Refresh CRT

Refresh CRT :
• As we all know, phosphor atoms have phosphorescence properties that
cause them to shine. However, the strength of the luminous phosphor
dots decreases with time.
• The electron beam must sweep the whole area of the screen and then
repaint it numerous times per second in order to maintain a steady
image. Refreshing the screen is the term for this procedure.
• If the electron beam takes too much time to refresh, it looks like the
flickering of the image.
• To eliminate flickering, the screen image must be regenerated quickly
enough that the eye is oblivious to the fact that it is being refreshed.
Refresh RATE :
• Refresh rate can be defined as the number of times the screen is refreshed
per second.
• It’s SI unit or unit of measurement is Hertz(Hz).
• A display appears stable if the refresh rate is high enough, but if the refresh
rate is too low, the display will flicker, causing eye strain and headaches.
Factors in determining refresh rates :
• The horizontal scanning frequency and the number of horizontal lines
displayed on the monitor are directly proportional to the refresh rate. The
horizontal scanning frequency is the number of times in one second that the
electron beam sweeps one line before returning to the start of the next.
Kilohertz is the unit of measurement for horizontal scanning frequency (kHz).
• 100,000 lines are scanned per second on a monitor with a horizontal
scanning frequency of 100kHz. The number of horizontal lines on the screen
is determined by the resolution of the monitor.
Importance of refresh rates :
• While buying a monitor, one of the features that customers look into is
the display refresh rate, which provides users a good experience . A
high refresh rate is important in providing a clear picture and avoiding
eye fatigue.
• When electron beams impact the screen in a zig-zag pattern, a picture
appears on the screen. The number of times a screen is repainted in
one second is called a refresh rate, and it is measured in Hertz (Hz). A
display with a refresh rate of 95 Hz, for example, is repainted 95 times
per second.
• A monitor has to be “flicker-free”, meaning that the image is redrawn
quickly enough so that the user cannot detect flicker. Today, a refresh
rate of 75 Hz or above is considered to be flicker-free.
WORKING OF REFRESH CRT :
• Cathode is heated to produce electrons as a cloud .
• When the electron is injected through the electron gun , it passes through the
control grid .
• A control grid controls the intensity of electrons in the vacuum tube . If the control
grid has a high negative potential , then it allows only a few electrons to pass
through it.
• The brightness of a display is adjusted by altering the voltage on the control grid
because the amount of light emitted by the phosphor coating is dependent on the
number of electrons impacting the screen. On video displays, a control knob can
be used to adjust the brightness of the entire screen.
• Deflection systems An electromagnetic field or an electrostatic field can be used
to deflect a stream of electrons in some linear manner .When the deflecting plate
is at zero potential , the beam produces a spot at the centre.
• Fluorescence light is emitted while the phosphor is being struck by electrons .
• Phosphorescence light is emitted once the electron beam is removed .
Line - a line can be described as a single point that continues for a
distance, or as the connection between two points.
A line is a collection of infinite points that extends on both sides
infinitely on a plane.

Line segments - A line segment is a collection of finite points which has a

definite length.
Introduction to random scan concepts
Attributes of line color, width, style, caps and joins.
LINE ATTRIBUTES

Basic attributes of a straight line segment are its type, its width, and its color. In some graphics packages, lines can also be
displayed using selected pen or brush options.

Line Type
line-type attribute - solid lines, dashed lines, and dotted lines.

We modify a line drawing algorithm to generate such lines by setting the length and spacing of displayed solid sections along
the line path.
A dashed line could be displayed by generating an interdash spacing that is equalto the length of the solid sections. Both the
length of the dashes and the interdashspacing are often specified as user options. A dotted line can be displayed bygenerating
very short dashes with the spacing equal to or greater than the dash size. Similar methods are used to produce other line-type
variations.
To set line type attributes in a PHICS application program, a user invokes the function

setLinetype (It)
where parameter I t is assigned a positive integer value of 1,2,3, or 4 to generate lines that are, respectively, solid, dashed,
dotted, or dash-dotted.
Line Width

We set the line-width attribute with the command: Line-width parameter Lr. is
assigned a positive number to indicate the relative width of the line to be
displayed. A value of 1 specifies a standard-width line. On.
For lines with slope magnitude greater than 1, we can plot thick lines with
horizontal spans, alternately picking up pixels to the right and left of the
line-path.
Problem with implementing width options using horizontal or vertical pixel spans
is that the method produces lines whose ends are horizontal or vertical regardless
of the slope of the line. This effect is more noticeable with very thick lines. We
can adjust the shape of the line ends to give them a better appearance by adding
line caps
One kind of line cap is the butt cap obtained by adjusting the end positions of the component
parallel lines so that the thick line is displayed with square ends that are perpendicular to the line
path. If the specified line has slope m, the square end of the thick line has slope - l / m .
Another line cap is the round cap obtained by adding a filled semicircle to each butt cap. The
circular arcs are centered on the line endpoints and have a diameter equal to the line thickness.
A third type of line cap is the projecting square cap. Here, we simply extend the line and add butt
caps that are positioned one-half of the line width beyond the specified endpoints.
A miter join is accomplished by extending the outer boundaries of each of the two lines until
they meet.
A round join is produced by capping the connection between the two segments with a
circular boundary whose diameter is equal to the linewidth.
And a bevel join is generated by displaying the line segments with butt caps and filling in
the triangular gap where the segments meet.
Line Color
When a system provides color (or intensity) options, a parameter giving the current
color index is included in the list of system-attribute values. A polyline routine
displays a line in the current color by setting this color value in the framebuffer at
pixel locations along the line path using the set pixel procedure.
The number of color choices depends on the number of bits available per pixel in the
frame buffer. We set the line color value in PHlCS with the function

Set PolylineColourIndex (le)