x 10
5x 2  4x  1 29
 
2x2  x 10
 50x 2  40x  10  58x 2  29x

32 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

 8x 2  11x  10  0
11  121  320 11  441 11  21
 x  
16 16 6
32 10
 x or 
16 16
5
 x  2 or [Rejected]
8
Denominator = 2x + 1 = 2(2) + 1 = 5
2
Hence, the required fraction is .
5
7
Illustration 48 : Out of a group of swans, times the square root of the number are playing on the shore
2
of a tank. The two remaining ones are playing, with amorous fight, in the water. What is the
total number of swans?
Solution: Let the total number of swans be x. Then,
7
Number of swans playing on the shore of the tank = x
2
It is given that there are two remaining swans.
7
 x x 2
2
7
 x x 2 0
2
Put xy  x  y2
7
 y2  y2 0
2
 2y 2  7y  4  0
 2y 2  8y  y  4  0
 2y(y  4)  1(y  4)  0
 (y  4)(2y  1)  0
1
 y  4 or, y  
2
 y4 [ y = –1/2 is not possible]
 x  y 2  42  1 6
Hence, the total number of swans is 16.
Illustration 49 : A plane left 30 minutes later than the scheduled time and in order to reach its destination
1500 km away in time it has to increase its speed by 250 km/hr from its usual speed. Find
its usual speed.
Solution: Let the usual speed of the plane be x km/hr. Then,
1500
Time taken to cover 1500 km with the usual speed = hrs.
x
Time taken to cover 1500 km with the increased speed of
1500
(x  250) km/hr =
x  250
According to question
1500 1500 1 30 1
   [30 minutes = hr = hr]
x x  250 2 60 2

PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai 33
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

1500 1500 1
  
x x  250 2
1500x  1500  250  1500x 1
 
x(x  250) 2

1500  250 1
 
x2  250x 2

 750000  x 2  250x
 x 2  250x  750000  0
 x 2  1000x  750x  750000  0
 x(x  1000)  750(x  1000)  0

 (x  1000)(x  750)  0

 x = – 1000 or x  750
 x  750 [ speed cannot be negative]
Hence, the usual speed of the plane is 750 km/hr.

Illustration 50 : Two trains leave a railway station at the same time. The first train travels due west and the
second train due north. The first train travels 5 km/hr faster than the second train. If after
two hours, they are 50 km apart, find the average speed of each train.
Solution: Let the speed of the second train be x km/hr. Then, the speed of the first train is (x  5) km/hr.
Let O be the position of the railway station from which the two trains leave.
Distance traveled by the first train in 2 hours = OA = Speed × Time
= 2(x + 5) km
Distance traveled by the second train in 2 hours = OB = 2x km
In OAB by using Pythagoras theorem, we have
AB 2  OA 2  OB 2
 502  {2(x  5)}2  (2x)2

 2500 = 4(x  5)2  4x2

 2500  4(x2  25  10x)  4x 2

 8x 2  40x  2400  0

or x 2  5x  300  0 N
 x 2  20x  15x  300  0
B
 x(x  20)  15(x  20)  0 50km
 (x  20)(x  15)  0
W O E
A
 x  20 or, x = 15
 x = 15
S

Hence, the speed of the second train is 15 km/hr and, the speed of the first train is 20km/hr.

34 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 51 : The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 3 5 cm. If the smaller side is tripled and the larger
side is doubled, the new hypotenuse will be 15cm. Find the length of each side.

Solution: Let the smaller side of the right triangle be x cm and the larger side be y cm. Then,
x 2  y 2  (3 5 )2 [Using Pythagoras Theorem]
2 2
 x  y  45 …(i)
If the smaller side is tripled and the larger side be doubled, the new hypotenuse is 15 cm.
 (3x)2  (2y)2  152
 9x 2  4y 2  225
From equation (i), we get y 2  45  x2
Putting y 2  45  x2 in equation (ii), we get
9x 2  4(45  x 2 )  225
 5x 2  180  225
 5x 2  45  x2  9  x = 3
But, length of a side cannot be negative. Therefore, x= 3.
Putting x = 3 in (i), we get
9  y 2  45  y 2  36  y=6
Hence, the length of the smaller side is 3 cm and the length of the larger side is 6cm.

Illustration 52 : A takes 6 days less than the time taken by B to finish a piece of work. If both A and B
together can finish it in 4 days, find the time taken by B to finish the work.
Solution: Suppose B alone takes x days to finish the work. Then, A alone can finish it in (x–6) days.
In x days B finishes = 1 work
1
 In one day B will finish  work
x
In (x  6) days A finishes = 1 work
1
 In one day A will finish  work
x6
1 1
 (As one day’s work) + (Bs one day’s work) = 
x x6
1
According to question (A  B) s one day’s work =  we have
4
1 1 1
  
x x6 4
x6x 1 2x  6 1
   
x(x  6) 4 x2  6x 4
 8x  24  x 2  6x
 x 2  14x  24  0
 x 2  12x  2x  24  0
 (x  12)(x  2)  0
 x = 12 or, x = 2
But, x cannot be less than 6. So, x = 12.
Hence, B alone can finish the work in 12 days.

PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai 35
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 53 : A swimming pool is filled with three pipes with uniform flow. The first two pipes operating
simultaneously fill the pool in the same time duration in which the pool is filled by the third
pipe alone. The second pipe fills the pool five hours faster than the first pipe and four
hours slower than the third pipe. Find the time required by each pipe to fill the pool
separately.

Solution: Let x be the number of hours required by the second pipe alone to fill the pool. Then, the first pipe
takes (x + 5) hours. While the third pipe takes (x – 4) hours to fill the pool.
In (x  5) hours first pipe fills = 1 tank

1
In 1 hour first pipe will fill = tank
x5
1
Similarly in 1 hour second pipe will fill = tank
x
1
In 1 hour third pipe will fill = tank
x4
According to question, we have
1 1 1 xx5 1
    2

x5 x x4 x  5x x4
 (2x  5)(x  4)  x 2  5x

 x 2  8x  20  0
 x 2  10x  2x  20  0
 x(x  10)  2(x  10) = 0

 (x  10)(x  2)  0

 x = 10 or, x = –2
But, x cannot be negative. So, x = 10.
Hence, the timings required by first, second and third pipes to fill the pool individually are 15
hours, 10 hours and 6 hours respectively.

Illustration 54 : There is a square field whose side is 44 m. A square flower bed is prepared in its centre
leaving a gravel path all round the flower bed. The total cost of laying the flower bed and
gravelling the path at Rs.2.75 and Rs.1.50 per square metre, respectively, is Rs.4904. Find
the width of the gravel path.

Solution: Let the width of the gravel path be x metres. Then,

Each side of the square flower bed (PQRS) = (44 – 2x) metres.

Now, area of the square field (ABCD) A 44 m D

= 44 × 44 = 1936 m
2
P x S
Flower bed
Area of the flower bed = (44  2x)2 m2
44 m 44 m
x
 Area of the gravel path x
= Area of the field (ABCD) – Area of the flower Q path x R
bed (PQRS) B C
2 44 m
= 1936 – (44 – 2x)
= 1936 – (1936 – 176x + 4x2)
2 2
= (176x – 4x ) m

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Cost of laying the flower bed = (Area of the flower bed) (Rate per sq. m)
275 11
= (44  2x)2   (44  2x)2  11(22  x)2
100 4
Cost of gravelling the path = Area of the path × Rate per sq. m
150
= (176x  4x 2 )  6(44x  x 2 )
100
It is given that the total cost of laying the flower bed and gravelling the path is Rs.4904.
 11(22  x)2  6(44x  x2 )  4904

 11(484  44x  x 2 )  (264x  6x 2 )  4904

 5x 2  220x  5324  4904

 5x 2  220x  420  0
or x 2  44x  84  0
 x 2  42x  2x  84  0
 x(x  42)  2(x  42)  0

 (x  2)(x  42)  0

 x=2 or, x = 42
But, x  42, as the side of the square is 44 m. Therefore, x = 2.
Hence, the width of the gravel path is 2 metres.

PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai 37
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

RADICAL TEST –VI (CLASS WORK)

1. Find the whole number which when decreased by 20 is equal to 69 times the reciprocal of the
number.
2. A piece of cloth costs Rs.35. If the piece were 4 m longer and each metre costs Re.1 less, the
cost would remain unchanged. How long is the piece?
3. A two–digit number is such that the product of the digits is 12. When 36 is added to the number
the digits interchange their places. Determine the number.
4. Ashu is x years old while his mother Mrs. Veena is x2 years old. Five years hence Mrs. Veena
will be three times as old as Ashu. Find their present ages.
5. In a class test, the sum of Shefali’s marks in Mathematics and English is 30. Had she got 2
marks more in Mathematics and 3 marks less in English, the product of their marks, would have
been 210. Find her marks in the two subjects.
6. The diagonal of a rectangular field is 60 metres more than the shorter side. If the longer side is
30 metres more than the shorter side, find the sides of the field?
7. Sum of the areas of two squares is 468 m2. If the difference of their perimeters is 24 m, find the
sides of the two squares.
1 1 3
8. The sum of two numbers p and q is 15, and the sum of their reciprocals and is . Find
p q 10
the number p and q.
9. One–fourth of a herd of camels was seen in the forest. Twice the square root of the heard had
gone to mountains and the remaining 15 camels were seen on the bank of river. Find the total
number of camels.
10. A fast train takes 2 hours less than a slow train for a journey of 600 km. If the speed of the of the
slow train is 10 km/hr less than that of the fast trains, find the speed of the two trains.
1
11. Two pipes running together can fill a cistern in 3 minutes. If one pipe takes 3 minutes more
13
than the other to fill it, find the time in which each pipe would fill the cistern.
12. The perimeter of a right triangle is 60 cm. Its hypotenuse is 25 cm. Find the area of the triangle.
13. The speed of a boat in still water is 15 km/hr. It can go 30 km upstream and return downstream
to the original point in 4 hours 30 minutes. Find the speed of the stream.
14. The angry Arjun carried some arrows for fighting with Bheeshm. With half the arrows, he cut
down the arrows thrown by Bheeshm on him and with six other arrows he killed the rath driver of
Bheeshm. With one arrow each he knocked down respectively the rath, flag and the bow of
Bheeshm. Finally, with one more than four times the square root of arrows he laid Bheshm
unconscious on an arrow bed. Find the total number of arrows Arjun had.
15. Two circles touch internally. The sum of their area is 116  sq. cm and the distance between
their centres is 6 cm. Find the radii of the circles.
16. Find the roots of the equation f(x) = (b – c) x2 + (c – a) x + (a – b) = 0.

38 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST –VI

1. 23

2. 10 m

3. 26

4. 5 years & 25 years

5. Marks in Maths = 12; Marks in English = 18 or Marks in English = 13

Marks In Maths = 17

6. 150m, 120 m, 90 m

7. 18 m, 12 m

8. p  5, q  10 or p  10, q  5

9. 36

10. 50 km/h, 60 km/h

11. Faster pipe = 5 minutes

Slower pipe = 8 minutes

12. Area = 150 cm2

13. Speed of stream = 5 km/h

14. 100

15. Radius of smaller circle = 4 cm

Radius of bigger circle = 10 cm

ab
16. Thus the roots are and 1.
bc

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

CONCEPT MAP

Classification
2
p(x) = ax + bx + c = 0, where a  0 and  Pure quadratic equation ax2 + c = 0
a, b, c are real numbers and x is a real
 Affected quadratic equation
variable, is called a quadratic equation. 2
ax + bx + c = 0, b  0.

Solving Methods
2
 Pure quadratic ax + c = 0

Zeros o By Taking square root

2
Values of x for which ax + bx + c = 0 is o By factorization
satisfied.  Affected quadratic equation
o Splitting middle term
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

O Completing the square

O Sridharacharya (Quadratic)
Formula

Roots of Quadratic Equations Sridharacharya’s (Quadratic) formula

If ,  are the roots then
 p() = p() = 0  b  b 2  4ac
x
2a
i.e. a2 + b + c = 0
and a2 + b + c = 0

Relation between roots & coefficients

For roots , , the quadratic equation is
x – s. x + P = 0, where S =  + , P = 

2
Nature of Roots If f(x) = ax + bx + c = 0 has roots, , ,
then :
D = b2 – 4ac, is called the discriminant
which decides the nature of roots.  1 1 1
(i) f   = 0 has , as roots.
 If D > 0, Roots are real and unequal. x
   
(ii) f(x – k) = 0 has  + k,  + k as roots.
 If D = 0, Roots are real and equal. (iii) f(–x) = 0 has –, – as roots.
 If D < 0, No Real roots are possible. x
(iv) f   = 0 has k, k as roots.
k

40 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

SOLVED EXAMPLE

2x 1 3x  9
Example 1 : Solve :    0.
x  3 2x  3 (x  3)(2x  3)
Solution : Obviously, the given equation is valid if x – 3  0 and 2x + 3  0.
Multiplying throughout by (x – 3) (2x – 3), we get
2x(2x + 3) + 1(x – 3) + 3x + 9 = 0
or 4x2 + 10x + 6 = 0
or 2x2 + 5x + 3 = 0
or (2x + 3) (x + 1) = 0
But 2x + 3  0, so we get x + 1 = 0.
This gives x = – 1 as the only solution of the given equation.

Example 2 : For what value of k, (4 – k)x2 + (2k + 4)x + (8k + 1) is a perfect square.
Solution : The given equation is a perfect square, if its discriminant is zero i.e. (2k + 4)2 – 4(4 – k)
(8k + 1) = 0

 4(k + 2)2 – 4(4 – k) (8k + 1) = 0  4[4(k + 2)2 – (4 – k) (8k + 1)] = 0

 [(k2 + 4k + 4) – (–8k2 + 31k + 4)] = 0  9k2 – 27k = 0
 9k (k – 3) = 0  k = 0 or k = 3
Hence, the given equation is a perfect square, if k = 0 or k = 3.

Example 3 : If the roots of the equation a(b – c)x2 + b(c – a)x + c(a – b) = 0 are equal, show that
2 1 1
  .
b a c
Solution : Since the roots of the given equations are equal, so discriminant will be equal to zero.
 b2(c – a) 2 – 4a(b – c) . c(a – b) = 0
 b2 (c2 + a2 – 2ac) – 4ac(ba – ca – b2 + bc) = 0,

 a2b2 + b2c2 + 4a2c2 + 2b2ac – 4ac2bc – 4abc2 = 0  (ab + bc – 2ac)2 = 0

 ab + bc – 2ac = 0
 ab + bc = 2ac
1 1 2
  
c a b
2 1 1
   .
b a c

Example 4 : If the roots of the equation x2 – 8x + a2 – 6a = 0 are real and distinct, then find all
possible values of a.
Solution : Since the roots of the given equation are real and distinct, we must have D > 0
 64 – 4 (a2 – 6a) > 0

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

 4[16 – a2 + 6a] > 0

 –4(a2 – 6a – 16) > 0
 a2 – 6a – 16 < 0
 (a – 8) (a + 2) < 0
 –2<a<8
Hence, the roots of the given equation are real if ‘a’ lies between –2 and 8.

Example 5 : The sum of the squares of two consecutive positive integers is 545. Find the integers.
Solution : Let x be one of the positive integers. Then the other integer is x + 1, x  Z 
Since the sum of the squares of the integers is 545, we get
X2 + (x + 1)2 = 545
or 2x2 + 2x – 544 = 0
or x2 + x – 272 = 0
x2 + 17x – 16x – 272 = 0
or x(x + 17) – 16(x + 17) = 0
or (x – 16) (x + 17) = 0
Here, x = 16 or x = –17 But, x is a positive integer. Therefore, reject x = – 17 and take
x = 16. Hence, two consecutive positive integers are 16 and (16 + 1), i.e., 16 and 17.

Example 6 : Swati can row her boat at a speed of 5 km/h in still water. If it takes her 1 hour more to
row the boat 5.25 km upstream than to return downstream, find the speed of the stream.
Solution : Let the speed of the stream be x km/h
 Speed of the boat in upstream = (5 – x)km/h
Speed of the boat in downstream = (5 + x)km/h
5.25
Time, say t1 (in hours), for going 5.25 km upstream =
5x
5.25
Time, say t2 (in hours), for returning 5.25 km downstream 
5x
Obviously t1 > t2
Therefore, according to the given condition of the problem, t1 = t2 + 1
5.25 5.25
i.e.,  1
5x 5x
21  1 1 
or  1
4  5  x 5  x 


5 x5 x
or 21 2 4
 25  x 
or 42x = 100 – 4x2
or 4x2 + 42x – 100 = 0
or 2x2 + 21x – 50 = 0
or (2x + 25) (x – 2) = 0
25
This gives x = 2, since we reject x  .
2
Thus, the speed of the stream is 2 km/h.

42 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

n(n  1)
Example 7 : The sum ‘S’ of first n natural number is given by the relation S  . Find n, if the
2
sum is 276.
Solution : We have
n(n  1)
S  276
2
or n2 + n – 552 = 0
1  1  2208 1  1  2208
This gives n  ,
2 2
1  2209 1  2209
or n  ,
2 2
1  47 1  47
or n  ,
2 2
or n = 23, –24
We reject n = – 24, since –24 is not a natural number.
Therefore, n = 23.

Example 8 : Find the roots of the quadratic equation 3x 2  2 6x  2  0

Solution : 3x 2  2 6x  2  0

 3x 2  6x  6x  2  0

 3x  3x  2  2   
3x  2  0

  3x  2  3x  2  0 
Now, 3x  2  0 3x  2  0

2 2 2 2
 x    x 
3 3 3 3

2
Hence, x 
3

2
x
3
Method of completing the square

Example 9 : Prove that the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 2(a + b) x + 2(a2 + b2) = 0 are
Imaginary and different
Solution : A = 1, B = –2(a + b), C = 2(a2 + b2)
B2 – 4AC = 4(a + b)2 – 4(1) 2(a2 + b2)
= 4a2 + 4b2 + 8ab – 8a2 – 8b2
= –4a2 – 4b2 + 8ab
= –4(a – b)2 < 0
So roots are imaginary and different

PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai 43
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

1 1 11
Example 10 : Find the roots of the following equation.   ;x  4,7
x  4 x  7 30

Solution : 
 x  7   x  4 
11
 x  4  x  7  30
x7x4 11
 2

x  7x  4x  28 30
11 11
 2 
x  3x  28 30
2
 x – 3x – 28 = –30
 x2 – 3x – 28 + 30 = 0
 x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
Now, a = 1, b = –3 and c = 2
b  b 2  4ac
We know that , x 
2a
2
3  3   4  1 2
x
21
3 9 8
x
2
3 1
 x
2
Hence, roots of the equation
3 1 4 3 1 2
x   2 and x   1
2 2 2 2

44 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

CBSE ASSIGNMENT (HOME WORK)

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. How many zeros does every quadratic polynomial have?

2. The roots of ax 2  bx  c  0, a  0 are real and unequal, find D.

3. If 2 is a root of the equation x 2  bx  12  0 , find the value of b.

4. If x = 2 is a root and m = 3, the equation is 3x 2  2Kx  2m  0 , find K.

5. Rohan’s mother is 26 years older than him. The product of their ages (in years) 3 years from
now will be 360. Represent above in the form of quadratic equation.

1
6. If x = –1 and x  are solutions of the equations x2 + kx +  = 0. Find the value of k and  .
5
7. Find the value of k for which quadratic equation (k – 2)x2 + 2(2k – 3)x + 5k – 6 = 0 has equal
roots.

8. Show that 2x 2  5x  5  0 is not true for any real value of x.

9. Find the value of ‘k’, for which the roots are real and equal, in each of the following equations.
(i) 9x 2  24x  k  0
(ii) kx 2  2 5 x  4  0

(iii) (k  3)x 2  4(k  3)x  4  0

(iv) (k  4)x 2  (k  1)x  1  0

(v) 4x 2  2(k  1)x  (k  4)  0

10. The values of k for which the given equation has real and equal roots : 2x2 – 10x + k = 0

11 Solve the following quadratic equation by factorisation method: x2 – 2ax + a2 – b2 = 0.

12 Solve 64x2 – 625 = 0

13 Solve the quadratic equation 16x2 – 24x = 0.
14 Solve :– 25x2 – 30x + 9 = 0

15 Find the solutions of the quadratic equation x2 + 6x + 5 = 0.

16 Solve : x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
17 By using the method of completing the square, show that the equation 4x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 has no
real roots.
18 Solve the quadratic equation x2 – 7x – 5 =0.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

19 The length of a hall is 5 m more than its breadth. If the area of the floor of the hall is 84 m2, what
are the length and the breadth of the hall ?

20 The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 25 cm. The difference between the lengths of the other two
sides of the triangle is 5 cm. Find the lengths of these sides.

21 Solve the following quadratic equation x2 + 4x – 5 = 0

22 Solve the equation 5x2 – 6x – 2 = 0 by the method of completing the square.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. The sum of the squares of two consecutive positive integers is 545. Find the integers.
2. A man is five times as old as his son and the sum of the squares of their ages is 2106. Find their
ages.
3. The sides (in cm) of a right triangle containing the right angles are 5x and 3x – 1. If the area of
the triangle is 60 cm2. Find its perimeter.

4. Find two consecutive odd natural numbers, the sum of whose squares is 202.

5. Solve: x 2  3x  (a2  a  2)  0 by factorization.

6. If p, q, r and s are real numbers such that pr = 2(q + s), then show that atleast one of the
equations x 2  px  q  0 and x 2  rx  s  0 has real roots.
7. Solve for x :
a b
  ab
ax  1 bx  1

8. Solve for x: x 2  2(a  2)x  (a  1)(a  3)  0

9. Find the value of k for which the given equation has real and equal roots:
x 2  k(4x  k  1)  2  0

10. 
Solve for x : 9x 2  9(a  b)x  2a2  5ab  2b2  0 . 
11. If the ratio of the roots of the equation lx 2  nx  n  0 is p : q, prove that

p q n
  0
q p l

12. A teacher on attempting to arrange the students for mass drill in the form of a solid square found
that 24 students were left over. When he increased the size of the square by one student he
found that he was short of 25 students. Find the number of students.

13. I want to design a rectangular park whose breadth is 3m less than its length. Its area is to be 4
square metres more than the area of a park that has already been made in the shape of an
isosceles triangle with its base as the breadth of the rectangular park and altitude 12m. Is it
possible to have such a rectangular park? If so, find its length and breadth.

46 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

14. A factory kept increasing its output by the same percentage every year. Find the percentage if it
is known that the output is doubled in the last two years.

15. A dealer sells a toy for Rs.24 and gains as much per cent as the cost price of the toy. Find the
cost price of the toy.

16. Show that equations x 2  px  q  0 and x 2  qx  p  0 have a common root if p  q or

p  q  1 0 .

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

 a ab
1. Solve the following quadratic equation by factorization method : x 2    x  1 0
ab a 
2. Solve the quadratic equation 9x2 – 15x + 6 = 0 by the method of completing the square.

3. Find the values of k for which the equation x2 + 5kx + 16 = 0 has no real roots.
3
4. The sum of two numbers is 15. If the sum of their reciprocals is , find the numbers.
10

5. If p, q, r are real and p  q , then show that the roots of the equation
(p – q)x2 + 5(p + q)x – 2(p – q) = 0 are real and unequal..

6. If  ,  be the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and  ,  those of lx2 + mx + n = 0, then find the

equation whose roots are    and   
7. If the roots of the equation x2 – px + q = 0 differ by unity, then prove that p2 = 1 + 4q

8. Find the sum of two consecutive natural numbers whose squares have the sum 85.

9. The sum of two numbers is 16. The sum of their reciprocals is 1/3. Find the numbers.

10. If , are the roots of the quadratic equation 4x2 – 4x + 1 = 0, then 3 3 is

11. If the expressions (x2 – 11x + a) and (x2 –14x + 2a) have a common factor and a  0, then find
the common factor.

12. If the quadratic equations x2 –11x + a = 0 and x2 – 14x + 2a = 0 have a common root, find the
values of a.

13. If  ,  are the roots of the quadratic equation 6x2 – 6x + 1 = 0, then find value of
1 1
(a  b  c 2  d3 )  (a + b + c2 + d3 ) .
2 2

14. Two squares have sides x cm and (x + 4) cm. The sum of their areas is 656 cm2. The sides of
the squares are

15. The sum of the squares of two consecutive odd positive integers is 290. Find the numbers.

16. A passenger train takes one hour less for a journey of 150 km if its speed is increased by 5
km/hr from its usual speed. Find the usual speed of the train.

17. A two–digit number is such that the product of the digits is 12. When 36 is added to the number
the digits interchange their places. Find the numbers.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

18. An aeroplane takes 1 hour less for a journey of 1200 km if its speed is increased by 100 km/hr
from its usual speed. Find its usual speed.

19. A dealer sells an article for Rs. 24 and gains as much perent as the cost price of the article. Find
the cost price of the article.

21. The lengths of the sides of right triangle are 5x + 2, 5x and 3x – 1. If x > 0 find the length of each
side.
22. A two digit number is four times the sum and three times the product of its digits, find the
number [CBSE – 2000]

23. The number of a fraction is 1 less than its denominator. If 3 is added to each of the numerator
3
and denominator, the fraction is increased by . Find the fraction. [CBSE – 2007]
28
x 1 x  2 x  5 x  6
24. Solve the equation   
x 2 x 3 x  6 x 7

25. An aeroplane left 30 minutes later then its scheduled time and in order to reach its destination
1500 km away in time, it has to increase its speed by 250 km/h from its usual speed. Determine
its usual speed. [CBSE–2005]

26. A motor boat whose speed is 18 km/h in still water takes 1 hour more to go 24 km upstream
than to return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed of the stream. [CBSE–2008]

3
27. Two water taps together can fill a tank in 9 hours. The tap of larger diameter takes 10 hours
8
less than the smaller one to fill the tank separately. Find the time in which each tap can
separately fill the tank. [CBSE–2008]

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

MIND BOOSTER ASSIGNMENT

FOUNDATION BUILDER : (Class work)

1. If one root of 5x2 + 13x + k = 0 is reciprocal of the other then k =

(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 1/6 (d) 6
2
2. The roots of the equation x – x – 3 = 0 are
(a) Imaginary (b) Rational (c) Irrational (d) None of these
3. The difference between two numbers is 5, difference of their squares is 65. The larger number is
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 12
4. The sum of ages of a father and son is 45 years. Five years ago, the product of their ages was 4
times the age of the father at that time. The present age of the father is
(a) 30 yrs (b) 31 yrs (c) 36 yrs (d) 41 yrs

5. If one of the roots of the quadratic equation is 2  3 then find the quadratic equation.
(a) x2 – (2 + 3 ) x+ 1 = 0 (b) x2 + (2 + 3 ) x + 1 = 0
(c) x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 (d) x2 + 4x – 1 = 0
6. Every quadratic polynomial can have at most
(a) three zeros (b) one zeros (c) two zeros (d) none of these

7. For ax 2  bx  c  0 , which of the following statement is wrong?

(a) If b2  4ac is a perfect square, the roots are rational.
(b) If b2  4ac , the roots are real and equal.
(c) If b2  4ac is negative, no real roots exist.
(d) If b2  4ac , the roots are real and unequal.
8. The roots of the equation 9x 2  bx  81  0 will be equal, if the value of b is
(a)  9 (b)  18 (c)  27 (d)  54
9. Which of the following is not a quadratic equation?
1
(a) 3x 2  5x  9 (b) x   1 (c) x 2  9x  0 (d) x 3  2x  5  0
x
2
10. For what value of t is x  a solution of 7x 2  tx  3  0
3
(a) –6 (b) –1/6 (c) 1/6 (d) 6
11. Roots of quadratic equation x 2  3x  0 , will be
(a) 3 (b) 0, –3 (c) 0, 3 (d) none of these
12. Value of D when root of ax 2  bx  c  0 are real and unequal will be
(a) D  0 (b) D > 0 (c) D < 0 (d) D = 0

13. If px 2  qx  r  0 has equal roots, value of r will be

q2 q2 4p
(a) (b)  (c) (d) none of these
4p 4p q2
14. If equation 9x 2  6px  4  0 has equal roots, then both roots are equal to
2 3
(a)  (b) 3 (c)  (d) 0
3 2
15. The value of a such that x = 3 is a solution of the equation ax2 + 2x + 3 = 0 is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

CONCEPT STRENGTHENER: (Home work)

1. If x 2  5px  16 has no real roots, then
8 8 8 8
(a) p  (b) p (c) p  (d) none of these
5 5 5 5

2. The value of p for equation 2x 2  4x  p  0 to have real roots will be

(a) p  –2 (b) p  2 (c) p  2 (d) p  –2
3. Which of the following has real roots?
(a) x 2  2 3x  1  0 (b) x 2  2x  4  0 (c) x 2  x  1  0 (d) 3x 2  2x  2

4. If p = 1 and q = –2 are roots of equation x 2  px  q  0 , then quadratic equation will be

(a) x 2  2x  1  0 (b) x 2  x  2  0 (c) x 2  2x  1  0 (d) x 2  x  2  0

5. Positive value of p for which equation x 2  px  64  0 and x 2  8x  p  0 will both have real
roots will be
(a) p  16 (b) p  16 (c) p = 16 (d) none of these

6. If the equation x 2  kx  1 , have no real roots, then

(a) –2 < k < 2 (b) –3 < k < 3 (c) k > 2 (d) k < –2

7. Two numbers differ by 4 and their product is 192. The numbers are
(a) 12, 16 (b) 10, 14 (c) 11, 15 (d) 13, 18

8. The values of k for which the equation x2 – 4x + k = 0 has distinct real roots is
(a) k < 4 (b) k > 4 (c) k = 4 (d) k is undefined
9. If –4 is a root of the quadratic equation x + px – 4 = 0 and the quadratic equation x2 + px + k =
2
0 has equal roots, the value of k is
3 5 7 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 4 4
10. A two digit number is four times the sum and three times the product of its digits. The number is
(a) 22 (b) 23 (c) 24 (d) 25
11. One year ago, a man was 8 times as old as his son. Now his age is equal to the square of his
son’s age. their present ages are
(a) 7 years, 49 years (b) 8 years, 48 years
(c) 9 years, 50 years (d) 10 years, 51 years

12. The quadratic equation whose roots are twice the roots of 2x2 – 5x + 2 = 0 is
(a) 8x2 – 10x + 2 = 0 (b) x2 – 5x + 4 = 0
2
(c) 2x – 5x + 2 = 0 (d) x2 – 10x + 6 = 0

13. The perimeter of a rectangle is 82 m and its area is 400 m2. The length of its diagonal is
(a) 880 (b) 881 (c) 882 (d) 883

1
14. If x = , the n =
1
x
1
x
x  ... 
1 1
(a)  (b)  (c) 0 (d) 1
2 2

50 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

EXPERTISE ATTAINER: (Home work)

x 1 x  3 1
1. The values of x satisfying the equation is   3 ; x  2,4
x2 x4 3
3 5 7 9
(a) 3, (b) 5, (c) 7, (d) 9,
2 2 2 2

2. Which of the following equations has no real roots :

(a) x2 – 4x + 2 = 0 (b) 3x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 (c) x2 – 4x + 2 = 0 (d) x2 + x + 1 = 0

p a b
3. If c  0 and the equation  + has two equal roots, then p can be
2x x c xc
2 2
(a)  a b  (b)  a b  (c) a + b (d) a – b

4. If a root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 be reciprocal of a root of the equation ax2 + bx + c =
0 then
(a) (cc – aa)2 = (ba – cb) (ab – bc) (b) (bb – aa)2 = (ca – bc) (ab – bc)
(c) (cc – aa)2 = (ba + cb) (ab + bc) (d) (c – c)2 = (a – a)2

5. If x  1  1  1  ..... , then x is equal to

1 5 1 5 1 5 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2

1
6. If x = then x =
1
1
1
1
1 . . . 
1 5 1  5 1  5
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
2 2 2

 
7. If ,  are the roots of teh equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then  
a  b a  b
2 2 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 
a b c a

8. If the equation x2 – bx + 1 = 0 does not possess real roots, then

(a) – 3 < b < 3 (b) – 2 < b < 2 (c) b > 2 (d) b <  2

9. The value of 6  6  6  . . .  . . . is
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) – 2 (d) 3.5

1
10. If x = 7  4 3 , then x + =
x
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 2

11. If  and  are the roots of the equation x2 + bx + c = 0, then the roots of the equation cx2 + (b2 –
2c) x + c = 0 are
1 1  
(a) 2, 2 (b) , (c) , (d) 2, 2
   

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 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

12. If x = 1 is a common root of the equations ax2 + ax + 3 = 0 and x2 + x + b = 0, then ab =

(a) 3 (b) 3.5 (c) 6 (d) – 3

13. The values of x for the equation 5x 2  6x  8  5x 2  6x  7  1, are . . . . .

14. If the roots of the equation x2 + 2cx + ab = 0 are real and unequal, prove that the equation x2 –
2(a + b) x + a2 + b2 + 2c2 = 0 has no real roots.

15. If ,  are roots of the equation x2 +  x +  = 0, then 2 + 2 =

NTSE PREVIOUS YEAR: (Home work)

1. If  and  are the roots of the equation x2 + x + 1 = 0, the equation whose roots are
19 and 7 is
(a) x2 – x – 1 = 0 (b) x2 – x + 1= 0 (c) x2 + x – 1 = 0 (d) x2 + x + 1 = 0

 1 1 
2. ,  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then the value is    is
a   b a  b 
a b c
(a) (b) (c) (d) None
bc ac ab

3. If , are the roots of ax2 – 2bx + c = 0, then 33 + 23 + 32 is
c 2  c  2b  bc  c2
(a) (b) (c) (d) None
a3 a3 a3

4. Ramesh and Mahesh solve in equation. In solving Ramesh commits a mistake in constant term
and find the roots are 8 and 2. Mahesh commits a mistake in the coefficient of x and find the
roots –9 and –1. The correct roots are
(a) – 8, 2 (b) 9, 1 (c) 9, – 1 (d) – 8, – 2

5. If 8, 2 are the roots x2 + ax + b = 0 and 3, 3, are the roots of x2 + x + ax + b = 0, then the roots of
the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 are
(a) 8, – 1 (b) –9, 2 (c) – 8, – 2 (d) 9, 1

6. Two students where solving a quadratic equation in x, one copied the constant term incorrectly
and got the roots 3 and 2. The other incorrectly and got the roots 3 and 2. The other copied the
constant term and the coefficient of x2 correctly as – 6 and 1 respectively. The correct roots are
(a) 3, – 2 (b) – 3, 2 (c) – 6, – 6 (d) 6, – 1

7. If  +  = 3, 3 + 3 = 7, then  and  are the roots are

(a) 3x2 + 9x + 7 = 0 (b) 9x2 –27x + 20 = 0 (c) 2x2 –6x +15 = 0 (d) None of these

8. If ,  are the roots of ax2 + 2bx +c = 0 and that of Ax2 + 2Bx + C = 0 be  + ,  + , then the
b2  ac
value of 2 is
B  AC
2 2
a A
(a)   (b)   (c) 0 (d) 1
A a

52 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

9. The condition that the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 be such that one root is n times the
other is
(a) na2 = bc (n + 1)2 (b) nb2 = ca (n + 1)2 (c) nc2 = ab (n + 1)2 (d) None of these

10. If the root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are in the ratio m : n, then
(a) mna2 = (m + n) c2 (b) mnb2 = (m + n) ac
(c) mnb2 = (m + n)2 ac (d) None of these

11. If one root of the x2 – x – k = 0 be the square of the other, then k is equal to
(a) 2  3 (b) 3  2 (c) 2  5 (d) 5  2

12. If sum of the roots of ax2 + bx +c = 0 be equal to the sum of the square, then
(a) ab + b2 = 2ac (b) bc + c2 = 2ab (c) ac + c2 = 2bc (d) None of these
2
13. If sin  and cos  are the roots of the equation lx –mx + n = 0
(a) lx2 –mx + 12n = 0 (b) l2 + m2 + 21n = 0 (c) l2 – m2 – 21n = 0 (d) l2 +m2 – 21n = 0

14. If one root of the equation i x2 – 2(i + 1)x + (2 – i) = 0 is 2 – i, then the other roots is
(a) – i (b) 2 + i (c) i (d) 2 – i

15. The number of real roots of the equation (x – 1)2 + (x – 2)2 + (x – 3)2 is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 3

16. If p and q are non–zero constants, the equation x2 + px + q = 0 has roots  and , the equation
qx2 + px + 1 = 0 has roots
1 1 1 1
(a)  and (b) and  (c) and (d) None of these
   

17. The inequality |2x – 3| < 1 is valid when x lies in the interval
(a) (3, 4) (b) (1, 2) (c) (–1, 2) (d) (–4, 3)

18. For the equation 3x2 + px + 3 = 0, p > 0 if one root is the square of the other, then p is equal to
1 2
(a) (b) 1 (c) 3 (d)
3 3

19. If the ratio of the roots of equation x2 + px + q = 0 be equal to the ratio of the roots of
x2 + lx + m = 0, then
(a) p2m = q2l (b) pm2 = q2l (c) p2l = q2m (d) p2m = l2q

20. The roots of the equation (x – a) (x – b) + (x – b) (x – c) + (x – c) ( x – a) = 0 are

(a) positive (b) negative (c) real (d) imaginary

PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai 53
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

ANSWERS TO CBSE ASSIGNMENT

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Two zeros 2. D>0

9
3. –8 4.
2
5. x 2  32x  273  0 6. 7. k = 9  = –2
k = 3 or 1
5
9. (i) 16 (ii) (iii) 3, 4 (iv) 5, 3 (v) 5, 3
4
10. 25/2 11. x = a – b or x = a + b
25 25 3
12 x , 13 x = 0,
8 8 2
3
14 x 15 x = – 1, and – 5
5
3  5 3  5
16 x , 17 No real roots.
2 2
7  69 7  69
18 x ,
2 2
19 Thus, breadth of the hall = 7 metres, and length of the hall = (7 + 5), i.e., 12 metres.
20 Thus, length of shorter side = 15 cm.
Length of longer side = 20 cm.
3  19
21 x = –5 22 x
5
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. 16, 17 2. 9 years & 45 years

3. 40 cm 4. 9 & 11
ab 2
5. x = a –1, –(a +2) 7. and
ab ab
2
8. x = a + 3, a + 1 9. , –1
3
2a  b a  2b
10. x , x 12. 600 students
3 3
13. Yes, breadth = 4m and length = 7m 14. 100( 2  1)
15. Rs.20

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

a a b 2
1. x or, x   2. x  1 or, x 
a b a 3
8 8
3.   k  [ x 2  a2  0   a  x  a] 4. x = 10 or, x = 5
5 5
5. D = 25(p + q)2 + 8(p – q)2 > 0 6. P = (   ) (    )
8. 13 9. 4 & 12
1  x 2  11x  24
10. 11.  2 is clearly x = 8
4 x  14x  48

54 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FBC-Mat. [X]-16

12d  6c  4b  a
12. 0, 24 13.
12
14. 16 cm and 20 cm 15. 11, 13
16. 25 km/h 17. 26
18. 300 km/h 19. 18
21. 17, 15, 8 22. 24
3 9
23. 24.
4 2
25. 75 km/h 26. 6 km/hr
27. Smaller tap = hr, Larger tap = 15 hr

ANSWERS TO MIND BOOSTER ASSIGNMENT

FOUNDATION BUILDER

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c)

6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (b)

11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d)

CONCEPT STRENGTHENER

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)

6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b)

11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (a)

EXPERTISE ATTAINER

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a)

6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a)

14
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. ,4 15. (1)
5

NTSE PREVIOUS YEAR

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d)

6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c)

11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (c)

16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (c)

PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / Mumbai / Lucknow / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai 55
 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS

Nicomachus was an important mathematician in the ancient

world and is best known for his works Introduction to Arithmetic
and The Manual of Harmonics in Greek. He was a Pythagorean.
Introduction to Arithmetic was written by Nicomachus almost
two thousand years ago, In Introduction to Arithmetic, Nicomachus
writes extensively on numbers, especially on the significance of
prime numbers and perfect numbers and argues that arithmetic is
ontologically prior to the other mathematical sciences (geometry,
music, and astronomy), and is their cause. Nicomachus describes
how natural numbers and basic mathematical ideas are eternal
and unchanging, and in an incorporeal realm. For measurement
scales, ‘arithmetic’ means that a step of any one size in the scale
value represents the same amount of additive change in the
measured item, regardless of place on the scale.

56 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / MUMBAI / LUCKNOW / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

SEQUENCE AND SERIES

Sequence: A sequence is an arrangement of set of numbers in a definite order, according to a
definite rule.

Terms: Numbers occurring in a sequence are called terms or element.

What do you observe in the following lists of number :

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . . . . . .

3, 6, 9, 12, ……………

4, 8, 12, 16, ……………

–3, –2, –1, 0, ……………

In all the lists above, we observe that each successive term is obtained by adding a given fixed number
to the preceding terms. Such list of numbers is said to form an Arithmetic Progression (AP).

Arithmetic Progression: An arithmetic progression is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained
by adding a number to the preceding term except the first term.

This fixed number is called the common difference (d) of the A.P.

Common difference can be positive, negative or zero.

Let us denote first term of A.P. by a or t, second term by a2 or t2 and nth term by an or tn & the common
difference by d. Then the A.P. becomes
a1, a2, a3 …………………… an

where a2 = a1 + d  d = a2 – a1

a3 = a2 + d  d = a3 – a2

Note :  In general, an = an–1 + d n > 1, n  N

d = an – an – 1
qqqqq
This is used to verify if a given sequence is an AP or not?
Thus
a, a + d, a + 2d, …………………..a + (n + 1)d, . . . . .
forms an A.P. whose first term is ‘a’ & common difference is ‘d’
This is called general form of an A.P.
Finite A.P.: An A.P. containing finite number of terms is called finite A.P.
e.g. 147, 149, 151 ………………….. 163.
Infinite A.P.: An A.P. containing infinite number terms of is called an infinite A.P.
e.g. 6, 9, 12, 15 ………………………..

PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / MUMBAI / LUCKNOW / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai 57
 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 1 : What is 18th term of the sequence defined by

n(n  3)
an 
n4
Solution: We have,
Putting n = 18, we get
18  (18  3) 18  15 135
a18   
18  4 22 11

Illustration 2: Let a sequence be defined by

an+1
a1 = 1, a2 = 1; an = an – 1 + an – 2 for all n > 2. Find for n = 1, 2, 3, 4,
an
Solution: We have,
a1  1,a2  1
and, an  an1  an2 for all n  2
Putting n = 3, 4, and 5, we have
a3 = a2 +a1 = 1 + 1 = 2
a4 = a3 +a2 = 2 + 1 = 3
a5 = a4 +a3 = 3 + 2 = 5
 we have
a1 = 1, a2 = 1, a3 = 2, a4 = 3 and a5 = 5
an1
Now, putting n = 1, 2, 3 and 4 in we have
an
a2 1
 1 [a1 = a2 = 1]
a1 1
a3 2
 2 [a2 = 1 and a3 = 2]
a2 1
a4 3
 [a3 = 2 and a4 = 3]
a3 2
a5 5
 [a4 = 3 and a5 = 5]
a4 3

Illustration 3: Which of the following list of numbers form an AP? If they form an AP write the next two
terms :
(i) 4, 10, 16, 22, . . . (ii) 1, –1, –3, –5, . . .
(iii) –2, 2, –2, 2, –2, . . . (iv) 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, . . .
Solution: (i) We have a2 – a1 = 10 – 4 = 6
a3 – a2 = 16 – 10 = 6
a4 – a3 = 22 – 16 = 6
i.e., ak + 1 – ak is the same every time.
So, the given list of numbers forms an AP with the common difference d = 6.
The next two terms are : 22 + 6 = 28 and 28 + 6 = 34.
(ii) a2 – a1 = – 1 – 1 = – 2
a3 – a2 = – 3 – (– 1) = – 3 + 1 = – 2
a4 – a3 = – 5 – (– 3) = – 5 + 3 = – 2
i.e., ak+1 – ak is the same every time.
So, the given list of numbers forms an AP with the common difference d = – 2.
The next two terms are
– 5 + (– 2) = – 7 and – 7 + (– 2) = – 9

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

(iii) a2 – a1 = 2 – (– 2) = 2 + 2 = 4
a3 – a2 = – 2 – 2 = – 4
As a2 – a1  a3 – a2, the given list of numbers does not form an AP.
(iv) a2 – a1 = 1 – 1 = 0
a3 – a2 = 1 – 1 = 0
a4 – a3 = 2 – 1 = 1
Here, a2 – a1 = a3 – a2  a4 – a3
So, the given list of numbers does not form an A.P.

nth TERM OF AN A.P.

Let a1, a 2 , a 3 …….. be an A.P., with first term as a, and common difference as d.
We shall use Telescopic method to find the nth term of an AP.
For an AP we know
a2 – a1 = d
a3 – a2 = d
a4 – a3 = d
: : :
: : :
an – an – 1 =d
Adding the equations we get
an – a1 = (n – 1) d
or an = a1 + (n – 1) d
Usually first term is denoted by ‘a’ and last term by '  ' . Then
an =  = a + (n – 1) d
This can be found by Iterative method as well.
We have a2 = a1 + d
a3 = a2 + d = a1 + d + d = a1 + 2d
a4 = a3 + d = a + 2d + d = a + 3d
Similarly an = an – 1 + d = a1 + (n – 2)d + d
an = a1 + (n – 1)d
By pattern “Recognition method”
a1 = a1 + (1 – 1) d
a2 = a1 + (2 – 1) d
a3 = a1 + (3 – 1) d
: : :
: : :
an = a1 + (n – 1) d

Remark : The nth term of the A.P. with first term a & common difference d is given by
a n  a  (n  1)d

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

a n is also called as general term of an A.P.

If there are P terms in the A.P. then ap represents the last term which can also be denoted by l.
am – an = a1 + (m – 1)d – a1 – (n – 1) d m > n
am – an = (m –n) d
am – n = a.

th th
Illustration 4: Find the 18 term and n term for the sequence 7, 4, 1, 2, 5.
Solution: Here a=7
and d = a2  a1
=47=3
n = 18
an  a   n  1 d

a18  7  18  1  3
= 7 + 17  3
= 7  51
= 44
an  a   n  1 d
= 7 + (n  1) (3)
= 7  3n + 3
= 10  3n

Illustration 5: How many terms are there in A.P. 7, 13, 19, …….., 205.
Solution: a=7
d  a2  a1
= 13  7 = 6
an  a   n  1 d

205  7   n  1  6
205  7 = 6n  6
198 + 6 = 6n
204
 n or 34 = n
6
 Given A.P. has 34 terms
Illustration 6: In the following A.P. find the missing terms in the boxes.
1
(i) 5, , , 9 (ii) 4, , , , , 6
2
Solution: (i) Here a = 5
1 19
& a4  9 or
2 2
Now, a 4  a  3d
19
 5  3d
2

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

19
 5  3d
2
9
 3d
2
9
d
6
3
 d
2
3 13
 a2  a  d  5  
2 2
13 3 16
a3  a2  d    8
2 2 2
1 1
5, 6 , 8 , 9
Hence 2 2
(ii) Here a  4
a6  6
As a6  a  5d
6 = 4 + 5d
10
d
5
d=2
 a2  a  d  4  2  2
a3  a2  d  2  2  0
a 4  a3  d  0  2  2
a5  a4  d  2  2  4
Hence -4, -2 , 0 , 2 , 4 , 6

Illustration 7: Two A.P.s have the same common difference. If the difference between their 100th terms is
100, what is the difference between their 1000th terms?
Solution: Let the common difference of two A.P.s be d
Then, their 100th terms will be
a100  a1  99d; b100  b1  99d
According to question a100  b100  100
i.e.  a1  99d  b1  99d  100  a1  b1  100 …(i)
Now, difference between their 1000th terms
 a1000  b1000   a1  999d   b1  999d 
 a1  b1  100 [By equation (i)]

Illustration 8: A sum of Rs 1000 is invested at 8% simple interest per year. Calculate the interest at the end
of each year. Do these interests from an AP? If so, find the interest at the end of 30 years.
Solution: We know that the formula to calculate simple interest is given by
PR T
Simple Interest =
100
1000  8  1
So, the interest at the end of the 1st year = Rs = Rs 80
100
1000  8  2
The interest at the end of the 2nd year = Rs = Rs 160
100

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

rd 1000  8  3
The interest at the end of the 3 year = Rs
= Rs 240
100
th th
Similarly, we can obtain the interest at the end of the 4 year, 5 year, and so on.
st nd rd
So, the interest (in Rs) at the end of the 1 , 2 , 3 , ….. years, respectively are 80, 160, 240, …
It is an AP as the difference between the consecutive terns in the list is 80, i.e., d = 80.
Also, a = 80.
So, to find the interest at the end of 30 years, we shall find a30 .
Now, a30  a  (30  1)d  80  29  80  2400
So, the interest at the end of 30 years will be Rs 2400.

RADICAL TEST – I (CLASS WORK)

1. Which of the following will form an A.P.

(i) Number of students left in the school auditorium from the total strength of 1000 students
when they leave the auditorium in batches of 25 each.
(ii) The amount of money in an account every year when Rs. 100 are deposit annually to
accumulate at compound interest at 4% per annum.

2. Find out which of the following sequence are A.P. For those which are A.P. Find out the
common difference.
1 1 1 1
(i) , , , ,......
2 4 6 8
(ii) 3, 3, 3, 3,......

(iii) 10,10  2 5 , 10  2 6 ,10  2 7 ,.....

3. Show that the progression 3, 7, 11, 15, … is an AP. Write down its first term and the common
difference.

4. Find the:
(i) 9th term of the A.P: 18b + x, 19b, 20b – x, …
3 1 3 1
(ii) 29the term of the AP 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 ,......
4 4 4 4

5. Find the common difference of the AP and write the next two terms:
1 2 3
(i) 1.7, 2, 2.3, 2.6, … (ii) 0, , , , ......
5 5 5

ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST - I

1. (i) It will form an A.P. (ii) It will not form an A.P.

2. (i) No, as difference of successive terms is not constant

(ii) Yes, as difference of successive terms is constant

(iii) No, as difference of successive terms is not constant

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

3. a = 3, d = 4
3
4. (i) 26b  7 x (ii) 16
4
1 4
5. (i) d = 0.3, a5  2.9, a 6  3.2 (ii) d , a5  , a6  1
5 5

TO FIND nth TERM FROM THE END OF AN A.P.

Consider the following A.P. a, a  d , a  2d ,....l  2d , l  d  , l
where  is the last term
1st last term l = l  (1  1)d
nd
2 last term l  d = l  (2  1) d
rd
3 last term l  2d = l  (3  1)d
……………………………
……………………………

Remark : nth term from the end = l  (n  1) d

Illustration 9: Find the 5th term from the end of the AP, 17, 14, 11, ….., 40
Solution: 1st method
l  40,d  14  17  3
Using l  (n  1)d
5th term from the end will be
 40  (5  1)  3  40  4  3
 40  12 = 28
2nd method
Sequence can be written as 40, 37, ….11, 14, 17
 a  40
d  37  ( 40) =37 + 40= 3
n=5
Using an  a  (n  1)d
= 40  (5  1)  3  40  4  3 = 40 + 12
= 28

Illustration 10: If m times the mth term of an A.P. is equal to n times its nth term, show that the (m + n)
term of the A.P. is zero.

Solution: Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of the given A.P.
According to question, m times the mth term = n times the nth term
 mam  nan
 m a   m  1 d  n a   n  1 d

 m a   m  1 d  n a   n  1 d  0

 a  m  n   m m  1  n n  1 d  0

 
a  m  n   m2  n 2  m  n d  0 
 a  m  n    m  n m  n   m  n   d  0

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

 a  m  n    m  n m  n  1 d  0

  m  n  a   m  n  1 d  0
 a   m  n  1 d  0 [ m  n ]
 amn  0
  m  n  th term of A.P. is zero

CONDITION FOR TERMS TO BE IN A.P.

If three numbers a, b, c, in order are in A.P. Then,
b  a  common difference = c  b
 ba  c b
 2b  a  c
In general a1, a2, a3, . . . are in AP if a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 = a4 – a3 = . . . = an – an – 1

Remark : a, b, c are in A.P. iff 2b  a  c

Illustration 11: If 2x, x + 10, 3x + 2 are in A.P., find the value of x.

Solution: Since, 2x,x  10,3x  2 are in A.P.

 2  x  10   2x   3x  2 

 2x  20  5x  2
 3x  18
 x=6

Illustration 12: If the numbers a, b, c, d, e form an A.P., then find the value of a – 4b + 6c – 4d + e.

Solution: Let D be the common difference of the given A.P. Then,

b  a  D,c  a  2D,d  a  3D and e  a  4D

 a  4b  6c  4d  e  a  4(a  D)  6(a  2D)  4(a  3D)  (a  4D)

 a  4b  6c  4d  e  a  4a  4D  6a  12D  4a  12D  a  4D
 a  4b  6c  4d  e  a  4a  6a  4a  a  4D  12D  12D  4D
 a  4b  6c  4d  e  0

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

RADICAL TEST - II (CLASS WORK)

1. Find the value of x for which 8 x  4 , 6 x  2  and 2 x  7  are in A.P.

2. Find the missing number, if following are in A.P.

(i) 13 3
(ii) 2, 26
(iii) Which term of the A.P.: 40, 36, 32, 28, …. is 44?

3. In a certain A.P. the 24th term is twice the 10th term. Prove that 72nd term is twice the 34th term.

4. If m  1 th term of an A.P. is twice the (n + 1)th term, prove that 3m  1 th term is twice the
m  n  1 th term.
5. Find the 8th term from the end of the A.P. 7, 10, 13, ….., 184

6. How many integers which are divisible by 4 lies between 10 and 250?

7. Which term of A.P. 15, 27, 39, …. will be 132 more than its 54th term?

3 1 1
8. The 2nd and 31st terms and last term of A.P. are 7 , and  6 respectively. Find
4 2 2
1st term and number of terms.

9. In a flower bed, there are 23 rose plants in the first row, 21 in the second, 19 in the third and so
on. There are 5 rose plants in the last row. How many rows are there in the flower bed?

10. Which term of the arithmetic progression 8, 14, 20, 26, …. will be 72 more than its 41st term?

ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST - II

15
1. 2. (i) 18, 8 (ii) 14, 38 (iii) 22nd term
2
5. 163 6. 60 integers
th
7. 65 term 8. Ist term = 8; number of terms = 59
9. 10 rows 10. 53rd term

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

SUM OF n TERMS OF AN A.P

Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of an A.P. l is the last term where
l = a + (n  1) d.
We have
S n  a  a  d   a  2d   ....l  2d   l  d   l …(i)
Sn  l  l  d   l  2d   ....a  2d   a  d   a …(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii) we get
2Sn   a  l    a  l    a  l   .....   a  l    a  l    a  l 
  
n times

Sum of equidistant terms from ends in constant

Note
Sum of equidistant term from the middle is constant.
2Sn  n a  l 
n
Sn  a  l   n a  a  n  1d  [ l = a + (n – 1)d]
2 2
n
Sn  2a  n  1d 
2
n
a  an 
Sn  where an = a + (n – 1)d
2
Sum of first n natural numbers (n)
Consider the AP of natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, . . .
Here a = 1, d = 1
n
 Sn = 2  1   n  1  1
2
n
= n  1
2
n  n  1
n   sum of first n natural numbers
2
n2 n
Sn = na + d d
2 2
n n2
Sn =  2a  d  d
2 2

Sum of AP is quadratic in ‘n’ and will give parabolic plot in n. If sum of a

Note
progression is quadratic in ‘n’, the progression will be AP.

ARITHMETIC MEAN (AVERAGE)

For any n arbitrary numbers x1, x2, x3, . . . , xn we define
x1  x 2  x 3  . . .  x n sum of numbers
Arithmetic Mean = =
n Number of numbers
ab
For two numbers a, b  Am =
2
 a, AM, b are in AP
But x1, x2, x3 . . . AM, . . . xn in gernal may or may not be in AP.

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 13: Find the sum of the first

(i) 100 natural numbers (ii) n natural numbers.
Solution: (i) Sn  1  2  3  ....  100
Here, a  1, d  2  1  1, n  100
Using the formula
n
Sn   2a   n  1 d
2
100
 Sn  2  1  100  1  1  50  2  99   50  101  5050
2 
(ii) Sn  1  2  3  ...  n
Here, a  1, d  2  1  1, n  n
n n
Sn   2a   n  1 d = 2  1   n  1  1
2 2
n n  n  1
=  2  n  1 
2 2

Illustration 14: The sum of the first 17 terms of an arithmetic sequence is 187. If a17 = – 13, find a and d
n
Solution: Using Sn   a  an  , with n = 17
2
S17  187, a17  13
17
 187   a  13 
2
187  2
 a  13   22
17
 a  22  13  35 …(i)
Now, an  a   n  1 d
 a17  a  17  1 d
 13  35  16d [from (i)]
 16d  48
 d=3

Illustration 15: The first term of an A.P. is 5, the last term is 45 and the sum is 400. Find the number of
terms and the common difference.
Solution: Here, a  5, l  an  45, Sn  400
n
 Sn  a  l 
2
n
 400   5  45  25n
2
400
 n  16
25
Also l = 45
 an = a   n  1 d  45
 5  16  1  d  45 [ a  5, n  16]
15d  45  5  40
40 8
 d 
15 3

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

8
Hence, number of terms(n)  16, d 
3
Illustration 16: If the sum of 7 term of an A.P. is 49 and that of 17 term is 289, find the sum of n terms.
7
Solution: S7   2a   7  1  d  49 [Given]
2
2
  49   2a  6d
7
14  2a  6d
or 7  a  3d …(i)
17
Also S17  2a  17  1 d  289
2 
2
 289  2a  16d
17
34  2a  16d
or a  8d  17 …(ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
5d  10 or d=2
Putting d = 2 in (i), we get a = 7  3  2 = 1
n n
 Sn   2a   n  1 d  2  1   n  1 2
2 2
 n  n  n  1  n  n2  n  n2

Illustration 17: A contract on construction job specifies a penalty for delay of completion beyond a certain
date as follows: Rs 200 for the first day, Rs 250 for the second day, Rs 300 for the third day,
etc. the penalty for each succeeding day being Rs. 50 more than for the preceding day.
How much does a delay of 30 days cost the contractor?
Solution: Here, a  Rs 200, d = Rs. 50, n = 30
30
 S30  2a   30  1 d  15  2  200  29  50
2 
 15  400  1450  15  1850
= Rs 27750
 Delay of 30 days will cost Rs. 27750 as penalty to the contractor.

Illustration 18: Find the sum of the first 25 terms of an A.P. whose nth term is given by an = – 2 – 3n.
Solution: Here, an  2  3n  an1  2  3  n  1

 an1  an  2  3n  3  2  3n  3

 d. = 3
 a1  2  3  1  2  3  1  a  1

5
Hence S25 
2
2  ( 1)  (25  1)  ( 3)
25 25

2
 2  24  (3)  2  74  25  ( 37)  925

Illustration 19: How many terms of the sequence 18, 16, 14, …. should be taken so that their sum is zero?
Solution: Here a  18, d  2

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

n
Sn   2a   n  1 d
2
n
 0 2  18   n  1  (2) [ a  18, d  2]
2
n n
  36  2n  2   0   38  2n   0
2 2
 n(19  n)  0

 n0 or 19  n  0  n = 19
Hence, 19 terms of the sequence 8, 16, 14…. should be taken so that their sum is zero.

Illustration 20: A small terrace at a football ground comprises of 15 steps each of which is 50 m long and
built of solid concrete.
Each step has a rise of 1/4 m and a tread of 1/2 m see figure Calculate the total volume of
concrete required to built the terrace.

Solution: Volume of concrete needed to make first step

1 1 3
= bh    50 m
4 2
25 3
=m
4
Volume of concrete needed to make second step
1 1 3 50 3
  50 m =
 2 m
4 2 4
Volume of concrete needed to make third step
1 1 3 75 3
 3   50 m  m
4 2 4
25 50 25 25
Here a  , d  
4 4 4 4
 Total volume of concrete needed to make such 15 steps
15  25 25 
=  2  15  1  
2  4 4 
15  50 350  15 400 3
     750 m .
2  4 4  2 4

Illustration 21: The sum of the third and the seventh terms of an A.P. is 6 and their product is 8. Find the
sum of first sixteen terms of the A.P.
Solution: Let a be the first term and d the common difference
According to question
a  2d  a  6d  6
2a  8d  6
a  4d  3
a  3  4d …(i)

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

 a  2d a  6d  8 [Given]

 3  4d  2d 3  4d  6d   8 [from (i)]

  3  2d 3  2d   8
 9  4d2  8
 4d2  1
1 1
 d2  or d  
4 2
1
Taking d 
2
1
 a  3  4 1
2
16  1  15 
 S16  2  1  16  1   8 2    76
2  2  2
1  1 
Taking d   a  3  4   5
2  2
16   1   15 
 S16  2  5  16  1      8 10    20
2   2   2

SELECTION OF TERMS IN A.P.

Some times certain number of terms in problems involving A.P. are required. The following ways
of selecting terms are convenient.

Number of terms Terms common difference

3 a  d , a,a  d d

4 a  3d , a  d ,, a  d , a  3d 2d

5 a  2d , a  d ,a, a  d , a  2d d

6 a  5d , a  3d , a  d , a  d ,a  3d , a  5d 2d

Illustration 22: A sum of Rs 280 is to be used to award four prizes. If each prize after the first is Rs. 20 less
than the next most valuable one, find the value of each of the prize.
Solution: Each prize is Rs. 20 less than the next most valuable one
 d = Rs. 20
 The four prizes are:
a  3d, a  d, a  d, a  3d

 a  3  20,a  20,a  20,a  3  20 [  d = 20]

 a  60,a  20,a  20,a  60
According to question, we have
a  60  a  20  a  20  a  60  280
4a  280
 a = 70
Hence the four prizes are:

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

70  60 = Rs.10; 70  20 = Rs. 50; 70 + 20 = Rs. 90; 70 + 60 = Rs. 130.

Illustration 23: Divide 32 into four parts which are in A.P. such that the product of extremes is to the
product of means is 7:15.
Solution: Le the four parts be  a  3d ,  a  d ,  a  d and  a  3d . Then, sum = 32

  a  3d   a  d  a  d   a  3d  32  4a  32  a  8
According to question
 a  3d  a  3d   7
 a  d  a  d 15
a2  9d2 7
   x  y  x  y   x 2  y 2 
a2  d2 15
64  9d2 7
 2

64  d 15
 128d2  512  d2  4  d  2
Thus, the four parts are a  3d,a  d,a  d and a  3d i.e., 2, 6, 10, 14.

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

RADICAL TEST - 3 (CLASS WORK)

1. Find the sum of 32 terms of an A.P. whose third term is 1 and the 6th term is 11.

2. Find the sum to n terms of the sequence a n   5  6n, where n is a natural number.

3. The sum of n terms of sequence is 3n 2  4n . Find the nth term and show that the sequence is
an A.P.

4. The sum of the first 20 terms of an A.P. is 400 and the sum of first 40 terms is 1600, find the sum
of its 10 terms.

5. How many terms of the sequence 18, 16, 14, ….. should be taken so that their sum is zero?

6. The first term and common difference of an A.P. is 22 and 4 respectively and sum of its n terms
is 64. Find n.

7. If the sum of the first n terms of an A.P. is 3n 2  2n, find the A.P. and its 19th term.

8. Find the sum of the series: 51 + 50 + 49 + …. + 21.

9. Find the sum of all two–digit natural numbers which are divisible by 4.

10. A club consists of members whose ages are in A.P., the common difference being 3 months. If
the youngest member of the club is just 7 years old and the sum of ages of all the members is
250 years, find the number of members in the club.

11. A person saves Rs. 1 on the first day and increases his savings daily by Rs. 1. What will be his
saving in 365 days?

12. The sale of entrance tickets of a show was worth Rs. 8100 on the first day but it decreased by
Rs. 150 on every successive day. If the expenses incurred for the show are Rs. 1500 per day,
find out when the show ceases to be profitable.

13. A girl walking uphill covers a distance of 20 m during the first minute, 18 m during the second
minute and 16 m during the third minute and so on. How much distance will she cover in (i) the
10th minute (ii) 10 minute

14. A man saved Rs 32 during the first year Rs 36 in the second year and in this way he increases
his savings by Rs 4 every year. Find in what time his saving will be Rs 200.

15. A manufacture of radio sets produced 600 units in third year and 700 units in the seventh year.
Assuming that the product increases uniformly by a fixed number every year, find (i) the
production in the first year (ii) the total production in 7 years and (iii) the production in the 10th
year.

16. In a potato race, a bucket is placed at the starting point, which is 5 m from the first potato, and
the other potatoes are placed 3 m apart in a straight line. There are n potatoes in the line. Each
competitor starts from the bucket, picks up the nearest potato runs back with it, drops it in the
bucket, runs back to pick up the next potato, runs to the bucket to drop it in the bucket, and she
continues in the same way until all the potatoes are in the bucket. What is the total distance the
competitor has to run?

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

17. A ladder has rungs 25 cm apart (see figure). The rungs

decrease uniformly in length from 45 cm at the bottom to 25 cm 25cm
at the top. If the top and bottom rungs are 2.5 metre apart, what
is the length of the wood required for the rungs? 1
2 m
2

25cm
45 cm

18. Three numbers are in A.P. If the sum of these numbers be 27 and the product 648, find the
numbers
19. The sum of n, 2n, 3n, terms of an A.P. are S1, S2 , S3 respectively. Prove that S3  3S2  S1  .
20. If in an A.P. the sum of m terms is equal to n and the sum of n terms is equal to m, then prove
that the sum of m  n  terms is  m  n  .

ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST - 3

1. 1696

2. 2n  3n 2

3. 6n + 1

4. 100

5. 19

6. 4 or 8

7. A.P. is 1, 7, 13, …. ; a19 = 109

8. 1116

9. 1188

10. 25

11. Rs. 66795

12. 45th day

13. (i) 2 m (ii) 110 m

14. 5 years

15. (i) 550 (ii) 4375 (iii) 775

16. n(3n + 7) m

17. 3.5 m

18. 6, 9, 12

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

CONCEPT MAP

 Tn of A. P. from start = a + (n – 1)d

n n
 Sn of A. P. =
2
 a  l  or
2
 2a   n  1 d 
 Common difference of an A. P. = d = Tn – Tn–1 for all n.

 Tn = Sn – Sn–1

ab
 Sum of AMs between a and b = nA where A =
2

 i.e. A1 + A2 + … + An = nA

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

CONCEPT MAP

A group of numbers connected by a Arithmetic Progression

definite law is called sequence. A Sequence in which each term is
obtained from the preceeding term by
adding a constant quantity to it.

A sequence is called a series if its d = an + 1 – an nN

terms are connected by the sign of
addition or subtraction.

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
an = a + (n – 1) d = l

n
Sn  [ 2a  (n  1)d ]
2
n
 [a  l ]
2

a, b, c are in AP
The Standard form
ac
a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + .... (l – d) + l if b – a = c – b or b =
2

Arithmetic Mean = nth term from the end is l – (n – 1)d.

x1  x 2  x 3  . . .  x n
n

1
Arithmetic Mean of a, b = a  b an = Sn – Sn - 1
2

SELECTION OF TERMS
Odd number of terms
3 terms a – d, a, a + d 3a
5 terms a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d 5a
Even number of terms
4 terms a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d 4a
6 terms a – 5d, a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d 6a

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

SOLVED EXAMPLE
Example 1: Which of the following are A.P’s? If they form an A.P., find the common difference
d and the next three terms after last given term.
(i) 2, 4, 8, 16, … (ii) 2, 8, 18, …
(iii) 3, 6, 9, ... (iv) 12, 52, 72, 73, …
Solution: (i)
2, 4, 8, 16, …
a 2  a1  4  2  2
a3  a2  8  4  4
a 4  a3  16  8  8
.............................
.............................
As the difference between two Consecutive terms is not the same
 The given sequence is not an A.P.
(ii) 2, 8, 18, ...

a 2  a1  8  2  2 2  2  2
a3  a 2  18  8  3 2  2 2  2
..............................................................
..............................................................
As the common difference between any two consecutive terms is the same
 The given sequence is an A.P.
Next three terms are :
a 4  a3  d  3 2  2`  4 2 , a5  a4  d  4 2  2  5 2
a 6  a5  d  5 2  2  6 2
(iii)
3, 6, 9, ...
a 2  a1  6  3  3 ( 2  1)
a3  a 2  9  6  3 ( 3  2 )
..............................................................
..............................................................
As the common difference between any two consecutive terms is not the same
 The given sequence is not an A.P.
(iv)
12 ,5 2,7 2,73,....
a 2  a1  5 2  1  25  1  24
a3  a 2  72  52  49  25  24
a 4  a3  73  49  24
.................................................
.................................................

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

As the common difference between any two consecutive terms is the same
 The given sequence is an A.P.
Next three terms are :
a5  73  24  97 a6  97  24  121

a7  121  24  145

Example 2: Write the A.P., when the first term a and common difference d is as follows:
1
(i) a = 10, d = 10 (ii) a  1,d  (iii) a  1.25,d  0.25
2
Solution: (i) a = 10, d = 10
 The required A.P. is:
10, 10 + 10, 10 + 2  10, 10 + 3  10, …
or 10, 20, 30, 40, …
1
(ii) a  1,d 
2
 The required A.P. is:
1 1 1
1,  1  , 1  x2,  1  x3,...
2 2 2
1 1
or 1,  ,0, ,...
2 2
(iii) a  1.25,d  0.25

 The required A.P. is:

1.25,  1.25  ( 0.25), 1.25  2  ( 0.25), 1.25  3( 0.25),...
or 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.0,...

Example 3: For the following A.P.’s write the first term and the common difference:
1 5 9 13
(i) 3,1,  1,  3, ... (ii) , , , ,... (iii) 0.6,1.7,2.8, ...
3 3 3 3
Solution: (i) 3,1,  1,  3, ...

First term: a1  3, d  1  3  2

1 5 9 13
(ii) , , , ,...
3 3 3 3
1 5 1 4
First term: a1  , d   
3 3 3 3
(iii) 0.6,1.7,2.8, ...

First term: a1  0.6, d  1.7  0.6  1.1.

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Example 4: Which term of the A.P. 7, 12, 17, ….. is 87?

Solution: a=7
d  a 2  a1
= 12 – 7 = 5
an  87
As an  a  n  1 d
87 = 7 + (n – 1)  5
87  7  5n  5
80  5  5n
85
n
5
17 = n
 17th term of give A.P. is 87
Example 5: Check whether –150 is term of the A.P. 11, 8, 5, 2, …….?
Solution: a = 11
d  a 2  a1
= 8 – 11 = –3
let an  150 [Assume]
150  11  3n  3
161  3  3n
164  3n
164
n
3
As number of term can’t be in fraction,  –150 is not a term of the given A.P.
Example 6: For what value of n, the nth terms of A.P’s 63, 65, 67, ……… and 3, 10, 17, …… are
equal.
Solution: First sequence is 63, 65, 67, ……..
a = 63
d1 = 65 – 63 = 2
an  63   n  1 2
= 63 + 2n –2
= 61 + 2n
Second sequence is 3, 10, 17, ………..
 b  3, d2  7
 bn  3   n  1 7
= 3  7n  7
= 7n –4
According to question
61 + 2n = 7n – 4
61 + 4 = 7n – 2n
65 = 5n
65
n
5

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

 n = 13

Example 7: Which term of the arithmetic progression 3, 10, 17, …. will be 84 more than its 13th
term?
Solution: The give A.P. is 3, 10, 17, ……
Here, a (first term) =3
d (common difference)= 10 – 3 = 7
an  a  n  1 d

a13  3  (13  1)7

= 3 + 12  7 = 3 + 84 = 87
Let nth term be 84 more than the 13th term of the given A.P.
So, we get an  84  a13
a   n  1 d  84  a  12d
d n  1  12   84
7  n  13   84
84
n  13 
 12
7
n  12  13  25
 The 25th term of the given A.P. will be 84 more than its 13th term.

Example 8: How many three digit numbers are divisible by 7?

Solution: Three digit numbers which are divisible by 7 are 105, 112, 119, …, 994.

Here, a  105, d  7, an  994

 a  (n  1)d  994
105  (n  1)7  994
 7(n  1)  994  105  889
889
 n 1
7
 n – 1 = 127
n = 127 + 1 = 128.
 There are 128 three digit numbers which are divisible by 7
Example 9: Find the 31st term of an A.P. whose 11th term is 38 and the 16th term is 73.
Solution: Let a be the 1st term and d the common difference.
Here a11  a  10d  38 …(i)
a16  a  15d  73 …(ii)
Subtracting (ii) and (i), we get
a  10d  a  15d  38  73
or 5d  35  d7
Putting d = 7 in (i), we get
a  10  7  38
a  38  70  32

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

 a31  a  30d  32  30  7  32  210  178

Hence, 31st term is 178.
Example 10: The sum of the 4th and 8th terms of an A.P. is 24 and sum of 6th & 10th terms is 44.
Find the first three term of the AP.
Solution: Using 1st condition
 a 4  a8  24
a  3d  a  7d  24
2a  10d  24
or a  5d  12 …(i)
nd
Using 2 condition
a 6  a10  44
or a  5d  a  9d  44
2a  14d  44
or a  7d  22 …(ii)
Subtracting equation (i) from (ii) we have
2d  10
or d=5
Putting value of d in equations (i)
a  5  5  12
a  12  25
a  13
 a2  a  d
 13  5  8
a3  a  2d  13  2  5
 13  10  3
Example 11: If the p term of an A.P. is q and the qth term is p, prove that its nth term is
th

p  q  n .
Solution: Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of the given A.P.
Then, pth term = q  a   p  1 d  q …(i)

qth term = p  a   q  1 d  p …(ii)

Subtracting equation (ii) from equation (i), we get
 p  q d   q  p   d  1 …(iii)
Putting d  1 in equation (i), we get
a  1 p  q
 a   p  q  1

 nth term  a   n  1 d
  p  q  1  n  1  ( 1) [from equation (iii)]

 p  q  n
Example 12: (i) Given a12  37,d  3, find a and S12.

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

(ii) Given a  8, an  62, Sn  210, find n and d.

(iii) Given l  28, Sn  144, n = 9, find a.
Solution: (i) Given a12  37, d  3, find a and S12.
 a12  37
 a  11d  37
or a  11 3  37 or a=4
12
 S12 
2
a  a12   6 4  37  6  41  246
(ii) Given a  8, an  62, Sn  210, find n and d.
n
Sn 
2
 a  an 
n n
210 
2
 8  62   70  35n
2
210
 n 6
35
Also an  62  a 6  62
 8  5d  62 or 5d  62  8  62  8  54
54
 d  10.8
5
(iii) Given l  28, Sn  144, n = 9, find a.
 l  28  a   n  1 d  28
n 9
Sn 
2
a  l   144 
2
a  28
2
 144  a  28 or 32 = a + 28
9
 a = 32 – 28 = 4
Example 13: Find the sum of positive integers less than 400.
Solution: Positive integers less than 400 are
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …., 399
Here, a  1, d  2  1  1, an  399
 an  399
a   n  1 d  399
1  n  1  1  399
 n  1  399  1  398 or n  398  1  399
399
 S399  2  1   399  1  1
2 
399 399

2
 2  398  
2
 400  79800

Example 14: Find the sum of the odd numbers between 0 and 50.
Solution: Odd numbers between 0 and 50 are
1, 3, 5, 7, …, 49

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Here, a  1, d  3  1  2, an  49
 an  49
a   n  1 d  49
1  n  1 2  49
2  n  1  49  1  48
 n  1  24 or n = 25
25 25

2
 a  a 25  
S 25 
2
1  49  25  25  625
Example 15: 200 logs are stacked in the following manner: 20 logs in the bottom row, 19 in the
next row, 18 in the row next to it and so on (See figure). In how many rows the 200
logs are placed and how many logs are in the top row.

Solution: Here, a  20, d  1, Sn  200

n
Sn  2a   n  1 d
2
n
200  2  20   n  1 1 
2
400  n  40  n  1

400  40n  n2  n
n2  41n  400  0
n2  25n  16n  400  0
n  n  25   16 n  25   0

 n  25  n  16   0
either n  25 or n  16
(i) Taking n  25
The number of logs in 25th row is
a 25  20   25  1 1  20  24  4
Which is not possible as number of logs can not be negative
 n  25 is rejected
(ii) Taking n  16
The number of logs in 16th row is
a16  20  15   1  20  15  5
 5 logs are placed in 16th row
Example 16: Find the common difference of an A.P. whose first term is 1 and the sum of the
first four term is one–third the sum of the next four terms.
Solution: Let d be the common difference of the A.P. Given that a = 1 and
According to question:

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

1
 a1  a2  a3  a4   a5  a6  a7  a8 
3
3  a1  a2  a3  a 4    a5  a 6  a7  a8  …(i)
Adding  a1  a2  a3  a 4  to both sides of (i), we get

 a1  a2  a3  a4   3  a1  a2  a3  a4    a1  a2  a3  a4  a5  a6  a7  a8 
 4  a1  a 2  a3  a 4    a1  a 2  a3  a 4  ...  a8 
or 4S4  S8
4
Now, 2  1   4  1 d  4  6d
S4 
2
8
and S8  2  1   8  1 d  8  28d
2
According to the question:
4  4  6d   8  28d
 16 + 24d = 8 + 28d
or 4d  8  d2

Example 17: A spiral is made up of successive semicircles, with centres alternatively at A and B,
starting with centre at A, of radii 0.5 cm, 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm as shown in figure. What is
the total length of such a spiral made up of thirteen consecutive semicircles? Take
 22 
  7 
 

Solution: r1 = 0.5 cm
r2 = 1.0 cm
r3 = 1.5 cm
Length of Ist spiral = r1 (circumference of semicircle)
22 22 1 11
=
 0.5   
7 7 2 7
Length of IInd spiral = r2
22 22
1 =
7 7
rd
Length of III spiral = r3
22 3 33
=  
7 2 7

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

22 11 11
 d  
7 7 7
11
a
, n  13
7
Length of spiral up of 13 consecutive semicircles
 r1  r2  r3  ....  r13
13  11 11 13  22 132 
S13  2   13  1   

2  7 7 2  7 7 
13 154
  = 143 cm
2 7

Example 18: Raghav buys a shop for Rs 120000. He pays half of the amount in cash and agrees
to pay the balance in 12 annual installments of Rs. 5000 each. If the rate of interest
is 12% and he pays with the instalment the interest due on the unpaid amount, find
the total cost of the shop.
Solution: Total cost of the shop = Rs. 120000
1
Cash   120000 = Rs. 60000
2
60000  12  1
Interest for 1st installment = Rs  Rs. 7200
100
(60000  5000)  12  1
Interest for 2nd installment = Rs  Rs. 6600
100
……………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………..
So, the interest for 12 installments will be
7200, 6600, 6000, 5400, 4800, …., 600
Writing in the reverse order we have
600, 1200, 1800, …., 7200
Here, a = Rs. 600, d = Rs. (1200 – 600) = Rs. 600, an or a12 = Rs. 7200
12
 Sum of interest paid 
2
 a  a12   6 600  7200  6  7800  Rs. 46800
So, total cost of the shop = Rs. (60000 + 60000) + Rs. (46800)
= 166800

Example 19: The sum of three numbers in A.P. is –3, and their product is 8. Find the numbers.
Solution: Let the number be  a  d  ,a,  a  d  . Then

Sum  3   a  d   a   a  d   3
 3a  3
 a  1 …(i)
Now, Product = 8
  a  d a  a  d  8

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

 
a a2  d2  8 
  1 1  d2   8 [from (i)]

 d2  9  d  3
If d = 3 the numbers are 4, 1, 2. If d = –3, the numbers are 2, –1, –4.
Thus, the numbers are 4, 1, 2 or 2, 1, 4.

Example 20: The sums of n terms of three arithmetical progressions are S1,S2 and S3 . The first
term of each is unity and the common differences are 1, 2, and 3 respectively.
Prove that S1  S3  2S2.
Solution: According to question:
S1 = sum of n term of an A.P. with a = 1 and d = 1
n n
 S1   2  1  n  1  1   n  1
2 2
S2  sum of n terms of an A.P. with a = 1 and d = 2
n
 S2  2  1  n  1  2   n2
2
S3  sum of n terms of an A.P. with a = 1 and d = 3

n n
 S3  2  1   n  1  3    3n  1
2 2
n n n n
Now, S1  S3  n  1   3n  1  (n  1  3n  1)   4n  2n2
2 2 2 2
and S 2  n2
Hence, S1  S3  2S2

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

CBSE ASSIGNMENT (HOME WORK)

1. If the sum of m terms of an A.P. is the same as the sum of its n terms, show that the sum of its
(m + n) terms is zero.

2. The sum of the first p, q, r terms of an A.P. are a, b, c respectively. Show that
a b c
(q  r )  (r  p )  ( p  q )  0
p q r

3. 150 workers were engaged to finish a piece of work in a certain number of days. Four workers
dropped the second day, four more workers dropped the third day and so on. It takes 8 more
days to finish the work now. Find the number of days in which the work was completed.

4. The houses of a row are numbered consecutively from 1 to 49. Show that there is a value of x
such that the sum of the numbers of the houses preceding the house numbered x is equal to the
sum of the numbers of the houses following it. Find this value of x.

1 1
5. The mth term of an AP is and its nth term is . Show that the sum of its first mn terms is
n m
mn  1
.
2

6. If pth, qth and rth terms of an A.P. be a, b, c respectively then show that
a(q  r )  b( r  p )  c ( p  q )  0.

7. If p, q, r are in AP, prove that

( p  2q  r ) (2q  r  p) ( r  p  q )  4 pqr .

8. The first, second and last terms of finite A.P. are a, b, c respectively. Show that sum of the A.P.
(a  c ) ( b  c  2a )
is .
2 (b  a )

9. If pth, qth and rth terms of an AP be a, b, c respectively, then prove that,

p( b  c )  q(c  a)  r (a  b )  0.

10. Find the sum of all the three digit numbers which leave the remainder 2 when divided by 5.

11. Find the number of terms common to two AP’s 3, 7, 11, … 407 and 2, 9, 16, …., 709.

12. If log32, log3(2x – 5), log3(2x – 7/2) are in AP, then find the value of x.

13. If the ratio of the sum of first n terms of two AP’s is 3n + 8 : 7n + 15, then find the ratio of their
12th term.

14. If lengths of sides of a right angled  are in AP, then find sine of the acute angles.
15. Insert 6 numbers between 3 and 24 such that the resulting sequence is AP.

16. Find the sum of odd integers from 1 to 2001.

17. Find the sum of all natural numbers lying between 100 and 1000, which are multiple of 5.

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

th
1
18. In an AP, the first term is 2 and the sum of first five terms is of next five terms. Show that
4
20th term is 112.

19. Find the sum to n terms of an AP, where kth term is 5k + 1.

20. The sums of n terms of two arithmetic progression are in the ratio 5n + 4 : 9n + 6. Find the ratio
of their 18th terms.

21. If the sum of n terms of an AP is 3n2 + 5n and its mth term is 164, find the value of m.

22. Insert five numbers between 8 and 26 such that the resulting sequence is an AP.

23. Between 1 and 31, m numbers have been inserted in such a way that resulting sequence in an
AP and the ratio of 7th and (m – 1)th numbers is 5 : 9. Find the value of n.

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

MIND BOOSTER ASSIGNMENT

Single Correct Answer Type: (Class work)
1. The first and last term of an A.P. are 1 and 11. If the sum of its terms is 36, then the number of
terms will be
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
2. If the sum of three consecutive terms of an increasing A.P. is 51 and the product of the first and
third of these terms is 273, then the third term is
(a) 13 (b) 9 (c) 21 (d) 17
3. If 7th and 13th term of an A.P. are 34 and 64 respectively, then its 18th term is
(a) 87 (b) 88 (c) 89 (d) 90
4. If the first, second and last term of an A.P. are a, b and 2a respectively, its sum is
ab ab 3ab
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
2(b  a) ba 2(b  a)

5. If the sum of n terms of an A.P. is 2n2  5n, then its nth term is
(a) 4n  3 (b) 3n  4 (c) 4n  3 (d) 3n  4
6. If 3 times the third term of an A.P. is equal to 5 times the fifth term. Then its 8th term is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
7. In an A.P., amn  amn is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2am (d) am
1 1
8. If pth term of an A.P. is and qth term is , then the sum of pq terms is
q p
pq pq pq  1 pq  1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
9. If the sum of first n even natural number is equal to k times the sum of first n odd natural number
then value of k will be
1 n 1 n 1 n 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
n n 2n n
10. If in an A.P., Sn  n2p, Sm  m2p and Sr denotes the sum of r terms of the A.P., then Sp is equal
to
1 3
(a) p (b) mnp (c) p3 (d) (m  n)p2
2
11. The number of terms of an A.P. 3, 7, 11, 15  to be taken so that the sum is 406 is
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 14

12. Sum of n terms of the series 2  8  18  32  is

n(n  1) n(n  1)
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 2n(n  1)
2 2
13. The 9th term of an A.P. is 449 and 449th term is 9. The term which is equal to zero is
(a) 508th (b) 502th (c) 501th (d) none of these
14. If the sum of p terms of an A.P. is q and the sum of q terms is p, then the sum of (p + q) terms
will be
(a) p + q (b) –(p + q) (c) p – q (d) 0
15. If 2x, x  10, 3x  2 are in A.P. then the value of x is
(a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 8 (d) 0

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

16. If sum of n terms of an A.P. is 3n2  4n then common difference of the A.P. is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 7
17. Sum of first n natural number is
2
n(n  1) n(n  1) n(n  1)(2n  1)  n(n  1) 
(a) (b) (c) (d)  
2 2 6  2 
18. If nth terms of the APs 63, 65, 67,  and 3, 10, 17,  are equal, then n is
(a) 27 (b) 23 (c) 15 (d) 13
3p  1
19. If pth term of an A.P. is , then sum of first n terms of A.P. is
6
n n n n
(a) (3n  1) (b) (3n  1) (c) (3n  1) (d) (3n  1)
12 12 6 6
20. Sum of all natural numbers lying between 250 and 1000 which are exactly divisible by 3 is
(a) 157365 (b) 153657 (c) 156375 (d) 155637

21. If a, b, c are in A.P., then 10ax + 10, 10bx + 10, 10cx + 10, x ≠ 0 are in
(a) A.P. (b)G.P. only when x > 0
(c) G.P. for all x (d) G.P. only when x < 0
22. Given two numbers a and b. Let A denote the single A.M. between these and S denote the sum
of n A.M.’s between them. Then S/A depends upon
(a) n, a, b (b) n, a (c) n, b (d) n

23. pth term of an A.P. is q and qth term is p, its rth term is
(a) p – q + r (b) q – p + r (c) p + q – r (d) p + q + r
3  5  7  .....upto n terms
24. If  7, then the value of n is
5  8  11  .....upto 10 terms
(a) 35 (b) 36 (c) 37 (d) 40

25. If the sum of first 2n terms of the A.P. 2, 5, 8, ….. is equal to the sum of first n terms of the A.P.
57, 59, 61, ….., then n equals
(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 11 (d) 13
26. In an AP of 81 terms, the 41th term is 10. Then the sum of the series is
10  41
(a) 41 × 41 (b) 10 × 81 (c) 10 × 41 (d)
2
27. If the progressions 3, 10, 17, ….. and 63, 65, 67, …… are such that their nth terms are equal,
then n is equal to
(a) 13 (b) 15 (c) 9 (d) 8
28. 7th term of an A.P. is 40. Then the sum of its first 13 terms is
(a) 520 (b) 53 (c) 2080 (d) 1040
Multiple Correct Answer Type: (Home work)

29. If 1, logy x, logzy and – 15 logxz are in A.P. (x, y, z being positive numbers different from unity),
then
(a) C.D> of this A.P. is – 2 (b) z3 = x
(c) x = y–1 (d) y = z–3

30. For the A.P. x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) + ….. + y

(a) C.D. is 1 (b) number of terms is y – x + 1

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

y  x 1
(c) sum of the series is (x  y) (d) none of these
2

Matrix Match Type: (Home work)

31. Match the statements/expressions in Column I with the open intervals in Column II
Column I Column II
(A) If x is a term of the sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, …., then x (P)
21
can be
2
(B) A root of the quadratic equation x – 21x + 104 = 0 is (Q) 55
th
(C) 10 term of the series 3 + 5 + 7 + ….. is (R) 13
(D) The next term of the sequence 1, 1, 2, 4, 7, ….. is (S) 8
(T) 34

32. Column II give common difference for A.P. given in column I, match them correctly
Column I Column II
(A) 3 5 (P)
1, , 2, ,.......... –4
2 2
(B) 1 5 9 13 (Q)
, , , .......... 0.2
3 3 3 3
(C) 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4 (R) 4/3
(D) 0, –4, –8, –12 (S) 1/2

33. Column II give nth term for A.P. given in column I, match them correctly
Column I Column II
(A) 119, 136, 153, 170….. (P) 13 – 3n
(B) 7, 11, 15, 19, ….. (Q) 9 – 5n
(C) 4, –1, –6, –11, ….. (R) 3 + 4n
(D) 10, 7, 4, 3 (S) 17n + 102

Integer Answer Type: (Home work)

34. If p times the pth term of an A. P. is equal to q times the qth term, then (p + q)th term is

35. If sum of four numbers in AP is 20 and their product is 384, then one of the numbers is

36. If a and x are positive integers such that x < a and a  x , x , a  x are in A. P., then least
possible value of a is

a n 1  b n 1
37. If AM of a and b is , then n =
a n  bn

38. If n AMs are inserted between 2 and 38, the sum of the resulting series is obtained 200. The
value of n is

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

ANSWERS TO CBSE ASSIGNMENT

3. 25 days

4. 35

10. 98910

15. 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21

3, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, 24
24 = 3 + 7d
 d=3
So the numbers 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21.

16. 2001 = 1 + (n – 1)  2
 n = 1001
1001 2
S= 1  2001  1001
2
17. n = 179
179
S= 105  995 
2
1
18. a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 =  a6  a7  a8  a9  a10 
4
 c.d. = –6
so 20th term = 2 + 19  –6 = –112

19. First term = 6

n
so s   7  5n 
2

n
2
 2a1  n  1 d1  5n  4
20. 
n
 2a 1    2  9n  6
n  1 d
2
2a1   n  1 d1 5n  4
 
2a1   n  1 d2 9n  6
179
Putting n = 35 both the sides, we get
321

21. 8 + (n – 1)6 = 164 8  first term, 6  c.d.

 m = 27

22. We get the value of common difference by putting 26 equal to 7th term.

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 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

ANSWERS TO MIND BOOSTER ASSIGNMENT

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (c)

6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (c)

11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (a)

16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (c)

21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (c)

26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (ABCD) 30. (ABC)

31. A – pqrs, B – rs, C – p, D – r 32. A – s, B – p, C – q, D – r

33. A – s, B – r, C – q, D – p

34. 0 35. 9 36. 5 37. 1 38. 8

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY

“The reading of all good books is indeed like a conversation with the noblest
men of past centuries who were the authors of them, nay a carefully studied
conversation, in which they reveal to us none but the best of their thoughts.”
Rene Descartes

“Descartes made one of the greatest advances in geometry by connecting Algebra and
Geometry. myth is that he was watching a fly on the ceiling when he conceived of locating
points on a plane with a pair of numbers. Fermat also discovered coordinate geometry but it’s
Descartes’ Version that we use today.

This development is important to science because it makes geometry quantitative and permits the
use of algebraic methods.

Analytic Geometry, also called coordinate geometry and earlier referred to as Cartesian
geometry, it is the study of geometry using the principles of algebra. Usually the Cartesian
coordinate system is applied to manipulate equation for planes, lines, curves and circles, often
in two and sometimes in 3-Dimension of measurement.

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

COORDINATES OF A POINT
Location of the position of a point on a plane requires a pair of co-ordinate axes. The perpendicular
distance of a point from the x-axis is called its y-coordinate, or ordinate. The perpendicular distance of a
point from the y-axis is called its x-co-ordinate or abscissa. The co-ordinates of a point on the x-axis are
of the form (x, 0) and of a point on the y-axis are of the form (0, y).

DISTANCE FORMULA
The distance between two points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) is given by the formula

PQ  ( x 2  x 1 ) 2  ( y 2  y 1 ) 2
Proof: Draw PR and QS perpendicular to the x-axis. A
Y Q (x 2, y2)
perpendicular from the point P on QS is drawn to
meet it at the point T.
P T
Then, OR = x1, OS = x2, So, RS = x2 – x1 = PT. (x1,y 1)
Also, SQ = y2, ST = PR = y1. So, QT = y2 – y1.
Now, applying the Pythagoras theorem in PTQ,
we get PQ2 = PT2 + QT2 X
O R S
= (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2

Therefore, PQ  ( x2  x1)2  ( y 2  y1)2

Since distance is always non-negative, we take only the positive square root. So, the distance
between the points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) is

PQ  ( x2  x1)2  ( y 2  y1)2

which is called the distance formula.

Note : In particular, the distance of a point P(x, y) from the origin O(0, 0) is given by
OP = x2  y2

COLLINEAR POINTS

Three points A, B, C are said to be collinear if they lie on the same straight line.

TEST FOR COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS

In order to show that three given points A, B, C are collinear, we find distances AB, BC and AC. If the
sum of any two of these distances is equal to the third distance then the given points are collinear.
Illustration 1: Find the distance between the points
(i) P(–6, 7) and Q(–1, –5)
(ii) R(a + b, a – b) and S(a – b, – a – b)
Solution: (i) Here, x1 = –6, y1 = 7 and x2 = –1, y2 = –5

 PQ  (x 2  x1 )2  (y 2  y1 )2

 PQ  (1  6)2  ( 5  7)2

 PQ  25  144  169  13

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

(ii) We have,

RS  (a  b  a  b)2  ( a  b  a  b)2

 RS  4b2  4a2  2 a2  b2
Illustration 2: Show that the points (1, –1), (5, 2) and (9, 5) are collinear.
Solution: Let A(1, – 1), B(5, 2) and C(9, 5) be the given points. Then, we have

AB  (5  1)2  (2  1)2  16  9  5

BC  (5  9)2  (2  5)2  16  9  5

and AC  (1  9)2  (1  5)2  64  36  10

Clearly, AC = AB + BC
Hence, A, B, C are collinear points.

Illustration 3: Do the points A(3, 2), B(–2, –3) and C(2, 3) form a triangle? If so, name the type of triangle
formed.

In a triangle sum of any two sides is greater than the third side.

Solution: We have,

AB  ( 2  3)2  (3  2)2  25  25  50

BC  (2  2)2  (3  3)2  16  36  52

and, AC  (2  3)2  (3  2)2  1  1  2

As AB + BC > AC, AC + BC > AB and AB + AC > BC. Therefore, points A, B and C form a
triangle.
AB2  50, BC2  52 and AC2  2

 BC2  AB 2  AC2
Therefore, ABC is a right triangle, right angled at A.

Illustration 4: Find the value of x, if the distance between the points (x, –1) and (3, 2) is 5.
Solution: Let P(x, –1) and Q(3, 2) be the given points. Then, PQ = 5

 (x  3)2  ( 1  2)2  5

or (x  3)2  9  52

 x 2  9  6x  9  25
 x 2  6x  18  25
 x 2  6x  7  0
 x 2  7x  x  7  0
 (x – 7) (x + 1) = 0
 x = 7 or, x = –1

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 5: Find a point on x-axis which is equidistant from A(2, –5) and B(–2, 9).

Any point on x-axis is of the form (x, 0).

Solution: Let P(x, 0) be the point equidistant from A(2, –5) and B(–2, 9). Then, PA = PB

 (x  2)2  (0  5)2  (x  2)2  (0  9)2

 (x  2)2  25  (x  2)2  81

 x 2  4x  4  25  x 2  4x  4  81
 x 2  4x  29  x 2  4x  85
 – 8x = 56
 x = –7
Hence, the required point is (–7, 0).

Illustration 6: Find a point on the y-axis which is equidistant from the point A(6, 5) and
B(–4, 3).

Any point on y-axis is of the form (0, y).

Solution: Let the required point be P(0, y). Then, PA = PB

 (0  6)2  (y  5)2  (0  4)2  (y  3)2
 36  (y  5)2  16  (y  3)2
 36  y2  10y  25  16  y 2  6y  9
 4y = 36
 y=9
So, the required point is (0, 9).

Illustration 7: Prove that the points (–3, 0), (1, –3) and (4, 1) are the vertices of an isosceles right-angled
triangle.
Solution: Let A(–3, 0), B(1, –3) and C(4, 1) be
Y
the given points. Then,

AB  [1  ( 3)]2  ( 3  0)2

 42  (3)2 = 16  9
= 5 units C(4, 1)
2 2 A(–3, 0)
BC  (4  1)  (1  3)
X' X
0
= 9  16 = 5 units

and, CA  (4  3)2  (1  0)2

 49  1  5 2 units B(1, – 3)
 AB = BC.
Y'
Therefore, ABC is isosceles.

Also, AB 2  BC2 = 25 + 25 = (5 2)2  CA 2

ABC is right-angled at B. Thus, ABC is a right-angled isosceles triangle.

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 8: Show that the points (a, a), (–a, –a) and  3a, 3a  are the vertices of an equilateral
triangle.

Solution:  
Let A(a, a), B(–a, –a) and C  3a, 3a be the given points. Then, we have

AB  ( a  a)2  (a  a)2  4a2  4a2  2 2a

BC  (  3a  a)2  ( 3a  a)2

 BC  a2 (1  3)2  a2 ( 3  1)2

 BC  a (1  3 )2  (1  3 )2

 BC  a 1  3  2 3  1  3  2 3 = a 8  2 2a

and, AC  (  3a  a)2  ( 3a  a)2

 AC  a2 ( 3  1)2  a2 ( 3  1)2

 AC  a ( 3  1)2  ( 3  1)2

 AC  a 3  1  2 3  3  1  2 3  a 8  2 2a
As we have AB = BC = AC
Hence, the triangle ABC formed by the given points is an equilateral triangle.
Illustration 9: If the point (x, y) is equidistant from the points (a + b, b – a) and (a – b, a + b), prove that bx
= ay.
Solution: Let P(x, y), Q(a + b, b – a) and R (a – b, a + b) be the given points.
Then, PQ = PR
 [x  (a  b)]2  [y  (b  a)]2  [x  (a  b)]2  [y  (a  b)]2
or [x  (a  b)]2  [y  (b  a)]2  [x  (a  b)]2  [y  (a  b)]2
 x 2  2x(a  b)  (a  b)2  y 2  2y(b  a)  (b  a)2
= x 2  (a  b)2  2x(a  b)  y 2  2y(a  b)  (a  b)2
 – 2x(a + b) – 2y(b – a) = –2x(a – b) – 2y(a + b)
or – ax – bx – by + ay = – ax + bx – ay – by
 – bx + ay = bx – ay
 – bx – bx = – 2ay
 2bx = 2ay  bx = ay
Illustration 10: Find the coordinates of the circumcentre of a triangle whose vertices are
A(4, 6), B(0, 4) and C(6, 2). Also, find its circumradius.

Circumcentre of a triangle is equidistant from its three vertices.

Solution: Let A(4, 6), B(0, 4) and C(6, 2) be the vertices of the given ABC.
Let P(x, y) be the circumcentre of ABC.

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

A(4, 6)

P
(x, y)

B(0, 4) C(6, 2)
Then, PA = PB = PC
 PA 2  PB2  PC2
 PA 2  PB2 and PB2  PC2
Now, PA 2  PB2

(x  4)2  (y  6)2  (x  0)2  (y  4)2

 x 2  y 2  8x  12y  52  x2  y2  8y  16

 8x + 4y = 36
 2x + y = 9 ..... (i)
2 2
Again, PB  PC
 (x  0)2  (y  4)2  (x  6)2  (y  2)2

 x 2  y 2  8y  16  x 2  y 2  12x  4y  40

 12x – 4y = 24
 3x – y = 6 ..... (ii)
On solving (i) and (ii), we get x = 3 and y = 3.
 Coordinates of the circumcentre of ABC are P(3, 3)

Circumradius = PA  (4  3)2  (6  3)2 = 12  32  10 units.

Illustration 11: Find the coordinates of the centre of a circle passing through the points
A(2, 1), B(5, –8) and C(2, –9). Also, find the radius of this circle.

Solution: Let P(x, y) be the centre of the circle passing through the points
A(2, 1), B(5, –8) and C(2, –9). Then, A(2, 1)
P(x, y)
PA = PB = PC

 PA 2  PB2  PC2

 PA 2  PB2 and PB2  PC2 B(5, –8)

C(2, –9)
Now, PA 2  PB2

 (x  2)2  (y  1)2  (x  5)2  (y  8)2

 x 2  y 2  4x  2y  5  x 2  y 2  10x  16y  89

 6x – 18y – 84 = 0
 x – 3y = 14 ..... (i)
And, PB 2  PC2

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

 (x  5)2  (y  8)2  (x  2)2  (y  9)2

 x 2  y 2  10x  16y  89  x 2  y 2  4x  18y  85

 6x + 2y – 4 = 0
 3x + y = 2 ..... (ii)

On solving (i) and (ii), we get x = 2 and y = – 4.

Hence, the coordinates of the centre of the circle are P(2, –4).

Radius of the circle = PA

= (2  2)2  (1  4)2  02  52

= 25 = 5 units.

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

RADICAL TEST – I (CLASS WORK)

1. Find the distance between the following pair of points.
(i) (–6, 7) and (–1, –5)
(ii) (a + b, b + c) and (a – b, c – b)
(iii) (a sin , – b cos ) and (–a cos , b sin )
(iv) (a, 0) and (0, b)

2. The length of a line segment is of 10 units and the coordinates of one end-point are (2, –3). If
the abscissa of the other end is 10, find the ordinate of the other end.

3. Prove that the points (3, 0), (6, 4) and (–1, 3) are vertices of a right-angled isosceles triangle.

4. Find the value of k, if the point P(0, 2) is equidistant from (3, k) and (k, 5).

5. Show that the points A(5, 6), B(1, 5), C(2, 1) and D(6, 2) are the vertices of a square.

6. Find the point on x-axis which is equidistant from the points (–2, 5) and (2, –3).

7. Find the value of x such that PQ = QR where the coordinates of P, Q and R are (6, –1),
(1, 3) and (x, 8) respectively.

8. Prove that the points (0, 0), (5, 5) and (–5, 5) are the vertices of a right isosceles triangle.

9. If the point P(x, y) is equidistant from the points A(5, 1) and B(1, 5), prove that x = y.

10. Find a point on x-axis which is equidistant from the points (7, 6) and (–3, 4).

11. If the point A(a, 2) is equidistant from the points B(8, –2) and C(2, –2), find the value of a.

12. If P(x, y) is a point equidistant from the points A(6, –1) and B(2, 3), find the relation between x
and y.

13. By distance formula, show that the points (1, –1), (5, 2) and (9, 5) are collinear.

14. Find the coordinates of the circumcentre of ABC with vertices at A(3, 0), B(–1, –6) and
C(4, –1). Find its circumradius.

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST – I

1. (i) 13

(ii) 2 2b

(iii) a 2  b 2 (sin   cos  )

(iv) a2  b2

2. 3, – 9

4. k=1

6. (– 2, 0)

7. – 3, 5

10. (3, 0)

11. a=5

12. x–y=3

14. (1, –3), 13 units

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

SECTION FORMULA
Section formula : The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which divides the line segment joining
A( x 1 , y 1 ) and B( x 2 , y 2 ) internally in the ratio m : n are given by
mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny 1
x ,y 
mn mn
Proof: Let X'OX and YOY' be the coordinate
axes.
Y
Let A( x1, y1) and B( x2 , y 2 ) be the end points of B(x 2, y2)
the given line segment AB. P(x, y)
S
Let P(x, y) be the point which divides AB in the
ratio m : n. A R
(x1, y 1)
AP m
Then, 
PB n
X' O L N M X
Draw AL  OX; BM  OX; PN  OX;
AR  PN; and PS  BM Y'
Now, AR = LN = ON – OL = ( x  x1);

PS = NM = OM – ON = ( x 2  x );

PR = PN – RN = PN – AL = ( y  y1);
BS = MB – SM = BM – PN = ( y 2  y ) .

ARP and PSB are similar and, therefore, their sides are proportional.
AP AR PR
  
PB PS BS
m x  x1 y  y1
  
n x2  x y 2  y

m x  x1 m y  y1
  and 
n x2  x n y2  y

 mx2  mx  nx  nx1 and my 2  my  ny  ny1

 (m  n )x  (mx 2  nx1) and (m  n )y  ( my 2  ny1)
mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1
 x ,y 
mn mn
 mx2  nx1 my 2  ny1 
Hence, the coordinates of P are  , .
 mn mn 

Midpoint formula : The coordinates of the midpoint M of a line segment AB with end points
 x  x 2 y1  y 2 
A(x 1 , y 1 ) and B(x 2 , y 2 ) are M  1 , .
 2 2 
Proof: Let M be the midpoint of the line segment joining the points A ( x1, y1) and B ( x 2 , y 2 ) .
Then, M divides AB in the ratio 1 : 1
So, by the section formula, the coordinates of M are
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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

 1  x2  1 x1 1  y 2  1  y1   x  x 2 y1  y 2 
 ,  , i.e.,  1 , .
 1 1 1 1   2 2 

 x  x 2 y1  y 2 
Hence, the coordinates of the midpoint of AB are  1 , .
 2 2 

Illustration 12: Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the points (6, 3)
and (–4, 5) in the ratio 3 : 2 internally.

Solution: Let P(x, y) be the required point. Then,

3  4  2  6 35  23 21
x and y   x = 0 and y =
32 32 5
3 2
A(6, 3) P(x, y) B(–4, 5)
So, the coordinates of P are (0, 21/5).

Illustration 13: In what ratio does the point C(3/5, 11/5) divide the line segment joining the points A(3, 5)
and B(–3, –2)?.
Solution: Let the point C divide AB in the ratio k : 1. Then the coordinates of C are

 3k  3 2k  5  k 1
 k 1 , k 1 
  A(3, 5) C B(–3, –2)
But, the coordinates of C are given as (3/5, 11/5).
3k  3 3 2k  5 11
  and 
k 1 5 k 1 5
 – 15k + 15 = 3k + 3 and – 10k + 25 = 11k + 11
 18k = 12 and 21k = 14
2
 k . Hence, the point C divides AB in the ratio 2 : 3.
3

Illustration 14: In what ratio does the x-axis divide the line Y Q(5, 6)
segment joining the points (2, –3) and (5,
6)? Also, find the coordinates of the point
1
of intersection.
Solution: Let the required ratio be k : 1. Then, the O
X' X
coordinates of the point R which divides PQ in R
 5k  2 6k  3  k
the ratio k : 1 are  , 
 k 1 k 1 
Y' P(2, –3)
This point lies on x-axis therefore its coordinates are (x, 0)
6k  3 1 1
  0  . Thus, the required ratio is : 1 or 1 : 2.
k 1 2 2
Putting k = 1/2 in the coordinates of R, we find that its coordinates are (3, 0).

Illustration 15: If the points A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) and D(p, 3) are the vertices of a parallelogram, taken in
order, find the value of p.

Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

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Solution: In parallelogram ABCD

coordinates of the mid-point of AC = coordinates of the mid-point of BD
 6  9 1 4   8  p 2  3 
  2 , 2  2 , 2 
   
 15 5   8  p 5  D(p, 3) C(9, 4)
  2 , 2   2 , 2
   
15 8  p
 
2 2
 30 = 16 + 2p A(6, 1) B(8, 2)
 14 = 2p
 p=7
Illustration 16: Find the ratio in which the point (–3, p) divides the line segment joining the points (–5, –4)
and (–2, 3). Hence, find the value of p.
Solution: Suppose the point P(–3, p) divides the line segment joining points A(–5, –4) and B(–2, 3) in the
ratio k : 1.
 2k  5 3k  4 
Then, the coordinates of P are  ,
 k 1 k  1 
But, the coordinates of P are given as (–3, p).
2k  5 3k  4
  3 and p
k 1 k 1
k 1
A(5,4) P(3, p) B(–2, 3)
3k  4
 –2k – 5 = –3k – 3 and p
k 1
3k  4
 k = 2 and p =
k 1
2
 k = 2 and p = .
3
2
Hence, the ratio is 2 : 1 and p = .
3
Illustration 17: The coordinates of one end point of a diameter AB of a circle are A(4, –1) and the
coordinates of the centre of the circle are C(1, –3). Find the coordinates of B.
Solution: In the figure A(4, –1) and B(a, b) are the end points of
the given diameter AB, and C(1, –3) is the centre of
the circle. Then, C is the midpoint of AB.
By the midpoint formula, the coordinates of C are
C
A B
 4  a 1  b  (4, –1) (1, –3) (a, b)
 2 , 2 .
 
But, the coordinates of C are given as (1, –3).

4a 1  b
  1and  3
2 2
 4 + a = 2 and –1 + b = –6
 a = –2 and b = –5
Hence, the required point is B(–2, –5).

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 18: If A(5, –1), B(–3, –2) and C(–1, 8) are the vertices of triangle ABC, find the length of median
through A.

Solution: Let AD be the median through the vertex A of

ABC. Then, D is the midpoint of BC.
A(5, –1)
By midpoint formula, the coordinates of D are
 3  1 2  8 
 2 , 2  i.e., (–2, 3).
 

 AD  (5  2)2  ( 1  3)2
B(–3, –2) D(–2, 3) C(–1, 8)
 49  16  65 units

Illustration 19: If the coordinates of the midpoints of the sides of a triangle are (1, 2)(0, –1) and (2, –1). Find
the coordinates of its vertices.
Solution: Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) be the vertices of ABC. Let D (1, 2), E(0, –1), and F(2, –1) be
the midpoints of sides BC, CA and AB respectively. Since D is the midpoint of BC.
x2  x3 y  y3
  1 and 2 2
2 2
 x2 + x3 = 2 and y2 + y3 = 4 …(i)
Similarly, E and F are midpoints of CA and AB respectively.

x1  x3 y  y3
  0 and 1  1
2 2
A(x 1, y1)
 x1 + x3 = 0 and y1 + y3 = – 2 …(ii)
x1  x2 y  y2
and,  2 and 1  1
2 2 F(2, –1) E(0, –1)
 x1 + x2 = 4 and y1 + y2 = – 2 …(iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
(x2 + x3) + (x1 + x3) + (x1 + x2) = 2 + 0 + 4 and B(x 2, y2) D(1, 2) C(x 3, y3)
(y2 + y3) + (y1 + y3) + (y1 + y2) = 4 – 2 – 2

 2(x1 + x2 + x3) = 6 and 2(y1 + y2 + y3) = 0

 x1 + x2 + x3 = 3 and y1 + y2 + y3 = 0 …(iv)
 From (i) and (iv), we get
x1 + 2 = 3 and y1 + 4 = 0
 x1 = 1 and y1 = – 4. So, the coordinates of A are (1, – 4)
From (ii) and (iv), we get
x2 + 0 = 3 and y2 – 2 = 0
 x2 = 3 and y2 = 2. So, coordinates of B are (3, 2).
From (iii) and (iv), we get
x3 + 4 = 3 and y3 – 2 = 0
 x3 = – 1 and y3 = 2. So, coordinates of C are (–1, 2).
Hence, the vertices of the triangle ABC are A(1, – 4), B(3, 2) and C(–1, 2).

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

CENTROID OF A TRIANGLE

The coordinates of the centroid of a triangle with vertices ( x 1 , y 1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ) and ( x 3 , y 3 ) is given

x1  x2  x3 y1  y 2  y 3
by , .
3 3

Proof: Let A( x1, y1), B( x 2, y 2 ) and

A(x 1, y 1)
C( x3 , y 3 ) be the vertices of a ABC.

Let D be the midpoint of BC

Then, the coordinates of D by midpoint formula are
G
 x 2  x3 y 2  y 3 
 ,  .
 2 2  B(x2, y 2) D C(x3, y 3)
 x2  x3 y2  y3 
Let G(x, y) be the centroid of ABC.  , 
 2 2 
Then, G divides AD in the ratio 2 : 1

 ( x 2  x3 )   (y 2  y3 ) 
2  1 x1 2  1  y1
 2  ( x1  x 2  x 3 )  2  ( y1  y 2  y 3 )
 x  ; y  
 2 1  3  2 1  3
   

 x  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y 3 
Hence, the coordinates of G are  1 , .
 3 3 
Illustration 20: Find the centroid of  ABC whose vertices are A(–3, 0), B(5, –2) and C(–8, 5).
Solution: Here, x1  3, y1  0, x 2  5, y 2  2 and x 3  8, y 3  5

Let G(x, y) be the centroid of ABC. Then,

1 1
x (x1  x2  x3 )  ( 3  5  8)  2
3 3

1 1
y (y1  y 2  y 3 )  (0  2  5)  1
3 3

Hence, the centroid of ABC is G(–2, 1)

Illustration 21: Two vertices of a ABC are given by A(6, 4) and B(–2, 2), and its centroid is G(3, 4). Find
the coordinates of the third vertex C of ABC.
Solution: Two vertices of ABC are A(6, 4) and B(–2, 2). Let the third vertex by C(a, b).
Then, the coordinates of its centroid are
62a 42b 4a 6b
G
3
,
3  , i.e., G  3 , 3 
   
But, it is given that the centroid is G(3, 4).
4a 6b
  3 and 4
3 3
 a = 5 and b = 6
Hence, the third vertex of ABC is C(5, 6)

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

RADICAL TEST – II (CLASS WORK)

1. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining (–1, 3) and (4, –7)
internally in the ratio 3 : 4.

2. Three consecutive vertices of a parallelogram are (–2, –1), (1, 0) and (4, 3). Find the fourth
vertex.

3. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining (–2, –3) and (5, 6) is divided by

(i) x-axis

(ii) y-axis.

Also, find the coordinates of the point of division in each case.

4. Three vertices of a parallelogram are (a + b, a – b), (2a + b, 2a – b), (a – b, a + b). Find the
fourth vertex.

5. If the points (–2, –1), (1, 0), (x, 3) and (1, y) form a parallelogram, find the values of x and y.

6. If A and B are (1, 4) and (5, 2) respectively, find the coordinates of P when AP/BP = 3/4 and P
lies between A and B.

7. Determine the ratio in which the point P (m, 6) divides the join of A(–4, 3) and B(2, 8). Also find
the value of m.

8. Determine the ratio in which the point (–6, a) divides the join of A(–3, 1) and B(–8, 9). Also find
the value of a.

9. The line segment joining the points (3, –4) and (1, 2) is trisected at the points P and Q. If the
coordinates of P and Q are (p, –2) and (5/3, q) respectively. Find the values of p and q.

10. The line joining the points (2, 1) and (5, –8) is trisected at the points P and Q. If point P lies on
the line 2x – y + k = 0. Find the value of k.

11. Find the coordinates of the points which divide the join of A(–4, 0) and B(0, 6) in three equal
parts.

12. The coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment joining the points A(2p + 1, 4) and
B(5, q – 1) are (2p, q). Find the values of p and q.

13. The midpoint of the line segment joining A(2a, 4) and B(–2, 3b) is M(1, 2a + 1). Find the values
of a and b.

14. The line segment joining A(–2, 9) and B(6, 3) is a diameter of a circle with centre C. Find the
coordinates of C.

15. AB is a diameter of a circle with centre C(–1, 6). If the coordinates of A are (–7, 3), find the
coordinates of B.

16. In what ratio does the point P(2, 5) divide the join of A(8, 2) and B(–6, 9)?

17. Find the third vertex of a ABC if two of its vertices are B(–3, 1) and C(0, –2), and its centroid is
at the origin.

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST – II

8 9
1.  , 
7 7

2. (1, 2)

1   3
3. (i) 1 : 2;  , 0  (ii) 2 : 5,  0, 
3   7 

4. (–b, b)

5. x = 4, y = 2

 19 22 
6.  , 
 7 7 

2
7. 3 : 2, M =
5

8. 3 : 2, a = 29/5

7
9. P ,Q  0
3

10. K=–8

8  4 
11.  , 2 ,  , 4
 3  3 

12. p = 3, q = 3

13. a = 2, b = 2

14. C(2, 6)

15. B(5, 9)

16. 3:4

17. A(3, 1)

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

AREA OF A TRIANGLE

The area of a ABC with vertices A x 1 , y 1 , B x 2 , y 2  and C  x 3 , y 3  is given by area

ABC   1 x 1 y 2  y 3   x 2 y 3  y 1   x 3 y 1  y 2 .
2

Proof : Let Ax1, y 1 , Bx 2 , y 2  and C x 3 , y 3  be the Y

A(x 1, y1)
vertices of the given ABC.
C(x 3, y3)
Draw AP, BM and CN perpendiculars to the x-axis. B
(x2, y 2)
Then, MP  x1  x 2 , PN x 3  x1 

and MN = x 3  x 2  X O M P N X

 area of ABC
Y

= ar (trap. BMPA) + ar (trap.. APNC)  ar (trap. BMNC)

1  1  1 
=  AP  BM   MP    AP  CN   PN    BM  CN   MN 
2  2  2 

1
= y 1  y 2 x1  x 2   1 y 1  y 3 x 3  x 1   1 y 2  y 3 x 3  x 2 
2 2 2

1
= x 1 y 1  y 2  y 1  y 3   x 2 y 2  y 3  y 1  y 2   x 3 y 1  y 3  y 2  y 3 
2

1
 x1 y 2  y 3   x 2 y 3  y 1   x 3 y 1  y 2 .
2
Since the area is never negative, we have

1
area ABC   x1 y 2  y 3   x 2 y 3  y 1   x 3 y 1  y 2 
2
CONDITION FOR COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS

Let the given points be Ax1, y 1 , Bx 2 , y 2  and x 3 ,y 3  .

Then, A, B and C are collinear

 area of ABC = 0

1
 .x1 y 2  y 3   x 2 y 3  y 1   x 3 y 1  y 2   0
2

 x1 y 2  y 3   x 2 y 3  y 1   x 3 y 1  y 2   0

Illustration 22: Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are (1, –1), (–4, 6) and (–3, –5).
Solution: The area of the triangle formed by the vertices A(1, –1), B(–4, 6) and C(–3, –5) is given by

1 1
[1(6  5)  ( 4 )( 5  1)  ( 3 )( 1  6)] = (11  16  21)  24
2 2
So, the area of the triangle is 24 square units.

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 23: Find the value of k if the points A(2, 3), B(4, k) and C(6, –3) are collinear.
Solution: Since the given points are collinear, the area of the triangle will be 0,

1
 [2( k  3 )  4( 3  3 )  6(3  k )]  0
2
1
 [2k  6  24  18  6k ]  0
2
1
 ( 4k )  0
2
Therefore, k = 0

Illustration 24: If A(–5, 7), B(–4, –5), C(–1, –6) and D(4, 5) are the vertices of a quadrilateral, find the area of
the quadrilateral ABCD.
Solution: By joining B to D, two triangles ABD and BCD are formed.
D(4, 5) C(–1, –6)
Now the area of ABD

1
= [5( 5  5 )  ( 4)(5  7)  4(7  5)]
2
1 106 A(–5,7) B(–4, –5)
= (50  8  48)   53 square units
2 2
Also, the area of BCD

1
= [ 4(6  5)  1(5  5)  4( 5  6)]
2

1
= (44  10  4)  19 square units
2
So, the area of quadrilateral ABCD = 53 + 19 = 72 square units.

Illustration 25: Prove that the points (a, b + c), (b, c + a) and (c, a + b) are collinear.

Solution: Let  be the area of the triangle formed by the points (a, b + c), (b, c + a) and (c, a + b)

1
   a(c  a )  b(a  b)  c(b  c )  b(b  c )  c(c  a)  a(a  b )
2

1
  (ac  a 2  ab  b 2  bc  c 2 )  ( b 2  bc  c 2  ca  a 2  ab )
2

 =0

Since area is zero  the given points are collinear.

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

RADICAL TEST – III (CLASS WORK)

1. Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are (a, c + a), (a, c) and (–a, c – a).

2. The four vertices of a quadrilateral are (1, 2), (–5, 6), (7, –4) and (k, –2) taken in order. If the
area of the quadrilateral is zero, find the value of k.

3. Show that the following sets of points are collinear.

(a) (2, 5), (4, 6) and (8, 8) (b) (1, –1), (2, 1) and (4, 5)

4. Find the area of the quadrilaterals, the coordinates of whose vertices are
(1, 2), (6, 2), (5, 3) and (3, 4)

5. (i) For what value of a the point (a, 1), (1, –1) and (11, 4) are collinear?
(ii) For what value of x are the points A(– 3, 12), B(7, 6) and C(x, 9) collinear?

6. If the vertices of a ABC are A(1, k), B(4, – 3) and C(– 9, 7) and its area is 15 sq units then find
the value of k.

ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST – III

1. a2

2. k=3

11
4. sq. units
2

5. (i) a = 5, (ii) x = 2

21
6. k = – 3 or k 
13

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CONCEPT MAP

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

SOLVED EXAMPLE

Example 1 : Find a point on X-axis which is equidistant from A(2, –5) and B(–2, 9).
Solution: We know that a point on x-axis is of the form (x, 0). So, Let P(x, 0) be the point
equidistant from A(2, –5) and B(–2, 9).
Then, PA = PB
2 2 2 2
  x  2  0  5 =  x  2  0  9 
2 2 2 2
  x  2  5  =  x  2   9  [Squaring both sides]
2 2
 x – 4x + 4 + 25 = x + 4x + 4 + 81
 –4x – 4x = 85 – 29
 –8x = 56
 x = –7
Hence, the required point is (–7, 0).

Example 2 : Show that the points (1, –1), (5, 2) and (9, 5) are collinear.
Solution. Let A(1, –1), B(5, 2) and C(9, 5) be the given points. Then, we have
2 2
AB =  5  1   2  1 = 16  9 = 25 = 5
2 2
BC = 5  9  2  5 = 16  9 = 25 = 5
2 2
and AC = 1  9    1  5  = 64  36 = 100 = 10
Now, it is clear that AC = AB + BC
Hence, A, B, C are collinear points.

Example 3 : Show that four points (0, –1), (6, 7) , (–2, 3) and (8, 3) are the vertices of a rectangle. Also
find its area.
Solution. Let A(0, –1), B(6, 7), C(–2, 3) and D(8, 3) be the given points. Then
2 2
AD = 8  0   3  1 = 64  16 = 80 = 4 5
2 2
BC =  6  2  7  3  = 64  16 = 80 = 4 5
2 2
AC =  2  0    3  1 = 4  16 = 20 = 2 5
2 2
and BD = 8  6  3  7 = 4  16 = 20 = 2 5
 AD = BC and AC = BD
So, ADBC is a parallelogram.

2 2
now, AB = 6  0   7  1 = 36  64 = 100 = 10
2 2
and CD = 8  2  3  3 = 100  0 = 100 = 10

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It is clear that : AB2= AD2 + DB2 and

Hence, ADBC is a rectangle.

Now, Area of rectangle ABCD = AD  BD = 4 5  2 5 [Link] = 40 [Link]. 
Example 4 : If two vertices of an equilateral triangle is (0, 0), 3, 3 , find the third vertex. 
Solution.  
O(0,0) and A 3, 3 be the given points and let B(x, y) be the third vertex of equilateral

 OAB . Then,
OA = OB = AB
 OA2 = OB2 = AB2
2
We have, OA2 = (3 –0)2 +  3 0  = 9 + 3 = 12

OB2 = x2 + y2
2
and AB2 = (x – 3)2 + y  3  
 AB2 = x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 2 3y + 3
 AB2 = x2 + y2 – 6x 2 3y + 12
 OA2 = OB2 = AB2
 OA2 = OB2 and OB2 = AB2
 12 = x2 + y2 and x 2  y 2  x 2  y 2  6x  2 3y  12
 x 2  y 2  12 and  6x  2 3y  12
 x 2  y 2  12 and 3x  3y  6

2  3x  3y  6 
 6  3x 
2  
 x    12  6  3x 
 3  y
 3 
2

 x 2

 6  3x   12
3
2
3x 2   6  3x 
  12
3
2
 3x 2   6  3x   36
 3x 2  36  36x  9x 2  36
 12x 2  36x  0
 x = 0 and x = 3
 x=0

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 3y  6
6 23 2 3  3
 y   2 3 [Putting x = 0 in 3x  3y  0 ]
3 3 3
And x=3
 9  3y  6
69
 y  3 [Putting x = 3 in 3x  3y  6 ]
3
Hence, the co-ordinates of the third vertex B are 0,2 3 or 3,  3    
Example 5 : If P(2, –1), Q(3, 4), R(–2, 3) and S(–3, –2) are four points in a plane, show that PQRS is a
rhombus but not a square. Find the area of the rhombus.
Solution. The given points are P(2, –1), Q(3, 4), R(–2, 3) and S(–3, –2).
We have

2 2
PQ =  3  2   4  1 = 1  25 = 26 units.
2 2
QR =  2  3    3  4  = 25  1 = 26 units.
2 2
RS =  3  2   2  3  = 1  25 = 26 units.
2 2
SP =  3  2   2  1 = 25  1 = 26 units.
2 2
PR =  2  2    3  1 = 16  16 = 32 = 4 2 units.
2 2
and QS =  3  3    2  4  = 36  36 = 72 = 6 2 units.
 PQ = QR = RS = SP = 26 units.
and PR  QS
i.e., PQRS is a quadrilateral in which all sides are equal but diagonals are not
equal.
1
Now, area of rhombus PQRS =  (Products of length of diagonals)
2
1
= (PR  QS)
2
1
=  4 2  6 2 [Link].
2
= 24 sq. units.
Example 6 : If the point C(–1, 2) divides internally the line segment joining A(2, 5) and B in ratio
3 : 4, find the co-ordinates of B.
Solution. Let the co-ordinates of B be  ,  in figure. It is given that AC : BC = 3 : 4. So, the co-
ordinates of C are :

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 3  4  2 3  4  5   3  8 3  20 
 34 , 34  =  7 , 7 
   
But the co-ordinates of C are (–1, 2)
3  8 3  20
  1 and =2
7 7
 3  8 = –7 ;  3  20  14
 3 = –7 –8 ;  3 = 14 – 20 = –6
  = –5 ;   = –2
Hence, the co-ordinates of B are (–5, –2).

Example 7 : Find the ratio in which the point (–3, p) divides the line segment joining the points
(–5, –4) and (–2, 3). Hence, find the value of p.
Solution. Let the point P(–3, p) divide the line segment joining points A(–5, –4) and B(–2, 3) in
the ratio K : 1.
 2K  5 3K  4 
Then, the co-ordinates of P are  , 
 K 1 K 1 
But, the co-ordinates of P are given as (–3, p).
2K  5 3K  4
  3 and p
K 1 K 1
3K  4
 2K  5 = –3K –3 and p
K 1
3K  4
 K = 2 and p =
K 1
2
 K = 2 and p = .
3
2
Hence, the ratio is 2 : 1 and p  .
3

Example 8 : The three vertices of a parallelogram taken in order are (–1, 0), (3, 1) and (2, 2)
respectively. Find the co-ordinates of the fourth vertex.
Solution. Let A(–1, 0), B(3, 1), C(2, 2) and D(x, y) be the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD
taken in order. Since, the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other :
 Co-ordinates of the mid-point of AC = Co-ordinates of the mid-point of BD :
 1  2 0  2   3  x 1  y 
  2 , 2 =  2 , 2 
   
 1   3  x y  1
  2 ,1 =  2 , 2 
   
3x 1 y 1
  and 1
2 2 2
 x = –2 and y = 1
Hence, the fourth vertex of the parallelogram is (–2, 1).

Example 9 : If the points A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) and D(p, 3) are the vertices of a parallelogram,
taken in order, find the value of p.

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Solution. We know that diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. So, the co-ordinates of
the mid-point of diagonal AC are same as the co-ordinates of the mid-point of
diagonal BD.
 6  9 1 4   8  p 2  3 
  2 , 2 =  2 , 2 
   
 15 5   8  p 5 
  2 ,2 =  2 ,2 
   
15 8p
 =
2 2
 15 = 8 + p
 p = 15 – 8 = 7

Example 10 : If A(–2, –1), B(a, 0), C(4, b) and D(1, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram, find the
values of a and b.
Solution. We know that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. So, the co-ordinates
of the mid-point of AC are same as the co-ordinates of the mid-point of BD.
 2  4 1  b   a  1 0  2 
i.e.,  , = ,
 2 2   2 2 
 1  b   a  1 
  1, 2  =  2 ,1
   
a 1 1  b
 1= and 1
2 2
 a + 1 = 2 and b –1 = 2
 a = 1 and b = 3
Hence, a = 1 and b = 3.

Example 11 : If the co-ordinates of the mid-points of the sides of a triangle are (1, 2), (0, –1) and
(2, –1), find the co-ordinates of the vertices.
Solution. Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) be the vertices of triangle ABC. Let
D(1, 2), E(0, –1) and F(2, –1) be them id-points of sides BC, CA and AB respectively.
In figure.

 D is the mid-point of BC
x 2  x3 y  y3
  1 and 2 2
2 2
 x2 + x3 = 2 and y2 + y3 = 4 … (i)
Similarly, E and F are the mid-points of CA and AB respectively.
x1  x 3 y  y3
  0 and 1  1  x1  x3  0 and y1 + y3 = –2 … (ii)
2 2

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x1  x 2 y  y2
and  2 and 1  1  x1 + x2 = 4 and y1 + y2 = –2 … (iii)
2 2
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
(x2 + x3) + (x1 + x3) + x1 + x2) = 2 + 0 + 4 and
(y2 + y3) + (y1 + y3) + (y1 + y2) = 4 – 2 – 2
 2(x1 + x2 + x3) = 6 and 2(y1 + y2 + y3) = 0
 x1 + x2 + x3 = 3 and y1 + y2 + y3 = 0 … (iv)
From (i) and (iii), we get
x1 + 2 = 3 and y1 + 4 = 0
 x1 = 1 and y1 = –4
 Co-ordinates of A are (1, –4)
From (ii), and (iv), we get
x2 + 0 = 3 and y2 –2 = 0
 x2 = 3 and y2 =2
 Co-ordinates of B are (3, 2)
From (iii) and (iv), we get x3 + 4 = 3 and y3 = 2
 x3 = –1 and y3 = 2
And, So co-ordinates of C are (–1, 2)
Hence, the vertices of the triangle ABC are A(1, –4), B(3, 2) and C(–1, 2).

Example 12 : Find the lengths of the medians of a  ABC whose vertices are A(7, –3), B(5, 3) and
C(3, –1).
Solution. Let D, E, F be the mid-points of the sides BC, CA and AB respectively in figure.

Then, co-ordinates of D, E and F are :

 5  3 3  1  3  7 1  3 
D ,  = D(4, 1); E  , = E(5, –2)
 2 2   2 2 
 7  5 3  3 
and F , = F(6, 0)
 2 2 
2 2
 AD = 7  4   3  1 = 9  16 = 25 = 5 units.
2 2
BE = 5  5   2  3  = 0  25 = 25 = 5 units.
2 2
and CF = 6  3   0  1 = 9 1 = 10 = 10 units.

Example 13 : If A(5, –1), B(–3, –2) and C(–1, 8) are the vertices of  ABC , find the length of median
through A and the co-ordinates of the centroid.

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Solution : Let AD be the median through the vertex A of  ABC . Then, D is the mid-point of BC.
 3  1 2  8 
So, the co-ordinates of D are  ,
 2 2 
i.e., (–2, 3)

2 2
 AD = 5  2   1  3  = 49  16 = 65 units.
Let G be the centroid of  ABC , G lies on median AD and divides it in the ratio 2 : 1. So,
co-ordinates of G are :
 2  2  1 5 2  3  1 1   4  5 6  1  1 5
 ,  = ,  =  , 
 21 2 1   3 3  3 3

Example 14 : Find the area of the triangle formed by the points A(5, 2), B(4, 7) and C(7, –4).
Solution : Here, x1 = 5, y1 = 2, x2 = 4, y2 = 7, x3 = 7 and y3 = –4.
1
 Area of  ABC = x1  y 2  y 3   x 2  y 3  y 1   x 3  y 1  y 2 
2
1
= 5  7  4   4  4  2   7  2  7 
2
1 1
= 55  24  35 = 4
2 2
Hence, area of  ABC = 2 sq. units.

Example 15 : The vertices of  ABC area A(4, 6), B(1, 5) and C(7, 2). A line is drawn to intersect sides
AD AE 1
AB and AC at D and E respectively. Such that   . Calculate the area of
AB AC 4
ADE and compare it with area of ABC.
Solution : We have,

AD AE 1
 
AB AC 4
AB AC
  4
AD AE

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AD  DB AE  EC
  4
AD AE
DB EC
 1  1 4
AD AE
DB EC
 = = 3 [Substracting 1 from each side]
AD AE
AD AE 1
 = =
DB EC 3
 AD : DB = AE : EC = 1 : 3
 D and E divide AB and AC respectively in the ratio 1 : 3.
So, the co-ordinates of D and E are
 1  12 5  18   13 23   7  12 2  18   19 
 1  3 , 1  3    4 , 4  and  1  3 , 1  3  =  4 ,5  respectively.
       
We have :
4 13 19 4
4 4
23
6 4 5 6
1 23 13 19   13 19 23 
 Area of  ADE = 4  5  6    6    4 5
2 4 4 4   4 4 4 
1  92 65 114   78 437 
 Area of  ADE =       20 
2 4 4 4   4 16 
1 271 1069
 Area of  ADE = 
2 4 16
1 15
= 
2 16
15
= [Link].
16
Also, we have
4 4 7 4

6 5 2 6
1
 Area of  ABC =  4  5  1 2  7  6   1 6  7  5  4  2 
2
1
 Area of  ABC =  20  2  42   6  35  8 
2
1
 Area of  ABC = 64  49
2
15
 Area of  ABC = [Link].
2
Areaof  ADE 15 / 32 1
  
Areaof  ABC 15 / 2 16
Hence, Area of  ADE : Area of  ABC = 1 : 16.
For two Similar Triangles
2 2 2
REA of ABC  AB   BC   AC 
  
REA of PQR  PQ   QR   PR 

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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

ABC  PQR

Example 16 : Show that the points (1, 7), (4, 2), (–1, –1) and (– 4, 4) are the vertices of a square.
Solution : Let A(1, 7), B(4, 2), C(–1, –1) and D(– 4, 4) be the given points. One way of showing that ABCD is
a square is to use the property that all its sides should be equal and both its diagonals should also
be equal. Now,
AB  (1  4) 2  (7  2) 2  9  25  34

BC  (4  1) 2  (2  1) 2  25  9  34

CD  ( 1  4) 2  ( 1  4) 2  9  25  34

DA  (1  4) 2  (7  4) 2  25  9  34

AC  (1  1) 2  (7  1) 2  4  64  68

BD  (4  4) 2  (2  4) 2  64  4  68

Since, AB = BC = CD = DA and AC = BD, all the four sides of the quadrilateral ABCD are equal
and its diagonals AC and BD are also equal. Therefore, ABCD is a square.
Example 17 : Find a relation between x and y such that the point (x, y) is equidistant from the points (7, 1) and
(3, 5). Let P(x, y) be equidistant from the points A(7, 1) and B(3, 5).
Solution : We are given that AP = BP. So,
AP2 = BP2
i.e., (x – 7)2 + (y – 1)2
= (x – 3)2 + (y – 5)2
i.e.
x2 – 14x + 49 + y2 – 2y + 1
= x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 – 10y + 25
i.e., x – y = 2
which is the required relation.
Remark: Note that the graph of the
equation x – y = 2 is a line. From your
earlier studies, you know that a point
which is equidistant from A and B lies on
the perpendicular bisector of AB.
Therefore, the graph of x – y = 2 is the
perpendicular bisector of AB (see Fig).

Example 18 : The length of a line-segment is 10. If one end is at (2,-3) and the abscissa of the second end is
10, show that its ordinate is either 3 or - 9.
Solution : Let (2, 3) be the point A. Let the ordinate of the second end B be y. Then its coordinates will be
(10, y).
 AB  (10  2) 2  (y  3) 3  10 (Given)

or 64  9  y 2  6y  100

or y 2  6y  73  100
or y 2  6y  73  100  0
or y 2  6y  27  0
or (y  9)(y  3)  0
Therefore, y = 9, or y = 3.

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Example 19 : Show that the points (- 2, 5), (3, - 4) and (7, 10) are the vertices of a right triangle.
Solution : Let the three points be A (- 2, 5), B (3, - 4) and C (7, 10).
Then AB2 = (3 + 2)2 + (4  5)2 = 106
BC2 = (7  3)2 + (10 + 4)2 = 212
AC² = (7 + 2)2 + (105)2 = 106
We see that
BC2 = AB² + AC²
212 = 106 + 106
212 = 212
 A  90 o .
Thus, ABC is a right triangle, right angled at A.

Example 20 : If the distance of P (x, y) from A (5, 1) and B (-1, 5) are equal, prove that 3x = 2y.
Solution : P (x, y), A (5, 1) and B (1, 5) are the given points.
AP = BP (Given)
 AP²  BP² = 0
or AP² = BP²
or {(x5)² + (y1)}²  {(x+1)² + (y5)²} = 0
or x 2  25  10x  y 2  1  2y  x 2  1  2x  y 2  25  10y  0 .
or 12x + 8y = 0
or 3x = 2y
Example 21 : In what ratio does the point (1,1) divides the line segment joining the points (4,4) and (7,7)?
Solution : Suppose the point C(1,1) divided the line joining the points A(4,4) and B(7,7) in the ratio k:1.
 7k  4 7k  4 
Then the coordinates of C are  , 
 k 1 k 1 
But, we are given that the coordinates of the point C are (1,1).
7k  4 5
  1  k  
k 1 8
Thus, C divides AB externally in the ratio 5:8.
Example 22 : In what ratio does the Xaxis divides the line segment joining the points (2,3) and (5,6)?
 5  2 6  3 
Solution : Let the required ratio be k:1. Then the coordinates of the point of division are  , .
 k 1 k 1 
But, it is a point on Xaxis on which ycoordinates of every point is zero.
6  3 1
 0k 
k 1 2
1
Thus, the required ratio is : 1 or 1:2.
2
Example 23 : A (1,1) and B (2,3) are two points and D is a point on AB produced such that AD = 3 AB. Find
the coordinates of D.
Solution : We have, AD = 3 AB. Therefore, BD = 2AB. Thus D divides AB externally in the ratio
AD : BD = 3:2.
Hence, the coordinates of D are
A(1, 1) B(2,3) D
 (3  2)  (2  1) (3  3)  (2  1) 
 , 
 32 32 
= (4, 11)

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Example 24 : Determine the ratio in which the line 3x+y 9 = 0 divides the segment joining the points (1, 3) and
(2,7).
Solution : Suppose the line 3x+y 9 = 0 divides the segment joining A (1,3) and B (2,7) in the ratio k : 1 at
 2k  1 7k  3 
point C. Then, the coordinates of C are  ,  . But, C lies on 3x+y9=0, therefore
 k 1 k 1 
 2k  1  7k  3
3  9 0
 k 1  k 1
 6 k + 3 + 7k + 3  9k  9 = 0
 k = 3/4
So, the required ratio is 3:4 internally.
Example 25 : The area of a triangle is 5. Two of its vertices are (2,1) and (3,2). The third vertex lies on y =
x+3. Find the third vertex.

1
Solution : Let the third vertex be (x3,y3), area of ABC  [x 1(y 2  y 3 )  x 2 (y 3  y 1 )  x 3 (y 1  y 2 )]
2
As x1 = 2, y1 = 1; x2 = 3, y2 = 2 ; Area of   5y sq unit

1
 5 2( 2  y 3 )  3(y 3  1)  x 3 (1  2)
2
 10  3x 3  y 3  7

 3x3 + y3  7 = ± 10
Taking positive sign,
3x3 + y3  7 =10
 3x3 + y3 =17 … (i)
Taking negative sign,
 3x3 + y3  7 = 10
 3x3 + y3 =3 … (ii)
Given that (x3, y3) lies on y = x + 3
So, x3 + y3 = 3 … (iii)
7 13
Solving eq. (i) and (ii), x3  ,y 3 
2 2
3 3
Solving eq. (ii) and (iii), x 3  ,y 3 
2 2
 7 13   3 3 
So the third vertex are  2 , 2  or  2 , 2  .
   

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CBSE ASSIGNMENT (HOME WORK)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Show that the mid–point of the line segment joining the points (5, 7) and (3, 9) is also the mid–
point of the line–segment joining the points (8, 6) and (0, 10).

AR 4
2. The co–ordinates of A and B are (1, 2) and (2, 3). Find the co–ordinates of R so that  .
RB 3

3. Find the co–ordinates of a point R which divides the line–segment joining the points P(–2, 3)
4
and Q(4, 7) internally in the ratio .
7
AP 3
4. If A and B are (1, 4) and (5, 2) respectively, find the co–ordinates of P when  .
PB 4

5. Find the co–ordinates of a point which divides internally the line–segment joining the points
(–3, –4) and (–8, 7) in the ratio 7 : 5.

6. Prove that the points (–2, –1), (1, 0), (4, 3) and (1, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram. Is it a
rectangle?

7. The three vertices of a parallelogram taken in order are (–1, 0), (3, 1) and (2, 2) respectively.
Find the coordinates of the fourth vertex.

8. If the points A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) and D(p, 3) are the vertices of a parallelogram, taken in
order, find the value of p.

9. If A(–2, –1), B(a, 0), C(4, b) and D(1, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram, find the values of a
and b.

10. If the coordinates of the mid–points of the sides of a triangle are (1, 2) (0, –1) and (2, –1). Find
the coordinates of its vertices.

11. If the point (x, y) be equidistant from the points (a + b, b – a) and (a – b, a + b), prove that
bx + ay = 0.

12. Show that the points A(a, a), B(–a, –a) and C( a 3, a 3) from an equilateral triangle.

13. If A(3, –4); B(4, 2); C(5, –4) and D(4, –10) are the vertices of a quadrilateral ; prove that ABCD
is a rhombus.

14. The vertices of a triangle are (a, b – c), (b, c – a) (c, a – b) ; prove that its centroid lies on the
x–axis.

15. If A(5, –1), B(–3, –2) and C(–1, 8) are the vertices of triangle ABC, find the length of median
through A and the coordinates of the centroid.

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Short Answer Type Questions

 a 2a 
1. If P and Q are two points whose coordinates are (at2, 2at) and  ,  respectively and S is
 t2 t 
1 1
the point (a, 0). Show that  is independent of t.
SP SQ

2. If the points A(x, y), B(– 5, 7) and C(– 4, 5) are collinear then show that 2x + y + 3 = 0

3. Find the centre of a circle passing through the points (6, –6), (3, –7) and (3, 3).

4. The two opposite vertices of a square are (–1, 2) and (3, 2). Find the coordinates of the other
two vertices.

5. If the midpoint of the line joining (3, 4) and (k, 7) is (x, y) and 2x + 2y + 1 = 0 find the value of k.

6. Determine the ratio in which the straight line x – y – 2 = 0 divides the line segment joining (3, –1)
and (8, 9).

7. If A and B are two points having coordinates (–2, –2) and (2, –4) respectively find the
3
coordinates of P such that AP = AB .
7
y
B(0, 2b)

8. If the figure, a right triangle BOA is given. C is the C

midpoint of the hypotenuse AB. Show that it is
equidistant from the vertices O, A and B. x' x
O A(2a, 0)

y'
9. A(3, 2) and B(–2, 1) are two vertices of a triangle ABC whose centroid G has the coordinates
5 1
 ,   . Find the coordinates of the third vertex C of the triangle.
3 3

1 1
10. Prove that the points (a, 0), (0, b) and (1, 1) are collinear if,   1.
a b

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Long Answer Type Questions

1. If the point (x, y) is equidistant from the points (a + b, b  a) and (a  b, a + b), prove that bx = ay.

2. Show that the points (a, a), (a,  a) and ( 3a, 3a) are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.

3. Show that the points (1, 1), (2, 7) and (3, 3) are collinear.

4. The mid-point of the line segment joining the points (7, 14) and (K, 4) is (a, b) where 2a + 3b = 5, find the
value of K.
1 1
5. Prove that the points (a,0), (0, b) and (1,1) are collinear if,   1 .
a b
6. Show that the points A(2,2), B(14,10), C(11,13) and D(1,1) are the vertices of a rectangle. [CBSE -
2004]
7. Determine the ratio in which the point (- 6, a) divides the join of A (- 3, -1) and B (- 8, 9). Also find the
value of a.

8. Find a point on X-axis which is equidistant from the points (7, 6) and (3, 4).

9. The line segment joining the points (3,– 4) and (1, 2) is trisected at the points P and Q. If the coordinates
of P and Q are (p, – 2) and (5/3, q) respectively. Finds the value of p and q.

10. If A (2, 1), B (a, 0), C (4, b) and D (1, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram, find the values of a and b.

11. The coordinates of one end point of a diameter of a circle are (4, –1) and the coordinates of the centre of
the circle are (1, –3). Find the coordinates of the other end of the diameter.
3
12. The point R divides the line segment AB, where A (– 4, 0 ) and B ( 0, 6 ) are such that AR = AB. Find
4
the coordinates of R.

13. For what value of k are the points (1, 1), (3, k) and (-1, 4) collinear?

14. Find the area of the AABC with vertices A (– 5, 7), B (– 4, – 5) and C (4, 5).

15. If the point P(x, y) is equidistant from the points A (3, 6) and B (– 3, 4), prove that 3x + y – 5 = 0.

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MIND BOOSTER ASSIGNMENT

FOUNDATION BUILDER: (Class work)

1. P is a point on x-axis at a distance of 3 units from y-axis to its right. The coordinates of P are
(a) (3, 0) (b) (0, 3) (c) (3, 3) (d) (– 3, 3)

2. The distance of the point P(4, – 3) from the origin is

(a) 1 unit (b) 7 units (c) 5 units (d) 3 units

3. What point on x-axis is equidistant from the points A(7, 6) and B(– 3, 4)?
(a) (0, 4) (b) (– 4, 0) (c) (3, 0) (d) (0, 3)

 11 
4. The point  ,2  divides the join of A( 2, 1) and B(7, 4) in the ratio
3 
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 2 : 3

5. x-axis divides the join of A(2, – 3) and B(5, 6) in the ratio

(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 3 : 5 (d) 2 : 3

6. If P(– 1, 1) is the middle point of the line segment joining A(– 3, b) and B(1, b + 4), then the
value of b is
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 2 (d) 0

7. The coordinates of the centroid of ABC with vertices A(– 1, 0), B(5, – 2) and C(8, 2) is
(a) (12, 0) (b) (6, 0) (c) (0, 6) (d) (4, 0)

8. Two vertices of ABC are A(– 1, 4) and B(5, 2) and its centroid is G(0, – 3). The coordinates of
C are
(a) (4, 3) (b) (4, 15) (c) (– 4, – 15) (d) (– 15, – 4)

9. If A(3, 8), B(– 4, 2) and C(5, – 1) are the vertices of ABC. Then, its area is
1 1
(a) 28 sq. units (b) 37 sq. units (c) 57 sq. units (d) 75 sq. units
2 2

10. Point P divides the join of A(3, 5) and B(7, 9) internally in the ratio 2 : 3. The coordinates of P
are
 13 23   23 33   33 23 
(a)  ,  (b)  ,  (c)  ,  (d) none of these
 5 5   5 5   5 5 

11. The y-axis divides the line-segment joining the points (– 4, 5) and (3, –7) internally in the ratio
(a) 2 : 7 (b) 3 : 7 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 3 : 4

12. Centre of a circle is at (– 1, 3) and one end of a diameter has coordinates (2, 5). The
coordinates of the other end are
(a) (– 4, 1) (b) (1, – 4) (c) (4, – 1) (d) none of these

13. Three consecutive vertices of a parallelogram are (1, – 2), (3, 6) and (5, 10). The coordinates of
the fourth vertex are
(a) (– 3, 2) (b) (2, – 3) (c) (3, 2) (d) (– 2, – 3)

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14. The vertices of a parallelogram are (3, – 2), (4, 0), (6, – 3) and (5, – 5). The diagonals intersect
at the point M. The coordinates of the point M are
9 5 7 5 7 3
(a)  ,   (b)  ,   (c)  ,   (d) none of these
2 2 2 2 2 2

15. If two vertices of a parallelogram are (3, 2) and (– 1, 0) and the diagonals intersect at
(2, –5), then the other two vertices are
(a) (1, – 10), (5, – 12) (b) (1, – 12), (5, – 10)
(c) (2, – 10), (5, – 12) (d) (1, – 10), (2, – 12)

CONCEPT STRENGTHENER: (Home work)

1. The join of (–3, 2) and (4, 6) is cut by x-axis in the ratio

(a) 2 : 3 internally (b) 1 : 2 externally (c) 1 : 3 externally (d) 3 : 2 internally

2. Find the distance between the pair of points, (a sin a, –b cos a) and (–a cos a, b sin a).
   
(a) 2 a2  b2 cos     (b) 2 a2  b2 cos    
 4  4
   
(c) 2 a2  b2 sin     (d) a2  b2 cos    
 4  4

3. The ratio in which the line segment joining (2, –3) and (5, 6) is divided by (i) x-axis (ii) y-axis is
(a) 1 : 2 (internal), 2 : 5 (external) (b) 1 : 2 (internal), 2 : 5 (internal)
(c) 1 : 2 (external), 2 : 5 (internal) (d) 1 : 2 (external), 2 : 5 (external)

4. The points (–2, –5), (2, –2), (8, a) are collinear, then the value of a is
5 5 3 1
(a)  (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2

5. The area of the triangle with vertices at the points (a, b + c), (b, c + a), (c, a + b) is
1 1 1
(a) 0 (b) a + b + c (c) ab + bc + ca (d)  
a b c

6. If P(1, 2), Q(4, 6), R(5, 7) and S(a, b) are vertices of a parallelogram PQRS, then
(a) a = 2, b = 4 (b) a = 3, b = 4 (c) a = 2, b = 3 (d) a = 3, b = 5

7. The medians of a triangle meet at (0, –3) and two vertices are at (–1, 4) and (5, 2). Then the
third vertex is at
(a) (4, 15) (b) (–4, –15) (c) (–4, 15) (d) (4, –15)

8. The area of the triangle with vertices at (–4, 1), (1, 2), (4, –3) is
(a) 17 (b) 16 (c) 15 (d) 14

9. The ratio in which the x-axis divides internally the line segment joining (2, –3) and (3, 5) is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 3 (c) 3 : 5 (d) 5 : 7

10. The value of k if the point P(–1, 2) is equidistant from the points A(2, k) and B(k, –1) is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 4 5

11. If (2, 2p + 2) is the mid-point of (3p, 4) and (–2, 2q), the value of p and q are
(a) 2, 4 (b) 3, 6 (c) 7, 9 (d) 8, 10

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12. The co-ordinates of mid points of the sides of a triangle are (4, 2), (3, 3) and (2, 2). Then the
coordinate of the centroids of the triangle are
 7
(a)  3,  (b) (3, 3) (c) (4, 3) (d) (1, 2)
 3

13. The ratio in which the line x + 2y – 4 = 0 divides the join of (–1, 3) and (3, –1) is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 1 : 3 (d) 1 : 5

14. The centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (4, –8), (–9, 7), (8, 13) is
(a) (0, 4) (b) (1, 4) (c) (2, 4) (d) (3, 4)

15. Which point on y-axis is equidistant from (2, 3) and (–4, 1) ?

(a) (0, 4) (b) (0, –1) (c) (0, 0) (d) (0, 5)

EXPERTISE ATTAINER: (Home work)

1. The points (a,b), (0,0), (a,b) and (a², ab) are

(a) Collinear (b) Vertices of a parallelogram
(c) Vertices of a rectangle (d) None of these

2. If the points (5,1), (1,p) & (4,2) are collinear then the value of p will be
(a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 2

3. Length the median from B on AC where A(1,3), B(1,1), C(5,1) is

(a) 18 (b) 10 (c) 2 3 (d)1

4. The points (0,1), (2,3), (6, 7) and (8,3) are

(a) Collinear
(b) Vertices of a parallelogram which is not a rectangle
(c) Vertices of a rectangle, which is not a square
(d) None of these

5. If (3,4) and (6,5) are the extremities of the diagonal of a parallelogram and (2,1) is its third
vertex, then its fourth vertex is
(a) (1,0) (b) (0,1) (c) (1,1) (d) None of these

6. The area of triangle whose vertices are (a,c+a), (a,c) and (a, ca) are
(a) a² (b) b² (c) c² (d) a²+c²

7. The area of the quadrilaterals, the coordinates of whose vertices are (1,2), (6,2), (5,3) and (3,4)
are
(a) 9/2 (b) 5 (c) 11/2 (d) 11

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ANSWERS TO CBSE ASSIGNMENT

Very Short Answer Type
 11 18   2 49 
2. 7,7  3.  11, 11 
   

 19 22   71 29 
4.  7,7  5.   12 , 12 
   

7. (–2, 1) 8. (P = 7)
9. a = 1, b =3 10. A(1, –4), B(3, 2) C(–1, 2)

1 5
15. 3, 3 
 

Short Answer Type

3. (3, –2) 4. (1, 0), (1, 4)

5. K = – 15 6. 2 : 3 internally

 2 20 
7.  7, 7  9. (4, – 4)
 

Long Answer Type

4. K = 15 7. 3:2, a = 5 8. (3,0) 9. p = 7/3, q = 0

 9
10. a =1, b = 3 11. (2,5 ) 12.  1,  13. k = 214. 53 sq. units
 2 

16. (4,2) 22. 24 sq. units

ANSWERS TO MIND BOOSTER ASSIGNMENT

FOUNDATION BUILDER
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)

6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)

11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (b)
CONCEPT STRENGTHENER
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a)

6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)

11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b)
EXPERTISE ATTAINER
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)

6. (a) 7. (c)

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY

In the previous chapter, you have studied about trigonometric ratios.

In this chapter, you will be studying about some ways in which trigonometry
is used in the life around you. Trigonometry is one of the most ancient
subjects studied by scholars all over the world. As we have said in Chapter
8, trigonometry was invented because its need arose in astronomy. Since
then the astronomers have used it, for instance, to calculate distances from
the Earth to the planets and stars. Trigonometry is also used in geography
and in navigation. The knowledge of trigonometry is used to construct maps,
determine the position of an island in relation to the longitudes and
latitudes.

Surveyors have used trigonometry for centuries.

One such large surveying project of the nineteenth
century was the 'Great Trigonometric Survey' of British
India for which the two largest-ever theodolites were
built. During the survey in 1852, the highest mountain
in the world was discovered. From a distance of over
160 km, the peak was observed from six different
stations. In 1856, this peak was named after Sir George
Everest, who had commissioned and first used the giant A Theodolite
theodolites (see the figure alongside). The theodolites are now on display
in the Museum of the Survey of India in Dehradun. (Surveying instrument,
which is based on the Principles of trigonometry, is used for measuring
angles with a rotating telescope)

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

INTRODUCTION
LINE OF SIGHT
When an observer looks from a point O at an object P then the line OP is called the line of sight.

ANGLE OF ELEVATION
Assume that from a point O, we look up at an object P, placed P
above the level of our eye. Then, the angle which the line of
sight makes with the horizontal line through O is called the angle Line of sight
of elevation of P, as seen from O.
Example: Let OX be a horizontal line on the level ground and
let a person at O be looking up towards an object Angle of elevation
P, say an aeroplane or the top of a tree or the top O Horizontal line X
of a tower, or a flag at the top of a house.
Then, XOP is the angle of elevation of P from O.
ANGLE OF DEPRESSION

Assume that from a point O, we look down at an object P, placed Horizontal line
A O
below the level of our eye. Angle of depression

Then, the angle which the line of sight makes with the horizontal Line of sight
line through O is called the angle of depression of P, as seen
from O.
P

Illustration 1: Find the angle of elevation of the Sun's altitude

A
when the height of shadow of a vertical pole is
equal to its height.
Solution: Let the height of the pole AB = x m.
pole

xm
Then length of shadow OB of the pole AB = x m.
[  height of shadow = height of pole]
Let the angle of elevation be , i.e., AOB =  
O xm B
In right OBA, we have
AB x
tan     tan  = 1   = 45º
OB x
Hence, the angle of elevation of the Sun's altitude is 45º.

Illustration 2: In figure, what are the angle of depression of the top and bottom of h m tall building from
the top of multistoryed building?

Q P

Multistoryed
Building
B 30º
D
Building
h
45º
A C

Solution: From P draw a line PQ || BD or AC, then the angles of depression of the top and bottom of a tall
building h m from the top P of the multistoryed building are 30º and 45º, respectively.

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 3: From a point 20 m away from the foot of a tower, the A

angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 30º. Find
the height of the tower. Tower

Solution: Let O be a point 20 m away from the tower AB = h m 30º

O B
In right OBA, we have 20 m
AB 1 h 20
tan30º    h m
OB 3 20 3
20
Thus, the height of the tower is m.
3

Illustration 4: In figure, what are the angles of depression from the

positions O1 and O2 of the object at A?
O2 O1

Solution: From O1 and O2 draw a line parallel to ABC. 60º

In AO1C, O1AC = 180º – (90º + 60º) = 30º

 The angles of depression from the points O1 and 45º

A B C
O2 of the object at A are 30º and 45º, respectively.

Illustration 5: The string of a kite is 100 m long and it makes an angle of 60º with the horizontal. Find the
height of the kite. Assume that there is no slackness in the string.
Solution: Length of string OA = 100 m.
A
Angle of elevation = 60º.
Let the height of the kite be AB = h m.
In right OBA, we have
AB
sin60º 
OA
3 h 60º
   h  50 3 O B
2 100

Thus, the height of the kite is h  50 3 m.

Illustration 6: In figure, what are the angles of depression of the top Q O

and bottom of a pole from the top of a tower h m high?

30º

Tower

45º
A M
pole

B L
Solution: From O draw a line OQ parallel to AM or BL, then the angles of depression of the top and bottom
of a pole from the top O of a tower h m are 45º and 60º respectively.

PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / MUMBAI / LUCKNOW / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai 133
 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 7: From a point on a bridge across a river, the angles of depression of the banks on opposite
sides of the river are 60 and 45 respectively. If the bridge is at a height of 3 m from the
banks, find the width of the river.
Solution: Let A and B represent points on the banks on opposite sides of the river so that AB is the width of
the river.
Let P be the point on the bridge at a height of 3 m
i.e., DP = 3 m.
In right APD, A = 60
PD
 tan 60 =
DA
3 P
 3
AD 45 60
 DA = 3 m …(i)
In right PBD, B = 45 E
PD
 tan 45 =
DB A D B
3
 1  BD = 3 m …(ii)
DB
AB = BD + DA
 (3  3 ) m ….. [from (i) and (ii)]
 3  3 1 m
Therefore, the width of the river is 3  
3  1 m.

Illustration 8: A carpenter makes stools for electricians with a square top of side 0.5 m and at a height
1.5 m above the ground. Also, each leg is inclined at an angle of 60 to the ground. Find
the length of each leg also the lengths of two steps to be put at equal distances in metres
correct up to two places of decimals.
Solution: Let AC and BD be two legs and let AB = 0.5 m be the edge of the top of the stool. Then, ACD =
BDC = 60 (given). Let RS and LM be two steps. It is given that the height of the stool above the
ground is 1.5 m
AB || RS || LM || CD
 ARJ = ACP = 60º
AC 0.5 m
In APC,  cosec 60º A B
AP

2 15 2  3 S
 AC  1.5    R
10 3 J J'
3

 3  1.732 m L M
K K'
AC = BD = 1.732 m
Now, RS = RJ + JJ ' + J 'S = 2RJ + 0.5 ..... (i) 60 60
C D
P Q
RJ
In AJR  cot 60º
AJ
1 5 3
 RJ  0.5   
3 10 3
 RJ = 0.288 m
Substituting in (i), we have
RS = 0.5 + 2 × 0.288

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

= 0.5 + 0.576 = 1.076 m.

Now, LM = LK + KK ' + K 'M = 2LK + 0.5 ..... (ii) [  LK = K 'M]
LK
In AKL,  cot 60º
AK
1
 LK  1.0   0.577 m
3
Substituting in (ii), we have
LM = 2 × 0.577 + 0.5 = 1.3856 + 0.5 = 1.654 m.

Illustration 9: In the given figure, ABCD is a rectangle in which line segments AP and AQ are drawn as
shown. Find the length of (AP + AQ).
Solution: In ABP, right-angled at B, we get

AB 3
 sin 60 =
AP 2
2  2  120
 AP  AB    60  cm  cm
3  3  3

120 3
 cm  40 3 cm
3
In ADQ, right-angled at D, we get
AD D Q C
 sin 60
AQ 60
45 cm
45 3 P
  60
AQ 2
90
 AQ 
3 A 60 cm B

90 3
 AQ   30 3 cm
3

 AP  AQ  40 3  30 3 cm

 70 3  70  1.732  121.24 cm

Illustration 10: A tree breaks due to the storm and the broken part bends so that the top of the tree
touches the ground making an angle of 30 with the ground. The distance from the foot of
the tree to the point where the top touches the ground is 8 m. Find the height of the tree.

Solution: Let CBA be tree of height  h  x  m.

Let the height of the tree after broken part be h m

 Let AB  BD  x and CD  8 m [given]
CD
In BCD,  cos 30
x

8 3
 
x 2

16 3 16 3
 x  
3 3 3

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

h 1 A
In BCD, = tan 30 =
8 3

8 8 3 8 3
 h   
3 3 3 3 x

 Height of the tree

B
x
8 3 16 3 24 3 h
hx     8  1.73  13.84 m
3 3 3 30 C
D
8m
Illustration 11: An aeroplane when flying at a height of 5000 m from the ground passes vertically above
another aeroplane at an instant when the angles of the elevation of the two planes from the
same point on the ground are 60 and 45 respectively. Find the vertical distance between
the Aeroplanes at that instant.
Solution: Let the height of first aeroplane = AC = 5000 m
and height of the second aeroplane = BC = h.
Let CD = x m. A
AC
In ACD,  tan 60
CD
5000 B 5000 m
  3 …(i)
x
h h
In BCD,  tan 45
x 45 60
D C
 h  x.1  h  x …(ii) x
From (i) and (ii) we have
5000 5000 3 5000 3
h 3  5000 m  h   
3 3 3 3
Hence, vertical distance between the two Aeroplanes
5000 3 15000  5000 3 5000(3  3)
 5000   
3 3 3
5000  (3  1.73) 5000  (1.27)
   5000  0.4233  2116.5 m
3 3
Illustration 12: As observed from the top of a 75 m tall light house, the angles of depression of two ships
approaching it are 30 and 45. If one ship is directly behind the other, find the distance
between the two ships.
Solution: AB is a light house 75 m high.
Let C and D be the two ships such that
XAD  30  ADB 
[alternate angles]
and XAC  45  ACB 
75 X 30 A
In ABC,  tan 45 = 1
BC 45
 BC = 75 m
 DB  (DC  BC)  (DC  75) m ..... (i) 75 m
75
In ABD,  tan 30
DB
30 45
75 1
 [from (i)] D C B
DC  75 3
 DC  75  75 3  DC  75( 3  1)  75  0.73  54.75 m
Hence, the distance between two ships is 54.75 m

136 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / MUMBAI / LUCKNOW / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 13: The horizontal distance between two towers is 140 m. The angle of elevation of the top of
the first tower when seen from the top of the second tower is 30. If the height of the
second tower is 60 m, find the height of the first tower.
Solution: Let the distance between two towers AB and CD be 140 m
 DE = CB = 140 m
Height of the second tower CD = 60 cm
Let height of the first tower = h m
CD  BE  60 m
 AE  (h  60) m
AE
In AED, = tan 30
DE
h  60 1
 
140 3
 3 h  60 3  140 m A

 3 h  140  60 3 h-60 m
140  60 3 30
 h D E hm
3 140 m

60 m
140  60 3 3
 h  60 m
3 3
140 3  180 C B
 h 140 m
3
140  1.73  180
 h
3
242.20  180
 h  140.73 m
3
 Height of the first tower = h = 140.73 m

Illustration 14: The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from the points P and Q at distances of a and
b, respectively, from the base and in the same straight line with it are complementary.
Prove that the height of tower is ab .
Solution: Let AB be the height of the tower = h
P and Q are the two points such that BP = a, BQ = b,
AQB = 
 APB = 90   [  angles are complementary]
AB
In ABP,  tan (90  )
BP
 h  a tan (90  )
= a cot  …(i)
AB
In ABQ,  tan 
BQ
a
 h  b tan  …(ii)
Multiplying (i) and (ii) we have
H
h2  ab cot . tan  = ab  h2  ab

 h  ab .  90-
Q B
p
 Height of the tower = ab A
B

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 15: The angle of elevation  of a vertical tower from a point on the ground is such that its
tangent is  5 12  . On walking 192 metres towards the tower in the same straight line, the
tangent of the angle of elevation  is found to be  3 4  . Find the height of the tower.
Solution: Let PQ be the tower and let A and B be the given points of Q
observation on the ground. Then,
PAQ = , PBQ = , APQ = 90º, AB = 192 m,
5 3
tan   and tan   .
12 4 h metres
Let PQ = h metres and BP = x metres.
In APQ, we have
 
A 192m B x m P
PQ 5
 tan  
AP 12
h 5
   12h = 5x + 960
192  x 12
 5x = (12 h – 960)
(12h  960)
 x ... (i)
5
In BPQ, we have
PQ 3
 tan  
BP 4
h 3 4h
   3x = 4h  x  ... (ii)
x 4 3
From (i) and (ii), we get
12h  960 4h
  36h – 2880 = 20h
5 3
 16h = 2880
 h = 180 m.

Illustration 16: The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the same level as the foot of the
tower is . On advancing 'p' metres towards the foot of the tower, the angle of elevation
 p tanα tanβ 
becomes . Show that the height 'h' of the tower is given by h   m .
 tanβ  tanα 

Also determine the height of the tower, if p = 150 m,  = 30º and  = 60º.
Solution: Let PQ be the tower and let A and B be the given points of Q
observation on the ground.
Then PQ = h metres and BP = x metres.
In APQ, we have
h metres
PQ
 tan 
AP
h h  
  tan    p x
(p  x) tan  A p B x P
 h 
 x   p ..... (i)
 tan  
In BPQ, we have

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

PQ h
 tan    tan 
BP x
h
 x ..... (ii)
tan 

From (i) and (ii), we get

h h
p 
tan  tan 

 1 1 
 p  h  
 tan  tan 

(tan   tan  )
 p  h
(tan  tan )

p(tan  tan )
Or h ..... (iii)
(tan   tan  )

p(tan  tan )
Thus, the height of the tower is m.
(tan   tan  )
Putting p = 150 m,  = 30º and  = 60º in (iii), we have
(150  tan30º  tan 60º )
h m
(tan 60º  tan30º )

 1 
150   3

3  m  150  75 3 m
 1  3 1
 3  3
 3

Illustration 17::A tower is 50 m high. Its shadow is x metres shorter when the sun's altitude is 45º than
when it is 30º. Find the value of x.
Solution: Let PQ be the tower and let PA and PB be its Q
shadows when the altitudes of the sun are 45º and
30º respectively. Then,
PAQ = 45º, PBQ = 30º,
50 m
PQ = 50 m
Let AB = x metres
In APQ, we have
30º 45º
B xm A 50 m P
PQ
= tan 45º = 1
AP
PQ
  1  PQ = 50 m
50
In BPQ, we have
PQ 1
 tan30º 
BP 3
50 1
 
x  50 3
 x  50  50 3
 x = 50 3  50 = 50( 3  1) .

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Illustration 18: The length of a string between a kite and a point on the ground is 93.5 m. If the string
15
makes an angle  with the level ground such that tan   , how high is the kite? There is
8
no slack in the string.
15
Solution: From DEF, tan  
8
 DF  152  82  225  64
  289  17 m D
  ABC ~ DEF [AA A
criterion]
AB AC 93.5 m
 h
DE DF 15
h 93.5
 
15 17 

F E C B
93.5  15 8
 h  82.5 m
17

Illustration 19: The distance between two vertical poles is 60 m. The height of one of the poles is double
the height of the other. The angles of elevation of the top of the poles from the middle
point of the line segment joining their feet are complementary to each other. Find the
heights of the poles.

Solution: Let AB and CD be the two poles such that CD = h and AB = 2h. E is the mid point of BD and BD =
60 m

 BE  DE  30 m

Let CED = 

 AEB = 90   [  angles are complementary]

CD h A
In right angled CED, tan  = 
DE 30

 h  30 tan  …(i)
2h C
Also in right angled AEB,
AB 2h h
tan (90  )  
BE 30
90 
2h B E D
 cot  
30

or h  15 cot  …(ii)

Multiplying (i) and (ii), we get,

2
h2  15  30 tan .cot  = 450 m

 h  450 m  21.21 m (approx.)

Hence, the heights of the poles are 21.21 m and 42.42 m.

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 20: A round balloon of radius r subtends an angle  at the eye of the observer while the angle
of elevation of its centre is . Prove that the height of the centre of the balloon is
 α
 r sinβ cosec  .
 2
Solution: Let us represent the balloon by a circle with centre C A
and radius r. Let OX be the horizontal ground and let r
O be the point of observation. From O, draw C
tangents OA and OB to the circle. Join CA, CB and r
CO, Draw CD  OX.
B
Now, AOB = , 


AOC = BOC = , ODC = 90º and O D X
2
DOC = 
Clearly, OAC = 90º, and CD = height of the centre.
In OAC, we have
OC 
 cosec
AC 2
OC 
  cosec
r 2

 OC  r cosec ..... (i)
2
In ODC, we have
CD
 sin   CD = OC × sin 
OC

 CD  r sin  cosec [From (i)]
2

Hence, the height of the centre of the balloon from the ground is r sin  cosec .
2

Illustration 21: The angle of elevation of a cloud from a point 60 metres above a lake is 30º and the angle
of depression of the reflection of the cloud in the lake is 60º. Find the height of the cloud.
Solution: Let AB be the surface of the lake and let P be a point vertically above A such that AP = 60 m.
Let C be the position of the cloud and let D be its reflection in the lake.
Let the height of the cloud be h metres.
Then, BC = BD = h. C
Draw PQ  CD. Then, QPC = 30º, QPD = 60º,
BQ = AP = 60 m
CQ = (h – 60) m and DQ = (h + 60) m
P 30º Q
In CQP, we have
60º
PQ PQ 60m 60m
 cot 30º   3
CQ (h  60) A B
 PQ = (h – 60) 3 m ... (i)
In DQP, we have
PQ PQ 1
 cot 60º  
DQ (h  60) 3
D
(h  60)
 PQ  m ... (ii)
3
(h  60)
From (i) and (ii), we get (h  60) 3   (3h – 180) = (h + 60)
3
 2h = 240  h = 120.
Hence, the height of the cloud is 120 m.

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 22: The angles of depression of the top and the bottom of a 7 m tall building from the top of a
tower are 45 and 60 respectively. Find the height of the tower.

Solution: Let AB be the height of the tower =  h  7  m X A

45
60
XAD = 45 = ADE and
XAC = 60 = ACB hm
h
In AED, = tan 45 = 1
DE D 45
E
 DE  h  BC
h7

7m
In ABC,  tan 60 7m
BC

h  7  BC . tan 60 = h 3 [  BC = h] 60 B

7 3 1
h  
3 1  7 or h 
3 1

3 1
7( 3  1) 7
 h 2 2
  2.73
( 3)  (1) 2

19.11
=  9.55 m
2
Hence, height of the tower AB  h  7  9.55  7  16.55 m

Illustration 23: The angles of elevation of the top of a rock from the top of and foot of 100 m high tower are
respectively, 30 and 45. Find the height of the rock.

Solution: Let AB be the height of the rock = h m

CD = 100 m = BE  AE = h  100

Let CE  DB  x m
AE A
In AEC,  tan 30
CE
h-100

x
 h  100  or x  3  h  100  m …(i)
3
h
C 30 E
AB
In ABD,  tan 45.
BD
100 M

100

h
 1  x h …(ii)
x 45
D
x B

From (i) and (ii), we have

3 h  100 3  h  h  
3  1  100 3

100 3 3 1
 h
3 1

3 1
 
 50 3  3  236.50 m

142 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / MUMBAI / LUCKNOW / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 24: A 1.2 m tall girl spots a balloon

moving with the wind in a A B
horizontal line at a height of 88.2
m from the ground. The angle of 87 m
elevation of the balloon from the 88.2 m
eyes of the girl at any instant is
60º. After some time, the angle of
60º
elevation reduces to 30º (figure). E 30º
Find the distance travelled by the L M
1.2 m
balloon during the interval.
x y
Solution: Height of the balloon from the ground = 88.2 m
Height of the girl = 1.2 m

 Height of the balloon from girl's eye = 88.2 m – 1.2 m = 87 m

Angle of elevation of the balloon at position A from the eye (E) of the girl at any instant = 60º.
After some time, the angle of elevation of the balloon at position B from the eye (E) of the
girl = 30º.
Let AL be the height of the balloon when the angle of elevation of 60º and BM be the height of the
balloon when angle of elevation of 30º such that AL = BM = 87 m
Let EL = x m and LM = y m be the distance travelled by the balloon during the interval.

In AEL, we have
AL
tan60º 
EL
87
 3
x
87
 x
3
87 3
 x
3
 x  29 3 ... (i)
In BEM, we have
BM
tan30º 
EM
1 87
 
3 EL  LM
1 87
 
3 xy
 x  y  87 3
 y  87 3  29 3
 y  (87  29) 3 m
 y  58 3 m
Thus, the distance travelled by the balloon in a horizontal line during the interval is 58 3 m .

PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / MUMBAI / LUCKNOW / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai 143
 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 25: A 1.5 m tall boy is standing at some distance from a 30 m tall building. The angle of
elevation from his eyes to the top of the building increases from 30º to 60º as he walks
towards the building. Find the distance he walked towards the building.

28.5 m
Building

30 m
D 30º 60º
L
F

1.5 m
1.5 m
E
C xm ym A
Solution: Let AB = 30 m be the height of the building. Let CD = 1.5 m be a tall boy.

Let D be the point of observation of the angle of elevation of the building such that BDL = 30º.
Let EF = 1.5 m be the position of a tall boy after walking a distance of CE = x m towards the
building along the same horizontal line, such that F be the point of observation of the angle of
elevation of the top of the building such that BFL = 60º.
We have
BL = AB – AL = 30 m – 1.5 m = 28.5 m [ AL = 1.5 m = EF = CD]
Let EA = FL = y m
In BFL, we have
BL
tan60º 
FL
28.5
 3 [  BL = 28.5 m]
y
28.5
 y m
3
28.5 3
 y m  9.5 3 ..... (i)
3
Now in right triangle BDL, we have
BL
tan30º 
DL
1 28.5
 
3 DF  FL
1 28.5
 
3 CE  EA
1 28.5
 
3 xy
 x + y = 28.5 3
 x  28.5 3  9.5 3 [From (i)]
 x  (28.5  9.5) 3 m
 x  19 3 m

144 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / MUMBAI / LUCKNOW / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 26: From a window (h metres high above the ground) of a house in a street, the angles of
elevation and depression of the top and the foot of another house on the opposite side of
the street are  and  respectively. Show that the height of the opposite house is h (1 + tan
 cot ).
Solution: Let h be the height of the window D from the ground. AB is the building opposite to the window.
y
In  ACD,  tan 
x
 y  x tan 

y A
or x …(i)
tan 
x
In DCB,  cot  y
BC
 x  hcot  …(ii) 
D C
From equations (i) and (ii), we have 
y
 hcot  h h
tan 
 y  hcot  tan 
E B
x
 Height of building
AB  h  y  h  h tan  cot 

= h (1 + tan  cot )

Illustration 27: A vertical tower stands on a horizontal plane and is surmounted by a vertical flagstaff of
height h. At a point on the plane, the angle elevation of the bottom of the flagstaff is  and
that of the top of the flagstaff is .

h tan 
Prove that the height of the tower is .
tan   tan 
Solution: Let BC be the tower, CD be the flagstaff and A be the point on the plane so that
BAC =  and BAD = 
BC
From ABC,  tan  …(i)
AB
BD BC  h
and from ABD,   tan  …(ii)
AB AB
Dividing (ii) by (i), we have
BC  h tan  D

BC tan 
 (BC  h)tan   BC tan  h

 BC (tan   tan ) = h tan  C

h tan 
 BC  . x
tan   tan 
 
A B

Illustration 28: The angle of elevation of the top of a building from the foot of the tower is 30º and the
angle of elevation of the top of tower from the foot of the building is 60º. If the tower is
50 m high, find the height of the building.

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Solution: Let AD (= 50 m) be the tower and BE be the building A

In ADE, we have
50
tan60º 
ED

Tower
50 m
50
 3 B
ED

Building
50

xm
 ED  ..... (i)
3
In BED, we have 60º 30º
E D
BE
tan30º 
ED
1 x
  [  BE = x]
3 ED
 ED = 3x ..... (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have
50
3x 
3
50
 x
3
2
 x  16
3
2
Thus, the height of the building is 16 m.
3
Illustration 29: An aeroplane when flying at a height of 4000 m from the ground passes vertically above
another aeroplane at an instant when the angles of elevation of the two aeroplanes from
the same point on the ground are 60º and 45º respectively. Find the vertical distance
between the two aeroplanes at that instant.

Solution: Let A be the first aeroplane, vertically above another aeroplane A

B such that AC = 4000 m be the height of the first aeroplane
from the ground.
Let O be a point on the ground such that the angle of elevation
of the two aeroplanes A and B be
AOC = 60º and BOC = 45º
4000 m

In AOC, we have B
AC
tan60º 
OC
AC
 3
OC 60º
45º
4000 O C
 OC 
3
4000 3 4000 3
 OC   m ..... (i)
3 3 3
Again, in BOC, we have
BC
tan 45º 
OC

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

BC
 1
OC
 BC = OC

4000 3
 BC 
3
4000  1.732
 BC 
3
6920
 BC  m
3
 BC = 2306.7 m ..... (ii)
Thus, AB = AC – BC
 AB = (4000 – 2306.7) m
 AB = 1693.3 m
Hence, the vertical distance between the two Aeroplanes is 1693.3 m.

Illustration 30: If the angle of elevation of a cloud from a point h meters above a lake is  and the angle of
depression of its reflection in the lake is , prove that the distance of the cloud from the
2h secα
point of observation is .
tanβ – tanα

Solution: Let D be the point of observation, A be the position of the cloud and A be the image of the cloud
A.
xh cloud
From ABD, = tan 
BD A
xh
BD 

xh
tan 
xh

x
 tan  = …(i)
BD D 
B
xh h  C
From ABD,  tan 
BD
x h
x+h

 tan   …(ii)
BD
x

Subtracting (i) from (ii), we have

A'
1 2h
tan   tan   [x  h  x  h] 
BD BD
2h
 BD  …(iii)
tan   tan 
AD AD
Also in ABD,  sec   BD  …(iv)
BD sec 
Equating (iii) and (iv), we have
AD 2h 2h sec x
  AD 
sec  tan   tan  tan   tan 
2h sec 
Hence the distance of cloud (A) from the point of observation (D) is .
tan   tan 

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 31: An aeroplane flying horizontally at a height of 1.5 km above the ground is observed at a
certain point on earth to subtend an angle of 60. After 15 seconds, its angle of elevation is
observed to be 30. Calculate the speed of the aeroplane in km/h.

Solution: Let aeroplane be initially at point A and after 15 seconds it reaches point D.

AB = 1.5 km = 1500 m

1500
In ABC,  tan 60
BC

1500 1500 3 A D
 BC     500 3 m

1500 m
3 3 3

1500 m
1500 1
From DEC,  tan 30 =
CE 3 60
30
 CE  1500 3 m
C B E
BE  CE  BC  1500 3  500 3  1000 3 m/sec
i.e., Distance covered in 15 seconds = 1000 3
1000 3 200 3
 Speed of aeroplane   m/sec
15 3
200 3 3600
  km/h = 240 3 km/h.
3 1000
Illustration 32: From the top of a light, house, the angles of depression of two boats on the opposite side
of it are observed to be  and . If the height of the light, house be ‘h’ metres and the line
joining the boats passes through the foot of the light-house, then show that distance
h(tanθ + tanφ)
between the two boats is .
tanθtanφ

Solution: Let AD be the light house of height h m.

ABD = , ACD = 
Let BD = x and DC = y
h
In ADB, BD 
tan 
h h
or  tan   x
x tan 
h A
In ADC,  tan 
DC  
h h
or  tan   y
y tan 
h
 Distance BC  BD  DC
h h  tan   tan  
BC  x  y    h   
tan  tan   tan  tan   C
B D
Hence, distance between two boats x y
h[tan   tan ]
=
tan  tan 

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 33: There is a small island in the middle of a 100 m wide river and a tall tree stands on the
island. P and Q are points directly opposite each other on the two bank, and in line with the
tree. If the angles of elevation of the top of the tree from P and Q are respectively 30 and
45, find the height of the tree.

Solution: Let AB be a tree of height h.

P and Q are the two points directly opposite to each other on the two banks.
 PQ = 100 m
Let BQ  x
 BP  100  x
h
In ABQ,  tan 45 = 1
x
 hx ..... (i)
h 1
In ABP,  tan 30 =
100  x 3
 3 h  100  x

 3h  100  h [from (i)]

  
3  1 h  100 A

 h
100

3 1

100  3 1 
3 1 3 1 3 1 h


30 45
h  50  (1.73  1)  50  0.73 P Q
B
= h  36.50 m 100 – x x

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

RADICAL TEST (CLASS WORK)

1. In figure, what are the angles of depression from the observing point O of the object of P and Q?
O


P Q A

2. In figure, what are the angles of depression from the observing point O of the objects at A and
B?
O

60º

45º
A B C

3. A tower stands vertically on the ground. From a point on the ground, 20 m away from the foot of
the tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 60º. What is the height of the tower?

4. In figure, what are angles of depression from the observing positions O1 and O2 of the object at
A?
O2

O1

45º

60º
B A C

5. In figure, what are the angles of depression from the observing point O of the objects at A and
B?
O

30º

30º
A C

B D

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

6. From a point 20 3 m away from the foot of a tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the
tower is 30º. Find the height of tower.

7. The height of a tower is 30 3 m. Calculate the height of its shadow when Sun's altitude is 45º.

8. In figure, what are the angles of depression from the observing point O of the objects at A and
B?
O

45º

30º
A B C

9. The angle of elevation of the top Q of a vertical tower PQ from a point X on the ground is 60º. At
a point Y, 40 m vertically above X, the angle of elevation is 45º. Find the height of the tower PQ
and the distance XQ.

10. From the top of a building 15 m high, the angle of elevation of the top of a tower is found to be
30º. From the bottom of the same building, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is found
to be 45º. Determine the height of the tower and the distance between the tower and the
building.

11. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point A on the ground is 30º. On moving a
distance of 20 metres towards the foot of the tower to a point B, the angle of elevation increases
to 60º. Find the height of the tower and distance of the tower from the point A.

12. From a window (60 metres high above the ground) of a house in street the angles of elevation
and depression of the top and the foot of another house on opposite side of street and 60º and
45º respectively. Show that the height of the opposite house is 60 (1 + 3 ) metres.

13. A man standing on the deck of a ship, which is 10 m above water level, observes the angle of
elevation of the top of a hill as 60º and angle of depression of the base of the hill as 30º. Find
the distance of the hill from the ship and height of the hill.

14. A bird is sitting on the top of a tree, which is 80 m high. The angle of elevation of the bird, from a
point on the ground is 45º. The bird flies away from the point of observation horizontally and
remains at a constant height. After 2 seconds, the angle of elevation of the bird from the point of
observation becomes 30º. Find the speed of flying of the bird.

15. An Aeroplane, flying horizontally 1000 m above the ground, is observed at an angle of elevation
of 60º from a point on the ground. After a flight of 10 seconds, the angle of elevation at the point
of observation changes of 30º. Find the speed of the plane in m/second.

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

ANSWER TO RADICAL TEST

1.  and 90º – 

2. 30º and 45º

3. 20 3 metres

4. 45º and 60º

5. 30º and 60º

6. 20 m

7. 30 3

8. 30º and 45º

9. 109.3 m, 94.64 m

10. 35.5 m, 35.5 m

11. 17.32 m, 30 m

13. 17.3 m, 40 m

14. 29.28 m/sec

15. 115.47 m/sec

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

CONCEPT MAP

Trigonometric ratios are used to When an observer sees an

determine the heights and object situated in upward
distances of those objects for direction, the angle formed by
which certain direct line of sight with the horizontal
measurement of lengths are line is called an angle of

APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY
difficult. elevation.

As we move towards the object, As we receeds the object angle

angle of elevation increases. of elevation decreases.

When an observer sees an

object situated in downward
The line drawn from the eye of direction, the angle formed by
an observer to a point in the line of sight with horizontal line
object where the person is is called an angle of
viewing is called the line of sight. depression.

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

CBSE ASSIGNMENT

1. The angle of elevation of a jet plane from a point A on the ground is 60º. After a flight of 15
seconds, the angle of elevation changes to 30º. If the jet plane is flying at a constant height of
1500 3 m , find the speed of the jet plane.

2. A boy standing on a horizontal plane finds a bird flying at a distance of 100 metres from him at
an elevation of 30º. A girl standing on the roof of 20 metres high building finds the angle of
elevation of the same bird to 45º. Both the boy and the girl are on opposite sides of the bird.
Find the distance of bird from the girl.

3. The shadow of a flagstaff is three times as long as the shadow of the flagstaff when the sun rays
meet the ground at an angle of 60º. Find the angle between the sun rays and the ground at the
time of longer shadow.

4. A person observed the angle of elevation of the top of a tower to be 30º. He walked 50 m
towards the foot of the tower along level ground and found the angle of elevation of the top of
the tower to be 45º. Find the height of the tower.

5. The length of the shadow of a tower standing on level ground is found to be 2x metres longer
when the sun's altitude is 30º then when it was 45º. Prove that the height of tower is
x( 3  1) metres.

6. A fire in a building B is reported on telephone to two fire stations P and Q, 20 km apart from
each other on a straight road. P observes that the fire is at an angle of 60º to the road and Q
observes that it is at an angle of 45º to the road. Which station should send its team and how
much will this team have to travel?

7. A parachutist is descending vertically and makes angles of depression of 45º and 60º at two
observation points 100 m apart from each other on the left side of himself. Find, in metres, the
approximate height from which he falls and also find, in metres the approximate distance of the
point where he falls on the ground from the first observation point.

8. There are two temples one on each bank of a river, just opposite to each other. One temple is
50 m high. From the top of this temple, the angles of depression of the top and the foot of the
other temple arc 30º and 60º respectively. Find the width of river and the height of the other
temple.

9. A ladder rests against a wall at angle  to the horizontal. Its foot is pulled away from the wall
through a distance 'a', so that it slides a distance b down the wall making an angle  with the
a cos   cos 
horizontal. Show that  .
b sin   sin 

10. A tower subtends an angle  at a point A in the plane of its base and the angle of depression of
the foot of the tower at a point b metres just above A is . Prove that the height of tower is b tan
 cot.

11. From the top of a light house, the angles of depression of two ships on the opposite sides of it
are observed to be  and . If the height of the light house be h metres and the line joining the
ships passes through the foot of the light house, show that the distance between the ships is
h(tan   tan )
metres
tan  tan 

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

12. From the terrace of a house 8 m high, the angle of elevation of the top of a tower is 45º and the
angle of depression of its reflection in a lake is found to be 60º. Determine the height of the
tower from the ground.

13. A path separates two walls. A ladder leaning against one wall rests at a point on the path. It
reaches a height of 90 m on the wall and makes an angle of 60º with the ground. If while resting
at the same point on the path, it were made to lean against the other wall, it would have made
an angle of 45º with the ground. Find the height it would have reached on the second wall.

14. A bridge across a river makes an angle of 45º with the riverbank (figure). If the length of the
bridge across the river is 150 m, what is the width of the river?

River 150 m River

45º

15. A straight highway leads to the foot of a tower. A man standing at the top of the tower observes
a car at an angle of depression of 30º, which is approaching the foot of the tower with a uniform
speed. Six seconds later, the angle of depression of the car is found to be 60º. Find the time
taken by the car to reach the foot of the tower.

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 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

ANSWER TO CBSE ASSIGNMENT

1. 720 km/hr

2. 30 mts

3.  = 30º

4. 68.25 m

6. Station P, 14.64 km

7. 236.5 m, 136.5 m

8. 28.87 m, 33.33 m

12. 29.86 m

13. 73.47 m

14. 105.75 m

15. 3 seconds

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 CIRCLES

A circle is a collection of all points in a plane which are at a

constant distance (radius) from a fixed point (centre). When a bicycle
or cart moves, all the spokes of a wheel are along its radii. The wheel
moves along a line which is a tangent to the circle representing the
wheel. In all positions, the radius through the point of contact with
the ground appears to be at right angles to the tangent.

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 CIRCLE FBC-Mat. [X]-16

CIRCLES
DEFINITIONS
Secant: A line, which intersects a circle in two distinct points, is called a secant.

Tangent: A line meeting a circle only in one point is called a

tangent to the circle at that point.
The point at which the tangent line meets the circle is O
called the point of contact.
Secant
Length of tangent: The length of the line segment of the tangent
between a given point and the given point of contact Tangent
with the circle is called the length of the tangent from
the point to the circle.

There is no tangent passing through a point lying inside the circle. There is one and only one
tangent passing through a point lying on a circle. There are exactly two tangents through a point
lying outside a circle.

Theorem 1: The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular

to the radius through the point of contact. O
Given : A circle with centre O and a tangent AB at a point
P of the circle. R
To prove : OP  AB A P Q B
Construction: Take a point Q on AB. Join OQ.
Proof : Q is a point on the tangent AB, other than the point of contact P.
 Q lies outside the circle.
Let OQ intersect the circle at R.
Then, OR < OQ ..... (i)
But, OP = OR [radii of the same circle]. ..... (ii)
From (i) and (ii)
 OP < OQ
OP is the shortest distance between the point O and the line AB.
But, the shortest distance between a point and a line is the perpendicular distance.
 OP  AB.
Theorem 2: The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
Given: Two tangents AP and AQ are drawn from a point A to a circle with centre O.
To prove: AP = AQ
Construction : Join OP, OQ and OA.
Proof : AP is a tangent at P and OP is the radius
P
through P.

 OP  AP A O
Similarly, OQ  AQ
Q
In the right OPA and OQA, we have
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 CIRCLE FBC-Mat. [X]-16

OP = OQ [radii of the same circle]

OA = OA [common]
OPA = OQA [both 90º]
 OPA  OQA [by RHS-congruence]
Hence, AP = AQ. [cpct]
Also OAP = OAQ [cpct]
 OA is the angle bisector of PAQ.

The centre lies on the bisector of the angle between the two tangents.

Illustration 1: From a point P, 10 cm away from the centre of a circle, a tangent PT of length 8 cm is
drawn. Find the radius of the circle.
Solution: Let O be the centre of the given circle and let P be a
point such that OP = 10 cm. T
Let PT be the tangent such that PT = 8 cm.
Join OT. O P
Now, PT is a tangent at T and OT is the radius through
T.

 OT  PT [Radius is  to tangent at the point of contact]

In the right OTP, we have

OP 2  OT 2  PT 2 [by Pythagoras' theorem]

 OT  OP2  PT 2  (10)2  (8)2 cm  36 cm  6 cm

Hence, the radius of the circle is 6 cm.

Illustration 2 : In the figure, O is the centre of a circle; PA and

PB is the pair of tangents drawn to the circle from A
point P outside the circle;
If AOB = 117º, find .
P  117º O

Solution: In quad. AOBP, A = B = 90º B

[Radius is  to tangent at the point of contact]
 AOB + APB = 180º [  sum of angles of quad. is 360º]
 117º +  = 180º
  = 180º – 117º = 63º
  = 63º
Illustration 3 : In figure PA and PB are tangents to the circle drawn from A
an external point P. CD is another tangent touching the C
circle at Q. If PA = PB = 12 cm and QD = 3 cm, find the
length of PD. P Q
Solution: Point D outside the circle. DQ and DB is the pair of tangents
drawn to the circle from the point D. D
B

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 CIRCLE FBC-Mat. [X]-16

 DB = DQ
 DB = 3 cm ( QD  DQ  3 cm is given)

Now, PD + DB = PB
 PD + 3 cm = 12 cm ( PB  12 cm is given)

 PD = 9 cm

Illustration 4 : In the figure PA and PB is a pair of tangents drawn to a A

circle having its centre at O. If APB = 52º, find PAB
and PBA.
Solution: In PAB, P 52º O
PA = PB
[Tangents from common point are equal in length] B
 PAB = PBA [Angles opposite to equal sides]
1
=  (180º 52º )
2
1
=  128º ( PAB + PBA + 52º = 180º)
2
 PAB = PBA = 64º.

Illustration 5 : A point P is 15 cm from the centre of a circle. The radius of the

circle is 5 cm. Find the length of the tangent drawn to the O
circle from the point P. 5cm
Solution: Let PA = x cm be the length of the tangent to the circle. OA is
perpendicular to PA at A. A
15 cm
OA = 5 cm (radius) x cm
OP = 15 cm (given) P
By Pythagoras theorem,
OP 2  PA 2  OA 2  (15)2  x 2  (5)2
 x 2  225  25  200  x  200  10 2
 Length of the tangent = 10 2 cm.

Illustration 6 : In the figure, O is the centre of the circle and PT is T

the tangent drawn from the point P to the circle. 6 cm
Secant PAB passes through the centre O of the 90º
circle. If PT = 6 cm and PA = 3 cm, then find the P B
radius of the circle. 3 cm A O

Solution: In figure AB is diameter of the circle and OA = r (radius of the circle) Join OT. OTP = 90º.
[Radius is  to tangent at the point of contact]
In right angled OTP, OP = OA + PA = (r + 3) cm
By Pythagoras theorem,

OP 2  OT 2  PT 2

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 CIRCLE FBC-Mat. [X]-16

 (r  3)2  r 2  (6)2

 r 2  6r  9  r 2  36  6r = 27

9
 r  4.5
2
Hence, the radius of the circle = 4.5 cm.

Illustration 7 : The incircle of ABC touches the sides BC, CA and AB at D, E and F, respectively.
If AB = AC, prove that BD = CD.
Solution: Since tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal in
length. A
 AF = AE [Tangents from A] ..... (i)
BF = BD [Tangents from B] ..... (ii)
CD = CE [Tangents from C] ..... (iii)
Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
E
AF + BF + CD = AE + BD + CE
F
 AB + CD = AC + BD
But AB = AC [Given]
B D C
 CD = BD

Illustration 8 : A circle is touching the side BC of a ABC at P and touching AB

1 A
and AC produced at Q and R respectively. Prove that AQ =
2
(Perimeter of ABC).
Solution: 2AQ = AQ + AR ( AQ = AR)
[Tangent from a common point] P
B C
= (AB + BQ) + (AC + CR)
Q R
= AB + AC + (BQ + CR)
= AB + AC + (BP + CP) [ BQ = BP and CR = CP]
= AB + AC + BC
= (Perimeter of ABC)
1
 AQ = (Perimeter of ABC)
2

Illustration 9 : Two tangents TP and TQ are drawn to a circle with centre O from an external point T. Prove
that PTQ = 2OPQ.
Solution: Given : A circle with centre O and an external point T from which tangents TP and TQ are drawn
to touch the circle at P and Q.
To prove : PTQ = 2OPQ
Proof : Let PTQ = xº. Then, TQP + TPQ + PTQ = 180º
[  Sum of the s of a triangle is 180º]
 TQP + TPQ = (180º – x) ... (i)

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 CIRCLE FBC-Mat. [X]-16

TP = TQ [Lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle

are equal].
 TQP = TPQ [Angles opposite to equal sides]
O
1  x
 TPQ = (180º  x)   90º   Q P
2  2
 OPQ = (OPT – TPQ)
 x x
 90º   90º   
 2 2
xº
[ OPT = 90º as radius is  to tangent at point of contact]
1 T
 OPQ = PTQ
2
 PTQ = 2OPQ

Illustration 10 : Prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of a diameter of a circle are parallel.
Solution: Given : CD and EF are tangents at the end points A and B of
the diameter AB of a circle with centre O. C A D
To prove : CD || EF
Proof : CD is the tangent to the circle at the point A.
O
 BAD = 90º
[Radius is  to tangent at point of contact] E B F
EF is the tangent to the circle at the point B.
 ABE = 90º [Radius is  to tangent at point of contact]
Thus, BAD = ABE (each equal to 90º)
But these are alternate interior angles.
 CD || EF

Illustration 11 : Prove that the angle between the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is
supplementary to the angle subtended by the line segments joining the points of contact
to the centre.

Solution: Given : PA and PB are the tangents drawn from a point P to A

a circle with centre O. Also, the line segments OA and OB
are drawn.
P O
To prove : APB + AOB = 180º
Proof : We know that the tangent to a circle is
perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact. B
 PA  OA  OAP = 90º, and
PB  OB  OBP = 90º
 OAP + OBP = (90º + 90º) = 180º
Hence, APB + AOB = 180º [  sum of all the s of a quadrilateral is 360º]

Illustration 12 : A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn so that D = 90º, BC = 38 cm and CD = 25 cm. A circle is

inscribed in the quadrilateral and it touches the sides AB, BC, CD and DA at P, Q, R and S
respectively. If BP = 27 cm, find the radius of the inscribed circle.

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 CIRCLE FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Solution: Let O be the centre and r be the radius of the inscribed

circle. Join OR and OS. 25 cm
Here, D = 90º R
D C
ORD = OSD = 90º
r Q
OR = OS
Therefore, ORDS is a square. S
r O
 RD = SD = r ..... (i) 38 cm
BP and BQ are tangents to the circle from point P. A
 BQ = BP P
 BQ = 27 cm 27 cm B
Then CQ = BC – BQ = 38 cm – 27 cm.
 CQ = 11 cm
 CR = 11 cm ..... (ii)
Now, RD + CR = CD
 r + 11 cm = 25 cm By (i) and (ii)
 r = 14 cm.

Illustration 13 : A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a

circle, as shown in the figure. R C
D
Prove that AB + CD = AD + BC.
Solution: As the lengths of tangents drawn from an exterior point
to a circle are equal,  we have Q

 AP = AS ... (i) B
S
 BP = BQ ... (ii) P
A
 CR = CQ ... (iii)

 DR = DS ... (iv)

 AB + CD = (AP + BP) + (CR + DR)

= (AS + BQ) + (CQ + DS)
= (AS + DS) + (BQ + CQ)
= (AD + BC)
Hence, (AB + CD) = (AD + BC)

Illustration 14 : Prove that the parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.

Solution: Given : A parallelogram ABCD circumscribes a circle with
centre O. D R C
To prove : AB = BC = CD = AD
Proof : As the lengths of tangents drawn from an exterior point S
O
to a circle are equal,  we have Q

 AP = AS ..... (i) A B
P
BP = BQ ..... (ii)
CR = CQ ..... (iii)
DR = DS ..... (iv)

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 CIRCLE FBC-Mat. [X]-16

 AB + CD = AP + BP + CR + DR
= AS + BQ + CQ + DS
= (AS + DS) + (BQ + CQ)
= AD + BC
Thus, (AB + CD) = (AD + BC)
 2AB = 2AD [  opposite sides of a ||gm are equal]
 AB = AD
 CD = AB = AD = BC
Hence, ABCD is a rhombus.

Illustration 15 : Two tangents PA and PB are drawn to the circle with centre O, such that APB = 120º.
Prove that OP = 2AP.

Solution: Given : A circle C(O, r). PA and PB are tangents to the circle from
P, outside the circle such that APB = 120º. OP is joined. A
120º
To prove : OP = 2PA P O
Construction : Join OA and OB
B
Proof : In s PAO and PBO,

PA = PB [Tangents to a circle, from a point outside it, are equal]

OP = OP [Common]
OAP = OBP = 90º [Radius is  to tangent at the point of contact]
 OAP  OBP [By RHS congruency]

1
 OPA = OPB = APB
2

1
= × 120º = 60º
2
In right angled OAP,

AP 1
 cos60º   OP = 2AP
OP 2
Illustration 16 : Prove that the intercept of a tangent between two parallel tangents to circle subtends a
right angle at the centre.
Solution: Given : AB and CD are two tangents to a circle and
AB || CD. Tangent BD intercepts an angle BOD at the A Q B
centre.
To prove : BOD = 90º 2
Construction : Join OQ and OR O 1
Proof : In BOQ and BOP 43 P
OQ = OP [Radii of same circle]
C R D
OB = OB [Common]
BQ = BP [Tangents from a common point]
 BOQ  BOP [By SSS congruency]

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 CIRCLE FBC-Mat. [X]-16

 1 = 2 [cpct]
Similarly 3 = 4
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 180º [Linear pair]
Or 21 + 23 = 180º
 1 + 3 = 90º
Or BOD = 90º.

Illustration 17 : Prove that in two concentric circles, the chord of the larger circle,
which touches the smaller circle, is bisected at the point of C1
contact. C2
Solution: Let O be the common centre of two concentric circles C1 and C2 and a O
chord AB of the larger circle C1 touching the smaller circle C2 at the
point P. A B
P
Join OP.
Since OP is the radius of the smaller circle and AB is a tangent to this circle at a point P
 OP  AB
The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to any chord of the circle bisects the chord.
 AP = BP
Hence, AB is bisected at the point of contact.

Illustration 18 : Prove that the perpendicular at the point of contact to P T Q

the tangent to a circle passes through the centre.
Solution: Let PTQ and RT'S be two parallel tangents to a circle with
centre O at points T and T' respectively. Join OT and OT'. M O
Draw OM || PTQ.
R T' S
Now, PTQ || OM and a transversal TO intersects them
 PTO + MOT = 180º
[  Sum of the angles on the same side of a transversal is 180º]
 90º + MOT = 180º
[  PTO = angle between a tangent and radius = 90º]
 MOT = 180º – 90º = 90º ..... (i)
Similarly, MOT' = 90º ..... (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
MOT + MOT' = 90º + 90º = 180º
Thus, TOT' is a straight line passing through the centre O of the circle.
Hence, TOT' is a diameter of the circle.

Illustration 19 : ABC is a right triangle, right angled at B. A circle is inscribed in it. The lengths of the two
sides containing the right angle are 6 cm and 8 cm. Find the radius of the incircle.
Solution: Let the radius of the incircle be x cm
Let the incircle touch the sides AB, BC and CA at D, E, F respectively. Let O be the centre of the
circle.
Then, OD = OE = OF = x cm

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 CIRCLE FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Also, AB = 8 cm and BC = 6 cm
In quad. ODBE, ABC = 90º [Given]
BDO = OEB = 90º
[Tangent is  to radius at point of contact]
 OD || BE [s on the same base]
 quad. ODBE is a square A
 BE = OD = OE = BD
Since the tangents to a circle from an external point are equal, we
have
AF = AD = (8 – x) cm and

8 cm
CF = CE = (6 – x) cm
x F
 AC = AF + CF = (8 – x) cm + (6 – x) cm x
D O
= (14 – 2x) cm
x
Now, AC2  AB2  BC2
B E C
 (14  2x)2  82  62  100  (10)2 6 cm
 14 – 2x =  10  x = 2 or x = 12
 x=2 [neglecting x = 12]
Hence, the radius of the incircle is 2 cm.

Illustration 20: In the figure, AB is diameter of a circle with centre

O and QC is a tangent to the circle at C. C
If CAB = 30º, find (i) CQA, (ii) CBA.
Solution: In AOC, OA = OC [Radii of same circle] 30º
A Q
O B
 ACO = CAO = 30º
[Angles opposite to equal sides]
ACB = 90º [Angle in semicircle]
 OCB = 90º – 30º = 60º
In COB, OC = OB [Radii of same circle]
 OCB = OBC = 60º [Angles opposite to equal sides]
Now OC  CQ [Radius is  to tangent at the point of contact]
 OCQ = 90º
 BCQ = 90º – 60º = 30º
Also OBC + CBQ = 180º [Linear pair]
 60º + CBQ = 180º
 CBQ = 120º
In CBQ, BCQ + CBQ + CQB = 180º
 30º + 120º + CQB = 180º
 CQB = 30º
 CQA = 30º, CBA = 60º.

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 CIRCLE FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 21 : PQ is a chord of length 8 cm of a circle of radius 5 cm.

The tangents at P and Q intersect at a point T. Find the
length of TP.
Solution: Let TP = x and TR = y. P
TPQ is isosceles ,  TR is the  bisector of PQ 5cm
8cm
 PR = RQ = 4 cm T O
R
Also, OR = OP2  PR2 = 52  42 = 3 cm
In right  PRT, we have Q
x2 = y2 + 16 ... (i)
In right  OPT, we have
2 2 2
 x + 5 = (y + 3) ... (ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we have
32 16
25 = 6y – 7 or y = 
6 3
2
 16  16 16  25
Therefore, x 2     16  (16  9)  [from equation (i)]
 3 9 9
20
Or x
3

RADICAL TEST - I (CLASS WORK)

A
1. If AB, AC, PQ are tangents in figure, and AB = 7 cm, and XQ = 2 cm,
find the length of AQ.

X
P Q
B C

2. The length of tangent from a point A at distance 7 cm from the centre is 2 6 cm. What will be
the radius of the circle?
3. Two concentric circles are of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. Find the length of the chord of the larger
circle, which touches the smaller circle.

4. In the figure, if TP and TQ are the two tangents to a circle with T

centre O so that POQ = 105º, then what is the value of PTQ? P

105º
Q
O

5. The incircle of ABC touches the sides BC, CA and AB at D, E and F respectively.
If AB = AC, prove that BD = CD.

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 CIRCLE FBC-Mat. [X]-16

6. AB and CD are two common tangents to circles, which touch A D B

each other at C. If D lies on AB such that CD = 5 cm. What is
the length of AB?
C

7. In the given figure, if AD, AE and BC are tangents to the D

C
circle at D, E and F respectively, find AB + BC + CA in
terms of AD.
A F Q

B
E
8. A circle is inscribed in a ABC having sides 8 cm, 10 cm and C
12 cm as shown in figure. Find AD, BE and CF.
F E
10 cm 8 cm

A D B
12 cm

9. In the figure, a circle touches all the four sides of a R

quadrilateral ABCD with AB = 6 cm, BC = 7 cm and CD =
D C
4 cm. What is length of AD? S
Q

A B
P

10. In the figure, PA and PB are tangents to the circle drawn A

from an external point P. CD is a third tangent touching the
C
circle at Q. If PA = 8 cm, what is the perimeter of PCD?
P Q

D
B

ANSWER TO RADICAL TEST-I

1. 5 cm 7. AB + BC + CA = 2AD

2. 5 cm 8. AD = 7 cm, BE = 5 cm,

3. 8 cm CF = 3 cm

4. 75º 9. AD = 3 cm

6. 10 cm 10. 16 cm

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168
 CONCEPT MAP

Tangent to a circle is a Angle in a semicircle is

line which touches the 90º.
circle just at one point.

Tangent to a circle at a Angles in alternate

point is perpendicular to segments are equal.
the radius through the
point of contact.
CIRCLES

Two tangents can be Diameter is the longest

drawn onto a circle from chord of a circle.
a point outside the circle.

Lengths of two tangents

from a point outside the Perpendicular from the
circle on to the circle are centre bisects the chord.
equal.

The length of the tangent

is the distance between
Secant to a circle is a line
the point of contact of
which cuts the circle at
the tangent with the
two points.
circle to the given point.

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 CIRCLE FBC-Mat. [X]-16

CBSE ASSIGNMENT

1. In the give figure, TAS is a tangent to the circle, with T C

centre O, at the point A. If OBA = 32º, find the
value of x. O
A
x
32º

S B

2. In figure, O is the centre of the circle, PQ is a tangent

to the circle at A. If PAB = 58º, find ABQ and B
O
AQB.
R
58º

P A Q

3. In figure, a circle touches the side BC and ABC at P A

and touches AB and AC produced at Q and R
respectively. If AQ = 5 cm, find the perimeter of ABC. P
B C
Q R

4. A tangent PT is drawn parallel to a chord AB as shown T P

in figure. Prove that APB is an isosceles triangle.
O

A B

5. In figure, XP and XQ are two tangents to a circle with

P
centre O from a point X outside the circle. ARB is tangent A
to circle at R. Prove that XA + AR = XB + BR.
X R
O

B
Q

6. If ABC is isosceles with AB = AC, prove that the tangent at A to the circumcircle of ABC is
parallel to BC.

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 CIRCLE FBC-Mat. [X]-16

7. A circle is inscribed in a ABC having sides 8 cm, 10 cm C

and 12 cm as shown in figure. Find AD, BE and CF.
F E
10 cm 8 cm

A D B
12 cm
8. PAQ is a tangent to the circle with centre O at a point A
P
as shown in figure. If OBA = 35º, find the value of C
BAQ and ACB.
A O

Q
B
9. AB is diameter and AC is chord of a circle such that BAC = 30º. If the tangent at C intersects
AB produced in D, prove that BC = BD.
10. A triangle ABC is drawn to circumscribe a circle of radius 4 cm such that the segments BD and
DC into which BC is divided by the point of contact D are of lengths 8 cm and 6 cm respectively.
Find the sides AB and AC.

MIND BOOSTER ASSIGNMENT (HOME WORK)

1. A point P is 10 cm from the centre of a circle. The length of the tangent drawn from P to the
circle is 8 cm. The radius of the circle is equal to
(a) 4 cm (b) 5 cm
(c) 6 cm (d) none of these
2. In figure O is the centre of the circle, CA is tangent at A
and CB is tangent at B drawn to the circle. If ACB = 75º, B
then AOB = O
(a) 75º (b) 85º
(c) 95º (d) 105º A 75º
C

3. In figure PA and PB are the two tangents drawn to the

circle. O is the centre of the circle. A and B are the points B
of contact of the tangents PA and PB with the circle. If O
OPA = 35º, then POB =
(a) 55º (b) 65º
A 35º
(c) 75º (d) 85º P

4. In the given figure, PT is a tangent to the circle with centre T

O. If OT = 6 cm and OP = 10 cm, then the length of
tangent PT is
(a) 8 cm (b) 12 cm O P
(c) 10 cm (d) 16 cm

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 CIRCLE FBC-Mat. [X]-16

5. In the given figure, ABC is right-angled at B such that A

BC = 6 cm and AB = 8 cm.
A circle with centre O has been inscribed inside the
triangle.

8 cm
OPAB, OQBC
and ORAC. R
x
If OP = OQ = OR = x cm, x
P O
then x=? x
(a) 2 cm (b) 3 cm B Q C
(c) 2.5 cm (d) 4 cm 6 cm

6. In the given figure, O is the centre of two concentric circles of radii 3 cm

and 5 cm. AB is a chord of outer circle which touches the inner circle.
The length of chord AB is O
(a) 4 cm (b) 8 cm
A P B
(c) 34 cm (d) 7 cm

7. In the given figure, ABC is circumscribed touching the circle at P, Q, A

R. If AP = 4 cm, BP = 6 cm, AC = 12 cm and BC = x cm.
Then, x = ?
P R
(a) 10 cm (b) 6 cm
(c) 14 cm (d) 18 cm
B C

8. In the given figure, quad. ABCD is circumscribed touching the D 4 cm R

circle at P, Q, R and S. If AP = 6 cm, BP = 5 cm, CQ = 3 cm and C
DR = 4 cm, then perimeter of quad. ABCD is 3 cm
(a) 18 cm (b) 27 cm S Q

(c) 36 cm (d) 22 cm
A 6 cm P 5 cm B

9. In the given figure, three circles with centres A, B, C respectively

touch each other externally. If AB = 5 cm, BC = 7 cm and C
CA = 6 cm. Then the radius of the circle with centre A is Q
(a) 2 cm (b) 3 cm R
(c) 4 cm (d) 1.5 cm A P B

10. In the given figure, O is the centre of two concentric

A
circles of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. From an external point
P tangents PA and PB are drawn to these circles. If
PA = 12 cm, then PB = ?
O
(a) 5 2 cm (b) 3 5 cm
B P
(c) 4 10 cm (d) 5 10 cm

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 CIRCLE FBC-Mat. [X]-16

ANSWERS TO CBSE ASSIGNMENT

1. x = 58º.

2. ABQ = 32º and AQB = 26º.

3. 10 cm.

7. AD = 7 cm, BE = 5 cm and CF = 3 cm.

8. BAQ = 55º and ACB = 55º.

10. AB = 15 cm and AC = 13 cm.

ANSWERS TO MIND BOOSTER ASSIGNMENT

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a)

6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c)

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 CONSTRUCTIONS

Geometry (geo = earth, metria = measure) arose as the field

of knowledge dealing with spatial relationships. Geometry was one
of the two fields of pre-modern mathematics, the other being the
study of numbers.
Classic geometry was focused in compass and straightedge
constructions. As they are the composition of five elemental
constructions over a set of elements, as an algebra over an
axiomatic system, the barrier between algebra and geometry began
to fade out.
In modern times, geometric concepts have been generalized
to a high level of abstraction and complexity, many modern
branches of the field are barely recognizable as the descendants of
early geometry.

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 CONSTRUCTION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

DIVISION OF A LINE SEGMENT

In this chapter we shall study some constructions by using the knowledge of the earlier constructions
done in previous class.
Type 1 : To divide a line segment in a given ratio 3 : 2.
Given a line segment AB, we want to divide it in the ratio 3 : 2.
Steps of construction:
1. Draw any ray AX, making an acute A C B
angle with AB.
2. Locate 5(= m + n) points A1, A2, A3, A4, A1
and A5 on AX so that A2
A3
AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3 = A3A4 = A4A5.
A4
3. Join BA5. X
A5

4. Through the point A3 (m = 3), draw a line parallel to A5B (by making an angle equal
to AA5B) intersecting AB at the point C
Then, AC : CB = 3 : 2
Let us see how this method gives us the required division.
Since A3C is parallel to A5 B, therefore,
AA3 AC
 (By the basic proportionality theorem)
A3 A5 CB
AA3 3 AC 3
By construction,  . Therefore,  .
A3 A5 2 CB 2
This shows that C divides AB in the ratio 3 : 2
We now use the ideas of the construction above for constructing a triangle similar to a
given triangle whose sides are in a given ratio with the corresponding sides of the given
triangle.
Type 2 : Construct a triangle of sides 4 cm, 5 cm and 6 cm then construct a triangle similar
2
to it whose sides are of the corresponding sides of it.
3
Steps of construction:
1. Take BC = 6 cm. Complete the triangle ABC with compasses by taking AB = 5 cm
and AC = 4 cm. Let CBX be any acute angle (< 90°).
2. Mark the three points B1, B2 , B3 A
(number of parts should be greater of
2 A
the 2 and 3 in ) such that
3
BB1  B1B2  B2 B3 .
B C
3. Join B3C and draw a line through B2 C
(the second point) parallel to B3C B1
B2
which meets BC at C. B3
4. Draw C A  parallel to CA which
X
intersects AB at A.

2
Then ABC is the required triangle whose corresponding sides are times of given
3
ABC.
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 CONSTRUCTION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Type 3 : Construct a triangle with sides 5 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm and then construct another
7
triangle whose sides are of the corresponding side of the first triangle.
5
Steps of construction : A
1. Take BC  7 cm. Complete the A
ABC with compasses by taking
AB = 5 cm and AC = 6 cm.
2. Let CBY = any acute angle
(< 90°). B C C X
B1
B2
3. Mark the seven points B1, B2 , B3 …, B3
B4 B
5
B7 (number of parts should be B6
B7
7 Y
greater of the 7 and 5 in ) such
5
that BB1 = B1B2 = B2B3 …. B6B7.
4. Join CB5 . Draw C B7 || to CB5
which meets BC produced at C.
5. Through C draw CA parallel to AC
which meets BA produced at A.
7
Then ABC is the required triangle whose corresponding sides are times of given
5
ABC.

Illustration 1: Construct one isosceles triangle whose

A
base is 8 cm and altitude 4 cm and then
A
construct another triangle whose sides
1
4 cm

are 1 times the corresponding sides

2
8 cm
of the isosceles triangle. B D C C X
B1
B2
B3
X
Solution: Steps of Construction :
1. Take BC = 8 cm.
2. Draw DA, the right-bisector of BC and cut an arc with centre D to get point A equal to
4 cm.
3. Join BA and CA. ABC is the isosceles triangle of given data.
4. Let any acute angle be CBX (< 90°).
5. Mark the three points B1, B2 and B3 (the number of points should be the greater of 3 and 2 in
3
) such that BB1 = B1B2 = B1B3·
2
6. Joint B2C. Draw a line through B3 parallel to B2C which meets BC extended at C'.
7. Through C' draw C'A' parallel to CA which meets BA produced at A'.
3
Then A'BC is the required triangle whose sides are times the corresponding sides of the given
2
triangle

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 CONSTRUCTION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Y
Illustration 2: Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which
AB = 6.5 cm. BC = 5.4 cm, CD = 5.8 cm, A
DA = 7.3 cm and B = 60° Construct a
A
quadrilateral similar to quadrilateral ABCD
with its sides 4/5th of corresponding sides of D D
ABCD.

B C C
X1
X2 X
3 X4
X5 X
Solution: Given : Sides of a quadrilateral ABCD as AB = 6.5 cm. BC = 5.4 cm, CD = 5.8 cm, DA = 7.3 cm
and B = 60°
4
Required : To construct quadrilateral similar to quadrilateral ABCD, whose sides are th of the
5
corresponding sides of ABCD, i.e., quadrilateral ABCD in which
4 4 4 4
A B  AB,BC  BC, CD  CD and DA   DA .
5 5 5 5
Steps of Construction:
1. Draw the line segment BC = 5.4 cm.
2. At B, construct angle YBC = 60°.
3. With centre B and radius equal to 6.5 cm, draw an arc cutting YB at A.
4. With centre A and radius equal to 7.3 cm, draw an arc.
5. With centre C and radius equal to 5.8 cm, draw another arc cutting the previous arc at D
6. Join AD and CD.
Then ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
7. Join BD.
8. Draw any ray BX inclined at certain acute angle with BD on the opposite sides of A.
9. Starting from B, cut off five equal line segments BX1, X1X2 , X2 X3 , X3 X4 and X4 X5 on BX.

10. Join X5D and draw a line segment X4D parallel to X5D to intersect BD at D.

11. Draw a line DA parallel to DA which intersects AB at A.

12. Draw a line DC parallel to DC which intersects BC at C.
Then ABCD is the required quadrilateral similar to quadrilateral ABCD.
Illustration 3: Construct a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD in which
AB = 3.5 cm, BC = 6 cm, CA = 4 cm and R
P
AD = 2.2 cm. Also construct a quadrilateral B
similar to ABCD whose sides are 1.5 times B O
the corresponding sides of ABCD.

Given : Three sides and a diagonal of a cyclic

A C C
quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 3.5 cm, BC = 6
X1 D D
cm, and AD = 2.2 cm and diagonal AC = 4 cm. X2
S
X3
Q X

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 CONSTRUCTION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Required : To construct the cyclic quadrilateral ABCD and another quadrilateral similar to
quadrilateral ABCD whose sides are 1.5 times the corresponding sides of ABCD, i.e. quadrilateral
ABCD in which AB = 1.5 AB, BC = 1.5 BC, CD = 1.5 CD and DA = 1.5 DA
Steps of Construction:
1. Draw the line segment AC = 4 cm.
2. With centre A and radius equal to 3.5 cm, draw an arc.
3. With centre C and radius equal to 6 cm, draw another arc cutting the previous arc at B.
4. Join BA and BC.
5. Draw PQ and RS the perpendicular bisectors of any two sides, say AC and BC respectively
of ABC intersecting of O.
6. With O as centre and radius equal to OA (or OB or OC), draw a circle. This circle is the
circumcircle of ABC.
7. With centre A and radius equal to 2.2 cm, draw an arc on the opposite side of point B, to cut
the circle at point D.
8. Join AD and CD.
Then ABCD is the required cyclic quadrilateral.
9. Draw ant ray AX inclined at a certain acute angle with AC on the opposite side of B.
10. Starting from A, cut off three equal line segments AX1, X1X2 and X2 X3 on AX .
11. Join X2 C and draw a line segment X3 C parallel to X2 C to intersect AC produced at C.

12. Draw a line CB  parallel to CB which intersects AB produced at B.

13. Draw a line CD parallel to CB which intersects AD produced at D.
Then quadrilateral AB CD is the required quadrilateral similar to cyclic quadrilateral ABCD.

RADICAL TEST (CLASS WORK)

1. Divide a line AB = 8 cm in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4.

2. Construct a triangle QAB similar to the given equilateral PQR with side 5 cm such that each of
3
its side is th of the corresponding side of PQR.
4
3. Construct a triangle similar to a given isosceles PQR with QR = 6 cm and PR = PQ = 4 cm
3
such that each of its sides is th of the corresponding side of PQR.
4
4. Construct a ABC in which AB = 5 cm, B = 60°, altitude CD = 3 cm. Construct a AQR similar
to ABC such that each side of AQR is 1.5 times that of the corresponding sides of ABC.
3
5. Construct a quadrilateral similar to a given quadrilateral ABCD with its sides th of the
5
corresponding sides of quadrilateral ABCD. It is given that AB = 5 cm, BC = 4.8 cm, CD = 4.5
cm, AD = 5.6 cm and AC = 7.5 cm.
6. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD with AB = 3 cm, AD = 2.7 cm, DB = 3.6 cm, B = 110° and BC
= 4.2 cm. Construct another quadrilateral ABCD similar to quadrilateral ABCD so that diagonal
BD = 4.8 cm.
7. Construct a ABC in which BC = 6 cm, A = 50° and the median through A is 5.5 cm. Find also,
the length of the altitude drawn on BC from A.

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 CONSTRUCTION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENTS FROM A POINT ON OR OUTSIDE THE CIRCLE

WHEN CENTRE IS GIVEN
When point of tangency is on the circle.
Given : A circle with centre O.
Required : To draw a tangent from point P on the circle.
Steps of construction: O

1. Take a point O on the plane of the paper and draw a

circle of given radius.
2. Take a point P on the circle. X P Y

3. Join OP.
4. Construct OPX = 90°.
5. Produce XP to Y to get XPY as the required tangent.
When point of tangency is outside the circle
Given : A circle with centre O.
Required : To draw a tangent from an external point i.e., P. T
Steps of construction:
1. Join the centre O of the circle to the given external
point i.e., P. P O O
2. Draw  bisector of OP, intersecting OP at O.
3. Taking O as centre and OO = PO as radius, draw a T
circle to intersect the given circle at T and T.
4. Join PT and PT to get the required tangents as PT and PT.

WHEN CENTRE IS NOT GIVEN

When point of tangency is on the circles.
Given : A circle and a point P on it. R
Required : To draw a tangent at P without using centre of Q
the circle.
Steps of construction:
1. Draw any chord PQ of the circle through P as in figure.
2. Take any point R on the major arc PQ and join PR and
P X
QR.
3. Construct QPX equal to PRQ.
Then PX is the required tangent at P to the circle.

Illustration 4: Draw a circle of radius 6 cm. From a point 10 cm away from its centre, construct the pair of
tangents to the circle and measure their lengths.
Solution: Given :
(i) A circle with centre O and radius 6 cm.
(ii) A point P at a distance of 10 cm from O.
Required : To draw two tangents to the circle from point P and measure the lengths of the
tangents.

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 CONSTRUCTION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Steps of construction :
1. Bisect the line-segment OP. Let the point of bisection Q
be M.
2. Taking M as centre and OM as radius, draw a circle.
Let it intersect the circle at the points Q and R. 10cm O
P
M

6cm
3. Join PQ and PR. These are the required tangents. On
measuring, PQ = PR = 8 cm.
R

Illustration 5: Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 6 cm, which are inclined to each other at 60°.
Also steps of construction.
Solution: Steps of construction :
1. Draw a circle with centre O and radius = 6 cm.

2. Take a ray OP.

3. Construct POA and POB, each = 60° such that A

AOB = 120°.

4. Construct OAP = OBP = 90° with radii OA and 60 60

60 O
OB respectively such that their arms AP and BP X P
intersect ray OP at P, then APB = 60° such that 6 cm
tangents PA and PB are inclined at 60° with each B
other.
Illustration 6: Construct tangents to a circle of radius 3 cm from a point on the concentric circle of radius
5 cm and measure their lengths. Also verify the measurement by actual calculation.
Solution: Steps of construction :
1. Take a point O on the plane of the paper and draw a circle of radius 3 cm.
2. With centre O and radius 5 cm, draw a concentric circle.
3. Take any point P on the concentric circle (of radius 5 cm).
4. Join PO.
5. Draw XY the perpendicular bisector of PO and let it intersect PO at M.
6. With centre M and radius MO = MP, draw a circle.
Suppose this circle intersects the smaller circle of
Q
radius 3 cm at Q and R.
X
7. Join PQ and PR.
P M O
Then PQ and PR are the required tangents from the
Y
point P on the concentric circle of radius 5 cm.
R

Justification :
PQO is a right angle [Angle in a semicircle]

 PQ is perpendicular to the radius OQ through the point Q.

 PQ is tangent to the smaller circle at Q.
similarly PR is a tangent the smaller circle at R.
Verification of the measurement :
In right PQO,

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 CONSTRUCTION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

OP 2  PQ2  OQ2 [Using Pythagoras Theorem]

 (5 cm)2  PQ2  (3 cm)2 [  OQ  3 cm,OP  5 cm, given]

 PQ  25  9  16  4 cm
similarly, PR = 4 cm

Illustration 7: Draw a line segment AB of length 6 cm. Taking A as centre, draw a circle of radius 3 cm
and taking B as centre, draw another circle of radius 2 cm. Construct tangents to each
circle from the centre of the other circle.
Solution: Steps of construction :

1. Draw a line segment AB = 6 cm.

2. With centre A and radius = 3 cm, draw a circle.

3. With centre B and radius = 2 cm, draw R

another circle. P

4. With M, the midpoint of AB, as centre

and radius AM = MB, draw the circle
intersecting the circle of radius 3 cm at A 3 cm M 2 cm B
R and S and intersecting the circle of
radius 2 cm at P and Q.
Q
5. Join AP, AQ, BR and BS. S

Then AP and AQ are tangents to the circle with centre B and radius 2 cm from point A
BR and BS are tangents to the circle with centre A and radius 3 cm from point B.
Justification :
Join AR.
ARB = 90° [Angle in a semicircle]
i.e. BR is perpendicular to AR
Since AR is the radius of the circle with centre A and radius 3 cm, BR has to be a tangent to this
circle.
Similarly BS is also a tangent this circle.
Join BP
BPA = 90° [Angle in a semicircle]
i.e. AP is perpendicular to BP.
Since BP is the radius of the circle with centre B and radius 2 cm, AP has to be tangent to this
circle.
similarly, AQ is also a tangent this circle.

Illustration 8: Let ABC be a right triangle in which AB = 3 cm, BC = 4 cm and B = 90°. BD is the
perpendicular from B on AC. The circle through B, C, D is drawn. Construct the tangents
from A to this circle.
Solution: Steps of construction :
1. Draw ABC and perpendicular BD from B on AC.
2. Draw XY, the perpendicular bisector of BC at O.
3. With O as centre and radius OB = OC, draw circle. This circle will pass through D.

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 CONSTRUCTION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

4. Join AO.
5. Draw a circle with AO as diameter and let this circle cut the circle drawn in step 3 at B and P.
6. Join AP
Then AP and AB are the required tangents drawn C
from A to the circle passing through B, C and D.
Justification :
P
Join OP
O
OPA = 90° [Angle in a semicircle] Y
X
i.e. AP is perpendicular to OP D

Since OP is the radius of the circle through points B,

C, D.
A B

 AP has to be a tangent to this circle.

Similarly AB is also a tangent this circle.

Illustration 9: Construct a tangent to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point on the concentric circle of
radius 6 cm and measure its length. Also verify the measurement by actual calculation.
Solution: Steps of Construction:
1. Draw two circles of radii 4 cm and 6 cm with
centre O. (same centre).
2. Take any point P on the circle of radius 4
cm. O

3. Join OP. Draw OPT = 90°. 6 cm

4 cm

4. SPT is the required tangent which meets the

larger circle at S and T.
S P T

5. Measure the length of ST which comes out to be 8.9 cm

Verification: In right OPS PS2  OS2  OP2  62  42  36  16  20 cm

PS  20  2 5  4.46 cm
ST  SP  PT  2SP  2  4.46  8.92 cm

Illustration 10: Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. Take two points P and Q on one of its extended diameters
each at a distance of 7 cm from its centre. Draw the tangents to the circle from these two
points P and Q.
Solution: Steps of construction:
1. Draw a circle of radius 3 cm with O as centre.
2. Draw one of its diameters and take two points P and Q on extended diameter such that OP =
OQ = 7 cm.

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 CONSTRUCTION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

T S

7 cm 7 cm Q
P 3 cm O 3 cm C2
C1

T' S'

3. Draw the right bisectors of OP and OQ which intersect this extended diameter at C1 and C2.
4. With C1 and C2 as centres, draw two circles with radii C1P = C2Q intersecting give circle of
radius 3 cm at the points T, T ', S and S '.
5. Joint PT, PT ', QS, and QS ' which are the two required pairs of tangents.

RADICAL TEST – II (CLASS WORK)

1. Draw a circle of diameter 7 cm. Take two points P and Q on one of its extended diameter each
at a point 8 cm from its centre. Draw two tangents to the circle from these two points.

2. Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. From a point P outside the circle at a distance 7 cm from the centre
of the circle, draw a pair of tangents to the circle.

3. Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 4 cm which are inclined to each other at 120°.

4. Draw a line segment PQ = 9 cm. Taking P as centre, draw circle of radius 5 cm. Construct pair
of tangents to the circle from the point B.

5. Let ABC be a right triangle in which AB = 3 cm, BC = 4 cm and ABC = 90°. BD is

perpendicular from B on AC. The circle through B, C, D is drawn. Construct the pair of tangents
from the point A to the circle.

6. Construct a circle of radius 3.5 cm. From a point on the concentric circle of radius 6.5 cm draw a
tangent to the first circle and measure the length of the tangent drawn. Also find the length of the
tangent by actual calculation.

7. Construct a pair of tangents drawn from a point 5 cm away from the centre of a circle of radius 2
cm. Measure the lengths of the tangents.

8. Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 3.5 cm which are perpendicular to each other.

9. From a point P on a circle of radius 3.5 cm, draw a tangent to the circle using its centre O, Also
write the steps of construction.

10. From a point P on a circle of radius 4 cm, draw a tangent to the circle without using the centre,
also write the steps of construction.

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 CONSTRUCTION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

CONCEPT MAP

The tangent of a circle is Similar triangles or

perpendicular to the radius at quadrilaterals have their
the point of contact. corresponding angles equal
and corresponding sides in
same ratio.

If a point lies inside a circle,

The perpendicular bisector of CONSTRUCTIONS no tangent can be drawn onto
a chord passes through the
centre. circle through this point.

If a point lies on the circle,

Angles in alternate segments one tangent can be drawn
are equal. through this point.

If a point lies outside the

The lengths of two tangents circle, two tangents can be
drawn from an external point drawn through this point on to
to a circle are equal. the circle.

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 CONSTRUCTION FBC-Mat. [X]-16

CBSE ASSIGNMENT

1. Draw a line segment of length 12 cm. Divide it in the ratio 5 : 7.

2. Construct a triangle ABC similar to a given isosceles triangle PQR with QR = 5 cm, PR = PQ = 4
3
cm such that each of its sides is th of the corresponding sides of PQR.
5

3. Draw a right triangle ABC in which AC = AB = 4.54 cm and A = 90. Draw a triangle similar to
5
ABC with its sides equal to   th of the corresponding sides of ABC.
4

4. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD, where AB = 4.2 cm BC = 3.8 cm, CD = 4.6 cm, AD = 6 cm, AC
3
= 7.8 cm, construct a quadrilateral similar to quadrilateral ABCD with its sides   th of the
5
corresponding sides of quadrilateral ABCD.

5. Construct a triangle ABC in which BC = 6 cm, A = 50 and the median through A is 5.5 cm.
Find also the lengths of altitude drawn on BC from A.

6. Consider a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 2.5 cm BC = 3.5 and AD = 2.5 cm construct

another quadrilateral ABCD with diagonals AC = 6.3 cm such that it is similar to quadrilateral
ABCD.

7. Construct a circle of radius 3 cm. Draw two tangents to this circle such that the angle between
the tangents is 45.

8. Draw a circle of radius 4 cm. Take a point P on it. Construct a tangent at the point P without
using the centre of the circle.

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 AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES

In our previous study we have learnt to find the areas

of some simple plane figures such as rectangle, squares,
triangles and circles.
Here we will begin our discussion with a review of
the concepts of perimeter (circumference) and area of a
circle and apply this knowledge in finding the areas of two
special ‘parts’ of a circular region known as sector and
segment. We will also discuss the methods to find the areas
of some combinations of plane figures involving circles or
their parts.

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TERMS RELATED TO CIRCLES

CIRCLE
The set of points which are at a constant distance of units from a fixed point O is
called a circle with centre O and radius = r units. The circle is denoted by C(O, r). O r

The fixed point O is called the centre and the constant distance r units is called its radius.

CIRCUMFERENCE
The perimeter (or length of boundary) of a circle is called its circumference.

ARC
A continuous piece of a circle is called an arc of the circle.
In the given figure, PQ is an arc of a circle, with centre O, denoted by PQ . The
remaining part of the circle, shown by the dotted lines, represents QP . O
P Q
CENTRAL ANGLE 

An angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is called its central angle.
In the given figure of a circle with centre O, central angle of O
PQ = POQ = º.
º
If º< 180º then the arc PQ is called the minor arc and the arc QP is called P Q
the major arc.

SEMICIRCLE
A diameter divides a circle into two equal arcs. Each of these two arcs is S
called a semicircle.
In the given figure of a circle with centre O, PRQ and QSP are P Q
semicircles. O
An arc whose length is less than the arc of a semicircle is called a minor
arc. An arc whose length is more than the arc of a semicircle is called a R
major arc.
SEGMENT
A segment of a circle is the region bounded by an arc and a chord, including Major
segment
the arc and the chord.
O
The segment containing the minor arc is called a minor segment, while the Minor
segment containing the major arc is the major segment. P segment Q
The centre of the circle lies in the major segment.

SECTOR OF A CIRCLE
The region enclosed by an arc of a circle and its two bounding radii is called a sector of the circle.
In the given figure, OPRQO is a sector of the circle with centre O.
If arc PQ is a minor arc then OPRQO is called the minor sector of the circle.
The remaining part of the circle is called the major sector of the circle. O
º

P R Q

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 AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES FBC-Mat. [X]-16

QUADRANT
One-fourth of a circular disc is called a quadrant. The central angle of a quadrant is 90º.

FORMULAE
Circumference and area of a circle
For a circle of radius r, we have
(i) Circumference of the circle = 2r

(ii) Area of the circle = r 2

1 2 O r
(iii) Area of the semicircle = r
2
(iv) Perimeter of the semicircle = (r + 2r)

Area of a ring
Let R and r be the outer and inner radii of a ring. O
R r
Then, area of the ring =  (R 2  r 2 ) .

Rotating wheels
(i) Distance moved by a wheel in 1 rotation = circumference of the wheel
distance moved in 1 minute
(ii) Number of rotations in 1 minute =
circumference
Rotation of the hands of a clock
(i) Angle described by the minute hand of a clock in 60 minutes = 360º.
(ii) Angle described by the hour hand of a clock in 12hours = 360º.

Illustration 1 : In figure, what is the ratio of the areas of a

8 cm
circle and a rectangle whose diameter and a A D
rectangle whose diameter and diagonal of a 6 cm
O
rectangle are respectively equal. B C

Solution: Diagonal of a rectangle = BD  62  82 = 10 cm

It is given that : diagonal of rectangle = diameter of a circle
 10 = 2r  r  5

Area of a circle of radius 5 cm   (5)2 25 

  
Area of a rectangle of sides 6 cm and 8 cm 86 48

Illustration 2: What is the ratio of the areas of a circle and an equilateral triangle whose diameter and a
side are respectively equal?
2 2
Area of a circle of radius 'r ' r 2 4  r    2r  
Solution:         [a = 2r]
Area of a an equilateral of sides 'a ' 3 2 3 a 3 a  3
a
4

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 AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 3: The cost of fencing a circular field at the rate of Rs. 24 per metre is Rs. 5280. The field is to
22
be ploughed at the rate of Rs. 0.50 per m2. Find the cost of ploughing the field (Take  = ).
7
Solution: Length of the fence
Total cost 5280
=   220 m.
Rate 24
So, circumference of the field
= 220 m
Therefore, if r metres is the radius of the field, then
 2r = 220 where r is the radius of field.
22
or 2  r = 220
7
220  7
or r= = 35 m
2  22
Therefore, area of the field
22
= r 2   35  35  22  5  35 m2
7
 cost of ploughing 1m2 of the field = Rs. 0.50
So, total cost of ploughing the field
= Rs. 22 × 5 × 35 × 0.50 = Rs. 1925
Illustration 4 : A circular park, 42 m in diameter, has a path 3.5 m wide running round it on the outside. Find
the cost of gravelling the path at Rs. 4 per m2.
Solution: Radius r of the circular park
= 21 m.
Radius R of the outer circle
= (21 + 3.5) m = 24.5 m
Area of the path =  [R 2  r 2 ]

=   [(24.5)2  (21)2 ]

22
  (24.5  21)(24.5  21)
7
 22 
  45.5  3.5  m 2  500.5
 7 
 Cost of gravelling the path = Rs. (500.5 ×4) = Rs. 2002.

Illustration 5 : A road which is 7 m wide surrounds a circular park whose circumference is 352 m. Find the
area of the road.
Solution: Let the radius of the park be r m
Then, its circumference = 2r
22
 2  r  352 r
7
7
 r  352   56 m
44
Thus, inner radius = 56 m,
outer radius = (56 + 7) m = 63 m
Area of the road =  [(63)2  (56)2 ]

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22
=  (63  56)(63  56)
7
 22 
=   119  7  m2 = 2618 m2
 7 
Illustration 6 : The radii of two circles are 8 cm and 6 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle having
area equal to the sum of the areas of the two circles.
Solution: The area of the circle having radius 8 cm
2
=  × (8) ( r = 8 cm)
2
= 64  cm
The area of the circle having radius 6 cm
2
=  × (6)
= 36  cm2
Sum of the areas of the two circles
2 2
= (64  + 36 ) cm = 100  cm
Let, if r be the radius of the circle which has area equal to the sum of the areas of the two given
circles, then
r 2 = 100 
 r 2 = 100
 r = 10
Hence, the required radius is 10 cm.

Illustration 7 : A bicycle wheel makes 5000 revolutions in moving 11 km. Find the diameter of the wheel.
Solution: Distance covered by the wheel in 1 revolution
 11 1000  100 
=   cm  220 cm
 5000 
 The circumference of the wheel = 220 cm
Let the diameter of the wheel be d cm.
Then, d = 220
22
  d = 220
7
7
 d = 220   70
22
Hence, the diameter of the wheel is 70 cm.

Illustration 8 : The diameter of the wheels of a bus is 140 cm. How many revolutions per minute must a
wheel make in order to move at a speed of 66 km per hour?
Solution: Distance covered by a wheel in 1 minute
 66  1000  100 
  60  cm  110000 cm
 
Circumference of a wheel

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 22 
 = 2  70  cm  440 cm
 7 
Number of revolutions in 1 min
 110000 
 =    250 .
 440 
Illustration 9 : A steel wire, when bent in the form of a square, encloses an area of 121 sq cm. The same
wire is bent in the form of a circle. Find the area of the circle.

Solution: Side of the square = 121 cm  11cm

Perimeter of the square = (4 × 11) cm = 44 cm

 Length of the wire = 44 cm

 Circumference of the circle = Length of the wire = 44 cm

Let the radius of the circle be r cm

Then, 2r  44
22
 2 r  44
7

 r7
 Area of the circle = r 2

 22 
=   7  7  cm2  154 cm2 .
 7 

RADICAL TEST – I (CLASS WORK)

1. The length of a chain used as the boundary of a semicircular park is 90 m. Find the area of the
park.
2. Find the area of a ring whose outer and inner radii are respectively 23 cm and 12 cm.
3. The inner circumference of a circular track is 440 m, and the track is 14 m wide. Calculate the
cost of leveling the track at 25 paise/m2. Also find the cost of fencing the outer boundary of the
track at Rs. 5 per metre.

4. A park is in the form of a rectangle 120 m by 90 m. At

the centre of the park there is a circular lawn as shown
90 m

in the figure. The area of the park excluding the lawn is

2950 m2. Find the radius of the circular lawn ( = 314).
120 m
5. A path of 8 m width runs around the outside of a circular park whose radius is 17 m. Find the
area of the path.

6. A copper wire when bent in the form of a square encloses an area of 484 cm2. The same wire is
now bent in the form of a circle. Find the area enclosed by the circle.

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AREA OF SECTOR AND SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE

Length of arc, area of sector and segment
S
Let an arc AB make an angle º < 180º at the centre of a circle
of radius r. Then, we have
O
  
(i) Length of the arc PQ =    2r   
 360 
P Q
   R
(ii) (a) Area of the sector OPRQO =    r 2
 360 
 1 2r   1 
  r  l r
 2 360  2 
(b) Perimeter of the sector OPRQO = OP + OQ + length of arc
    
PRQ   2r     2r   
  360  
(iii) (a) Area of the minor segment PRQP = (area of the sector OPRQO) – (area
of OPQ)
 r 2 1 2 
  r sin  
 360 2 
 
(b) Area of the major segment QSPQ = (area of the circle) – (area of the
minor segment PRQP)

Illustration 10 : If the following figure is a sector of circle of radius 10.5

cm. Find the perimeter of the sector. A B

Solution: The arc length  = AB of a sector of an angle 60 in a circle 60

of radius 10.5 cm is given by
O
θ
  2r
360
60 22
  2  10.5
360 7
1
   3  22  11
6
 Perimeter of sector OAB  OA  OB  arc AB  10.5  10.5  11  32 cm.

Illustration 11 : In the following figure, the length of an arc AB = 20  cm is a sector of a circle, find the
radius of the circle.
20 cm

A 144 B

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Solution: The arc of length AB = 20  cm of a sector of an angle 144 in a circle of radius r is given by

  2r
360
144
 20   2  r
360
2
 20    2  r  r  25 cm.
5
Illustration 12 : What is the ratio of the area of sector of angle 30 in a circle and that of the complete
circle?
30 r 2
Solution: Area of a sector of angle 30 in a circle of radius r cm   r 2  .
360 12
r 2
Area of a sector of angle 30 in a circle of radius r cm 12 1
  2 
Area of a circle of radius r cm r 12
Thus, the ratio is 1 : 12

Illustration 13 : An arc of a circle is of length 5  cm and the sector is bounds has an area 20 cm2. Find
the radius of the circle.
Solution: We know that
1
Area of a sector bounded by a given arc   (length of a given arc)  radius of a circle.
2
1 1
 A r  20    5  r
2 2
40
 r  8 cm
5

Illustration 14 : In a circle of radius 21 cm, an arc subtends an angle of 60º at the centre. Find

(i) the length of the arc,

(ii) the area of the sector,

(iii) the area of the minor segment, and

(iv) the area of the major segment.

Solution: Let ACB be the given arc subtending an angle of 60º at the D
centre. Then, r = 21 cm and  = 60º
2r  O
(i) Length of the arc ACB = cm
360
 22 60  A B
 2
7
 21
360  cm = 22 cm
  C
2
r   22 60  2 2
(ii) Area of the sector OACBO = cm2    21 21  cm = 231 cm
360  7 360 
(iii) Area of the minor segment ACBA= (area of the sector OACB) – (area of the OAB)
 1   1 
=  231  r 2 sin   cm2  231    21 21 sin60º   cm2
 2    2 

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 1 3 2 2
=  231   21 21  cm  (231  190.953)cm
 2 2 
= 40.047 cm2
(iv) Area of the major segment BDAB
= (area of the circle) – (area of the minor segment)
 22   2
=   21 21  40.047  cm2 = (1386 – 40.047) cm
 7  

= 1345.953 cm2

Illustration 15 : The minute hand of a clock is 12 cm long. Find the area of the face of the clock described
by the minute hand in 35 minutes.
Solution: Angle described by the minute hand in 60 minutes = 360º. A
Angle described by the minute hand in 35 minutes
º
 360  O 210º
  35   210º
 60 

B
  = 210º and r = 12 cm
 Area swept by the minute hand in 35 minutes

 r 2   2  22 210  2 2
  cm    12  12   cm  264 cm
 360   7 360 

Illustration 16 : The perimeter of a sector of a circle of radius 5.6 cm is 27.2 cm. Find the area of the sector.
Solution: Let O be the centre of a circle of radius 5.6 cm, and let OABO
be its sector with perimeter 27.2 cm.
Then, OA + OB + arc AB = 27.2 cm O
 5.6 cm + 5.6 cm + arc AB = 27.2 cm
 arc AB = 16 cm A B
C
Area of the sector OACBO
1  1 
   radius  length of arc  sq units    5.6  16  cm2  44.8 cm2
2  2 

Illustration 17 : In the figure, sectors of two concentric circles of

radii 7 cm and 3.5 cm are shown. Find the area of 3.5cm
the shaded region.
Solution: Area of the shaded region 30º

= (area of the sector with r = 7 cm,  = 30º) 7cm

– (area of the sector with r = 3.5 cm,  = 30º)
 22 30   22 7 7 30  
=  77     cm2
 7 360   7 2 2 360  
 77 77  2 77 2 2
=    cm  8 cm  9.625 cm .
 6 24 

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Illustration 18 : Find the area of the segment ACB in the figure, if radius of the C
circle is 21 cm and AOB = 120º.
A B
( = 22/7). 120º
21cm 21cm
Solution: Area of the segment O
ACB = Area of sector OACB – Area of OAB ...(i)

120 22
Now, area of the sector OACB =   21 21cm2  462 cm2 …(ii)
360 7
Draw OM  AB (figure).
In OAM and OBM
OA = OB (radii of same circle)
OM = OM (common)
OMA = OMB (both 90º)
 OMA  OMB (by RHS congruency)
 AM = MB (cpct)
1
 AOM = BOM =  120º  60º (cpct)
2
Let OM = x cm
OM
M
In OMA,  cos60º
A B
OA
21cm 60º 60º 21cm
x 1  1 O
   cos60º  
21 2  2
21
 x
2
21
So, OM  cm
2
AM
  sin60º
OA
AM 3
 
21 2
21 3
 AM = cm
2
2  21 3
 AB = 2 AM = cm  21 3 cm
2
1 1 21
Ar (OAB) =  AB  OM   21 3  cm2
2 2 2
441
= 3 cm2 ...(iii)
4
Therefore, area of the segment ACB = Area of sector – Area of OAB
 441 
=  462  3  cm2 [From (i), (ii), and (iii)]
 4 
21
= (88  21 3) cm2
4

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Illustration 19 : A brooch is made with silver wire in the form of a circle with
diameter 35 mm. The wire is also used in making 5 diameters,
which divide the circle into 10 equal sectors (figure). Find
(i) the total length of the silver wire required.
(ii) the area of each sector of the brooch.

Solution: (i) Diameter of the circle = 35 mm

35
 r mm
2
Total length of wire required = The length of wire required for making 5 diameters + The
length of wire required for making the circumference of the circle
35  22 
 5  35 mm  2  mm   175   35  mm  285 mm
2  7 
35
(ii) r mm
2
Degree of complete angle = 360º
Total number of sectors = 10
360º
The angle of each sector = i.e.,  = 36º
10
36º
Therefore, the area of each sector   r 2
360º
2
1 22  35 
   mm2
10 7  2 
1 22 35 35
   mm2 
10 7 2 2
11 35 385
 mm2  mm2
4 4
Illustration 20 : An umbrella has 8 ribs, which are equally spaced (figure).
Assume umbrella to be a flat circle of radius 45 cm, find the
area between the two consecutive ribs of the umbrella.
Solution: Here, r = 45º cm
 = sector angle between two consecutive ribs
360º
 [ There are 8 sectors of same size]
8
= 45º
Therefore, the area between two consecutive ribs of the umbrella
= The area of one sector
45º 1 22
  r 2    (45)2 cm2
360º 8 7
11 22275
  45  45 cm2  cm2
28 28

Illustration 21 : A round table cover has six equal designs (figure). If the
radius of the cover is 28 cm, find the cost of making the
designs at the rate of Rs. 0.35 per cm2.
( 3  1.7 )
Solution: Here, r = 28 cm

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360º
= = 60º
6
In the figure, OPQ is equilateral having side 28 cm. The area of one shaded designed portion.
= The area of the sector OPQ – The area of the OPQ
 r 2 3 2
=   (a) 
 360º 4 

 60 3  28cm O
=    (28)2    (28)2  cm2

26cm
 360 4  60º
P
 1 22 1.73 
=    28  28   28  28  cm2 Q
 6 7 4 
 1232 
=   333.2 cm2
 3 
 1232  999.6  2  232.40  2
=   cm   3  cm
 3   
 232.40  2
The total area of six designed portion = 6    cm
 3 
= 464.8 cm2
The total cost of making the designs at the rate of Rs. 0.35 per cm2
= Rs. 0.35 × 464.8 = Rs. 162.68

Illustration 22 : Three horses are tethered with 7-metre-long ropes at the three corners of a triangular field
having sides 20 m, 34 m and 42 m. Find the area of the plot which can be grazed by the
horses. Also, find the area of the plot which remains un-grazed.
Solution: Let P = 1º , Q = 2º and R = 3º .

Area which can be grazed by the horses P

= sum of the areas of three sectors with central
angles 1º , 2º and 3º , and each with r = 7 m
42 m 34 m
 r 21 r 22 r 23  2
   m
 360 360 360 

where r = 7 m
r 2  r 2  180  2 Q 20 m R
 (1  2  3 ) m2   m
360  360 
[  1  2  3  P  Q  R  180º ]
 22 1
  7  7   m2  77 m 2
 7 2 
Sides of the plot are a = 20 m, b = 34 m, c = 42 m.
1
 s  (a  b  c) = 48 m, (s – a) = 28 m, (s – b) = 14 m and (s – c) = 6 m
2
 area of the whole plot = area of PQR
= s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c) sq units
= 48  28  14  6 m2  336 m2

Area un-grazed = (336 – 77) = 259 m2.

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Illustration 23 : A horse is tied to a pole M at middle of the side AB of a 50m

square shaped grass field of side 50 m by means of a 7 m D C
long rope (figure). Find
(i) the area of that part of the field in which the horse
can graze.
(ii) the increase in the grazing area if the rope were 10.5
m long instead of 7 m.
(iii) the grazing area if the rope is 10.5 long and the
horse is tied to a pole at the corner A instead of M. A B
(Take  = 22/7) M

Solution: (i) The required grazing area is semi-circle of radius 7 50m

D C
m.
1
Thus, the required area =  {  (7)2 } m2
2
50m
1 22 18m 18m
=   49 m2
2 7
= 77 m2 A B
M

(ii) In this case the increase in the grazing area

50m
D C
1 1 
     (10.5)2     (7)2  m2
2 2  Increase in
grazing area
346.5 50m
  77
2 10.5m
346.5  154 192.5 7m
  M
2 2 A B
10.5m 7m
= 96.25 m2

(iii) The required grazing area is a quadrant of a circle

with centre at A and radius 10.5 m.
50m
Therefore, the grazing area D C
Grazing area
1 is a quadrant
    (10.5)2 m2 of a circle of
4
radius 10.5 m
10.5m

1 22
   10.5  10.5 m2
4 7
11 173.25 2 A B
  1.5  10.5 m2  m
2 2 10.5m

= 86.625 m2

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RADICAL TEST – II (CLASS WORK)

1. Find the area of a sector of a circle:
(i) When radius of the circle is 21 cm and angle of the sector is 60º.
(ii) When radius of the circle is 10.5 cm and angle of the sector is 120º.

2. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle having radius 21 cm and length of arc APB = 13.2 cm.
Find the area of the shaded region.

O
21cm 21cm

A B
P

3. In the figure, a semi-circle is inscribed on diameter AB = 28 cm. Two smaller semi-circles are
inscribed on OA = 14 cm and OB = 14 cm as diameters. Find the area of the shaded region in
the figure. ( = 22/7).

28cm
O
A B
14cm 14cm

4. A horse is placed for grazing inside a rectangular field 70 m by 52 m. It is tethered to one corner
by a rope 21 m long. On how much area can it graze? How much area is left un-grazed?

5. A horse is tethered to one corner of a field, which is in the shape of an equilateral triangle of side
12 m. If the length of the rope is 7 m, find the area of the field, which the horse cannot graze.
( 3 = 1.732).

6. The radius of a circle with centre O is 6 cm. Two radii OA and OB are drawn at right angles to
each other. Find the areas of the minor and major segments.

7. In a circle of radius 10.5 cm, the minor arc is one-fifth of the major arc. Find the area of the
sector corresponding to the major arc.

8. In the given figure, OABC is a rhombus whose three vertices A, B, A

C lie on a circle of radius 10 cm.
Find the area of the rhombus. P
A O
( 3 = 1.732)
C

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AREAS OF COMBINATIONS OF PLANE FIGURES

In the previous section, we have learnt to find areas of sectors and segments of a circle. In this
section, we will learn to calculate the areas of some plane figures, which are combinations of
more than one plane figure.

Illustration 24 : In the figure, two circular flowerbeds have been shown on two
sides of a square lawn ABCD of side 56 m. If the centre of
each circular flowerbed is the point of intersection O of the A B
diagonals of the square lawn, find the sum of the areas of the
lawn and the flowerbeds. O 56m
2 2
Solution: Area of the square lawn ABCD = (side) = 56 × 56 m ... (i)
Let OA = OB = x metres D C
In AOB, AOB = 90 [Diagonals of square bisect at 90]

So, x 2  x 2  56 2 [By Pythagoras theorem]

or, 2x 2  56  56
or, x 2  28  56 ... (ii)
90 1
Now, area of sector OAB =  x 2   x 2
360 4
1 22
=   28  56 [From (ii)] ... (iii)
4 7
1 1
Also, area of OAB =  OA  OB   x 2
2 2
1
  28  56 [AOB = 90º] ... (iv)
2
So, area of flower bed AB = Area of sector OAB  area of OAB
 1 22 1 
=    28  56   28  56  m 2
 4 7 2 
1  22 
=  28  56   2  m2 [From (iii) and (iv)]
4  7 
1 8
=  28  56  m2 ... (v)
4 7
Similarly, area of the other flower bed
1 8
=  28  56  m2 ... (vi)
4 7
 1 8 1 8
Therefore, total area =  56  56   28  56    28  56   m2
 4 7 4 7
 2 2 2
= 28  56  2   m [From (i), (v) and (vi)]
 7 7

18 2
= 28  56  m  4032 m 2
7

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Illustration 25 : The inside perimeter of a running track, (figure) is 60 m

340 m. The length of each straight portion is 60 m,
and the curved portions are semicircles. If the
track is 7 m wide, find the area of the track. Also,
find the outer perimeter of the track.
7m

Solution: Length of inner curved portion = (340 – 2 × 60) m = 220 m.

 The length of each inner curved part = 110 m.

Let the radius of each inner curved part be r.

22
Then, r = 110 m   r  110 m
7
 7 
 r   110   m  35 m
 22 

 Inner radius = 35 m, outer radius = (35 + 7) m = 42 m.

 Area of the track

= (area of 2 rectangles) + (area of the circular ring)

 22 
 (2  60  7 )   [( 42) 2  (35) 2 ] m 2
 7 

 22 
 840   ( 42  35)( 42  35) m2
 7 

 (840  1694) m 2  2534 m2

Length of the outer boundary of the track

 22 
  2  60  2   42  m  384 m
 7 

Hence, the outer perimeter of the track is 384 m.

Illustration 26 : The area of an equilateral triangle is

2
100 3 cm . Taking each vertex as centre, a
A
circle is described with radius equal to half the
length of the side of the triangle, as shown in
the figure. Find the area of that part of the P 60º Q
triangle, which is not included in the circles.

[ = 3.14 and 3  1.732 ]. 60º 60º

B R C

Solution: Let each side of the triangle be a cm.

 3 2
Then, area of the triangle =  a  cm 2 .
 4 
 

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3 2
 a  100 3  a 2  400  a = 20.
4
Thus, the length of each side of ABC is 20 cm.
 Radius of each circle = 10 cm.
Required area = (area of ABC) – 3(area of a sector)

 60  2
=  100 3  3  3.14  10  10   cm
 360 

= (100  1.732  157) cm2  (173.2  157) cm2  16.2 cm2

Illustration 27: In the figure, AB and CD are two diameters of a A

circle (with centre at O) perpendicular to each
other and OC is the diameter of the smaller circle.
If OC = 20 cm, find the area of the shaded region.
C D
[ = 3.14]. O

B
Solution: Here, the radius of the circle having centre at O is 20 cm and the radius of the smaller circle
1 1
  OC   20 cm  10 cm
2 2
The shaded region above the diameter COD is a segment of the larger circle whose radius is 20
cm. Here,  = 90º.
The area of this region above the diameter, COD
90
    (20)2 cm 2 – Area of the AOD
360
1 1
  3.14  400 cm2   OD  OA
4 2
1
 314 cm2   20  20 cm2  114 cm2
2

The area of the shaded region below the diagonal COD

= (the area of the one quadrant of the larger circle)

– (the area of the semi-circle of the smaller circle)

1 1 
    (20 ) 2    (10 ) 2  cm 2
4 2 

1 1 
   3.14  400   3.14  100 cm 2
 4 2 

 (314  157) cm 2  157 cm 2

Total shaded area = 114 cm 2 + 157 cm 2 = 271 cm 2 .

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Illustration 28 : Find the area of the shaded design in figure, where

P Q
PQRS is a square of side 10 cm and semicircles are
drawn with each side of the square as diameter.

( = 3.14)

Solution: The four shaded regions are marked as A, B, C and D S R

10 cm
(figure). All the four regions have equal areas.

Area of A + Area of C

= Area of the square PQRS – Sum of the area of two

semicircles each of radius 5 cm 5 cm 5 cm
P Q
 1  A
 10  10  2     5 2   cm 2
 2  5 cm 5 cm
D B
 1 
 10  10  2     5 2   cm 2 = 21.5 cm2 5 cm 5 cm
 2  C
S R
Similarly, Area of B + Area of D = 21.5 cm 2 5 cm 5 cm

Therefore, the total area of shaded designs

= 21.5 cm 2 + 21.5 cm 2 = 43 cm 2 .

Illustration 29: Find the area of the shaded region in figure, where a
circular arc of radius 6 cm has been drawn with vertex O O
6cm
of an equilateral triangle OAB of side 12 cm as centre.

Solution: Area of the shaded region =

Area of the major sector of the circle

A B
12cm
+ Area of the equilateral triangle OAB

=
3
r 2
 Area of the minor sector   4
 (12) 2

[  each side of equilateral  is 12 cm]

 60 
=  r 2   r 2   36 3 cm 2
 360 
5 2  5 22 
=  r  36 3cm 2     ( 6) 2  36 3  cm 2
6 6 7 
 660 
=   36 3  cm 2
 7 

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Illustration 30 : In the figure, a square OABC is inscribed in a quadrant OPBQ. If Q

OA = 20 cm, find the area of the shaded region. C B
( = 3.14).

Solution: OB  OA 2  AB 2  (20 )2  (20)2  800  20 2 cm

O A P
Then for the quadrant OPBQ, r = 20 2 cm

The area of the shaded region

= The area of the quadrant OPBQ – The area of the square OABC
1 
    (20 2) 2  ( 20) 2  cm 2
 4 
1 
   3.14  800  400 cm 2
4 
 628  400 cm 2  228 cm 2

Illustration 31 : On a square handkerchief, nine circular designs each of A B

radius 7 cm are made (figure). Find the area of the
remaining portion of the handkerchief.
Solution: Radius of the circle = 7 cm
Then diameter of the circle = 14 cm
Then length of the side of the square
D C
ABCD = 3 × 14 cm = 42 cm
So, the total area of the handkerchief = ( 42)2 cm2  1764 cm2

Area of the nine circular designs = 9  r 2

22
 9  (7)2 cm2  9  22  7 cm2  1386 cm 2
7
Then the required area of the remaining portion
 1764 cm2  1386 cm 2  378 cm2

Illustration 32: In the figure, OACB is a quadrant of a circle with centre O and
radius 3.5 cm. If OD = 2 cm, find the area of the
A
C D
(i) quadrant OACB
(ii) shaded region.
 7  B O
Solution: (i) Area of the quadrant OACB  radius  cm 
 2 
2
1 1 22  7 
  r 2      cm 2
4 4 7 2
1 22 49
   cm 2
4 7 4
11 7 77
 cm2  cm2
8 8

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7
(ii) In right angled OBD, OB =  cm, OD  2 cm
2
1 1 7 7
The area of OBD =  OB  OD    2 cm2  cm2
2 2 2 2
Then area of the shaded region
= The area of quadrant OACB – The area of OBD
77 7 77  28 49
 cm2  cm2  cm2  cm 2 .
8 2 8 8

Illustration 33: Find the area of the shaded region in figure, where ABCD A B
is a square of side 14 cm.

Solution: Area of square ABCD = 14 × 14 cm 2 = 196 cm 2

14
Diameter of each circle = cm  7 cm
2
7 D C
So, radius of each circle = cm
2
22 7 7
So, area of one circle = r 2    cm2
7 2 2
77
= cm 2
2
77
Therefore, area of the four circles = 4  cm2  154 cm2
2

Hence, area of the shaded region = (196 – 154) cm 2  42 cm2

RADICAL TEST – III (CLASS WORK)

1. A play ground has the shape of a rectangle, with two semi-circle on its smaller sides as
diameters, added to its outside. If the sides of the rectangle are 36 m and 24.5 m, find the area
 22 
of the playground.    .
 7 

2. The area of an equilateral triangle is 49 3 cm2. Taking each angular point as centre, a circle is
described with radius equal to half the length of the side of the triangle. Find the area of the
triangle not included in the circle.
3. Four equal circles, each of radius 5 cm, touch each other as shown in figure. Find the area
included between them ( = 3.14).

5 cm 5 cm
A C

B D
5 cm 5 cm

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4. A road which is 7 m wide surrounds a circular park whose circumference is 352 m. Find the area
of the road.
6 2
5. Four equal circles, each of radius a, touch each other. Show that the area between them is a
7
 22 
  .
 7 

6. Calculate the area of the shaded part in the figure. ( = 3.14)

A B
7 cm
D 24 cm C

7. ABCD is a square inscribed in a circle of radius 7 cm. Calculate :

(i) area of square ABCD
(ii) area of the shaded portion
A B

O
D C
8. A flowerbed is in the form of a rectangle with a semicircle on the outside of one of the lengths. If
the dimensions of the rectangle are 126 m by 80 m, find the perimeter and the area of the
flowerbed.
A B

E F
H G 11 cm

D 11 cm C

9. The four semi-circular grass plots shaded in the figure are to be turfed at Rs 2.5 per sq m. If the
side of the square ABCD is 10 m, calculate the cost of turfing. ( = 3.14).

A B

D C

10. AB is the diameter of the larger semicircle. AB = 21 cm and AM =

MN = NB. The centres of all the semicircles lie on AB. Calculate
(i) the area of the shaded region.
A M N B
(ii) the perimeter of the shaded region.

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CONCEPT MAP

CIRCLE: The set of points which are at Length of arc, area of sector
a constant distance of units from a fixed Let an arc AB make an angle º < 180º
point O is called a circle with centre O at the centre of a circle of radius r. Then,
and radius = r units. The circle is we have
denoted by C(O, r).
2r 
The fixed point O is called the centre (i) Length of the arc PQ = 
360
and the constant distance r units is
called its radius. r 2
(ii) Area of the sector =
360

AREAS RELATED TO
 1 2r   1 
  r   l r
 2 360  2 
(iii) Perimeter of the sector
 2r  
CIRCLES
Circumference and area of a circle   2r  
 360 
For a circle of radius r, we have
(i) Circumference of the circle = 2r
(ii) Area of the circle = r 2
1 2
(iii) Area of the semicircle = r
2
(iv) Perimeter of the semicircle = (r + 2r)

Area of a ring
Let R and r be the outer and inner radii
of a ring.

Then, area of the ring =  (R 2  r 2 ) .

Rotating wheels
(i) Distance moved by a wheel in 1
rotation = circumference of the wheel
(ii) Number of rotations in 1 minute Area of segment
distance moved in 1 minute (a) Area of the minor segment PRQP
= = (area of the sector OPRQO) – (area
circumference
 r 2 1 2 
Rotation of the hands of a clock of OPQ)    r sin  
 360 2 
(i) Angle described by the minute hand of  
a clock in 60 minutes = 360º. (b) Area of the major segment QSPQ
(ii) Angle described by the hour hand of a = (area of the circle) – (area of the
clock in 12 hours = 360º. minor segment PRQP)

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SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1: The cost of fencing a circular field at the rate of Rs 24 per metre is Rs 5280. The field is to
be ploughed at the rate of Rs 0.50 per m2. Find the cost of ploughing the field ( = 22/7).
Solution :
Total cost 5280
Length of the fence (in meters)    220
Rate 24
So, circumference of the field = 220 m
Therefore, if r metres is the radius of the field, then
2r = 220
22
or, 2  r  220
7
220  7
or, r  35
2  22
i.e., radius of the field is 35m.
22
Therefore, area of the field = r 2   35  35m2  22  5  35m2
7
Now, Cost of ploughing 1m2 of the field = Rs. 0.50
So, Total cost of ploughing the field = Rs. 22  5  35  0.50 = Rs. 1925.

Example 2: Find the area of the sector of a circle with radius 4 cm and of angle 30°. Also, find the area
of the corresponding major sector (Use  = 3.14)

Solution :
Given sector is OAPB.

Area of the sector   r2
360
30
  3.14  4  4cm2
360
12.56
 cm2  4.19 cm2 (approx.)
3
Area of the corresponding major sector
= r2 – area of sector OAPB
= (3.14  16 – 4.19) cm2
= 46.05 cm2 = 46.1 cm2 (approx.)

Alternatively, area of the major sector 

 360     r 2   360  30   3.14  16 cm2
 360 
360  
330
  3.14  16 cm2  46.05 cm2  46.1 cm2 (approx.)
360

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Example3: Find the area of the segment AYB shown in figure, if radius of the circle is 21 cm and
AOB = 120o. (Use  = 22/7).

Solution :
Area of the segment AYB
= Area of sector OAYB – Area of  OAB . . . (i)
Now, area of the sector OAYB
120 22
   21 21 cm2  462 cm2 . . . (ii)
360 7
For finding the area of OAB, draw OM AB as shown in figure.
Now, OA = OB. Therefore, by RHS congruence, AMO  BMO.
1
So, M is the mid-point of AB and AOM = BOM =  120o  60o.
2
Let OM = x cm
OM
So, from OMA,  cos 60o
OA
x 1  o 1
Or,   cos60  2 
21 2  
1
Or, x
21
21
So, OM  cm
2
AM 3
Also,  sin60 o 
OA 2
21 3
So, AM  cm
2
2  21 3
Therefore, AB  2AM  cm  21 3cm
2
1 1 21 441
So, area of  OAB  AB  OM   21 3  cm2  3 cm2 ... (iii)
2 2 2 4
 441  2
Therefore, area of the segment AYB   462  3  cm [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
 4 
21
 (88  21 3) cm2
4
Example 4: Find the area of the shaded region in Fig. where ABCD is a square of side 14 cm.
Solution : Area of square ABCD = 14  14 = 196 cm2.
14
Diameter of each circle  cm  7cm
2

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 AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES FBC-Mat. [X]-16

7
So, radius of each circle  cm
2
22 7 7 154 77
So, area of one circle  r 2    cm2  cm  cm2
7 2 2 4 2
77
Therefore, area of the four circles  4  cm2  154cm2
2
Hence, area of the shaded region  (196  154)cm2  42cm2 .

Example 5:
Find the area of the shaded design in Fig, where ABCD is a square of side 10 cm and
semicircles are drawn with each side of the square as diameter. (Use  = 3.14)

Solution : Mark the four unshaded regions as I, II, III and IV (figure)
Area of I + Area of III = Area of ABCD – Areas of two semicircles of each of radius 5 cm.
 1 
  10  10  2     52  cm2  (100  3.14  25) cm2
 2 
 (100  78.5)cm2  21.5 cm2
Similarly, Area of II + Area of IV = 21.5 cm2
So, area of the shaded design = Area of ABCD – Area of (I + II + III + IV)
= (100 – 2 × 21.5) cm2 = (100 – 43) cm2 = 57 cm2.
Example 6:
A chord of circle of length 14 cm makes an angle of 60o at the center of the circle. Find:
(i) area of minor sector (ii) area of the minor segment
(iii) area of the major sector (iv) area of the major segment
Solution :
Given,  +  + 60° = 180°   = 60° hence the triangle is equilateral
 r = 14 cm

(i) Area of minor sector OAPB  r 2
360o
60o 14 cm 60° 14 cm
  3.14  14  14
360o  

 102.57 cm2

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 AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES FBC-Mat. [X]-16

r 2 r 2
(ii) Area of minor segment APB   sin 
360o 2
14  14
 102.57  sin60o
2
3
 102.57  98 
2
 17.80 cm2
(iii) Area of major sector
= Area of circle – Area of minor sector OAPB
 (14)2  102.57
 615.44  102.57
 512.87 cm2
(iv) Area of major segment AQB
= Area of Circle – Area of minor segment APB
= 615.44 – 17.80
= 597.64 cm2.
Example 7:
ABCP is a quadrant of a circle of radius 14 cm. With AC as diameter, a semicircle is drawn. Find
the area of the shaded portion.
Solution :
In right angles triangle ABC, we have,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
14 cm
AC2 = 142 + 142

AC  2  142  14 2 cm
Now required Area = Area APCQA
14 cm
=Area ACQA− Area ACPA
= Area ACQA – (Area ABCPA – Area of  ABC)
2
1  14 2   1 2 1 
  
     (14)   14  14 
2  2  4 2 

1 22 1 22
  7 27 2    14  14  7  14
2 7 4 7
 154  154  98
 98 cm2 .
Example 8:
Find the circumference and area of a circle of radius 6.3 cm.
Solution:
Let r be the radius of the circle. Then, r = 6.3 cm.
22
Circumference = 2r  2   6.3cm  39.6 cm
7

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 AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES FBC-Mat. [X]-16

22
Area = r 2   6.3  6.3 cm2  124.74 cm2
7
Hence, the perimeter of the protractor is 18 cm.

Example 9:
The diameter of a semicircular protractor is 7 cm. Find its perimeter.
Solution:
7
Let r be he radius of the protractor. Then, r  cm
2

7 cm
1
Perimeter = circumference + diameter
2
1
=  2r  2r
2
1 22 7 7
  2   2   cm
2 7 2 2
Hence, the perimeter of the protractor is 18 cm.

Example 10:
The difference between the circumference and diameter of a circle is 24 cm. Find the radius of the
circle.
Solution:
Let r be the radius of the circle.
Circumference – Diameter = 24 cm [given]
 2r  2r  24cm
 22   15 
 2r     1  24cm  2r   1  24cm  2r    24cm
 7   7 
24  7
 r cm  r  5.6cm
2  15
Hence, the radius of the circle is 5.6 cm.

Example 11:
Two circles touch internally. The sum of their areas is 116  cm2 and the distance between their
centre is 6 cm. Find the radii of the circles.
Solution:
Let R and r be the radii of the circles having centres O and O respectively

R
r
O 6cmO

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Sum of areas = 116  cm2

 R 2  r 2  116 cm2
 R2  r 2  116 cm2 …(i)
Distance between the centres = 6 cm
 OO = 6 cm
 R – r = 6 cm ….(ii)
Now, (R + r) + (R – r) = 2(R + r2)
2 2 2

 (R + r)2 + 36 cm2 = 2116 cm2 [using (i) and (ii)]

2 2
 (R + r) = 196 cm  R + R 14 cm …(iii)
Solving (ii) and (iii), we get R = 10 cm and r = 4 cm
Hence, the radii of the given circles are 10 cm and 4 cm.

Example 12:
To warn ships for underwater rocks, a light house spreads a red coloured light over a sector of
angle 80 to a distance of 16.5 km. Find the area of the sea over which the ships are warned.
[Use  = 3.14]
Solution:
Let r be the radius of the sector formed by the red coloured light and let  be its angle.
Then, r = 16.5 km and  = 80
Area of the sea over which the ships are warned =Area of the sector formed by the red
coloured light
 80
= r 2 =  3.14  16.5  16.5 km2 = 189.97 km2
360 360
Hence, the area of the sea over which the ships are warned is 189.97 km2.

Example 13:
A horse is tethered to a corner of a filed which is of the shape of an equilateral triangle. If the length
of the rope by which it is tied is 7 m, find the area of the field over which it can graze.
Solution:
Let ABC represent the field in the shape of an equilateral triangle.
A
7m

o
60
R Q

B C
Let A be the corner to which the horse is tethered and let AP (=7m) be the rope by which it is
tied.
Area of the field over which the horse can graze
= Area of sector APQ with radius r (=7m) and sector angel  (=60)
  60 22  77 2
=  r 2    7  7  m2  m
360  360 7  3
77 2
Hence, the area over which the horse can graze is m.
3

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Example 14: In the fig. O is the centre of the concentric circles. Radius of the inner circle is half the
radius of the outer circle. Given AOC = 135 and OA = 14 cm, calculate the area of the shaded
region. [Leave your answer in terms of ]
A D

P Q

O
135
O

S R

C B
Solution:
Let the radii of the outer and inner concentric circles be R and r respectively.
Then, R  14 cm and r  7 cm …(i)
AOD = 180 – 135 = 45 [Linear pair]
Also BOC = AOD = 45 (=) [V. opp. s] ….(ii)
 Area of the shaded region = 2 [Area of sector AOD – Area of sector POQ]
   
 2  R2   r 2 
 360 360 
45
 2
360

  142  72 cm2 
[Using (i) and (ii)]

 147
 14  7 14  7  cm2  cm2
4 4
147
Hence, the area of the shaded region is  cm2.
4
Example 15:
A circle and a square have the same perimeter. Prove that area of circle is greater than area of
square.
Solution :
Let the length of a side of square be a, and the radius of the circle is r. Since square and circle
have the same perimeter.
 2 r = 4a
2a
 r=

4a2
2 
Area of the circle r 2  4  1
 = 2  2
Area of the square a a 
Hence, the area of the circle is greater than area of the square.

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CBSE ASSIGNMENT
Very short Answer Type Questions

1. Find the area of a circle whose circumference is 22 cm.

2. Find the area of a quadrant of a circle whose circumference is 44 cm.

3. If the perimeter of a semi-circular protractor is 66 cm, find the diameter of the protractor (Take
22
 ).
7
4. Two circles touch internally. The sum of their areas is 116 cm2 and distance between their
centers is 6 cm. Find the radii of the circles.

5. A wire is looped in the form of a circle of radius 28 cm. It is re-bent into a square form. Determine
the length of the side of the square.

6. A race track is in the form of a ring whose inner circumference is 352 m, and the outer
circumference is 396 m. Find the width of the track.

7. A bicycle wheel makes 5000 revolutions in moving 11 km. Find the diameter of the wheel.

8. The short and long hands of a clock are 4 cm and 6 cm long respectively. Find the sum of the
22
distance travelled by their tips in 2 days. (Take   ).
7

9. A car has two wipers which do not overlap. Each wiper has a blade of length 25 cm sweeping
through an angle of 115o. Find the total area cleared at each sweep of the blades.

10. A chord AB of a circle of radius 10 cm makes a right angle at the centre of the circle. Find the
area of the major and minor segments. (Take   3.14 )

11. Find the circumference of the circle whose area is 16 times the area circle with diameter 1.4m.

12. Calculate the circumference of a circle whose area is equal to the sum of the areas of the circles
with diameters 24cm, 32 cm and 96cm.

13. A racing track is bounded by two concentric circles with circumferences 220m and 286 m.
Calculate the area of the racing track.

14. The given figure shows a rectangle ABCD and a circle in it.
Given AB = 10.5 cm and BC = 7 cm. .

(i) If the area of shaded portion is 48.86 sq. cm; calculate the radius of the circle.
(ii) If the circumference of the circle is 15.4 cm; find the area of the shaded portion.

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 AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES FBC-Mat. [X]-16

15. The circumference of a circle exceeds the diameter by 16.8cm. Find the area of the circle.

16. Find the area of a circle whose circumference is equal to the sum of the circumferences with
diameter 36cm and 20cm.

17. Find the area of the region bounded by two concentric circles, if the length of the chord of the
outer circle, touching the inner circle, is 28 cm.

18. The largest area of an equilateral triangle, which can be formed by a given length of a wire, is
484 3 sq. cm. If the same wire is bent twice, first to form a circle and then a square; find the
ratio between their areas.

19. Calculate the area of the shaded portion. The quadrants shown in the figure are each of radius
7cm.

20. The given figure consists of three semi – circles. Calculate the area and the perimeter of the
shaded portion.

21. The given figure consists of four small semi-circles and two big semi-circles.
If the smaller semi-circles are equal in radii and the bigger semi-circles are also equal in radii,
find the perimeter and the area of the shaded portion of the figure. Given that the radius of each
bigger semi-circles is 42cm.

o
22. The given figure shows a circle with centre at O and angle AOB  90 .

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 AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES FBC-Mat. [X]-16

23. The shaded portion ABCD of the given figure shows the space enclosed by two concentric arcs,
o
with centre O and angle at the centre 75 .

24. The given figure shows the a running track surrounding a grassed enclosure PQRSTU. The
enclosure consists of a rectangle PQST with a semi-circular region at each end. PQ  200m and
PT  70m .

(i) Calculate the areas of the grassed enclosure in m 2

(ii) Given that the track is of constant width 7m, calculate the outer perimeter ABCDEF of
the track

25. A horse is tied to a peg at one corner of a square shaped grass field of slide 15m by means of a
5cm long rope. Find:
(i) the area of that part of the field in which the horse can graze.
(ii) the increase in grazing area if the rope was 10m long instead of m. (Take   3.14 )

26. Calculate the area of the shaded region in the following figure when each side of the square
ABCD is 14cm.

o
27. In right ABC, B  90 , AB  28cm and BC  21cm . A semi-circle is drawn with AC as
diameter and a quarter circle is drawn with BC as radius. Calculate the area of shaded portion,
correct to two places of decimal.

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28. From a rectangular card-board ABCD, two circles and one semi-circle of largest size are cut as
shown below.

Calculate the ratio between the area of the remaining card-board and the area of the card-board
cur.
2
29. The area of a circle, inscribed in an equilateral triangle, is 154 cm . Find the perimeter of the
triangle. (Take 3  1.73 ). Give your answer correct to one decimal.

30. The following figure shows the cross-section of a railway tunnel.

o
The radius of the tunnel is 3.5m (i.e. OA  3.5m ) and AOB  90 . Calculate:
(i) the height of the tunnel
(ii) the perimeter of its cross-section including base
(iii) the area of the cross-section
(iv) the internal surface area of the tunnel, excluding base, if its length is 50m.

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Short answer type question

1. PQRS is a diameter of a circle of radius 6 cm. The T
lengths PQ, QR and RS are equal. Semicircles are E
drawn with PQ and QS as diameters, as shown in the
given figure. Find the area of shaded region P S
Q R
B
( = 3.14)

2. The area of a circle inscribed in an equilateral triangle is 154 cm 2 . Find the perimeter of the
triangle. ( 3 = 1.732).
3. The wheels of a car make 2500 revolutions in covering a distance of 4.95 km. Find the diameter
of a wheel.

4. A wire when bent in the form of an equilateral triangle encloses an area of 121 3 cm2 . The
same wire is bent to form a circle. Find the area enclosed by the circle.
5. The circumference of a circle exceeds its diameter by 16.8 cm. Find the circumference of the
circle.

6. In the given figure, PQSR represents a flower, bed. If OP = 21 m P

and OR = 14 m, find the area of the flowerbed. R

90º
O S Q
7. A pendulum swings through an angles of 30º and describes an arc 8.8 cm in length. Find the
length of the pendulum.

8. The short and long hands of a clock are 4 cm and 6 cm long respectively. Find the sum of
distances travelled by their tips in 2 days. ( = 3.14).
C
9. In the given figure, ABC is right angled at A, with AB = 6 cm and
AC = 8 cm. A circle with centre O has been inscribed inside the
triangle. Find the value of r, the radius of the inscribed circle.
8 cm

r
r
O
r
A 6cm B

10. Three equal circles, each of radius 6 cm, touch one

another as shown in the figure. Find the area enclosed A B
between them. ( = 3.14 and 3 = 1.732)

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Long answer type question

1. Figure depicts an archery target marked with its five scoring areas from the centre
outwards as Gold, Red, Blue, Black and White. The diameter of the region
representing Gold score is 21 cm and each of the other bands is 10.5 cm wide, the
area of each of the five scoring regions.

2. The wheels of a car are of diameter 80 cm each. How many complete revolutions
does each wheel make in 10 minutes when the car is traveling at a speed of 66 km per hour?

3. A horse is tied to a peg at one corner of a square shaped grass field of side 15 m by
means of a 5 m long rope (see Fig.). Find

(i) the area of that part of the field in which the horse can graze.

(ii) The increase in the grazing area if the rope were 10 m long instead of 5 m.
(Use  = 3.14)

4. A car has two wipers which do not overlap. Each wiper has a blade of length 25 cm sweeping through an
angle of 115°. Find the total area cleaned at each sweep of the blades.

5. Find the area of the shaded region in Fig, if radii of the two concentric circles with
centre O are 7 cm and 14 cm respectively and AOC = 40°.

6. From each corner of a square of side 4 cm a quadrant of a circle of radius 1

cm is cut and also a circle of diameter 2 cm is cut as shown in Fig. Find the
area of the remaining portion of the square.

o
7. Figure, shows a sector of a circle, centre O, containing an angle  .
Prove that:

  
(i) Perimeter of the shaded region is r  tan   sec    1
 180 

o
2
r   
(ii) Area of the shaded region is  tan   
2 180 

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 AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES FBC-Mat. [X]-16

8. In figure there are three semicircles, A, B and C having diameter 3

cm each, and another semicircle E having a circle D with diameter
4.5 cm are shown.
Calculate:

(i) The area of the shaded region 3 cm 3 cm

(ii) The cost of painting the shaded region at the rate of 25paise
per cm2, to the nearest rupee. 3 cm

A
9. In figure ABC is a right angled triangle right-angled at A.
Semicircles are drawn on AB, AC and BC as diameters. Find the
area of the shaded region. 3 4

B C

10. Find the perimeter of figure, where AED is a semi-circle and ABCD is a
rectangle.

20 cm 20 cm

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 AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES FBC-Mat. [X]-16

MIND BOOSTER ASSIGNMENT

FOUNDATION BUILDER (CLASS WORK)

1. Area of a semi-circle is equal to

1 2 1 2 1 2
(a) r 2 (b) r (c) r (d) r
2 3 4
2. A blacksmith Rajesh bent a steel wire, in the form of a square, encloses an area of 121 sq cm.
The same wire he bent in the form of a circle, then the area of the circle is
(a) 22 cm2 (b) 154 cm2 (c) 44 cm2 (d) 77 cm2

3. Two circles touch externally. The sum of the their areas is 130  sq. cm. and the distance
between their centers is 14 cm, then the radii of the circles are
(a) 14 cm, 3 cm (b) 11 cm, 3 cm (c) 7 cm, 3 cm (d) 28 cm, 6 cm.

4. A square of side 4cm is inscribed in a circle, then the area enclosed between the circle and the
square is
1 1 1
(a) 10 cm 2 (b) 9 cm2 (c) 25 cm 2 (d) 16 cm2.
7 7 7
5. The diameter of a circular pond is 17.5 m. If is surrounded by a path of width 3.5 m, then the
area of the path is
(a) 231m2 (b) 261 m2 (c) 241 m2 (d) 281 m2.

6. The area and perimeter of a sector of a circle with radius 6 cm if angle of the sector is 60º , is
(a) 18.86 cm2, 18.28 cm (b) 18.76 cm2, 18.14 cm
(c) 18 cm2, 28 cm (d) 17 cm2, 17.14 cm

7. A sector is cut from a circle of radius 42 cm. The angle of the sector is 120º, then the length of
its arc and area is
(a) 44 cm, 924 cm2 (b) 88 cm, 1848 cm2 (c) 132 cm, 824 cm2 (d) 42 cm, 1048 cm2

8. Flowers are to be planted in the shaded portion which is shown by sectors of two concentric
 22 
circles of radii 7 m and 3.5 m, then the area of the shaded region is  use   
 7 

(a) 9.625 cm2 (b) 9 cm2 (c) 10 cm2 (d) 8.5 cm2.

9. The radius of a circle is 14 cm and the area of the sector is filled with water is 102.7 cm2, then
the central angle of the sector is
(a) 30º (b) 45º (c) 60º (d) 90º.

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10. In a circle of radius 21 cm, an arc subtends an angle of 60º at the centre, then the length of the
arc and the area of the sector is
(a) 22 cm, 231 cm2 (b) 11 cm, 200 cm2 (c) 44 cm, 100 cm2 (d) 11 cm, 241 cm2

11. In a circle of radius 21 cm, an arc subtends an angle of 60º at the centre, then the area of the
minor segment is and the area of the major segment is
(a) 41 cm2, 1355 cm2 (b) 40 cm2, 1255 cm2
(c) 40.05 cm2, 1155 cm2 (d) 39.05 cm2, 1100 cm2

12. A chord AB of a circle of radius 15 cm subtends an angle of 60º at the centre of the circle, then
the area of the major and minor segments is [Take  = 3.14 , 3 = 1.73]
(a) 681 cm2, 25 cm2 (b) 706 cm2, 26.43 cm2
(c) 680.07 cm2, 26.43 cm2 (d) 686.07 cm2, 20.43 cm2.

Multiple Correct Answer Type

13. Which of the following is correct?

(a) Circumference of the circle  2r
(b) Area of the circle = r 2
1 r 2
(c) Area of semicircle=  Area of circle  
2 2
1 r 2
(d) Area of quadrant =  Area of circle  
4 4

14. Which of the following is correct?

(a) Area enclosed between two concentric circles   R  r R  r 
Distance
(b) Number of revolutions made by a circular wheel =
Circumference
r
(c) Length of the arc =
360

(d) When the degree measure of the angle at the centre is , then the length of arc =  2r
360

15. Which of the following is correct?

r 2
(a) Area of the sector =
360
 1    1
(b) Area of a sector =  r 2     2 r   r   r
360 2  360  2
2
1 r
(c) Area of semicircle=  Area of circle  
2 2
2r
(d) Length of the arc =
360

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CONCEPT STRENGTHENER (HOME WORK)

1. If the area of a circle 1538.5 cm2. Its circumference will be

(a) 22 cm (b) 11 cm (c) 33 cm (d) none of these

2. A wheel has diameter 84 cm. Number of revolutions taken to cover 792 meter are
(a) 200 (b) 100 (c) 300 (d) none of these

3. If the perimeter & area of a circle are numerically equal, then the radius of circle is
(a) 2 units (b)  units (c) 4 units (d) 7 units

4. Area of sector of a circle with radius 6 cm and angle 60 is

6 6 6
(a) 16 cm2 (b) 17 cm2 (c) 18 cm2 (d) none of these
7 7 7

5. Area of a quadrant of circle whose circumference is 22 cm will be

5 5 5
(a) 9 cm2 (b) 5 cm2 (c) 3 cm2 (d) none of these
8 8 8

6. The length of a minute hand of clock is 14 cm. Area swept by the minute hand in 5 minutes will
be
4 4 4 4
(a) 40 cm2 (b) 15 cm2 (c) 20 cm2 (d) 30
5 5 5 5

7. Area of sector of angle p of a circle with radius R is

p p p p
(a)  5 R (b) R 2 (c)  2R (d)  2R 2
180 180 360 720

8. If the area of semicircular region is 1232, cm2, its perimeter will be

(a) 144 cm2 (b) 124 cm2 (c) 114 cm2 (d) none of these

9. Area of right angled triangle, if the radius of its circum circle is 5 cm and altitude drawn to
hypotenuse is 4 cm, will be
(a) 10 cm2 (b) 20 cm2 (c) 30 cm2 (d) none of these

10. If the perimeter of semicircular region is 72 cm, its area will be

(a) 208 cm2 (b) 108 cm2 (c) 308 cm2 (d) none of these

Previous year Questions (HOME WORK)

1. A cake of 6 cm radius is divided into 3 sectors with central angles 120°, 150° and 90°
respectively. The ratio of the areas of the three sectors is [IMO]
(a) 4 : 3 : 5 (b) 5 : 3 : 4 (c) 3 : 4 : 5 (d) 4 : 5 : 3

2. In the given figure, AB = CD = 2BC = 2BP

= 2CQ. In the middle, a circle with radius 1 cm
is drawn. In the rest of the figure all are the
semicircular arcs. The perimeter of the whole
figure is
[NSO]
(a) 4 (b) 8
(c) 10 (d) none of these

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3. The perimeter of a square and circumference of a circle are equal, the area of the square is
121 m2 then the area of the circle is [NTSE Rajasthan]
(a) 7 m2 (b) 14 m2 (c) 21 m2 (d) 49 m2

4. Radhika draws the figure of an aeroplane as given in

the figure. Here the wings ABCD and GHIF each form
a parallelogram. The tail DEF is an isosceles triangle,
the cockpit CKI is a semi-circle and middle –part DCIF
is a square. The measurements (in cms) are given in
the figure. The area of the plane figure if BP  CD and
HQ  FI is [IMO]
(a) 97.24 cm2 (b) 98.14 cm2
(c) 96.82 cm2 (d) 90 cm2

5. The area of a circle inscribed in an equilateral triangle is 48 square units. The perimeter of the
triangle is _____ units. [NTSE Odisa]
(a) 24 (b) 32 (c) 36 (d) 72

6. A circle of radius ‘r’ has been inscribed in a triangle of area A. If the semi-perimeter of the
triangle be S, then ____ [IMO]
S A A2
(a) S = Ar (b) r 2  (c) r  (d) r 
A S S
7. A copper wire of certain length is turned into a square first and then into a circle. Which one of
them is larger in area? [NTSE West Bengal]
(a) square (b) circle
(c) Both of them are equal (d) none of the above

8. Four circular cardboard pieces, each of radius 7 cm are placed in such a way that each piece
touches the two other pieces. The area of the space enclosed by the four pieces is
(a) 21 cm2 (b) 42 cm2 (c) 84 cm2 (d) 168 cm2 [NTSE Delhi]

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 AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES FBC-Mat. [X]-16

ANSWER TO RADICAL TEST – I

1. 481.25 m2 2. 1210 cm2

3. Rs. 1694, Rs. 2640 4. 50 m

5. 1056 m2 6. 616 cm2

ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST – II

1. (i) 231 cm2 (ii) 115.5 cm2 2. 138.6 cm2

3. 462 cm2 4. 346.5 m2, 3293.5 m2

5. 36.69 m2 6. 10.26cm2, 102.78 cm2

7. 288.75 cm2 8. 86.6 cm2

ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST – III

1. 1053.5 m2 2. 7.77 cm2

3. 21.5 cm2 4. 2618 m2

6. 323.07 cm2 7. (i) 14 cm2 (ii) 4 cm2

8. 484 m, 16317 m2 9. Rs 392.50

10. (i) 192.5 cm2 (ii) 66 m

ANSWER TO CBSE ASSIGNMENT

Very Short answer type

1. 38.5 cm2 2. 38.5 cm2 3. 42 cm 4. 10 cm , 4 cm
5. 44 cm 6. 7 m. 7. 70 cm 8. 1910.57 cm.
9. 627.48 cm2 10. 28.5 cm2, 285.5 cm2

6
11. 16.6 12. 326 cm  326.86cm 13. 26565 sq cm.
7
14. (i) 2.8cm (ii) 54.635cm 15. 48.2944 cm2  48.29cm2

16. 24642 17. 616cm2 18. 14 : 11 19. 42cm2

20. 154cm2 and 88cm 21. 528 cm and 5544 sq. cm 22. 4568 sq. cm

23. 124.5 cm and 866.25 sq. cm 24. (i) 17850 m 2 (ii) 664m
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25. (i) 19.625m2 (ii) 58.875m2 26. 112cm2

27. 428.75cm2 28. 3:11 29. 72.7 cm

30. (i) 21.45m (ii) 35m2 (iii) 825m2

Short answer type

1. 37.68 cm, 37.68 cm 2 2. 72.66 cm

3. 63 cm 4. 346.5 cm 2

5. 24.64 cm 6. 192.5 m2
7. 16.8 cm 8. 1909.12 cm

9. r = 2 cm 10. 5.76 cm 2

ANSWER TO MIND BOOSTER ASSIGNMENT

FOUNDATION BUILDER

1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a)

6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a)

11. (c) 12. (d) 13.(a b,c,d) 14.(a,b,d) 15.(a,b,c,d)

CONCEPT STRENGTHENER

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a)

6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c)

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d)

6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b)

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 SURFACE AREAS AND
VOLUMES

In this chapter we are moving towards 3-D (Three dimensional)

figures like cube, cuboid, cylinder, sphere, cone etc. Here, we deal with
shapes and methods to find area and volumes of such figures in detail.
Concept of frustum will also be discussed in the chapter.
Conversion of solid from one shape to another and surface area and
volume of combination of solids will also be studied.

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 SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES FBC-Mat. [X]-16

1. CUBOIDS AND CUBES

(a) Cuboid : A cuboid is a solid figure, held by six rectangular plane regions
Here, In cuboid we have six faces namely
AFGB, BGDC,GFED,OCDE,OEFA,OABC.
We also have 12 edges, where two sides meet namely
OA, AB, BC,OC, FG, EF , ED,OG, AF ,OE, BG,CD.
Example : A rectangular room in your house.

(b) Cube: A cuboid in which all length, breadth, height are of equal lengths, is called a cube.
E D
FACE

F G

C
O EDGE

A B
It also has six faces and twelve edges.

SURFACE AREA OF A CUBOID AND A CUBE

(i) Total surface area of cuboid E D
 Ar ( ABCO)  Ar (EFGD)  Ar(AOEF)  Ar(BCDG)  Ar(ABGF)
 Ar(OCDE) F G

= b  b  bh  bh  h  h
C
= 2b  bh  h  O h
b

A  B
(ii) Lateral surface area of cuboid = Ar(AOEF)  Ar(BCDG)Ar(ABGF)  Ar(OCDE)
= 2bh  h 
Where  = length of cuboid, b = breadth of cuboid, h = height of cuboid

(iii) Length of diagonal of a cuboid

Length of diagonal  OG  AD  BE  CF
 2  b2  h2
 = length; b = breadth; h = height

(i) Total surface area of cube

Since cube is a cuboid in which length () = breadth (b) = E D

height (h) side of cube (a) i.e.  = b = h = a

F G
 Total surface area of cube

 2a  a  a  a  a  a   2 a 2  a 2  a 2  O a
C

Area  
 2 3a 2  6a 2 a

A a B

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(ii) Lateral surface area of cube

Area 
= 2a  a  a  a   2 a 2  a 2  2  2a 2 
= 4a 2
So, lateral surface area of cube = 4a 2
Where a = length of a side.
(iii) Length of diagonal of a cube
Length of diagonal = OG  AD  BE  CF

= a 2  a2  a2 = 3a 2  3a unit
Where a = length of a side.

2. RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER

Example : Pepsi Can
(i) CURVED SURFACE AREA OF A CYLINDER r
= 2rh
Where r = radius of base, h = height of cylinder.

(ii) TOTAL SURFACE AREA OF A CYLINDER

r
= 2rh  2r 2
 2r (h  r )
r  radius of base h
h = height of cylinder
22
 or 3.14 approx.
7

(iii) VOLUME OF CYLINDER

V  r 2 h
Where r  radius of base, h  height of cylinder

3. RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

Example : Your birthday Cap.
(i) CURVED SURFACE AREA OF A CONE A

C =  r
C = curved surface area
h 
r = radius of base of cone
 = slant height
C O B
= h2  r 2 r

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 SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES FBC-Mat. [X]-16

(ii) TOTAL SURFACE AREA OF A CONE

A
T  r  r 2
= r (r  )
h 
Here, T = total surface area
r  radius of base of cone
C O B
 = slant height of cone r

(iii) VOLUME OF RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

1 2
V  r h
3
Where V  volume of cone, r  radius of base of cone, h  height of cone

4. SPHERE
Example : Football
A sphere is a solid generated by the revolution of a semi-circle about its diameter.

A
(i) Volume of sphere
4 3
= r
3 rr
O

(ii) Surface area of sphere = 4r2

4
(iii) Volume of a hollow sphere =
3

 R3  r 3 
Where, r = Inner radius and R = Outer radius.

5. HEMISPHERE
Example : Half a ball
A plane passing through the centre cuts the sphere in two equal parts, each called a
hemisphere.

2 3
(i) Volume of hemisphere = r cubic units. rr O
3
(ii) Curved surface area of hemisphere = 2r2 sq. units r

(iii) Total surface area of hemisphere

rr O
= 2r2 + r2 = 3r2 sq. units.
r

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Illustration 1: A cone and a hemisphere have equal bases and equal volumes. Find the ratio of their
heights.
Solution: Let the radius of both cone and hemisphere be r cm.
Let h be the height of the cone.
It is given that : Volume of a cone = Volume of a hemisphere
1 2 2
 r h  r 3
3 3
h 2
 h  2r  
r 1
 h : r  2 : 1, i.e., the ratio of the heights of a cone and hemisphere is 2 : 1

Illustration 2: If the surface areas of two spheres are in the ratio 4 : 9, what will be the ratio of their
volumes?
S1 4
Solution: 
S2 9
4r12 4 r2 4 r 2
 2
  12   1 
4r2 9 r2 9 r2 3
4 3
r 3 3
V1 3 1  r1   2  8
      
V2 4 r 3  r2   3  27
3 2
Illustration 3: If two cones have their volumes in the ratio 3 :1 and their heights are in the ratio 1 : 3, then
find the ratio of their radius.
1 2
r h 2 2
V1 3 1 1  r1   h1  3  r1   1 
Solution:            
V2 1 r 2h  r2   h2  1  r2   3 
3 2 2
2 2
3 r  r 3
    1  1 
1
   2 r r 2 1
Thus, the ratio of their radius is 3 : 1

Illustration 4: If each of the length, breadth and height of a cuboid is doubled, then what is the total
surface area of the new cuboid?
Solution: Given surface area [S1] = 2[b  bh  h]
Increased length = 2
Increased breadth = 2b
Increased height = 2h
Changed surface area [S2] = 2[2  2b  2b  2h  2h  2]
 2  4[b  bh  h]
 S2  4[S1 ]

Illustration 5: The height and base of cone, each is increased by 100%. What is the ratio between the
volume of a given cone and new cone?
1 2
Solution: Given volume of cone [V1] = r h
3
Increased height = h  100 % of h
100
h h  2h
100
Similarly increased radius  2r

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1 1
 Volume of new cone [V2 ]  (2r)2 2h  8  r 2h
3 3
1 2
r h
V1 3 1
 
V2 1 2  8
8  r h 
3 
Illustration 6: There cubes each of side 5 cm are joined end to end. Find the surface area of the resulting
cuboid.
Solution: Given three cubes. I, II and III each of side 5 cm are
joined end to end. The resulting solid becomes a
rectangular cuboid having dimensions 15 cm x 5 cm
x 5 cm

 2 15  5  5  5  5  15  cm 2  2 75  25  75 cm2  350cm2 .

Illustration 7: A solid is composed of a cylinder with hemispherical ends. If the whole length of the solid
is 104 cm and the radius of each of its hemispherical end is 7 cm, find the cost of polishing
its surface at the rate of Rs. 10 per dm2.

Solution: Radius of each hemispherical end = 7 cm.

Height of each hemispherical part = its radius = 7 cm.

Height of the cylindrical part = (104 – 2 x 7) cm = 90 cm.

Area of surface to be polished = 2 (curved surface area of the hemisphere)
+ (curved surface area of the cylinder)
= [ 2(2r 2 )  2rh ]sq units
 2r(2r  h) cm2
22 2
 2  7 (2  7)  90  cm
7
 (44  104) cm2 = 4576 cm2
 4576  2 2
 10  10  dm = 45.76 dm [10cm  1dm] .
 

Cost of polishing at the rate of Rs. 10 per dm2 = 10 x 45.76 = Rs. 457.60.

Illustration 8: A toy is in the shape of a right circular cylinder with a hemisphere on one end and a cone
on the other. The radius and height of the cylindrical part are 5 cm and 13 cm respectively.
The radii of the hemispherical and conical parts are the same as that of the cylindrical part.
Find the surface area of the toy, if the total height of the toy is 30 cm.
Solution: The shape of the toy is as given:
Radius of the hemisphere = 5 cm.
Radius of the base of the cylinder = 5 cm.
Radius of the base of the cone = 5 cm.
Height of the hemisphere = its radius = 5 cm.
Let the height of the cone be h cm.

Then , (5+13+h) cm = 30 cm  h = 12.

 height of the cone = 12 cm.

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Slant height of the cone,   52  (12)2 cm .  169 cm 13cm .

Surface area of the toy
= curved surface area of the hemisphere
+ curved surface area of the cylinder + curved surface area of the cone
2
 (2r 2  2rh  r) sq units  [(2  (5)2  2  5  13    5  13] cm
 22 
  245  cm2 = 770 cm2.
 7 

Illustration 9: A shed consists of a cuboid surmounted by

half cylinder, as shown in the figure. If the
base of the shed is 7 m × 15 m and height of
the cuboidal part is 8 m, find the volume of air
contained in the shed. Also, find the internal
8m 15 m
surface area excluding the floor.
7m
Solution: Required volume of air in the shed
1
= (volume of cuboid) + (volume of cylinder)
2
 1    1 22 7 7  3
 (l  b  h)   r 2h   cubic units  (15  7  8)       15  m
 2   2 7 2 2 
 1155  3 4515 3 3
 840  4  m  4 m = 1128.75 m .
 
Total internal surface area of the shed (excluding floor)
= (surface area of walls) + (surface area of ceiling)
= (area of two walls of dimensions 15 m x 8 m)
+ (area of two walls of dimensions 7 m x 8 m)
+ (area of two semicircles each of radius 3.5 m)
+ (curved surface area rh of half cylinder with r = 3.5 m and h = 15 m)
  1 22 7 7   22 7  2
 (2  15  8)  (2  7  8)   2        15   m
  2 7 2 2   7 2 
= (240 + 112 + 38.5 + 165) m2 = 555.5 m2.

Illustration 10: A solid is made up of a cube and a hemisphere attached on its top,
as shown in the figure. Each edge of the cube measures 5 cm and
the hemisphere has a diameter of 4.2 cm. Find the total area to be
painted. (Take  = 22/7).

Solution: Total surface area of the cube = 6 x (edge)2

= (6 x 5 x 5) cm2 = 150 cm2.
Area to be painted = (total surface area of the cube)  (base area of the hemisphere)
+ (curved surface area of the hemisphere).
2
 (150  r 2 2r 2 ) cm
2  22  2
 (150  r 2 ) cm =  150   2.1 2.1 cm
 7 
 693 
  150  cm2 = (150 + 13.86) cm2 = 163.63 cm2.
 50 

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Illustration 11: A wooden toy is in the shape of a cone mounted on a cylinder, as

shown in the figure. The total height of the toy is 26 cm, while the 6cm
height of the conical part is 6 cm. The diameter of the base of the
conical part is 5 cm and that of the cylindrical part is 4 cm. The
conical part and the cylindrical part are respectively painted red and 26cm
white. Find the area to be painted by each of these colours. (Take  =
22/7).

Solution: Radius of the conical part, R = 2.5 cm.

Height of the conical part, H = 6 cm.
Let  be the slant height of the conical part.

Then, l  R2  H2  (2.5)2  62 cm  42.25 cm  6.5cm.

Radius of the cylinder, r = 2 cm.
Area to be painted red :
= curved surface area of the cone)
+ (base area of the cone) – ( base area of the cylinder)
 ( R  R2  r 2 ) sq units
22 2
  2.5  6.5  (2.5)2  (2)2  cm
7 
2
22  5 13   5   22  65 25  2
         4  cm2     4  cm
7  2 2   2   7 4 4 

 22 74  2 407 2 2

7

4  cm  7 cm = 58.143 cm .
 
Area to be painted white :
= (curved surface area of the cylinder) + (area of the base of the cylinder)
= rh  r 2 = r(2h  r) cm2
 22 
=   2  (40  2) cm2 = 264 cm2.
 7 

Illustration 12: A vessel is in the form of a hemispherical bowl mounted by a hollow cylinder. The diameter
of the hemisphere is 14 cm and the total height of the vessel is 13 cm. Find the capacity of
the vessel. (Take  = 22/7).
Solution: Radius of the hemisphere = 7 cm.
Total height of the vessel = 13 cm.
Height of the cylinder (13 – 7) cm = 6 cm.
Radius of the cylinder
= radius of the hemisphere = 7 cm.
Capacity of the vessel
= (volume of the hemisphere) + (volume of the cylinder)

 2 22   22  3
    7 7  7    7  7  6  cm
 3 7   7 
 2156  3
  924  cm
 3 
= (718.67 + 924) cm3 = 1642.67 cm3.
Hence, the capacity of the given vessel is 1642.67 cm3.

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Illustration 13: A cylindrical tub of radius 5 cm and length 9.8 cm is fully of water. A solid in the form of a
right circular cone mounted on a hemisphere is immersed into the tub. If the radius of the
hemisphere is 3.5 cm and the height of the cone outside the hemisphere is 5 cm, find the
volume of water left in the tub.
(Take  = 22/7).
Solution: Volume of water in the cylindrical tub
= volume of the tub
 22  3
 r 2h    5  5  9.8  cm
 7 
3
 770 cm .
Volume of the solid immersed in the tub
2  1 
  r 3    r 2h 
3  3 
 2 22 7 7 7   1 22 7 7  3
           5   cm
 3 7 2 2 2   3 7 2 2 
 539 385  3  924  3
 
6 
cm    cm
 6  6 
= 154 cm3.
Volume of water left in the tub
= (volume of the tub) – (volume of solid immersed in the tub)
= (770 – 154) cm3 = 616 cm3.

Illustration 14: An iron pillar has some part in the form of a right circular cylinder and the remaining in the
form of a right circular cone. The radius of the base of each of the cone and the cylinder is
8 cm. The cylindrical part is 240 cm high and the conical part is 36 cm high. Find the
weight of pillar if 1 cubic cm of iron weighs 7.5 grams.
Solution: Radius of the base of the cylinder (r) = 8 cm.
Radius of the base of the cone (r) = 8 cm.
Height of the cylinder (h) = 240 cm.
Height of the cone (H) = 36 cm.
Total volume of iron
= volume of cylinder + volume of cone
1 2  1 
 r 2h  r H  r 2  h  H 
3  3 
 22  1  3
   8  8   240   36   cm
 7  3 
3
 50688 cm .
Weight of the pillar
= volume in cm3 x weight per cm3

 50688  7.5 

1000  kg = 380.16 kg.
 
Hence, the weight of the pillar is 380.16 kg.

Illustration 15: A solid toy is in the form of a right circular cylinder with a hemispherical shape at one end
and cone at the other end. Their common diameter is 4.2 cm, and the heights of the
cylindrical and conical portions are 12 cm and 7 cm respectively. Find the volume of the
given toy. (Take  = 22/7).

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Solution: Radius of the hemisphere = 2.1 cm.

Radius of the cylinder = 2.1 cm.
Radius of the base of the cone = 2.1 cm.
Height of the cylinder (H) = 12 cm.
Height of the cone (h) = 7 cm.

Volume of the given toy

= volume of the hemisphere + volume of the cylinder + volume of the cone
2 1  3
  r 3  r 2H  r 2h  cm
3 3 
2 1  3
    (2.1)3    (2.1)2  12    (2.1)2  7  cm
3 3 
1
   (2.1)2  2  (2.1)  3  12  7 cm3
3
 1 22 21 21 472 
      cm3 = 218.064 cm3.
 3 7 10 10 10 
3
Hence, the volume of the given toy is 218.064 cm .
Illustration 16: The inner diameter of a glass is 7 cm and it has a raised portion in
the bottom in the shape of a hemisphere, as shown in the figure. If
the height of the glass is 16 cm, find the apparent capacity and the
actual capacity of the glass. (Take  = 22/7).

7
Solution: Inner radius of the glass  cm and height = 16 cm.
2
Apparent capacity of the glass  r 2h
 22 7 7  3
    16  cm
 7 2 2 
3
 616 cm .

Volume of the hemisphere in the bottom

2 3  2 22 7 7 7  3 539
 r        cm  cm3.
3 3 7 2 2 2 6
3
 89.83 cm .
Actual capacity of the glass = (volume of the glass) – (volume of the hemisphere)
3 3
= (616 – 89.83) cm = 526.17 cm .

Illustration 17: A right triangle, whose sides are 15 cm and 20 cm, is made to revolve about its
hypotenuse. Find the volume and the surface area of the double cone so formed.

(Take  = 3.14)

Solution: ABC is right angled at C

i.e., BCA = 90.
Its sides AC and BC are of lengths, 20 cm and 15 cm respectively.
AB  (20)2  (15)2 cm = 25 cm is the hypotenuse.
The double cone is formed as shown in the figure.

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BOC and BCA are similar.

BO CO BC 15
   
BC AC BA 25
CO 15 BO 15
  and 
20 25 15 25
 CO = 12 cm and BO = 9 cm
Then AO = 25 cm – 9 cm = 16 cm

The two right circular cones have common base and base-radius
= CO = C’O = 12 cm.
Their vertices are at A and B;
height of one cone is AO = 16 cm and that of the second cone is BO = 9 cm;
their slant heights are AC = 20 cm and BC = 15 cm respectively.
The volume of the double cone = The sum of the volumes of the two cones
1 1 3
 (12)2 (16)  (12)2 (9) cm
3 3
1 3
 (12)2 (16  9) cm
3
1 3
  3.14  144  25 cm
3
3
 3768 cm
The surface area of the double cone = The sum of the curved surface areas of the two cones
 (12)(20)  (12)(15) cm2  (12)(20  15) cm2
2 2
 3.14  12  35 cm  1318.8 cm

RADICAL TEST – I (CLASS WORK)

1. Solid spheres of radii 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm are melted to form a single solid sphere. Find the
radius of the new sphere.
2. The inner base radius of a cylinder, and the base radius of a solid cone are equal. When this
cone is fully immersed in the completely filled cylinder, 1/4 of the volume of liquid flows out.
What is the ratio of the heights of cylinder and cone?
3. The height and base radius of cone, each is increased by 50%. What is the ratio between the
volumes of given cone and new cone?
4. A machine operator accidentally cuts a part of a cylinder wire, as 6 cm
shown in figure. If the radius of the wire is 1 cm and its volume is
440 cm3, what is the length of the cut-out portion?
8 cm

5. A circus tent is cylindrical to a height of 3 m and conical above it. If its base radius is 52.5 m and
the slant height of the conical portion is 53 m, find the area of canvas needed to make the tent.
(Take  = 22/7).
6. A toy is in the form of a cone mounted on a hemisphere of diameter 7 cm. The total height of the
toy is 14.5 cm. Find the volume and the total surface area of the toy.

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7. A solid is in the form of a right circular cone mounted on a hemisphere. The radius of the
hemisphere is 2.1 cm and the height of the cone is 4 cm. The solid is placed in cylindrical tub full
of water in such a way that the whole solid is submerged in water. If the radius of the cylinder is
5 cm and its height is 9.8 cm, find the volume of the water left in the tub.
8. A tent is in the form of a right circular cylinder surmounted by a cone. The diameter of the
cylinder is 24 m. The height of the cylindrical portion is 11 m while the vertex of the cone is 16 m
above the ground. Find the area of the canvas required for the tent.
9. A pen stand made of wood is in the
shape of a cuboid with four conical
depressions to hold pens. The
dimensions of the cuboid are 15 cm by
10 cm by 3.5 cm. The radius of each of
the depressions is 0.5 cm and the depth
is 1.4 cm. Find the volume of wood in
the entire stand.
10. A solid consisting of a right circular cone of height 120 cm and radius 60 cm standing on a
hemisphere of radius 60 cm is placed upright in a right circular cylinder full of water such that it
touches the bottom. Find the volume of water left in the cylinder, if the radius of the cylinder is
60 cm and its height is 180 cm.
11. A spherical glass vessel has a cylindrical neck 8 cm long, 2 cm in diameter; the diameter of the
spherical part is 8.5 cm. By measuring the amount of water it holds, a child finds its volume to be
345 cm3. Check whether she is correct, taking the above as the inside measurements, and  =
3.14.
12. A cubical block of side 7 cm is surmounted by a hemisphere. What is the greatest diameter the
hemisphere can have? Find the surface area of the solid.
13. A hemispherical depression is cut out from one face of a cubical wooden block such that the
diameter  of the hemisphere is equal to the edge of the cube. Determine the surface area of the
remaining solid.
14. A vessel is in the form of an inverted cone which is open at the top. Its depth is 8 cm and the
radius of its top is 5 cm. It is filled with water up to the brim. When lead shots, each of which is
sphere of radius 0.5 cm are dropped into the vessel, one fourth of the water flows out. Find the
number of lead shots dropped in the vessel.

CONVERSION OF SOLID FROM ONE SHAPE TO ANOTHER

For commercial works and for industrial development work, we need to convert a solid
into another solid of different shape or more than one solid of similar shape but with
reduced size.
The calculation of surface areas and volumes in above cases will be illustrated below.
Illustration 18: A cylinder, a cone and a hemisphere are of equal base and have the same height. What is
the ratio of their volumes?
Solution: Let r be the radius of a cylinder, a cone and a hemisphere respectively and h be the height of the
cylinder, a cone and a hemisphere respectively.
Then, hr
1 2
V1  Volume of a cylinder = r 2h, V2 = Volume of a cone  r h
3
2 3
and V3  Volume of a hemisphere = r
3
1 2 2 3
 V1 : V2 : V3  r 2h : r h : r
3 3

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 V1 : V2 : V3  3h : h : 2r [  r  h in case of hemisphere]
 V1 : V2 : V3  3 : 1: 2

Illustration 19: A solid sphere of radius r is the melted and cast into the shape of a solid cone of height r,
find the radius of the base of the cone.

Solution: Volume of a solid sphere of radius r = Volume of cone of base r1 and height r

4 3 1 2
 r  r1 (r)
3 3

 4r 2  r12  r1  2r

Thus, the radius of the base of the cone is 2r

Illustration 20: A metallic sphere of radius 10.5 cm is melted and then recast into smaller cones, each of
radius 3.5 cm and height 3 cm. How many cones are obtained?
21
Solution: Radius of the sphere  cm.
2
4 4 21 21 21 
Volume of the sphere r 3        cm3.
3  3 2 2 2
 3087 
  cm3.
 2 
7
Radius of each cone  cm and its height = 3 cm.
2
1 1 7 7  3
Volume of each cone  r 2h       3  cm .
3 3 2 2 
 49  3
=  cm .
 4 
volume of the sphere
Required number of cones 
volume of each cone

 3087 4 
=  = 126.
 2 49  
Illustration 21: The internal and external radii of a hollow sphere are 3 cm and 5 cm respectively. The
2
sphere is melted to form a solid cylinder of height 2 cm. Find the diameter and the
3
curved surface area of the cylinder.
Solution: External radius of the sphere = 5 cm.
Internal radius of the sphere = 3 cm.
Volume of metal in the hollow sphere
4 4  392  3
(R3  r 3 )    (5)3  (3)3     cm .
3 3  3 
Let the radius of the solid cylinder be r cm.
8
Height of the solid cylinder = cm.
3
Volume of the solid cylinder
 8 3  8r 2  3
 (r 2h)   r 2   cm =   cm .
 3  3 
Volume of cylinder = Volume of metal in hollow sphere.

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8r 2 392 2
   r = 49  r = 7.
3 3
Hence, the diameter of the cylinder formed
 (2  7) cm = 14 cm.
Curved surface area of the cylinder
 22 8 2 352 1
 2rh   2   7   cm  cm2  117 cm2.
 7 3  3 3
Illustration 22: The diameter of a copper sphere is 6 cm. The sphere is melted and drawn into a long wire
of uniform circular cross section. If the length of the wire is 36 cm, find its radius.
Solution: Radius of the sphere = 3 cm.
4  4 
Volume of the sphere   r 3  cm3     3  3  3  cm3.
3  3 
3
= (36) cm .
Length (height) of wire = 36 cm.
Let the radius of the wire be r cm.
Volume of the wire = (r2h) cm3
= (r2 x 36) cm3.
But, volume of wire = volume of sphere
 36r2 = 36
 r2 = 1
 r=1
Hence, the radius of the wire is 1 cm.
Illustration 23: A solid cylinder of diameter 12 cm and height 15 cm is melted and recast into 12 toys in
the shape of a right circular cone mounted on a hemisphere. Find the radius of the
hemisphere and total height of the toy, if the height of the cone is 3 times the radius.
Solution: Radius of the cylinder = 6 cm.
Height of the cylinder = 15 cm.
Volume of the cylinder
 ( r 2h)  (   6  6  15)

 (540) cm3.

Volume of 12 toys = (540) cm3.

 540  3 3
Volume of 1 toy    cm = (45) cm .
 12 
Let the radius of the hemisphere be r cm.
Then, the height of the cone = 3r cm.
Volume of 1 toy = volume of hemisphere + volume of cone

2 1   5r 3  3
  r 3  r 2  3r  cm3    cm .
 3 3   3 

5r 3  3
  45 r 3   45    27  33  r  3.
3  5
Radius of the hemisphere = 3 cm.

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Total height of the toy = (r + 3r) cm = (4r) cm

= (4 x 3) cm = 12 cm.

Illustration 24: A cylindrical container of radius 6 cm and height 15 cm is filled with ice cream. The whole
ice cream has to be distributed to 10 children in equal cones with hemispherical tops. If the
height of the conical portion is 4 times the radius of its base, find the radius of the ice-
cream cone.
Solution: Radius of the cylinder, r = 6 cm.
Height of the cylinder, h = 15 cm.
Volume of ice cream in the cylinder
 ( r 2h)  (   6  6  15) cm.

 (540) cm3.
Volume of ice cream given to each child
 540  3 3
  cm = (54) cm .
 10 
3
 Volume of each cone = (54) cm .
Let the radius of the base of the cone be r cm.
Then, height of the conical part = (4r) cm.
Volume of the conical portion
1  4  3
  r 2  4r  cm3   r 3  cm .
 3   3 
2  3
Volume of the hemispherical portion   r 3  cm .
 3 
Volume of each ice-cream cone
= (volume of conical part + volume of hemispherical part)
4 2 
  r 3  r 3  cm3   2r 3  cm .
3

3 3 
 2r3 = 54
 r3 = 27 = 33  r = 3.
Hence, the radius of the ice-cream cone = 3 cm.
Illustration 25: A well, whose diameter is 7m, has been dug 22.5 m deep and the earth dugout is used to
form an embankment around it. If the height of the embankment is 1.5m, find the width of
the embankment.
7
Solution: Radius of the well  m  3.5 m
2
Depth of the well  22.5 m 3.5m
2 3
 Volume of the earth dugout    (3.5)  22.5 m
7 7 45 3
    m 1m
2 2 2

Let the width of the embankment be r metres.

Embankment forms a cylindrical shell whose inner and outer radii are 3.5 m and (r + 3.5) m
respectively and height 1.5 m.
 Volume of the embankment   (r  3.5)2  (3.5)2   1.5m3
3 3
 (r  7)r m
2
But, Volume of the embankment  Volume of the earth dugout

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3 7 7 45
 r(r  7)     
2 2 2 2
49
 r(r  7)   15
4
 4r 2  28r  735
 4r 2  28r  735  0
28  784  11760
 r
8
28  12544 28  112 84
 r    10.5 [  r > 0]
8 8 8
Hence, the width of the embankment is 10.5 m.

Illustration 26: Find the number of coins, 1.5 cm in diameter and 0.2 cm thick, to be melted to form a right
circular cylinder of height 10 cm and diameter 4.5 cm.
Solution: Each coin is a cylinder in which
75 3
r  0.75cm  cm  cm and
100 4
2 1
h = 0.2 cm = cm = cm.
10 5
2
Volume of each coin = r h
 3 3 1 3 9
       cm  cm3.
 4 4 5  80
4.5
Radius of the required cylinder  cm = 2.25 cm.
2
Height of the required cylinder = 10 cm.
Volume of required cylinder
3
R2H  (   2.25  2.25  10) cm
 9 45   405 
   cm3   3
 cm .
 4 2   8 
Let the required number of coins be n. Then,
n x (volume of each coin) = volume of the cylinder formed
9 405  405 80 
 n   n   450 .
80 8  8 9 
Hence, the required number of coins = 450.
Illustration 27: A conical vessel whose internal radius is 5 cm and height 24 cm, is full of water. The water
is emptied into a cylindrical vessel with internal radius 10 cm. Find the height to which the
water rises in the cylindrical vessel.
Solution: Radius of the conical vessel = 5 cm and its height = 24 cm.
1 2 1  3
Volume of the conical vessel  r h     5  5  24  cm
3  3 
3
 200 cm .
Radius of the cylindrical vessel = 10 cm.
Let the height to which water rise in the vessel be h cm.
Volume of water in cylindrical vessel  R2h
3
 (   10  10  h) cm
 (100h) cm3.
Volume of water in cylindrical vessel = volume of water in conical vessel
 100h = 200
200
 h  2.
100
Hence, the required height is 2 cm.

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Illustration 28: The rainwater from a roof 22 m × 20 m drains into a cylindrical vessel having diameter of
base 2 m and height 3.5 m. If the vessel is just full, find the rainfall in cm.
Solution: Length of roof = 22 m, breadth of roof = 20 cm.
Let the rainfall be x cm.
Volume of water on the roof
 x  3  22x  3
  22  20  m  m .
 100   5 
Radius of the base of the cylindrical vessel = 1 m.
Height of the cylindrical vessel = 3.5 m.
Volume of water in the cylindrical vessel when just full
 22 7
  1 1  m3  11m3
 7 2
Now, volume of water on the roof = volume of water in the vessel
22x
  11
5
 11 5 
 x   2.5.
 22 
Hence, the rainfall is 2.5 cm.
Illustration 29: Water flows through a circular pipe whose internal diameter is 2 cm, at the rate of 0.7 m per
second into a cylindrical tank, the radius of whose base is 40 cm. By how much will the
level of water rise in the tank in half an hour?
Solution: Internal radius of the circular pipe = 1 cm.
Length of water that flows in 30 min
 (0.7  100  60  30)cm  126000cm.
Volume of water that flows in 30 min
 r 2h  (  1 1 126000)cm3  (126000)cm3 .
Radius of the base of cylindrical tank = 40 cm.
Let the depth of water in the tank be x cm.
Volume of water in the tank  r 2H  (   40  40  x)cm3 .
Volume of water in the tank = volume of water flown through the pipe
   40  40  x  126000
126000 315
 x   78.75.
40  40 4
Hence, rise in level = 78.75 cm.
Illustration 30: Water is flowing at the rate of 15 km per hour through a pipe of diameter 14 cm into a
rectangular tank, which are 50 m long and 44 m wide. Find the time in which the level of
water in the tank will rise by 21 cm.
Solution: Length of the tank = 50 m and its width = 44 m.
21
Depth required  m.
100
 21  3
Volume of water in the tank   50  44  m  462m3 .
 100 
7
Radius of the pipe  m.
100
Speed of water flowing through the pipe
 (15  1000) m/ hour  15000m/ hour.
Volume of water flown in 1 hour
 22 7 7 
 r 2h      15000  m3  231m3 .
 7 100 100 
3  1 
 462 m of falls in the tank in   462  hrs = 2 hrs.
 231 
Hence, the required time is 2 hours.

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RADICAL TEST – II (CLASS WORK)

1. A cone and cylinder are of same heights. The radii of their bases are in the ratio 3 : 1. What is
the ratio of their volumes ?

2. There are two cones. The curved surface area of one is twice that of the other. The slant height
of the latter is twice that of the former. Find the ratio of their radii.

3. The largest sphere is carved out of cube of a side 7 cm. Find the volume of the sphere.

4. A solid metallic sphere of diameter 21 cm is melted and recast into a number of smaller cones,
each of diameter 3.5 cm and height 3 cm. Find the number of cones so formed.

5. A spherical ball of diameter 21 cm is melted and recast into cubes, each of side 1 cm. Find the
number of cubes so formed.

6. Marbles of diameter 1.4 cm are dropped into a cylindrical beaker of diameter 7 cm, containing
some water. Find the number of marbles that should be dropped into the beaker so that the
water level rises by 5.6 cm.

7. The diameter of a copper sphere is 18 cm. It is melted and drawn into a long wire of uniform
cross section. If the length of the wire is 108 m, find its diameter.

8. Water in a canal, 6 m wide and 1.5 m deep, is flowing with a speed of 10 km/h. How much area
will it irrigate in 30 minutes, if 8 cm of standing water is needed?

9. A farmer connects a pipe of internal diameter 20 cm from a canal into a cylindrical tank in her
field, which is 10 m in diameter and 2 deep. If water flows through the pipe at the rate of 3 km/h,
in how much time will the tank be filled?

10. The side of a solid metallic cube is 50 cm. The cube is melted and recast into 8000 equal solid
cubical dice. Determine the side of the dice.

11. The radius of a metallic sphere is 9 cm. The sphere is melted and drawn into a wire of uniform
circular cross-section. If the length of the wire is 243 m, find the radius of the cross-section.

12. The diameter of a solid metallic sphere is 16 cm. The sphere is melted and recast into 8 equal
solid spherical balls. Determine the radius of the balls.

13. The areas of three adjacent faces of a cuboid are x, y and z . If the volume is V, prove that
V 2  xyz .

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6. FRUSTUM OF A RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

When a cone is cut by a plane parallel to the base of the cone then the portion between the
plane and the base is called the frustum of the cone. As illustrated in the figure, if we remove the
red cone from the bigger cone, we obtained a frustum. Example : Bucket in your Bathroom.
Let R and r be the radii of the base and the top of the frustum of a cone.
h r hr
Let h be its height and  be its slant height. Clearly   h 

h h R R r
Then,

(i) VOLUME OF THE FRUSTUM OF THE CONE

Volume of bigger cone – Volume of Red cone
h
1  R
= R 2 h  h   r 2h
3 3 rr

hr
Substituting h  h 
R r
R
1 2 hr  1 2 hr
Volume = R  h    r 
3  Rr  3 R  r 
1   r   r3 
 h R2  1   
3   R  r   R  r 
r
1  R3 r3 
= h   
3 Rr Rr  Frustum
h 

=
1
h

R3  r 3  R
3 R  r 
h 2 2
 [R  r  Rr] Cubic units.
3
(ii) LATERAL SURFACE AREA OF THE FRUSTUM OF THE CONE
= (R  r), where 2  h2  (R  r)2 sq units.

(iii) TOTAL SURFACE AREA OF THE FRUSTUM OF THE CONE

= (area of the base) + (area of the top) + lateral surface area)
= [R 2  r 2  (R  r)] = [R2  r 2  (R  r)] sq units.
Illustration 31: If the radii of the circular ends of a conical bucket of height 45 cm be 28 cm and 7 cm, find
the capacity of the bucket. (Take  = 22/7).
Solution: Let R and r be the radii of the top and the base of the bucket respectively, and let h be its height.
Then, R = 28 cm, r = 7 cm and h = 45 cm.
Capacity of the frustum of the cone
1 3
 h[R2  r 2  Rr] cm
3
 1 22  3
   45  [(28)2  72  28  7] cm
3 7 
 22  3 3
  15  1029  cm = 48510 cm .
 7 

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3
Illustration 32: A bucket is in the form of a frustum of a cone with a capacity of 12308.8 cm of water. The
radii of the top and bottom circular ends are 20 cm and 12 cm respectively. Find the height
of the bucket and the area of the metal sheet used in its making. (Take  = 22/7).
Solution: Here R = 20 cm, r = 12 cm and volume = 12308.8 cm3.
let the height of the bucket be h cm.
Volume of the bucket = Volume of frustum of the cone.
1
 h(R2  r 2  Rr) = 12308.8
3
1 3
  3.14  h[(20)2  (12)2  20  12]  12308.8 cm
3
12308.8  3  12308.8  3 
 784h  h   15.
3.14  3.14  784 
Slant height of the bucket

  h2  (R  r)2 sq. units  (15)2  (20  12)2 cm  225  64  289 cm = 17 cm.

Area of the metal sheet used = (curved surface area) + (area of the bottom)
 [ (R  r)  r 2 ] sq. units
 3.14  17  (20  12)  3.14  12  12] cm2
 3.14  (544  144] cm2
= (3.14 x 688) cm2 = 2160.32 cm2.
Illustration 33: A shuttlecock used for playing badminton has the shape of a
frustum of a cone mounted on a hemisphere. The external
diameters of the frustum are 5 cm and 2 cm, and the height of
the entire shuttlecock is 7 cm. Find its external surface
area.

5
Solution: Here, R  cm, r = 1 cm and h = (7 – 1) cm = 6 cm.
2
2
 5   2  9 2 153
  2  h2  (R  r)2  6 2    1  cm =  36   cm  cm2
  2    4  4

153 12.36
  cm = cm = 6.18 cm.
2 2
External surface area of the shuttlecock = (lateral surface area + area of the base)
 22 5  22  2
  (R  r)  2r 2  sq. units    6.18    1  2   1 1 cm
7 2  7 
 44  2 2 2
 11 6.18  cm = (67.98+6.28) cm = 74.26 cm .
 7 

Illustration 34: A cone of radius 10 cm is divided into two parts by drawing a plane through the midpoint
of its axis, parallel to its base. Compare the volumes of the two parts.

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Solution: Let OAB be the cone and OQ be its axis, and let P be
the midpoint of OQ.
Let OQ = h cm.
h
Then, OP = PQ = cm and QB = 10 cm.
2
Also, OPD ~ OQB.
OP PD (H / 2) PD
   
OQ QB H 10cm
 PD = .5 cm.
The plane CD divides the cone into two parts, namely
(i) a smaller cone of radius = 5 cm and height (h/2) cm,
(ii) frustum of a cone in which
h
R = 10 cm, r = 5 cm and height =   cm.
 2
Volume of smaller cone
1 h 3  25h  3
V1   x  5  5   cm    cm .
3 2  6 
Volume of frustum of the cone
1 h 3  175h  3
V2    (10)2  (5)2  10  5  cm    cm .
3 2  6 
V1 1
 ,  V1 : V2 = 1 : 7
V2 7

Illustration 35: The height of a cone is 30 cm. A small cone is cut off at the top by a plane parallel to the
base. If its volume be 1/27 of the volume of the given cone, at what height above the base
is the section made?
Solution: Height of the given cone = 30 cm.
Let the radius of its base be R cm.
1 
Volume of the given cone   R2  30  = (10R2) cm3.
3 
1 
Then, volume of smaller cone   r 2h  cm3.
3 
1 1
  r 2h  (10R2 )[given]
3 27
2
R 9h
  r   10 … (i)
 
Now, OAB ~ OCD.
AB OA R 30
    … (ii)
CD OC r h
From (i) and (ii), we get
2
 30  9h
 h   10
 
30  30 9h 30  30  10
   h3   1000  h3  (10)3 .  h  10
hh 10 9
 height of the smaller cone = 10 cm.
Height of the section from the base = (30 – 10) cm = 20 cm.

Illustration 36: A hollow cone is cut by a plane parallel to the base and the upper portion is removed. If the
curved surface of the remainder is 8/9 of the curved surface of the whole cone, find the
ratio of the line segments into which the altitude of the cone is divided by the plane.

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Solution: Let OAB be the given hollow cone cut by the plane CD parallel to base AB and let cone OCD be
removed. Then, the remainder is the frustum CABD of the given cone.
Let OE = h units, OF = H units,
OD =  units, OB = L units,

ED = r units, FB = R units.
In OED and OFB, we have
EOD  FOB (common),
OED  OFB = 90.
 OED ~ OFB
OE OD ED
  
OF OB FB
h  r
   … (i) [by BPT theorem]
H L R
Now, (curved surface area of the frustum CABD)
8
= (curved surface area of the cone OAB)
9
 (curved surface area of the cone OCD)
= (curved surface of the cone OAB) – (curved surface of the frustum CABD)
8
= (curved surface of the cone OAB) – (curved surface of the cone OAB)
9
1
= (curved surface of the cone OAB)
9
1
 r  RL
9
 r    1 h h 1 h 1
  R  L   9   H  H   9  H  3 [from (i)]
    
 H = 3h … (ii)
Now, EF  (OF  OE)  (H  h)  (3h  h)  2h.
OE h 1
   .
EF 2h 2
Hence, (OE : EF) = 1 : 2.

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RADICAL TEST – III (CLASS WORK)

All questions are of six marks each.

1. The radii of the circular ends of a solid frustum of a cone are 33 cm and 27 cm, and its slant
22
height is 10 cm. Find its capacity and total surface area. (Take  = ).
7

2. A bucket is in the form of a frustum of a cone. Its depth is 15 cm and the diameters of the top
and the bottom are 56 cm and 42 cm respectively. Find how many litres of water can the bucket
22
hold. (Take  = ).
7

3. A bucket made up of a metal sheet is in the form of a frustum of a cone of height 16 cm with
radii of its lower and upper ends as 8 cm and 40 cm respectively. Find the cost of the bucket if
the cost of metal sheet used is Rs. 15 per 100 cm2.
22
(Take  = ).
7

4. A bucket made up of a metal sheet is in the form of frustum of a cone. Its depth is 24 cm and the
diameters of the top and bottom are 30 cm and 10 cm respectively. Find the cost of milk, which
can completely fill the bucket at the rate of Rs. 20 per litre and the cost of metal sheet used if it
22
costs Rs. 10 per 100 cm2. (Take  = ).
7

5. A tent is made in the form of a frustum of a cone surmounted by another cone. The diameters of
the base and the top of the frustum are 20 m and 6 m respectively, and the height is 24 m. If the
height of the tent is 28 m and the radius of the conical part is equal to the radius of the top of the
frustum, find the quantity of canvas required.
22
(Take  = ).
7

250 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / MUMBAI / LUCKNOW / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
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CONCEPT MAP

Cuboid and cube Sphere and Hemi-sphere

(i) Total surface area of cuboid
2b  bh  h (i) Surface area of sphere : 4 r 2

(ii) Lateral surface area of cuboid (ii) Curved surface area of hemi-sphere

2bh  h  2r 2

SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES

(iii) Volume of cuboid : bh (iii) Total surface area of hemi-sphere

(iv) Lateral surface area of cube : 4a 2 3 r 2

(v) Total surface area of cube : 6a 2 4 3
(iv) Volume of sphere : r
3 3
(vi) Volume of cube : a
2
(v) Volume of hemi-sphere : r 3
3

Right circular cylinder

(i) Curved surface area of a cylinder
2rh
(ii) Total surface area of a cylinder
2 r (h  r )
(iii) Volume of cylinder : r 2 h
Frustum of right circular cone
(i) Curved surface area of frustum
(R  r )
Right circular cone
(ii) Total surface area of frustum
(i) Curved surface area of a cone :  r
(R  r )  R 2  r 2
(ii) Total surface area of a cone
r (r   ) (iii) Volume of frustum
(iii) Volume of Right Circular Cone 1
(R 2  r 2  Rr )h
1 2 3
r h
3

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CBSE ASSIGNMENT

1. The base radii of two right circular cones of the same height are in the ratio 3 : 5. Find the ratio
of their volumes.

2. A solid cube is cut into two cuboids of equal volumes. Find the ratio of the total surface area of
the given cube and that of the one of the cuboids.

3. A toy is in the form of a cone of radius 3.5 cm mounted on a hemisphere of same radius. The
total height of the toy is 15.5 cm. Find the total surface area of the toy.

4. A rectangular water tank of base 11 m x 6 m contains water upto a height of 5 m. If the water in
the tank is transferred to a cylindrical tank of radius 3.5 m, find how high will the water level be in
the this tank.
22
(Use  = )
7

5. A field is in the form of a rectangle of length 18 m and width 15 m. A pit 7.5 m long, 6 m broad
and 0.8 m deep is dug in a corner of the field and the earth taken out is spread out is spread
over the remaining area of the field. Find out the extent to which the level of the field has been
raised.

6. To construct a wall 24 m long, 0.4 m thick and 6 m high, bricks of dimensions 25 cm x 16 cm x

10 cm each are used. If the mortar occupies 1/10th of the volume of the wall, find the number of
bricks used.

7. A sector of circle of radius 15 cm has the angle 1200. It is rolled up so that two bounding radii
are joined together to form a cone. Find the volume of the cone.
22
(Take  = )
7

8. A hemispherical bowl of internal radius 15 cm contains a liquid. The liquid is to be filled into
cylindrical shaped bottles of diameter 5 cm and height 6 cm. How many bottles are necessary to
empty the bowl?

9. An oil funnel of tin sheet consists of a cylindrical portion 10 cm long attached to a frustum of a
cone. If the total height is 22 cm, diameter of the cylindrical portion is 8 cm and the diameter of
the top of the funnel be 18 cm, find the area of the tin sheet required to make the funnel.

10. If h, c and V respectively are the height, the curved surface area and volume of cone, prove that
3 Vh 3  c 2 h 2  9V 2  0

11. A rectangular container, whose base is a square of side 5 cm stands on a horizontal table and
holds water upto 1 cm from the top. When a cube is placed in the water it is completely
submerged. The water rises to the top and 2 cm3 of water overflows. Calculate the volume of the
cube and also the length of its edge.

12. A well with 10 m inside diameter is dug 14 m deep. Earth is taken out of it and spread all around
to a width of 5 m to form an embankment. Find the height of embankment.

13. The barrel of a fountain-pen cylindrical in shape is 7 cm long and 5 mm in diameter. A full barrel
of ink in the pen is used up in writing 330 words on an average. How many words would use up
a bottle of ink containing one fifth of a litre?

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14. A sector of a circle of radius 12 cm has the angle 120. It is rolled up so that two bounding radii
are joined together to form a cone. Find the volume of the cone.

15. The surface areas of a sphere and a cube are equal. Prove that their volumes are in the ratio

1:
6

16. Three cubes of metal whose edges are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5 are melted down into a single cube
whose diagonal is 12 3 cm. Find the edges of the three cubes.

17. A solid cylinder of diameter 12 cm and height 15 cm is melted and recast into 12 toys in the
shape of a right circular cone mounted on a hemisphere. Find the radius of the hemisphere and
total height of the toy if height of the cone is 3 times the radius.

18. Four right circular cylindrical vessels each having diameter 21 cm and height 38 cm are full of
icecream. The icecream is to be filled in cones of height 12 cm and diameter 7 cm having a
hemispherical shape on the top. Find the total number of such cones which can be filled with
icecream.

19. An iron spherical ball has been melted and recast into smaller balls of equal size. If the radius of
1
each of the smaller balls is of the radius of the original ball, how many such balls are made?
4
Compare the surface areas of all the smaller balls combined together with that of the original
ball.

20. 500 persons tool dip in a rectangular tank which is 80 m long and 50 m broad. What is the rise in
the level of water in the tank, if the average displacement of water by a person is 0.04 m3?

MIND BOOSTER ASSIGNMENT

FOUNDATION BUILDER (CLASS WORK)
1. The internal and external radii of a hemispherical bowl are r1 and r2 respectively. The curved
surface area of the bowl will be
(a) ( r12  r 22 ) (b) 2( r12  r 22 ) (c) 2( r22  r12 ) (d) ( r22  r12 )

2. If the radius of a sphere becomes three times, then the curved surface will be
(a) three times (b) nine times
(c) twenty seven times (d) 2 times

3. If the area of the surface of a sphere is 4 cm2, the diameter of the sphere will be
(a) 1 cm (b) 2 cm (c) 4 cm (d) 5 cm

4. If the diameter of the cross-section of a cylinder is decreased by 5%, how much per cent will the
length be increased so that volume remains the same?
(a) 10% (b) 11% (c) 12% (d) 5%

5. The slant height of a cone whose height is 4 cm and radius 3 cm, is

(a) 5 cm (b) 7 cm (c) 13 cm (d) 60 cm

6. The radius of a sphere is r cm. It is divided into two equal parts. The whole surface of two parts
will be
(a) 8r2 sq. cm (b) 6r2 sq. cm (c) 4r2 sq. cm (d) none of these

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7. If r is the radius and h is the height of a right circular cylinder, then it volume is
(a) r2h (b) 2r2h (c) 3r3h (d) none of these

8. If the radius and height of a cylinder are in the ratio 5 : 7 and its volume is 550 cm3, then it radius
is equal to
(a) 6 cm (b) 7 cm (c) 5 cm (d) 10 cm

9. If the curved surface area of a solid right circular cylinder of height h and radius r is one-third of
its total surface area, then
1 1
(a) h  r (b) h  r (c) h  r (d) h  2r
3 2
10. If the radius of the base and the height of a right circular cone are respectively 21 cm and
28 cm, then the curved surface area of the cone is
(a) 3696 cm2 (b) 2310 cm2 (c) 2550 cm2 (d) 2410 cm2

CONCEPT STRENGTHNER (HOME WORK)

1. If the volume of a vessel in the form of a right circular cylinder is 448  cm3 and its height is
7 cm, then the curved surface area of the cylinder is
(a) 224  cm2 (b) 212  cm2 (c) 112  cm2 (d) none of these

2. If a solid metallic sphere of radius 8 cm is melted and recasted into n spherical solid balls of
radius 1 cm, then n =
(a) 500 (b) 510 (c) 512 (d) 516

3. A toy is in the form of a cone mounted on a hemisphere with same radius. The diameter of the
base of the conical portion is 6 cm and its height is 4 cm. The surface area of the toy is
(a) 36  cm2 (b) 33  cm2 (c) 35  cm2 (d) 24  cm2

4. A frustum of a right circular cone is of height 16 cm with radii of its ends as 8 cm and 20 cm has
lateral surface area equal to
(a) 540  cm2 (b) 580  cm2 (c) 560  cm2 (d) 680  cm2

5. A solid metal cone with base-radius 12 cm and height 24 cm, is melted to form solid spherical
balls, each of diameter 6 cm. The number of such balls made is
(a) 32 (b) 36 (c) 48 (d) none of these

6. If the curved surface area of a solid right circular cylinder of height h and radius r is one-third of
its total surface area, then
1 1
(a) h  r (b) h  r (c) h = r (d) h = 2r
3 2

7. If the radius and slant height of a cone are in the ratio 4 : 7 and its curved surface area is
 22 
792 cm2, then its radius is  Take  
 7 
(a) 10cm (b) 8 cm (c) 12 cm (d) 9 cm

8. If a cone and a sphere have equal radii and have equal volumes, then the ratio between the
height of the cone and the diameter of the sphere is
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 3 : 2

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9. If h be the height and  the semi-vertical angle of a right circular cone, then its volume is given
by
1 1 1 1
(a) h3 tan2  (b) h2 tan2  (c) h2 tan3  (d) h3 tan3 
3 3 3 3
10. If the radius of the sphere is increased by 100% the volume of the corresponding sphere is
increased by
(a) 200% (b) 500% (c) 700% (d) 800%

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION (HOME WORK)

1. From a 25 cm × 35 cm rectangular cardboard, an open box is to be made by cutting out identical

squares of area 25 cm2 from each corner and turning up the sides. The volume of the box is
[NTSE Delhi]
(a) 3000 cm3 (b) 1875 cm3 (c) 21875 cm3 (d) 1250 cm3

2. A conical vessel whose internal radius is 10 cm and height 72 cm is full of water. If this water is
poured into a cylindrical vessel with internal radius 30 cm, the height of the water level rised in it
is ___ [NSO]
2 2 2 1
(a) 2 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 5 cm (d) 1 cm
3 3 3 3

3. A drinking glass is in the shape of a frustum of a cone of height 14 cm. The diameter of its two
circular ends are 4 cm and 2 cm then the capacity of glass is [NTSE Rajasthan]
2 1 2 1
(a) 102 cm3 (b) 102 cm3 (c) 101 cm3 (d) 101 cm3
3 3 3 3

4. A cylindrical pencil of diameter 1.2 cm has one of its ends sharpened into a conical shape of
height 1.4 cm. The volume of the material removed (in cub. cms) is
[NTSE Andhra Pradesh]
(a) 4.224 (b) 1.056 (c) 10.56 (d) 42.24

5. A solid sphere of radius x cm is melted and cast into the shape of a solid cone of height x cm,
the radius of the base of the cone is [NTSE Mizoram]
(a) x cm (b) 4x cm (c) 3x cm (d) 2x cm

6. A cone is divided into two parts by drawing a plane through the mid-point of its axis parallel to its
base. Then the ratio of volumes of the two parts is [NTSE Mizoram]
(a) 1 : 7 (b) 2 : 7 (c) 7 : 2 (d) 3 : 2

7. A conical vessel of radius 6 cm and height 8 cm is filled with water. A

sphere is lowered into the water and its size is such that when it touches
the sides of the conical vessel, it is just immersed. How much water will
 22 
remain in the cone after the overflow?   
 7 
[IMO]
(a) 188.57 cm3 (b) 160 cm3
(c) 181.30 cm3 (d) 175.46 cm3

8. A plot of land in the form of a rectangle has a dimension 240 m × 180 m. A drainlet 10 m wide is
dug all around it (on the outside) and the earth dug out is evenly spread over the plot, increasing
its surface level by 25 cm. The depth of the drainlet is ___
(a) 1.375 m (b) 1.5 m (c) 1.227 m (d) none of these

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ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST - I

1. 6 cm 2. 4 : 3 3. 8 : 27 4. 126 cm
5. 9735 m2. 6. 231 cm3. 7. 732.116 cm3. 8. 1320 m2.
9. 523.53 cm3. 10. 1.131 m3 (approx)

11. Not correct. Correct answer is 346.51 cm3.

1 2
12. 332.5 cm2 13.  ( 24  ) 14. 100
4

ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST - II

1. 3 : 1 2. 4 : 1 3. 179.66 cm3 4. 504

5. 4851 6. 150 7. 0.6 cm

8. 562 500 m2 or 56.25 hectares. 9. 100 minutes

10. 2.5 cm 11. r = 0.2 12. r = 4

ANSWERS RADICAL TEST - III

1. 22704 cm3, 7599.43 cm3. 2. 28.49 litres.

3. Rs. 293.90 4. Rs. 163.28, Rs. 171.13

5. 1068.75 m2.

ANSWER TO CBSE ASSIGNMENT

1. 9 : 25 2. 3 : 2 3. 214.5 cm2 4. 8.6 m

5. 16 cm 6. 12960 7. 370.33 cm3 8. 60

9. 1313.18 cm2 11. 27 cm3, 3 cm 12. 4.66 m 13. 48000

14. 189.57 cm3 16 6 cm, 8 cm, 10 cm

17. r = 3 cm, h = 9 cm 18. 216 cones

19. 64 balls, 4 : 1 20. 0.5 cm

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ANSWER TO MIND BOOSTER ASSIGNMENT

FOUNDATION BUILDER
1. (b) 2. (b 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a)

6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b)

CONCEPT STRENGTHNER
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)

6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c)

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d)

6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c)

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 PROBABILITY

In our day to day life, we use words like probable, possible

etc. in many statements such as
“There is a probability that it will rain tomorrow”
“There is a possibility that he may be wrong”
“India’s cricket team has good chance of winning the world cup
2011” etc.
So, there is some uncertainty in our mind, that the event may
happen or may not happen. Happening of an event rules out the
non-happening of the event and we can measure it mathematically.
So, the branch of mathematics, which deals with it, is called
“Theory of probability”.

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PROBABILITY
Probability is a tool which numerically measures the degree of certainty of the occurrence of events.

EXPERIMENT
An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes is called an experiment.
(I) Tossing a coin : When we throw a coin, either a head (H) or a tail (T) appears on the upper
face.
(II) Throwing a die : A die is a solid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, or having
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 dots.
(III) Drawing a card from a deck of playing cards : A deck of playing cards has in all 52 cards.
(i) It has 13 cards each of four suits, namely
Spades, clubs, hearts and diamonds.
(a) Cards of spades and clubs are black cards.
(b) Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.
(ii) Kings, queens and jacks are known as face cards.

EVENT
The collection of all or some of the possible outcomes is called an event.
Examples:
(i) In throwing a coin, H is the event of getting a head.
(ii) Suppose we throw two coins simultaneously and let E be the event of getting at least one
head. Then, E contains HT, TH, HH.

EQUALLY LIKELY EVENTS

A given number of events are said to be equally likely if none of them is expected to occur in
preference to the others.

PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF AN EVENT

When an Experiment is performed, a collection of outcomes is said to be an event ‘E’. Further a
collection of all outcomes is called sample space ‘S’.
Probability of occurrence of an event E, denoted by P(E) is defined as:
Number of outcomes favourable to E n  E 
P(E) = =
Totalnumber of possible outcomes n  S

Experiment : A die is thrown, so, sample space = S = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6  n  s   6

And, event ‘E’  The face value is greater than four
So, E = {5, 6}  n(E) = 2
n E  2 1
Hence, P(E) =   .
n S 6 3

COMPLEMENTARY EVENT
Let E be an event and (not E) be an event which occurs only when E does not occur.
The event (not E) is called the complementary event of E, denoted by E .
Clearly, P(E) + P(not E) = 1.
 P(E) = 1 – P(not E).
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SOME SPECIAL SAMPLE SPACES

(i) A die is thrown once S  1,2,3,4,5,6; n(S )  6
(ii) A coin is tossed once S  H,T ; n(S )  2
(iii) A coin is tossed twice S  HH, HT ,TH,TT ; n(S )  4  2 2
or
Two coins are tossed simultaneously
(iv) A coin is tossed three times HHH , HHT , HTH,THH  3
S  ; n(S )  8  2
or TTT , TTH , THT , HTT 
Three coins are tossed simultaneously
(v) Two dice are thrown together (1,1), (1,2),(1,3 ),(1,4 ), (1,5), (1,6 ) 
or  
( 2,1),( 2,2), (2,3), ( 2,4 ), (2,5), ( 2,6) 
A die is thrown twice (3,1),(3,2), (3,3), (3,4 ), (3,5), (3,6) 
S 
( 4,1), ( 4,2), ( 4,3 ),( 4,4 ), ( 4,5), ( 4,6 )
(5,1),(5,2), (5,3), (5,4 ), (5,5), (5,6) 
 
( 6,1), ( 6,2), ( 6,3), ( 6,4 ),( 6,5 ),( 6,6) 
n(S )  62

number of favourable cases n  S 

Note : 1. P (E )  =
total number of cases n E 
2. P (E )  P (not E) = 1
3. 0  P (E )  1
4. Sum of the probabilities of all the outcomes of random experiment is 1.
5. Odd in favour of an event E = P(E) : P E and, odds against an event  
 
E = P E : P(E), Thus, if odd in favour of an event E be x : y
x y
 P(E) =
x+y
&P E =
x+y
 

Illustration 1 : A die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting a prime number?
Solution: In a single throw of a die, all possible outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Total number of possible outcomes = 6.
Let E be the event of getting a prime number.
Then, the favourable outcomes are 2, 3, 5.
Number of favourable outcomes = 3.
3 1
 P(getting a prime number)  P(E)   .
6 2
Illustration 2 : A coin is tossed once. What is the probability of getting a head?
Solution: When a coin is tossed once, all possible outcomes are H and T.
Total number of possible outcomes = 2.
The favourable outcome is H.
Number of favourable outcome = 1
 P(getting a head)
number of favourableoutcomes 1
P(H)   .
totalnumber of possibleoutcomes 2

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Illustration 3 : Two coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of getting at least one head?
Solution: When two coins are tossed simultaneously, all possible outcomes are HH, HT, TH, TT.
Total number of possible outcomes = 4.
Let E be the event of getting at least one head.
Then, the favourable outcomes are HT, TH, HH.
Number of favourable outcomes = 3.
3
 P(getting at least one head)  P(E)  .
4
Alternative : If E = the event of getting at least one head i.e., either one head or two heads
 E = the event of getting all tails
 E  T T and S  HT, TH, HH, TT

 P(E) = 1 – P E  
= 1
   1 1  3 .
n E
n S  4 4

Illustration 4 : One card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. What is the probability
that the card drawn is a face card?
Solution: Total number of all possible outcomes = 52.
We know that kings, queens and jacks are the face cards.
Number of face cards = 12.
Let E be the event of getting a face card.
Then, the number of favourable outcomes = 12.
12 3
 P(getting a face card)   .
52 13
Illustration 5 : Cards each marked with one of the numbers, 4, 5, 6, …., 20 are placed in a box and mixed
thoroughly. One card is drawn at random from the box. What is the probability of getting
an even prime number?
Solution: Out of 17 (= 20  3) cards, one card can be drawn in 17 ways.
 Total number of possible outcomes = 17
There are 6 prime numbers, namely, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19
Here, there is no even prime number.
 Favourable number of outcomes out of 17 = 0
0
Hence, P (getting an even prime number) =  0
17
Illustration 6 : What is the probability that a number selected from the numbers 1, 2, 3, …,15 is a multiple
of 4?
Solution: Out of 15 numbers, one number is selected in 15 ways.
 Total number of possible outcomes = 15
There are 3 multiples of 4, namely, 4, 8, and 12
 Favourable number of outcomes = 3
3 1
Hence, P (that a number selected is a multiple of 4) = 
15 5

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Illustration 7 : Cards marked with the numbers 2 to 51 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. One
card is drawn from this box. Find the probability that the number on the card is an even
number.
Solution: Total number of cards in a box are 50, (i.e., from 2 to 51).
Total number of outcomes in which one card can be drawn out of 50 cards are 50.
Out of 50 possible outcomes, 25 outcomes [2, 4, 6, …., 50] are favourable to even number.
25 1
 P(that the number on the drawn card is even number) =  .
50 2
Illustration 8 : The king, queen and jack of clubs are removed from a deck of 52 playing cards and then
well-shuffled. One card is selected from the remaining cards. Find the probability of getting
a king.
Solution: Out of 52 cards if a king, queen and jack of clubs is removed then there are 49 cards left in the
deck.
 Total number of outcomes = 49
There are 3 kings left in the deck.
 Favourable outcomes = 3
3
P(getting a king) =
49
Illustration 9 : What is probability of getting a number less than 7 in a single throw of a die?
Solution: There are only six possible outcomes in a single throw of a die. These outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
and 6. So, the number of favourable outcomes is the same as the number of all possible
outcomes, which is 6.
6
 P(getting a number less than 7) = 1
6
Illustration 10: Cards marked with the numbers 2 to 31 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. One
card is drawn from the box. Find the probability that the number on the card is prime
number less than 18.
Solution: Total number of cards in a box are 30 (i.e., from 2 to 31).
Total number of outcomes in which one card can be drawn out of 30 cards are 30
Out of 30 possible outcomes, 7 outcomes [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17] are favourable.
Hence, P(that the number on the drawn card is a prime number less than 18)
7
= .
30
Illustration 11: One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of drawing
‘10’ of a black suit.
Solution: Total number of outcomes = 52
There are 2 such cards, namely, spade ‘10’ and club ‘10’
 Number of favourable outcomes of ‘10’ of black suit = 2
2 1
 P(for ‘10’ of black suit) =  .
52 26
Illustration 12: Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability that the total of the numbers on
the dice is 13.

Solution: Total number of outcomes to the random experiment of throwing two dice are 6  6 = 36. The
outcome favourable to the event A, (the total of numbers on the dice is 13) are 0, because the
total cannot be greater than 12. So the number of outcomes favourable to A is 0.
0
 P(A)  0
36

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Illustration 13: Three coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting
(i) exactly 2 heads, (ii) at most 2 heads.
Solution: When 3 coins are tossed simultaneously, all possible outcomes are HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT,
THT, TTH, TTT.
Total number of possible outcomes = 8.
(i) Let E1 be the event of getting exactly 2 heads.
Then, favourable outcomes are HHT, HTH, THH.
Number of favourable outcomes = 3.
3
 P(getting exactly 2 heads)  P(E1 )  .
8
(ii) Let E2 be the event of getting at most 2 heads
Then, favourable outcomes are
HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT.
Number of favourable outcomes = 7
7
 P (at most 2 heads) = .
8

Illustration 14: One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting:
(i) a king of red suit (ii) a queen of black suit (iii) a jack of hearts (iv) a red face card.
Solution: Total number of possible outcome = 52.
(i) Number of kings of red suit = 2.
2 1
 P(getting a king of red suit)   .
52 26
(ii) Number of queens of black suit = 2.
2 1
 P(getting a queen of black suit)   .
52 26
(iii) Number of jacks of hearts = 1.
1
 P(getting a jack of hearts)  .
52
(iv) Red face cards are 2 kings, 2 queens, 2 jacks.
Number of red face cards = 6.
6 3
 P(getting a red face card)   .
52 26
Illustration 15: Seventeen cards numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, …, 16, 17 are put in a box and mixed thoroughly. One
person draws a card from the box. Find the probability that the number on the card is (i)
odd (ii) a prime (iii) divisible by 3 (iv) divisible by 2 and 3 both.
Solution: Number of all possible outcomes = 17.
(i) Out of the given numbers, the odd numbers are:
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17.
Number of favourable outcomes = 9.
9
 P(getting an odd number)  .
17
(ii) Out of the given numbers, the prime numbers are
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17.
Number of favourable outcomes = 7.
7
 P(getting a prime number)  .
17

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(iii) Out of the given numbers, those divisible by 3 are

3, 6, 9, 12, 15.
Number of favourable outcomes = 5.
5
 P(getting a number divisible by 3)  .
17
(iv) Out of the given numbers, those divisible by 2 and 3 both are 6, 12.
Number of favourable outcomes = 2
2
 P(getting a number divisible by 2 and 3 both)  .
17
Illustration 16: Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the probability of getting (i) 8 as the sum of
two numbers that turn up (ii) a doublet?
Solution: When two dice are thrown simultaneously, all possible outcomes are:

(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6),

Number of all possible outcomes = 36.

(i) Let E1 be the event of getting two numbers whose sum is 8. Then, the favourable outcomes
are:

(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2).
5
 P(getting two numbers whose sum is 8)  P(E1 )  .
36

(ii) Let E1 be the event of getting a doublet.

Then, the favourable outcomes are:

(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6).

Number of favourable outcomes = 6.

6 1
 P(getting a doublet)  P(E2 )   .
36 6

Illustration 17: A bag contains 6 red balls, 8 white balls, 5 green balls and 3 black balls. One ball is drawn
at random from the bag. Find the probability that the ball drawn is: (i) white (ii) red or black
(iii) not green (iv) neither white nor black.

Solution: Total number of balls = (6+8+5+3) = 22

(i) Number of white balls = 8.

8 4
 P(getting a white ball)   .
22 11
63 9
(ii) P(getting a red or a black ball)   .
22 22

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 PROBABILITY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

(iii) P(getting a ball which is not green)

= 1 – P(getting a green ball)
 5  17
 1   .
 22  22
(iv) P(getting a ball which is neither white nor black)
= 1 – P(getting a ball which is either white or black)
83 1
 .
 1
22 2
Illustration 18: A missing helicopter is reported to have crashed somewhere in the rectangular region
shown in figure given below. What is the probability that it crashed inside the lake shown
in the figure?

Solution: Area of the complete rectangular region in which the helicopter is equally likely to crash
= (9 x 4.5) km2 = 40.5 km2
From the above figure,
the length of the lake = (9 – 6) km = 3 km and the breadth of the lake = (4.5 – 2) km = 2.5 km.
Thus, the area of the region occupied by the lake = (3 x 2.5) km 2 = 7.5 km2.
The event E is that the helicopter crashed in the lake.
7.5 75 5
Then P(E) 
  .
40.5 405 27
Illustration 19: (i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot.
What is the probability that this bulb is defective?
(ii) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective and is not replaced. Now one bulb is
drawn at random from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is not defective?
Solution: Total number of bulbs = 20.
One bulb can be drawn at random from these bulbs in 20 ways.
 Total number of possible outcomes = 20
(i) Number of defective bulbs = 4
Thus, number of favourable ways of getting a defective bulbs = 4
4 1
Hence, P (bulb is defective)  
20 5
(ii) One bulb drawn is not defective and is not replaced.
Number of remaining bulbs = 19
 Total number of possible outcomes = 19
Number of defective bulbs = 4
 Out of 19 remaining bulbs, the number of bulbs that are not defective = 19  4 = 15
Thus, the number of favourable ways of ‘getting a non-defective bulb’ = 15
15
Hence, P (bulb is not defective) =
19

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 PROBABILITY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 20: A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective and the others are good. Nuri will
buy a pen if it good, but will not buy it if it is defective. The shopkeeper draws one pen at
random and gives it to her. What is the probability that.
(i) She will buy it?
(ii) She will not buy it?
Solution: There are 144 ball pens.
So, one pen can be drawn out of 144 pens in 144 ways.
 Total number of possible outcomes = 144
Number of good pens = Total number of pens  Number of defective pens
= 144  20 = 124
(i) There are 124 good pens, out of which one pen can be chosen in 124 ways.
 Number of favourable outcomes = 124
124 31
Hence, P (Nuri will buy it) = 
144 36
31 5
(ii) P (Nuri will not buy it) = 1   [using P(E)  1  P(E)]
36 6

Illustration 21: Savita and Hamida are friends. What is the probability that both will have
(i) different birthdays? (ii) the same birthday? (ignoring a leap year).
Solution: Out of the two friends, one girl, say, Savita’s birthday can be any day of the year. Now, Hamida’s
birthday can also be any day of 365 days in the year.
We assume that these 365 outcomes are equally likely.
(i) If Hamida’s birthday is different from Savita’s, the number of favourable outcomes for her
birthday is 365 – 1 = 364
364
So, P (Hamida’s birthday is different from Savita’s birthday) =
365
(ii) P (Savita and Hamida have the same birthday)
= 1 – P (both have different birthdays)
364
=1– [Using P( E ) = 1 – P (E)]
365
1
= .
365
Illustration 22: A carton consists of 100 shirts of which 88 are good, 8 have minor defects and 4 have
major defects. Jimmy, a trader, will only accept the shirts which are good, but Sujatha,
another trader, will only reject the shirts which have major defects. One shirt is drawn at
random from the carton. What is the probability that
(i) it is acceptable to Jimmy?
(ii) it is acceptable to Sujatha?

Solution: One shirt is drawn at random from the carton of 100 shirts. Therefore, there are 100 equally likely
outcomes.
(i) The number of outcomes favourable (i.e., acceptable) to Jimmy = 88
88
Therefore, P (shirt is acceptable to Jummy)   0.88
100
(ii) The number of outcomes favourable to Sujatha = 88 + 8 = 96
96
So, P (shirt is acceptable to Sujatha)   0.96 .
100

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Illustration 23: Suppose a die is dropped at random on the 3m

rectangular region shown in figure. What is the
probability that it will land inside the circle of 2m
diameter 1 m?

Solution: Let r be the radius of the circle

1
Then r  m
2
 2
Area of the circle = r 2  m
4

Area of the whole region    b

= 3m  2m  6m2

Hence, P (die will lie inside the circle)

 2
m
Area of the circle 
  4 2  .
Area of the whole region 6m 24

Illustration 24: What is the probability that a non-leap year, selected at random, has 53 Sundays?
Solution: Number of days in a non-leap year = 365

Therefore, in a non leap year, there are 52 weeks and 1 more day which may be any one of the
seven days.

For the day over 52 weeks to be a Sunday, the total number of possible outcomes = 7

Number of favourable outcome = 1

Number of outcomes favourable to E

P(E) 
Total number of possible outcomes

1
Hence, P (53 Sundays) =
7

Illustration 25: Find the probability that a leap year selected at random, will have 53 Sundays.
Solution: Leap year has 366 days = 52 weeks + 2 days
Possibility of remaining 2 days can be
(i) Monday and Tuesday
(ii) Tuesday and Wednesday
(iii) Wednesday and Thursday
(iv) Thursday and Friday
(v) Friday and Saturday
(vi) Saturday and Sunday
(vii) Sunday and Monday

2
 Required probability 
7
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 PROBABILITY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

Illustration 26: A bag contains 35 balls out of which x are blue.

(i) If one ball is drawn at random, what is the probability that it will be a blue ball?
(ii) If 7 more blue balls are put in the bag, the probability of drawing a blue will be double
than that in (i). Find x.
Solution: Random drawing of balls ensures equally likely outcomes.
Total number of outcomes (i.e., balls) = 35.
(i) Out of total 35 outcomes (i.e., balls), favourable outcomes (i.e., blue balls) = x
Since the bag contains x blue ball, therefore,
x
P (drawing a blue ball) =
35
(ii) When 7 more balls are put in the bag, then the total number of outcomes (i.e., balls)
= 35 + 7 = 42, out of 42 outcomes, favourable outcomes are = x + 7.
Since the bag contains (x + 7) blue balls, therefore,
x7
P(drawing a blue ball) =
42
It is given that the probability of drawing a blue ball in case (ii) is double than that in case (i).
 x5
Hence, the value of x = 5.
Illustration 27: A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that
the card drawn is neither a red card nor a queen.
Solution: There are 26 red cards, including two red queens in a pack of 52 cards.
There 4 queens i.e., two red and two black.
Therefore, card drawn will be red card or a queen if it is any one of 28 cards (26 red cards and 2
black queens).
Now, the card drawn will be neither a red card nor a queen
= Total number of cards  The card drawn will be a red or a queen
= 52  28
= 24 cards
So, the favourable number of events = 24 cards
24 6
Hence, the required probability = 
52 13

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 PROBABILITY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

RADICAL TEST (CLASS WORK)

1. A bag contains 7 black, 5 red and 3 white balls. A ball is drawn from the bag at random. Find the
probability that the ball drawn is (i) red (ii) black or white (iii) not black.

2. A bag contains 4 red, 5 black and 6 white balls. A ball is drawn from the bag at random. Find the
probability that the ball drawn is (i) white (ii) red (iii) not black (iv) red or white.

3. 15 cards numbered 1, 2, 3, … 15 are put in a box and mixed thoroughly. A card is drawn at
random from the box. Find the probability that the card bears (i) an even number (ii) a number
divisible by 2 or 3.

4. A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that the card
drawn is neither an ace nor a king.

5. Find the probability of getting 53 Fridays in a leap year.

6. From a pack of 52 playing cards, jacks, queens, kings and aces of red colour are removed.
From the remaining a card is drawn random. Find the probability that the card drawn is (i) a
black queen (ii) a red card (iii) a black jack (iv) a face card.

7. Cards marked with numbers 3, 4, 5, … 50 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. One card
is drawn at random from the box. Find the probability that number on card is (i) divisible by 7 (ii)
a number which is a perfect square.

8. A box contains 5 red, 4 green and 7 white balls. A ball is drawn at random from the box. Find the
probability that the ball drawn is (i) white (ii) neither red nor white.

9. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting (i) two heads (ii) at least one
head (iii) no head.

10. In a single throw of two dice, find the probability of

(i) getting a total of 10
(ii) getting a total 9 or 11
(iii) getting a sum greater than 9
(iv) getting a doublet of even numbers
(v) not getting the same number on the two dice

11. There are 2 boys more than the number of girls in a chess club. A member of the club is to be
chosen at random to participate in a tournament. Each member is equally likely to be chosen. If
3
the probability that a girl is chosen is , how many girls and how many boys are there in the
7
club?

12. In a single throw of two dice, find the probability of getting

(i) an even number on the first die and 5 on the second die.
(ii) a number greater than 4 on each die.

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 PROBABILITY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

CONCEPT MAP

Important terms Some special sample spaces

(i) Probability : Probability is a tool (i) A die is thrown once
which numerically measures the
degree of certainty of the occurrence S  1,2,3,4,5,6; n(S )  6
of events.
(ii) Two dice are thrown together
(ii) Experiment : An operation which can
produce some well-defined outcomes or
is called an experiment. A die is thrown twice
(iii) Event : The collection of all or some (1,1),(1,2),(1,3 ),(1,4), (1,5),(1,6) 
of the possible outcomes is called an  
event. ( 2,1), ( 2,2),( 2,3),( 2,4 ),( 2,5),( 2,6) 
(iv) Equally likely events : A given (3,1), (3,2),(3,3),(3,4 ),(3,5),(3,6) 
S 
number of events are said to be ( 4,1),( 4,2), ( 4,3),( 4,4),( 4,5 ),( 4,6)
PROBABILITY

equally likely if none of them is (5,1), (5,2),(5,3),(5,4 ),(5,5),(5,6) 

expected to occur in preference to  
( 6,1),( 6,2),( 6,3),( 6,4), (6,5),( 6,6 ) 
the others.
n(S )  62

Probability of occurrence of an Some special sample spaces

event
(i) A coin is tossed once
Number of outcomes favourable to E
P (E )  S  H,T ; n(S )  2
Totalnumber of possible outcomes
(ii) A coin is tossed twice
Complementary event : Let E be an
event and (not E) be an event which or
occurs only when E does not occur.
Two coins are tossed simultaneously
The event (not E) is called the
complementary event of E. S  HH, HT ,TH,TT ; n(S )  4  2 2
Clearly, P(E) + P(not E) = 1. (iii) A coin is tossed three times
 P(E) = 1 – P(not E). or
0  P (E )  1 Three coins are tossed simultaneously

Sum of the probabilities of all the HHH, HHT, HTH,THH 3

S  ; n(S )  8  2
outcomes of random experiment is 1 TTT ,TTH,THT , HTT 

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 PROBABILITY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

CBSE ASSIGNMENT
1. A child has a die whose six faces shows as given below:
A B C D E F

The die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting (i) A (ii) D?

2. A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of the
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and these are equally likely outcomes. What is the probability that it
will point to
(i) 8
(ii) an odd number?
(iii) a number greater than 2 ?
(iv) a number less than 9 ?

3. Two customers Shyam and Ekta are visiting a particular shop in the same week (Tuesday to
Saturday). Each is equally likely to visit the shop on any day as on another day. What is the
probability that both will visit the shop on
(i) the same day?
(ii) consecutive day?
(iii) different day?

4. Three coins are tossed. Find the probability of

(i) getting exactly one head
(ii) getting at least one head and one tail

5. Cards marked with the numbers 2 to 101 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. One card is
drawn from this box. Find the probability that the number on the card is
(i) an even number
(ii) a number less than 14
(iii) a number which is a perfect square
(iv) a prime number less than 20.

6. A bag contains 12 balls and of which x are white

(i) If one ball is drawn at random, what is the probability that it will be a white ball?
(ii) If 6 more white balls are put in the bag, the probability of drawing a white ball will be double
than that in (i) find x.

7. A bag contains 5 red ball and some blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue ball is double
that of red ball, determine the number of blue balls in the bag.

8. A game consists of tossing a one rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcome each time. Harif
wins if all the tosses give the same result i.e., three heads or three tails and loses otherwise.
Calculate the probability that Harif will lose game.

9. (i) If odds in favour of an event be 2 : 3, find the probability of non-occurrence of this event.
(ii) If odds against an event be 3 : 4, find the probability of occurrence of this event.

PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / MUMBAI / LUCKNOW / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai 271
 PROBABILITY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

10. In a family, girls are 2 more than boys. At random, the mother asks one of her children to go to
the store. If she is equally likely to have asked one of her children and the probability that she
2
asked a girl is , how many boys and how many girls are there in the family?
3
11. Find the probability of getting a tail when a coin is tossed once. Also find the probability of
getting a head.

12. A pencil box contains three pencils of same size but different colours: red, green and blue.
Radhica takes out a pencil from the box without looking into it. What is the probability that she
takes out
(i) a red pencil
(ii) a green pencil
(iii) a blue pencil?

13. A letter is chosen at random from a given word. Find the probability that the letter is a vowel if
the word is ‘MATHEMATICS’.

14. 570 tickets of a lottery were sold and there are 3 prizes on these tickets. If Rani has purchased
on lottery ticket, what is the probability of winning a prize?

15. A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting

(i) a prime number
(ii) a number divisible by 2.

16. A die is thrown once find the probability of getting

(i) an even prime number
(ii) a multiple of 6

17. Gopi buys a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The shopkeeper takes out one fish at random
from a tank containing 5 male fish and 8 female fish. What is the probability that the fish taken
out is a male fish?

18. A piggy bank contains hundred 50 p coins, fifty Re. 1 coins, twenty Rs. 2 coins and ten Rs. 5
coins. If it is equally likely that one of the coins will fall out when the bank is turned upside down,
what is the probability that the coin.
(i) will be a 50 p coin?
(ii) will not be a Rs 5 coin?

272 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / MUMBAI / LUCKNOW / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 PROBABILITY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

MIND BOOSTER ASSIGNMENT (HOME WORK)

3
1. If E be an event such that P (E )  then P (not E ) is equal to
7
4 6 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
7 7 7
2. A coin is tossed twice. The probability of getting at least one head is
1 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
2 4 4
3. A die is thrown once. The probability of getting a number divisible by 3 is
1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 6 3 3
4. A bag contains 4 red balls and 3 green balls. A ball is drawn at random. The probability of
drawing a green ball is
3 4 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 7 7

5. A child has a block in the shape a cube with one letter written on each face as shown below :
A B C B D D
The cube is thrown once. The probability of getting B or C is
1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
3 2 3

6. A bag contains 5 red balls and n green balls. If the probability of drawing a green ball is three
time that of a red ball, then n is equal to
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 15 (d) 5

7. If P (E )  0.7 . Then P (not E ) will be

(a) 0.3 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.1 (d) none of these

8. A dice is thrown once. Probability of getting an even prime number is

1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
3 2 6

9. A dice is thrown twice. Probability that 5 will not come up either time is
11 25 13
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
36 36 36

10. Three coins are tossed once. Probability of getting at least two heads is
1 5 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 8 2

11. Ram takes sound sleep of six hrs. daily. The probability that he is caught sleeping on a
particular day is
1 1 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 4 3

12. Probability of the event that sun rises in the east, is

1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
4 2 8
PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / MUMBAI / LUCKNOW / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai 273
 PROBABILITY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

13. If x and y are natural numbers, less than six. Then, the probability that their difference be 2, is
3 3 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 20 4 5

14. The probability that the smaller angle between minute hand and hour hand of a watch be less
than 30, is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 4 6

15. We know ocean covers almost 70% of Earth’s surface. If a small heavenly body comes that into
its gravitational field, then the probability that it will hit land, is
7 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
10 10 2
1
16.  
If P(E) P E = , then P(E)
8
(a) is a rational number (b) has only one possible value
(c) has two possible values (d) cannot be determined

17. The probability of choosing randomly a number ‘c’ from the set {1, 2, 3, . . . , 9} such that the
quadratic equation x2 + 4x + c = 0 has real roots, is
1 2 3 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 9 9 9

18. Probability of all three digit numbers having all the digits same is
1 3 7 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
100 100 100 100

19. Probability of getting positive integral roots of the equation x2 – x = 0 for the integer n, 1  n  40;
is
1 1 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 10 20 20

20. Probability of throwing 16 in one throw with three dice is

1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
36 18 72 9

274 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / MUMBAI / LUCKNOW / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai
 PROBABILITY FBC-Mat. [X]-16

ANSWERS TO RADICAL TEST

1. (i) 1/3 (ii) 2/3 (iii) 8/15

2. (i) 2/5 (ii) 4/15 (iii) 2/3 (iv) 2/3

3. (i) 7/15 (ii) 2/3

4. 11/13 5. 2/7

6. (i) 1/22 (ii) 9/22 (iii) 1/22 (iv) 3/22

7. (i) 1/8 (ii) 5/48 8. (ii) 7/16 (ii) 1/4

9. (i) 1/4 (ii) 3/4 (iii) 1/4

10. (i) 1/12 (ii) 1/6 (iii) 1/6 (iv) 1/12 (v) 5/6

1 1
11. 6 girls and 8 boys 12. (i) (ii)
12 9

ANSWER TO CBSE ASSIGNMENT

1. (i) 1/6 (ii) 1/6

2. (i) 1/8 (ii) 1/2 (iii) 3/4 (iv) 1
3. (i) 1/5 (ii) 8/25 (iii) 4/5
4. (i) 3/8 (ii) 3/4
5. (i) 1/2 (ii) 3/25 (iii) 9/100 (iv) 2/25
6. (i) x/12 (ii) 3
3 3 4
7. 10 8. 9. (i) (ii)
4 5 7
10. 2 boys and 4 girls 11. 1/2 12. (i) 1/3, (ii) 1/3, (iii) 1/3
13. 4/11 14. 1/190 15. 1/2 16. (i) 1/6, (ii) 1/6
17. 5/3 18. (i) 5/9, (ii) 17/18

MIND BOOSTER ASSIGNMENT

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)

6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d)

11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (b)

16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (a)

PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Delhi & NCR / MUMBAI / LUCKNOW / GOA / Akola / Kolkata / Indore / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Durgapur / Ahmedbada / Bhopal / Dubai 275