1.

SAFETY INSPECTION

Health and safety performance should be monitored. That can be

done using various methods that fall in two categories.
Active monitoring:
To ensure that health and safety standards are correct in the
standards are correct in the work place before accidents, incidents,
will health are caused.
Reactive monitoring:
Using accidents, incidents and ill health as indicators of performance to
high light areas of concern.

Intention of active monitoring:

Conformation with standards, so that good performance is recognized and
maintained.

Non conformation with standards so that good performance is recognized

and maintained.

Non conformation with standards, so that the reason for that non
conformance can be identified and corrective action taken.

Systematic inspection:
These inspections can focus on the four ps.

Plant: machinery and vehicles as well as statutory inspection and

examinations.
Premises: The work place and the working environment.
People: working method and behaviour.
Procedure: Safe system of work method statements, permit to work
etc.
People inspection: A weekly inspection where supervisor check that
fork lift trucks are being drives safety.
Premises inspection:
A monthly inspection where supervisor check that housekeeping done
properly.
*pound=0.454 kg.
Safety Inspection:
The term safety inspection means a regular, scheduled activity
with comparison to accepted performance standards.
Routine Inspection:
Routine inspection of a workplace to determine if general
standards of health and safety are acceptable, or if corrective action is
necessary. (E.g. a quarterly housekeeping in an office)
Statutory Inspection:
The statutory inspection of a item by competent person to fulfill
a legal requirement (e.g. The annual thorough examination of an item
of lifting equipment.
Plant inspection:
A Daily Inspection where fork lift truck driver inspect their own
vehicle at the start of each shift.
Safety inspection:
The term safety inspection means a regular, scheduled activity
with comparison to accepted performance standards.
Routine inspection: of a work place to determine if general standards
of health and safety are acceptable, or if corrective action in necessary
(e.g. a quarterly housekeeping in an office)
The statutory inspection of a item by compaction person to fulfill a
legal requirement (e.g. the annual through examination of an item of
lifting equipment)
The periodic inspection of plant and machinery an part of a planned
maintenance program me (e.g. a mechanic inspects the broken on a
lorry on a regular basis to ensure they are not excessively work)
The pre use checks carried out by workers before they use certain
items of plant and machinery (e.g. the start up checks carried out by a
fork lift truck driver.)
Safety sampling:
This is the technique of monitoring compliance with particular
workplace standards by looking at a representative sample only.
Instead of checking 1200 fire extinguisher annually, check a
representative snaps be of say 50 extinguisher selected at random
from various locations around the complex.
Safety survey:
A safety survey in a detained examination of one particular issue
or topic (e.g. detained examination of the provision of emergency
lighting. Noise assessment, structural integrity of a building.

Safety tour:
A safety tour is a high profile inspection of work place carrier
out by a group or team, ineludibly managers. The group carrying out
the tour should include managers from the area being inspected and
possibility worker representative, safety specialist engineer and
worker from the area.
Arrangement for work place Inspection:
 Type of Inspection: Inspection are carried at for number of
difference reasons and They examine difference aspect of safety. (e.g.
Statutory Inspection, general work place inspection and pre start
inspection.)
Frequency of Inspection:
It is to be determined both by the type of inspection and the
level of work .
Allocation of responsibility:
Responsibility to the given to employees the will be carrying out
the inspection.
The competence of the inspection:
An essential characteristic of the inspector in that the must have
necessary training, knowledge and experience.
The use of check list:
These are valuable tool for use during the inspection process.
Check list ensure that all points are covered by the inspector. There is
a consistency of written record of the inspection and its finding.
Headings included in a check list.
Fire safety:
Emergency escape routes, signs, extinguisher.
Housekeeping:
General tidiness, cleanliness.
Environment issues:
Lighting, temperature, ventilates noise.
Traffic route:
 Safety of both vehicle and pedestrian routes.

2. Working at height
Work at height:
Work where there in a risk of a fall liable to cause personal
injury.
Construction and maintenance work often require people to
work at height. Example of workers who might be required to work at
height include.
Steel workers erecting or striking (taking down) a scaffold.
Roofers cladding the roof of a steel framed building.
Demolition worker dismantling machinery in a multi storey
building.
Welders working at the side of a deep excavation.
Pipe filters firing pipe work to the ceiling of a factory workshop
painters working on the external wall of a building.
Some of these typing of work will inherently involve work at
height will are very used its working at height. The main risk
associated with work at height are.
1. The worker falling from height. Falls from height can result
in
Death- working at height, causes a higher proportion of
construction work.

Neck or spinal injuries, leading to permanent paralyzing

multiple broken bones
 2. An object falling on to people below. Falling object can also
cause serer injuries that may result in death, brain damage,
paralysis. Head injury or multiple broken bones.

3. Basic Hazards of work at height veridical Distance. is an

Obvious consideration in the potential work of injury from work
at height.
Roofs :
Roof, work include construction, as replacing tiles, gutter
cleaning and chimney repairs. Many accident occur during small jobs
maintenance work. Particular dangers arise with two types of roof.
Any roofing structure that in not specifically designed to carry
loads and only has sufficient strength to withstand the forces
produced by weather should be considered a fragile roof. Roofing
materials such as cement, asbestos, glass, reinforced plastics and light
tongued and grooved wood covered liable to collapse under the
weight of a worker.
The safe working method for fragile roofs in usually by the use
of roof ladders or crawling broach.
These are laid across the roof surface, supported by the
underlying load bearing roof members and distribute the load of the
worker over a wide area enabling the roof structure to sustain the
load safely.
Sloping ( pitched ) roof.
There are roofs with a pitch greater than 10 degrees. Falls from
the edges of sloping roofs generally cause serious injury even when
the eaves are low, as on a single storey. If the person has slipped
down the roof from the ridge, they can build up speed as they move
down the slope and so be projected off the edge, which adds to the
force of impact with the ground and therefore to the seriousness of the
injuries sustained.
Deterioration of materials:
The condition of the structure on which people are working
should be sound. However, material deterioration over time when
exerted to the weather, attack by insects etc.
The materials can break when a person puts his weight on it,
caring a fall through the surface and the material can break off and
fall to hit people below.
It may not always be evident that deterioration has occurred
until it is too late, so care must be taken to ensure that materials are
sound and secure.
UNPROTECTED EDGES:

When the edges of surfaces on which people are working are

open, the risk of falls or falling objects in greatly increased. This
applies to a range of surface including roofs, elevated walking
scaffolding and access platforms etc.
Unstable or poorly maintained access equipment:
Access equipment includes scaffolding, towers, platforms and
ladders. These are in risk in using such equipment but they are
increased if the equipment in not properly stable and secured in some
way Any access equipment than or incorrectly sited, poorly built, or
poorly a secured will be inherently overloading the equipment, high
winds or over reaching can then cause a catastrophic collapse or
topple.
Note:
 CHARECTERSTIC OF SAFETY HARNESS
Free fall should not be more than 1.8 mt
½ inch nylon or equivalent
Double lanyard 1.8 mtr length consisting elastic strap with
integrate shock absorber not stretched lanyard 1.2 mtr.
OSHA standard not more than 1.8 mtr

Material Nylon
Width 40 m.m
Web Thickness 3 mm
Polyester also used

[Link]
LADDERS:
Ladders are really only suitable for short duration work that
allows the worker to maintain three points of contact at all times (e.g.
Inspection or painting). They are also suitable for use as a means of
access and egress and are for commonly used for access into
excavation and on to scaffolds.
Main hazards associated with use of ladder:
❖ Falls from height
❖ The ladder topping sideways
❖ The ladder base slipping out from the wall.
❖ Object falling from height.
❖ Contact with live over head wires and cables.
Safety predication for use of ladder:
❖ Do not site or handling near live over lead.
❖ Site on a solid, flat base so that the feet do not sink into the
ground, weight should only be supported on the rail, never on
the rung.
❖ Angle of the ladder should ideally be 750horizontal or at a
ratio of 1:4 distance away from the wall to height.
❖ Top of the leader must rest against a solid support ideally the
ladder should be secured at the top.
❖ If this not possible, then guy rope should be attached and
secured to firm supports.
❖ If this is not possible, the ladder should be “footed” by
someone standing on the bottom rung.
❖ Top of the ladder far enough above the level of the working
position or the platform on to which it provide access to
provide a safe hand hold.
❖ The stepping off point should be safe and clear.
❖ Only one person should climb on the ladder at any one time.
❖ Nothing should be carried in the hands while climbing, so that
both the Hands are free to grasp the rails. wooden ladders
should not be painted as this can hide defect.
Step ladders:
❖ Like ladders, stepladders are intended for short duration light
work.
❖ Safety precaution for the use of step ladder includes carry out
daily check before use.
❖ Always ensure that ladder is fully open.
❖ Make sure that the locking devices are in place.
❖ Only use on firm, level ground that is not slippery
❖ Do not work off the top two steps.
Avoid over reaching.
 ❖ Avoid side on working.
4. Scaffold safety
Scaffold safety:
Components of scaffolds standards – upright or vertical tubes
use to support the load to the ground. Ladders – Horizontal tubes
tying the structure together longitudinally usually running parallel to
the face of the building. Transom short horizontal tubes spanning
across ledgers normally at right angle (900) to the face of the building.
They may also be used to support a working platform. Bracing –
diagonal tubes that give the structure in rigidly base plate.
Small square metal plate that the standards (upright) rest on
prevent them sinking into the ground.
Sole board – large pieces of timber put under the base plate to
spread the load over a wide surface area when the scaffold in erected
on soft ground.

Work plat form: fully boarded.

Guard rails: fixed to the standards (upright) to fully enclose the work
platform.
Toe boards: fixed to the standards (upright) to provide a lip for the
platform.
An independent tied scaffold designed to carry its own height
and the full load of all material and worker on the building where its
sited, to give stability and prevent movement.
An total weight of the structure is supported by the ground it is
very important that the ground condition are suitable to cope with the
load. Base plate and sole board may be used to spread the weight over
a large area.
 Scaffold can be tied to the building to prevent movement. It is
achieved by.
Anchor bolts:
Where one end of the metal screwed in to the wall of the
building and the other end it attached to the scaffold tubing.
Through ties:
Where a scaffold tube extending into the building through an
opening (such as a door way or window frame). The end of the tube
inside coupled to another tube bridging across the opening.
Reveal ties:
A scaffold tube in coupled to a reveal pin that in wedged tightly
across an opening.
Raker
Support that push the scaffold on the building. This take up
space and may be suitable in urban Environment.
Bracing:
Is another important component of the scaffold frame work to
prevent collapse. Bracing consists of tube running diagonally through
the structure.
Hazards while using scaffold:
1. Falls from the scaffold during erection
2. Falls from the working platform.
3. Collapse of the structure.
Factor responsibility for scaffold collapse:
Over loaded work platform. scaffold built on soft grounds
without use of adequate sole board. Insufficient bracing incorporated
into scaffold. Standard not upright. Standard bent buckled or heavily
corroded
High winds
Incorrect coupler used to join tubes together.
Scaffold struck by vehicle.
Scaffold erected by incompetent workers.
Scaffold not inspected prior to use.
Safety precaution:
Scaffold should be provided at working height above 2m.
Scaffold must be constructed using approved material and maintained
in sound condition. Safe means of access and egress from working
platform must be provided.
Toe boards, hand rails and intermediate rail should be fitted and
maintained. Working area should be adequately list.
Standards should be vertical, securely fixed and braced. No
material should be thrown from working platform. Ledger and
transoms should be horizontal and securely fixed. Putlog should be
straight provided with flat ends and securely fixed. Scaffold should be
rigidly constructed using approved material and maintained in sound
condition. Gangway should be adequate (minimum 44 m wide)
working platform should be adequate (minimum 64 m) for general
work. Careful lowering of item during dismantling.
Warning notices should be displayed and access blocked, to
partly erected scaffold.
Stairs should be fitted with handrails and toe boards installed on
landing.
Scaffold should be rigidly connected to building unless constructed as
an independent scaffold.
Scaffold should be securely supported or suspended.
INSPECTION:
A competent person must

• Inspect scaffold material supervise Erection, modification

addition, dismantling
• Inspect every seven days.
• Inspect after adverse weather. Record Inspection in site register.
Competent and experienced operation must be employed for the
erection, modification and dismantling of scaffold.
1. Wooden &
2. Tube & clamp
3. System scaffolding
4. Cup lock scaffolding
5. Kinik stage scaffolding
6. Tube & coupler
7. Haki
8. Stair case tower
9. Frame & brace
10. Suspended scaffolding
11. Shoring scaffolding
12. Mast climbing
13. Canti liver
14. Tresle
15. Aerial lift
16. Rolling scaffolding
17. Rolling scaffolding
18. Supported scaffolding
19. Bird
 5. MOBILE SCAFFOLDING
Mobile scaffolding safety:
Mobile tower scaffold are often used for painting and
maintenance jobs both inside and outside building. They are light duty
scaffold and their use should be restricted in light work. They have a
working platform at the top which in accessible by a ladder fitted
internally. They can be constructed using normal scaffolding tubes,
but are mostly proprietary made structure. The whole structure
usually mounted on wheel so it can be moved.
Since some scaffolds are inherently unstable they can only be
built to a certain maximum height. This height in usually determined
by the manufacture as a ratio of shorter base dimension. The tower
can be made more stable by increasing the base dimension by using
outrigger (rakers).
Main Hazard:
Fall from the working platform. objects falling from the
platform. Collapse of the structure. Overturn (toppling) of the
structure. Unintended movement of wheel. Contact with live over
heads.
Safety precaution:
Guardrail fitted to the work platform tower must not be over
loaded. Wheel should be locked when the tower is in use. Tower
must be sited on firm level ground. Tower must be built by trained
worker. People and materiel should not remain on the tower when it is
moved.
Care should be taken to avoid over heads when the tower is moved.
Outrigger should be used when necessary to ensure stability. People
should not climb up the outside of the tower.
 6. MOBILE ELEVATING WORK PLATFROM (MEWP):
MEWPs are motorized vehicle or trailers with powered
extending arms supporting a work cradle. There are many different
type of MEWP.
Hazards associated with the use of MEWP:
Falls from the work platform object falling from the platform
collapse of the MEWP overturn (toppling) of the MEWP contact with
live over head unauthorized use.
SAFETY PRECAUTION FOR USE OF MEWP:
Vehicle sited on firm stable ground.
Sufficient clearance from obstruction and over heads when
operating. Barriers around the MEWP to prevent it being struck by
vehicle. Barrier also act to keep people out from underneath the
cradle.
Guardrail incorporated into the cradle.
Safety harness worn as an additional back-up.
Control of the MEWP should be inside the cradle, so that the
person actually working at height has some control. Must not be
driven with cradle raised unless specifically designed to do so.
Must not be over loaded.
Must be Inspected. use should be restricted to trained authorized
staff only.
Live voltage Required Distance
0-50 kv 10 feet
50-200 kv 15 feet
 200-250 kv 20 feet
250-500 kv 25 feet
500-750 kv 35 feet
750-1000 kv 45 feet
The driver
Fitness
Drivers should be in a good state of health, with particular
reference to
Vision and hearing. They should be subject to a pre-employment
health
Examination by an occupational physician or occupational
health nurse
Prior to appointment, with follow up health examinations at
annual intervals.
Drivers should be over 18 years.
Personal protective equipment
Operators should be provided with safety footwear and a safety
helmet
And, where appropriate, hearing protection, together with
protective
Clothing appropriate to weather and/or temperature conditions.
Supervision
Line managers should ensure that all drivers work safely, that
supervision
Is efficient and frequent, that they are undertaking the
appropriate
 Checks on their truck and that the system for reporting
deficiencies in trucks
Is being used.
The truck
Maintenance
Trucks should be subject to a clearly defined maintenance
programme based
On the manufacturer’s recommendations for inspection,
maintenance and
Servicing
Servicing records should be maintained and kept up to date.
Apart from daily checks undertaken by operators, weekly
maintenance
On the truck should incorporate an operational examination of
steering
Gear, lifting gear, battery, masts, forks, attachments and of any
chains or
Ropes used in the lifting mechanism. There should be a formal
system for
Operators to report truck defects.
The working environment
Floors should be of adequate load-bearing capacity,Reasonably
smooth-surfaced and level.
Aisles should be Of an adequate width and overhead clearance to
facilitate turning and safe
Movement, and should be kept clear at all times.
Lighting
 Lighting should be adequate, that is a minimum of 100 Lux
internally and 50 Lux externally. If a permanent level of 100 Lux is
not available in working Areas,
Battery charging
In truck battery-charging bays, ventilation should be sufficient
to prevent
Accumulations of hydrogen gas. Smoking and the use of naked
lights in
These areas should be prohibited.
Operator safety rules
• Regulate speed with visibility
• Use the horn wherever necessary, but particularly at blind corners
• Pay particular attention to pedestrians and other vehicles
• Take care when reversing, using the horn where necessary
• Slow down on wet or bad surfaces; no quick turns
• No parking in front of fire exits or equipment
• Take care on ramps; no turning on ramps
• When leaving the MEPW at any time, follow the procedure
below:
– controls in NEUTRAL;
– power off;
– brakes on; and
– remove the key or connector plug.

[Link] INVESTIGATION

Meaning of Accident:
Types of incident:

Accident, Near miss, Absenteeism, enforcement, notice,

occupational ill health

INVESTIGATING PROCEDURE

Before Investigation:

1. Area should be barricaded to save proofs.

2. Give priority to injured person (first aid)
3. Ensures CCTV / interviewing un them/collecting document
(machine maintenance record).

Analyzing information:

To identify cause of accidence. Immediate cause root cause.

4. Identify control measure. General Approach / Hierarchy of risk

control.
5. Plan for remedial action
[Link] Recommendation project Time Responsible Review
1 4 Scale person
2 3 1wk machine
3 1 1 hour Electrical
4 2 2 month 1 day

Immediate cause and root cause Any unsafe condition or

management feature lack unsafe action} which of inspection tack of
has resulted in accident superior, lack of speedily vehicle o/s Act
maintenance. Without Brake o/s condition.

TYPES OF MEANING PERFORMANCE:

Pro active meaning Reactive measuring performance meaning

health and safe. Afton event occurs
Health and Safety
An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events that
Occurs through a combination of causes. It results in physical harm
(injury or disease) to an individual, damage to property, business
interruption or any combination of these effects.
The pre-accident situation
In any situation prior to an accident taking place, two important
factors
Must be considered, namely:
A) The objective danger
This is the objective danger associated with a particular
machine,
System of work, hazardous substance, etc. At a particular point
in Time.
B) The subjective perception of risk on the part of the individual
People perceive risks differently according to a number of
behavioural
Factors, such as attitude, motivation, training, visual
Perception, personality, level of arousal and memory. People also
Make mistakes. Ergonomic design is significant in preventing human
Error.
The principal objectives of any accident prevention programme
should be, firstly, that of reducing the objective danger present
through, for instance, effective standards of machinery safety and,
secondly, bringing
About an increase in people’s perception of risk, through training,
supervision
And operation of safe systems of work.
Pre-accident strategies
These can be classified as ‘Safe Place’ and ‘Safe Person’
strategies.
‘Safe place’ strategies
The principal objective of a ‘safe place’ strategy is that of
bringing about

A reduction in the objective danger to people at work.

‘Safe place’ strategies may be classified under the following
headings:
• Safe premises
• Safe plant, equipment and machinery
• Safe processes
• Safe materials
• Safe systems of work
• Safe access to and egress from the workplace
• Adequate supervision and control
• Competent and trained employees.

‘Safe person’ strategies

The main aim of a ‘safe person’ strategy is to increase people’s
perception of risk.
One of the principal problems of such strategies is that they
depend upon the individual conforming to certain prescribed
standards
And practices, such as the use of certain items of personal protective
equipment.
 Control of the risk is, therefore, placed in the hands of the person
‘Safe person’ strategies may be classified as follows:
• care of the vulnerable, such as pregnant employees and young
Persons;
• personal hygiene;
• personal protective equipment;
• safe behaviour;

• caution in the face of danger.

Post accident (reactive) strategies

Post-accident strategies can be classified as follows:
• disaster/contingency/emergency planning;
• feedback strategies, such as those arising from accident
Investigation;
• improvement strategies.
The cause of accidents
The actual causes of accidents are many and varied. In endeavouring
to
Identify the causes of accidents, the following more common
contributory
Factors to the causes of accidents should be considered:
• The design and layout of the workplace or working area;
• Structural features, such as floors, staircases and elevated
working platforms;
• Environmental factors, such as temperature, lighting and
ventilation;
• Operational methods;
• Mechanical or materials failure;
 • Maintenance arrangements;
• Machinery safety elements;
• Personal protective equipment;
• Cleaning and housekeeping arrangements;
• The level of supervision;
• Health and safety training provided;
• Rules and instructions to employees and others;
• Unsafe attitudes to work;
• Ergonomic factors in the work;
• Physical and mental disability or incapacity;
• Safety monitoring systems in operation; and
• Stress arising from work activities.
Prevention and control strategies in
Accident prevention
Prohibition
This is the most extreme control strategy that can be applied, in
particular
Where there is no known form of operator protection available
e.g. In the case of potential exposure to carcinogenic substances, or
where
There is an unacceptable level of risk in certain activities.
Substitution
This implies the substitution, for instance, of a less dangerous
substance
For a more dangerous one, or of a less dangerous system of
work for a more dangerous one.
Change of process
Design or process engineering can usually change a process to
afford better Operator protection.
Controlled operation
 This can be achieved through isolation of a particularly
hazardous operation,
The use of Permit to Work systems, method statements,
mechanical or remote control handling systems, machinery guarding,
restriction of certain operations to highly trained operators, i.e.
Competent and/or authorized persons, and in the case of hazardous
airborne contaminants, the use of various forms of arrestment
equipment.
Limitation
The limitation of exposure of personnel to specific
environmental and chemical risks, e.g. Noise, gases, fumes, on a time-
related basis, may be appropriate in certain cases.
Ventilation
The operation of mechanical ventilation systems e.g. Receptor
systems and captor systems, which remove airborne contaminants at
the point of generation,
Or which dilute the concentration of potentially hazardous
Atmospheres with ample supplies of fresh air (dilution ventilation) is
generally
Required where substances are known to be hazardous to health.
Housekeeping, personal hygiene and welfare amenity provisions
Poor levels of housekeeping are a contributory factor in many
accidents.
The maintenance of high standards of housekeeping is vital,
particularly where flammable wastes may be produced and stored.
Staff must be trained in maintaining good standards of personal
hygiene, particularly where they may be handling hazardous
substances.
 The provision of suitable and sufficient sanitary
accommodation, washing and showering arrangements, facilities for
clothing storage and the taking of meals must be considered.
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
The provision and use of various items of PPE, e.g. Safety
boots, eye protectors, gloves, etc.
Health surveillance
Health surveillance implies monitoring the health of identified
persons
On a regular basis. It may include the exclusion of certain
people from
Specific processes or practices e.g. Women and young persons,
medical
Surveillance of certain personnel, medical examinations, health
checks,
Health supervision, biological monitoring e.g. Blood tests, urine
tests, and other forms of testing, such as audiometric.
Information, instruction and training
The provision of information to staff and the instruction and
training of specific management, safety personnel and operators in the
recognition
Of risk and the assessment of same is crucial to the success of any
accident
Prevention programme.

8. CRANE SAFETY
Crane Safety
Crane safety devices:
 1. Out rigger:
Used to increase the stability and to prevent the stability
and to prevent the crane collapse.
2. Level Indicator:
The level indicator will be fixed in the crane operator
having and used to ensure the outriggers are fully extended
and the crane in position by following center of gravity.
3. Boom radius indicator:
It shows that boom radius during the operation.
4. Load indicator:
Load indicator will be fixed in the crane use to show the
safe working load and to trigger the alarm when safe
working load exceeded.
5. Anemometer
It will be fixed in the boom to measure the wind speed.
6. Anti two block device:
The device used to prevent the load hitting the boom.
Hook latch:
The hook latch used to prevent the slings comes out from the
hook during operation.
Importance documents related to crane safety:
▪ Lifting plan
▪ Risk assessment copy
▪ Permit to work system copy.
▪ Third party certificate for crane.
▪ The valid license of crane operator
▪ Daily checklist of crane.
▪ Valid license of rigger.
 ▪ Test certificate of lifting equipment.
▪ Check list of lifting gear.
Hazards of crane operation:
▪ Collapse of crane
▪ Falling of load.
▪ Mechanical failure of crane.
▪ Overhead power lines.
▪ Struck by (or) crushing by crane.
▪ Boom collapse.
Control measure:
1. Before starting the lifting operation the risk assessment must
be carried out by the competent perform.
2. The lifting plan must me developed by the team of crane
operator, supervisor, and safety officer.
3. Before starting the crane operation the lifting permit must be
received.
4. The availability of received. The necessary document must be
checked.
5. The crane should be positioned after checking stability of
ground condition.
6. The crane must be positioned by fullyextending the out rigger
and the crane operator must confirm the stability of crane by
using level indicator.
7. The area must be barricaded in both swing radius and boom
radius. Inside the swing radius no one should be allowed to
enter and only the signal man should enter inside the boom
radius.
8. The crane operator must carry out the user check by using the
check list.
9. The rigger must select the suitable lifting tackles with suitable
safe working load.
 All the lifting tackles must have a valid certificate and before
using the lifting tackles the user check must be carried.
10. The crane operators must confirm the prepared boom
extension and boom radius to be followed by using the load
chart provided from the crane manufacture.
11. The rigger will carry out the calculation and select the
suitable slinging method.
12. Before starting the lifting operation the weather condition
must be checked (wind speed). The wind speed limit is 20 m/sec
for all cranes.
13. The crane operation must be carried out under the control of
lifting in charge and the operation should be carried out in a safe
operating speed.
14. The tag lines must be used when there is an uncontrolled
movement of load.
15. If the overhead power line present before starting the crane
operation it must be isolated.
16. When the isolation is not possible from the power line
(minimum 10 ft.) safe distance up to 50 kilo volt power line.
17. When there in a power line the nonconductive tag line must
be used.

Crane Inspection and Thorough examination requirement:

Before starting the operation the crane must be inspected by the

crane operator by using valid check list. When the crane in used to lift
the persons should be thoroughly examined every six month. When the
crane in only used for lifting the load should be thoroughly examined
at least every 12 month.

Selection of crane:

Before selecting the crane the following factors should be considered.

 1. Weight of the load
2. Boom length required.
3. Duration of lifting operation
4. Frequency of lifting operation weekly once, daily
5. The site condition (eg space )
6. The operational requirement (eg entry & exit of mobile crane.
(or) the assembly of tower crane.)

Rigger:

The competent person attaching the load to the crane prior to lifting.

Responsibilities of rigger:

1. Selection of suitable lifting tackles based on the safe working

loads.
2. The inspection of lifting tackles to check for damage.
3. The calculation of safe working load and selecting the suitable
slinging method.
4. Attaching the load to crane.

Note:

The wind speed limit is 20 m/sec for all crakes

Web sling polyester

9. ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Electricity is the flow of election through a conductor. A

commonly used conductor is copper wire.
 A simple circuit is shown where a battery and a light bulb have
been connected together using copper to form a loop.

Electricity flown in one direction around the circuit, from one

direction around the circuit, from one terminal of the battery to the
other. As it passes through the bulb the filament in the bulb resist the
flow of electricity, heats up emits light.

If the wire disconnected from the battery or bulb the circuit is

broken flow stops and the bulb goes out.

The basic parameter of an electrical system are VOLTAGE A

measure of the potential difference or electrical driving force or
pressure that is forcing electricity through the conductor. (Unit volt
symbol V)
• If current flow is continually same direction is called Direct
current (DC).
• However the current may also constantly change its direction is
called alternating current ( unit volt symbol ⱴ)
CURRENT
A measure of the rate of flow of electricity through a conductor
(unit-Amphere symbol – I)
Resistance:
A measure of how much a component in the circuit resists
the passage of electricity (unit ohm symbol – R)
The three parameters are linked by a simple relationship called
ohm’s law.
Voltage = current x Resistance
V = I x R.
I = V/R
 DRY SKIN 100 K Ω Resistances.
230
I= ∗ 1000 = 2.3 𝑀. 𝐴
100,000

WET SKIN 1K Ω Resistance

230
I= ∗ 1000 = 230 𝑀. 𝐴
1000

Hazard Risk and danger of Electricity

Electric Shock
Sever electric shock can cause involuntary muscle grip,
heart fibrillation, respiratory failure and cardiac arrest.
Burns
Burns can also result from electronic shock at the point of
contact and at the point that the current flow out of the body.
Fire and explosion:
A flammable atmosphere may be present which is ignited
by electricity. The system may be over loaded as too much current
passes through it over heats.
Arching:
Arching is where electricity Jumps across an air gap it occurs
in a very limited way inside some low voltage electrical equipment.
(E.g. a portable electrical drill)
Secondary effects:
Any sort of injury that results indirectly from receiving an
electric shock is a secondary effect.
At very low current flow (less than .5-2 M.A) no sensation is felt by
the person receiving the shock.
 Between 2 to 10 M.A current starts to flow through the body
and stimulates muscles to contract. This can be felt, it causes muscle
to tremble and it may hurt. Between 10 to 60 M.A current starts to
cause more severe muscle contraction these may become so strong
that the person cannot control their muscles and they grip on to the
live objects.
When this occurs the muscle of the rib cage and abdomen
may contract so that the person cannot breath and they asphyxiate.
At current flow above 60 M.A. there is a possibility of
ventricular fibrillation (VF) where the heart is no longer breathing is
synchronized but spasmodically (i.e. In an erratic way)
Factors affecting current passage to body:
1. Age
2. Sex
3. React
4. Wetting of skin
5. Oxygen & car bon dioxide
6. Type of floor
7. Position of the body.
Safety measures:
1. Proper ear thing
2. Use of approved insulated tools
3. Avoid temporary wiring
4. Work permit system
5. Lock out tag out system
6. Use of ELCB (Earth leakage circuit Breaker)
7. Three pin plug
8. Lightning Arrester.
9. Bonding to avoid static electricity.
 10. MACHINE SAFETY
Types of work Equipment:
Simple hand tools (e.g. a hammer, screw driver or chisel)
Hand held power tools (e.g. portable electrical drill)
Single machine (e.g. a bench mounted abrasive wheel)
Mobile work equipment (e.g. tractor or mobile crane)
Suitability
All items of the work equipment should suitable for the---
Task:
It is going to the used to perform (e.g. a chisel in not an
appropriate tool lid of thins)
Environment in which it in to be used (e.g. standard halogen
spotlight is not suitable for use in a flammable atmosphere)
Equipment must be suitable for task and the environment on the base
of manufacture information.
Prevention of access to dangerous parts of machinery:
Access to the dangerous park of machinery should be prevented
and safeguard applied according to hierarchy of control measures.
The level of protection (hierarchy of control)fixed enclosed guards
1. Fixed enclosed guard
• Other guard and protection device such as inter locked
guard and pressure mat.
• The provision of information, instruction training and
supervisor.
Restricting use:
Use of work equipment should where necessary be restricted to
competent operator only.
Information, Instruction and training:
Work equipment user should be given appropriate information,
Instruction and training.
The high risk machine (machinery with specific risk) to fulfill
requirement to an acceptable standard. The employer should ensure
that all operator receive specific training in the use of the equipment
as well as return information.
Those involved in the management of operators should be given
adequate information, instruction and training.
Maintenance staff should be given specific information, instruction
and training so that they can undertake any maintenance activities
with a minimum of risk to themselves and others.
Understand the maintenance requirement of the equipment and
are able to keep the equipment in safe working order.
Maintenance requirement
Work equipment should be maintained in a safe working
condition according to any legal standard that exist and manufacture
recommendation.
Planned preventive maintenance
Where servicing works is carried out at prescribed intervals and
part are replaced or changed irrespective of their condition. (E.g. oil
in changed in engine irrespective the usage per year.)
Condition based maintenance
 Where servicing is carried out and part changed only where
inspection indicates that use has caused deterioration. (E.g. vehicle
break pad changed when it is necessary)
Break down maintenance
Where maintenance in only carried out during repair.
Maintenance work often creates greater risk for the staff.
Guards and enclosure, have to be removed.
Safety device has to be removed.
Equipment has to be partially or totally dismantled. Power source
may be exposed. (E.g. electrical supply)
Access may be awkward (e.g. space constrain or work at height)
Handling of part may be difficult (e.g. heavy part) addition hazards
may be introduced (e.g. to power tools)
Basic physical requirement of work equipment:
Be stable – machine should be bolted to the floor.
Be appropriately marked – with label on control panels, safe
working load maximum speed, direction of movement. It should be
clearly visible manner.
Stop and start control
Colours coding of gas cylinder
Content of storage vessels
Start-up of machinery should be indicated by visible and audible
warning (e.g. car reversing). Adequate general work place lighting
should be provided.
Responsibility of user
 User of work equipment should carry out all necessary safety
checks before using equipment.
Report defect immediately
Not use the equipment if it is unsafe
Not use equipment under influences of drug or alcohol.
Only use the equipment they are authorized to use.
Use the equipment in accordance with instruction and training.
HAZARDS of HAND HELD TOOLS
Simple hand tools such as hammer chisel or screw driver, present
relatively simple hazards.
The tool may break during use throwing of the sharp mental
fragment (e.g. hammer head or chisel blade)
The tool may be blend, leading to use of excessive force which
causes loss of control (e.g. blunt knife)
Simple human error where the user misjudges a movement (e.g.
Hits his own thumb with hammer)
MECHANICAL SAFETY
Mechanical Hazards crushing – shearing – cutting – entanglement –
Trapping –Impact – puncture – friction – HIGH pressure fluid
Injection.
Non mechanical Hazards Electricity – noise – Vibration –
Hazardous substance radiation – extreme temperature – ergonomics –
slips – trips – falls – fine Explosion.
Crushing Body trapped between one moving part one fixed part.
(E.g. lift collapse – crushing underneath person.)
Shearing part of body Trapped between two parts machine one
moving part with the other with same speed cutting off trapped body
part. (E.g. cycle wheel)
Cutting contact made with moving sharp edged part with blade (e.g.
Blade of wood saw)
Entanglement Loose item like clothing Hair may caught between
rotating machine body parts of person may drawn on to the machine.
Trapping part of body may caught between two moving part and
drawn into machine. (E.g. running nibs)
Impact Body struck by powered part of machine. The speed and
weight of object can cause damage. (E.g. struck by Industrial robot).
Puncture sharp parts of machine or parts of material may eject from
machine. (E.g. ejected wheel fragments)
Abrasion contact made with fast Moving smooth surface (E.g.
touching a Moving machine belt)
Machinery safe guarding methods
Fixed guard physical barrier that prevents person coming into contact
with dangerous moving parts.
Adjustable guard this guard can be adjusted as per the nature of
work place.
Interlocking guard when the guard is removed a safety system
prevent machine operation by removing power supply system.
Sensitive protective Equipment
Sensor in used to detect the presence of operator.
Two Hand controls
Operation of the machine can be achieved when two start button
pressed simultaneously.
Hold on control – Hold to run control require the operator to hold
control at all time while the machine is in operation.
Emergency stop control This is a button brings machine to a safe
stop as quickly as possible.
11. CHEMICAL SAFETY
FORMS OF CHEMICAL
SOLID
A solid block of material (e.g. a lead in got)
Dust - very small solid particles normally created by grinding
polishing milling, blasting etc and capable of becoming Air borne.
Fume:
Very small metallic particle that have condensed from the gaseous
state during work with molten metal (e.g. Welding) to create an air
borne cloud.
Gas- A basic state of matter, expands to fill the space available (e.g.
Carbon dioxide).
Mist : Very small liquid droplets suspended in air normally created
by spraying (e.g. Paint spraying)
Vapour
The gaseous form of a substance that exist as a solid or liquid at a
normal temperature and pressure. (e.g. Vapour given off by acetone
solvent .
Liquid – a basic state of matter free flowing fluid (e.g. water at
200c)
Classification of chemical hazardous to health:
Toxic: small doses causes death
Harmful: large dose can cause death
Corrosive: can damage living tissue
Irritant: can cause Allergic reaction.
Carcinogenic: can cause cancer.
Mutagenic: can cause sterility / affect unborn child.

Types of Health effect

Acute effect:
The immediate health effect which occur after exposure.
Chromic Effect:
The health effect occurs after a long time exposes to chemical.
Routes of entry
Inhalation:
The substance is breathed through the Nose and down into lungs.
(E.g. gases, vapour, mist fume)
Ingestion:
The substance is taken through the mount and swallowed down
into the stomach and further digestive system.
Absorption through the skin.
The substance passes through the skin and into the tissue and
then into blood stream.
Injection through skin:
The substance pass through the skin barrier either by physical
injection (e.g. needle) or through damaged skin (e.g. cut)
Assessment of health risk:
Identify the hazardous substance present and the people who
might potentially be exposed.
Gather information about the substance evaluate the health risk.
Identify any controls needed and implement them.
Record the assessment and action taken.
Review:
Factor to consider when carrying out an assessment of health risk
include the
1. Hazardous nature of the substance present is it toxic,
corrosive. Carcinogenic etc.?
2. Potentials ill health effect will the substance cause minor ill
health or very serious disease and will these result, from short
term or long term exposure
3. Physical form that the substance in the work place in it solid
liquid, vapour dust, fume etc?
4. Routes of entry the substance can take in order to cause harm
is it harmful by inhalation ingestion skin absorption etc?
5. Quality of the hazardous substance present in the work place
including the total stored and the quantities in use or created at
any one time.
Concentration of the substance if stored or used near or diluted
and the concentration in the air if air borne.
Number of people potentially exposed and any vulnerable group or
individuals such a pregnant women or the inform.
Frequency of exposure will people be exposed once a week once a
day or continuously?
Duration of exposure will exposes be very brief last for several
hours or last all day? Control measures that are already in place such
as ventilation system and PPE.
Sources of information:
Information about the nature a hazards substance can be obtained
from many difference source, but these of the most commonly used
sources are product labels. Manufacture safety data sheet by data
sheet and any prevalent exposure limits.
Product label it is becoming more common for labels to be applied
that comply with the requirement of more than one country, and
classification and labelling of substance in being harmonised through
the implementation of the UN globally harmonized system (GHS).
➢ Usually a label will carry the following information.
➢ The name of the substance/ preparation.
➢ Some idea of the components that make the product hazardous
( through this often depends on the overall classification of the
product) any provision for confidentially or “ trade secret” in
the country.
➢ An indication of the danger which may be specific warning
phrases or symbol or a combination of both
➢ Basic precaution to take (things to avoid ,or PPE to wear etc)
Name address and telephone number of the supplier.
Guidance Documents:
Occupational exposures limits are limits on the airborne
concentration of substance to which employees can be exposed.
Exposure limits vary from one country to another, and other,
have different titles you can find the national exposure limit for a
particular substance by looking in the relevant national guidance
document for example.
In the UK, work place exposures limits are published by the
health and safety executive (HSE) note EH 40. In the USA threshold
limit value are published in the American conference of government
industrial hygienist (ACGIH)
1 GALLON = 3.78 ltr
In the EU indicative limit values are published by the EU
commission.
Manufacturer’s Safety Data Sheet
These are intended to provide end users with sufficient
information about a substance for them to take appropriate steps to
ensure safe use. Including transport and disposal. Legislation requires
supplier of hazardous substance to provide safety data sheets. The
basic design and section heading for these documents generally
follow a globally used standard but the detailed content can vary
significantly over the world since the classification system also very.
Safety Data sheet:
1. It contains followings identification of the substance or
preparation and supplier including name address and
emergency contact, telephone number. Composition and
information on ingredients: chemical names.
2. Hazard identification: a summary of the most importance
features, including adverse health effect and symptoms.
3. First Aid measure – separated for the various risks, and
specific, practical and easily understood.
4. Fire fighting measure emphasizing any special requirement.
5. Accidental release measures covering safety environmental
protection and clean up
 6. Handling and storage – recommendation for best practice,
include any special storage condition, or in compatible
material
7. exposure control and personal Protection - Any specific
recommendations such as particular ventilation systems and
PPE.
8. Physical and chemical proportion physical stability and
9. Substance condition and materials to avoid
[Link] Information environment effect on aquatic
organism ( seared river life etc).
[Link] information about and chronic effects rotten.
Of exposure and symptoms.
12. Deposal consideration– advise on specific dangers and
legislation.
13. Transport Information special precaution.
[Link] information- overall classification of the product
and any specific legislation that may be applicable.
[Link] information: Any additional relevant information
(e.g. explanation of abbreviation used)
Control measures:
Exposure to hazardous substance should be prevented if this not
possible
Exposure limit:
A general hierarchy of controls can be applied to centrally exposure.
▪ Eliminate or substitute the substance
▪ Change the process
▪ Reduce exposure time
▪ Enclose or segregate
▪ Dilution ventilation.
▪ Respiratory protective Equipment personal hygiene.
▪ Health surveillance and biological monitoring.
 Local exhaust ventilation: work by extracting air borne
contamination from the place where it created using an inlet hood
linked to a filter and fan by duct work such system have to be
inspected and maintained to ensure their ongoing effectiveness.
Respiratory protective equipment can be such divided into two
groups.
Respiration (filtering face piece, half mask, fully face and power
types).
Breathing apparatus (air base, compressed air and self contained
types).
Exposure to carcinogens manufacture and asthma gens should be
prevented. Where this not possible there is another hierarchy of
controls to adopt.
Note:
Incipient stage - Fire Extinguisher
Critical stage - Sprinkler
Uncontrollable - Fire Tenser
Dry chemical- Mono ammonium phosphate ABC sodium bi carbonate
B&C mini cleaning corrosive non toxic potassium bi carbonate B&C
non toxic wet chemical potassium acetate classes
CO2 - Electrical Fire Halotron Ozone
Friendly Non Damageable
METAL FIRE - Powered Copper(lithium
alloy)
Sodium chloride - Uranium, Powered Aluminium
LI, Na, K, Mg, Al powder
TI, FE, ah cl, their alloys

12. FIRE SAFETY

Principles of fire:
The basic principles of fire and combustion can be represented by the
fire triangle

HEAT

Fuel
Oxygen

Fuel: A combustible material or substance that in consumed during

the combustion process. (E.g. Card board, wood, petrol acetylene)
Oxygen: consumed during combustion when it is terminally
combined with fuel. (E.g. Oxygen in air oxygen rich chemical
(oxidizing agents) ammonium nitrate
Heat: a head or ignition source in essential to start it combustion
process.
Classification of fire
Class A solid material, usually organic such as paper, wood, coal and
textiles
Class B flammable liquids such as petrol, oil and solvents.
Class C gases (e.g. acetylene)
Class D metals (e.g. magnesium)
Class F high temperature fats and oils (e.g. cooking fat).
Fine Spread or Principles of head transiting as
Direct burning:

A flame front moving along or through the burning material.

(E.g. Burning paper).
Convection:
The hot air risen and cold air sinks. Hot gases generated by the
fine risk straight loop from the five. (E.g. wood uncertain pole or
wooden beam)
Conduction:
The heat can be transmitted through metals. (E.g. Copper)
Radiation:
Heat energy can be radiated through air in the form of infrared
heat waves, which travel in straight lines (Just like light) and earn
pass through transparent surfaces.(such as glass)
Common cause and consequences of five in working place:
Electrical experiment fault over loaded conductor, misused
equipment, incorrect use of electrical equipment in appropriable
environment.
Deliberate ignition: youth playing with matches son an industrial
estate
HOT WORK: melding, cutting grinding.
Smoking: carelessly discarded smoking cigarette.
Cooking appliance: fry pan left unattended.
Heating appliance: electrical fan heater space heater left unattended.
Unsafe use and storage of flammable.
Liquids: spark can be generated which could ignite a flammable
vapour. (E.g. Petrol, LPG)
Mechanical Heat:
Generated by friction between moving parts([Link] and its
bearing)
Chemical reaction: oil soaked rags are a fire Hazard.
Reason for carrying act a fire risk Assessment
Prevent harm to people Employer has moral duty to take appropriate
step to ensure the health and safety of their employees. Comply with
the law employers have legal obligation regarding fire safety.
Minimize the cost of fire in the work place. Most business that suffer
a major fire do not fully recover from its efforts
Fire risk assessment:
Identify the fire hazard

• Sources of fuel
• Sources of ignition
• Sources of oxygen.
Identify the people who might at risk.
People in the premises
Given special consideration to vulnerable people.
Evaluate, identify and implement the five precautions that are
requested.
Fire prevention
Prevention of the spread of smoke and flames.
 ➢ Five detection and alarm
➢ Firefighting equipment
➢ Means of escape
➢ Signs of notice
➢ Lighting
➢ Record finding plan and train
➢ Emergency plan
➢ Information and instruction
➢ Training
Control of ignition source:
Electrical equipment regularly inspected and tested.
Hot work: controlled with present to work system.
Smoking it should be controlled in work place.
Cooking and heating appliance:
They should not be left unattended. Mechanical heat: can be
controlled by routine maintenance.
Deliberate Ignition: fencing, securing post at main gate.
Good housekeeping: good housekeeping is fundamental to fire
safety.
Waste free: By removing waste on a regular base (e.g. emptying full
litter bins).
Tidy: Flammable materials returned to safe storage after use (e.g.
solvent returned to solvent store) well ordered: fuel and ignition
source are kept separate.
Structural measure for preventing the spread of fire and smoke
Compartmentation: Designing the building up into separate
compartment.
Fire doors: Built to with stand the spread of smoke and flames.
Characteristic of a fire door
Rated to with stand fire for minimum period of time (e.g. 30 m
fitted with self closing device. Fitter instrument fitted with cold
smoke seal. Vision panel of fire ruminant glass Cleary labeled. (Fire
door- keep shut).
R-rescue
C-confine or contain
A-alarm
E-extinguish
In tumescent strip: Strip builds into the edge of fire door that
expands when it gets hot.
Cold smoke seal A plastic or foam strips these. Search the gap
between the door and frame.
Five Distance and Alarm system:
Interlinked smoke alarms:
Ceiling mounted unit that defect smoke and give alarm sound.
Automatic fire alarms: If a person seen the fire they can activate a
manual call point and raise the alarm. If no persons seen the automatic
defector will activate the system.

13. NOISES
Noise:
Sound is an acoustic vibration generated due to movement of
practical of an elastic medium.
 Sound producer and auditory sensation between 16HS to 20,000
HD frequently range. F/A 1948 CH104 SEC 102
Sound wave in generated when any objects vibrate in air [or
other medium] and the air particles spread away from the objet in the
form of wave.

Loudness is the sensation produced in the human ear. It depends

on the frequency and intensity of the sound.
The loudness is measures in terms of decibel (db).
Instrument used to measure sound intensity in called precision
sound level mater.
Sound procreation: sound is the air when the distances double the
amplitude.
Drops by half

Sound source

Sound waves
Incident
Transmitted
Sound
Object

Reflected Absorbed
 Obstacles in the paths of sound, part of the sound reflected, parts absorbed
and remainder will be reflected through objects. How much sound will be abhor
end, reflected depends upon the properties of the objects.

Human ear which hears the sound and sends the message to the brain
through those senses.

Effects and hazards of noise:

The harm full effects of noise depend upon number of factors.

1. Noise frequency and intensity

2. Total length of exposure.
3. Length of exposure at a time.
4. Distance from the wave source.
5. Whether noise in continuous, interruptive, sudden
6. Whether car protection is more or lot.
7. Individual susceptibility depending on age health etc.
Excessive noise forms overall health and may cause.

1. Mental stress.
2. Physical stress.
3. Certain illness.
4. Hearing loss or deathless
5. Accident
6. Labor production
Excessive noise produces physiological and psychological effects on
industrial worker such as hearing loss, deafness, fatigue, irritation, annoyance,
distraction, and masking. In the work of assembly. Errors fell to one – eight of
their former number when the work war moved from the proximity of a builder
shop to a quit area.

The sign and system of hearing loss.

1. Risking in the ear at the end the work shift, slight leader triteness,
dizziness.
2. Intermittent ringing in earn.
3. Normal hearing is affected if back ground noise in pressure. Noise dose
measurement
 A noise done in measurement of noise on individual who more between
may different noise environment during the working and can be obtained by
using a noise dose meter display the percentage of daily allowable noise dose.

Control at source:

Much noise can be eliminated by good engineering design (e.g. wire mesh
screen instead of sheet metal panel reduce vibrating noisy surfaces. Other
method include replacement of sudden stoppage by gradual braking. Prevention
of inject of filly material . Installation of dumpily element at point of contract
between machine and plant elements. Noise machine may be placed in
enclosure. Noise propagation can be controlled by initially machine on vibration
damping base.

Segregation:

Noise machine are removed to an area where few people work. (E.g. Fire
ranger)

Isolation:

Tightly closing doors may be install surrounded the machinery. Moulded

ear plug, has disposal need regular sanitization and correct storage in soled.

[Link] SAFETY
Human body cannot to devote excusive temperature. Produced
by very has or cold exposure cause adverse effect on health and safety
of work people. Therefore environmental temperature control in also
permanently needed for well foundation of human body.
Heavy physical or heavy work land cause heat stress and increase
metabolic heat, body temperature, sweating, heart rate etc.
Sec 13 of factory act require effective, suitable adequate
ventilation in every factory, by the circulation of fresh air and such a
temper active to provide comfort and prevent health injury to worker.
It also requires well designed walls, roofs and insulation of hot parts
to reduce the excessive temperature.
Thermometer:
Placed at the height of 1.5 meters above floor level and not
within 1 m from any heating device are used to measure the air
temperature.
Psycho meters or wet and dry bulb hydro meter are used to measure
relative handling of the air.
Anemone meters used measure are velocity of the air
Indication tube or Gas detection tube is used to measure contents of
air contaminants such as toxic vapour and games like Cl2, CO, SO2,
NO2 ethical etc.
Human body maintenance the temperature from 36 – 39.50 c
(96.8 – 103.10 F). To maintain. This small change of thermal stability
against too high or too low environment temperature. The human
have to undergo. Stresses which adversely affect performance and
efficiency.
Heat stress is the burden or load of heat these is to be dissipated it the
body in to remain in thermal equipment.
Heat strain is the physiological change resulting from heat stream
like risk in body temperature, sweating heat rate.
Heat disorder are noticed at high temperature. A man may collapse at
body 40.6 (10.50F) the sweating mechanism fails and the body
temperature risen sharply. When the temperature reaction 42 to 43.50
(108 to 1100 F) death occurring.
Accident rate:
Accident rate in hot chrironment was double then that’s the under
comfortable climate conditions.
Problems in but environment skin disorder: Prickly heat skin
cancer.
Systematic Disorder: Heat stroke
Psychoneurotic disorder: Acute loss of emotional control.
Safety problems: Accident due to sweating palms, dizziness, fagging
of safety glass.
Control measures: Reduce level of physical action by sharing work
load or by using mechanical means.
Schedule cooler period for work. Increase rest period.
Insulate hot equipment
Provide canopies with fan over hot equipment ventilation over
personnel provide exhaust ventilation. Refrigeration, isolation,
substitution provide sample suppliers of cool water.
Insulation over heat source PPE (e.g. Water jacketed clothing).
At 1.5 meter above floor, the temperature should be 300c Air moment
should not be less 30 m/min.

15. VIBRATIONS
Vibration:
Vibration is a physical factor acts on human body by
transformation of mechanical energy through source of oscillation.
Vibration Sensor Is Used For Measuring Vibration
Source:
Friction machine parts
Looseness of equipment parts
High velocity air in ducts.
Frequency, amplitude and duration are the characteristic of
vibration. Frequency in measure in cycle prerecord or hertz.
Amplitude denotes how far the surface moves each time it vibration
Duration is the period how long it goes on.
Types of vibration:
Vibration of the whole body due to supporting structure known
as WHOLE BODY VIBRATION (WBV) (E.g. vehicle seat)
Vibration of any body parts called segmental or hand arm
vibration.
Vibration can harm only if some part of the body in direct contact
a vibrating surface (The seat of a vehicle or the handle of a power
tool).
Effect of vibration:
Feeling of displacement, giddiness, sickness, vibration disease.
Whole body vibration can cause permanent damage to body to spinal
and bone damage.
Vibration included which finger (VWF) known as dead hand is a
damage to the blood vessel and nerves in finger due to a long use of
vibrating power tools such as chipping hangers, chisels and drills.
Effects of Exposure to vibration:
Hand arm vibration syndrome (HAVS).
The blood supply to the finger shorts down (often in response to
cold) and the fingers turn white (known as blanching) and become
number. The blood supply returns often a time and the fingers become
red and pain full.
Nerve damage:
 The nerving carrying sensory information from the steps working
properly resulting in a loss of pressure, heat pain sensitivity and
feeling.
Muscle weakening:
Trip strength and manual dexterity reduce.
Joint damage:
Abnormal bone growth can occur at the finger jointer. HAVS
normally insulin from long term exposure (5 to 10 years or more) to
hand vibration. It is incurable. Any further will do further damage.
Appropriate treatment is give up the use of vibration hand tools.
Whole body vibration effects:
Vibration goes through buttocks (when sitting, e.g. Dumper truck
driver or at the feet and legs (when standing e.g. Aircraft cabin crew).
The damage to the soft tissue of the spine (international disc) through
other effect vertigo has been reported.
Assessment of exposure:
Like noise, there are levels of vibration that cause damage to
employees who are exposed to particular period of time. These must
be an assessment of both the vibration level and the duration of
exposure. Then the reasonable assessment can be made of the
likelihood employees suffering damage like HAVE or WBVS.
Vibration Exposure Limits:
Occupational vibration exposure in subject to law in many
countries.
Exposure limit are on the basis that the amount of damage done
in impendent on the amount of energy be soured by the body this in
determined of vibration magnitude (measured ms2 duration of
exposure [measured in hours and minutes).
These two factors determine the close of vibration.
Daily exposure Action value = 2.5 ms2 hand arm vibration/ 0.5
m.s2 whole body vibration.
At this value the employer must carry out vibration assessment
reduce vibration exposure to the lowest level reasonable practicable
provide information, instruction and training to employees carry out
health surveillance.
Basic vibration control measure:
Eliminate the source. Completely remove the vibration source,
perhaps by machining. The use of tools (e.g. Using a concrete
breaker. Hand operated) or by changing work (automation of the
process, clamped rather than welding, removing the need to grind
away welds.
Substitute the source:
Change the vibration source for something else that does same
job beet generate less vibration (buying low vibration magnitude
model)
Change the work technique:
There may be wager of daily the work that do not produce as
much vibration (using diamond tipped drill rather these tungsten
hammer drill for making holes in masonry) maintenance.
Note: Vibration Sensor
Low frequency vibration: causes for vibration. Unbalance, min
alignment, mechanical looseness.
High frequency vibration: Bearing fault, gear faults
Piezo electric accelerometer
Spring- physical force – signees
VELOCITY SENSOR:
Back and forth magnet- coli- emf.
EDDY current probes
Non contact sensor shaft vibration rotor position clearance

16. LIGHTING
Lighting:

Light is the electromagnetic visible radiation (waves)

Factory act 17 of 1948 tells the requirement of lighting.

Flux: It is the quantity of light emitted per second by light source.

Lux is the unit of light. Digital light meter is available to measure light
density in lux.

Contrast:

It is relative light between an object and its background. (E.g. a letter on

paper)

Glare:

Glare is the condition in which brightness interface with vision. Glare is

produced due to excess light.

Excessive light in the field of vision which disturbs the adaptation process
of retina.

Shadow: Shadow affects the amount of illumination.

Visual sharpness increases with light intercity and is equal to day light
sharpness as 1000 lux is approached.
 Light requirement varies from place to place, person to person also.

Black thread in black cloth stitching requires 2000 lux.

Car parking, storage area 20 lux is required.

Although individual differ in amount of light, 100 to 300 lux is required

for comfortable reading.

Deterioration of lighting system: loss of lamp light due to ageing.

Decrease of light output due to dust, insects and chemical changes in reflecting
surface.

Increased absorption of light output by dust and chemical changes in room

reflecting surface.

Requirement of good lighting:

❖ Adequate lighting
❖ Avoidance of glare
❖ Avoidance of shadow
❖ Uniform lighting
❖ Appropriate contrast
❖ Appropriate color contrast
❖ Avoidance of flicker
Design of lighting:

❖ Brightness
❖ To avoid glare
❖ Its contrast with background.
❖ Easy to remove and repair uniform lighting.
IS 3646
IS 6665-1972
Canteen 150 lux
Cloak room 100 lux
Entries, corridor 100
Stairs
Assembly shop
Rough work 150 lux
Medium work 300 lux
 Factory

Fine work 700 lux

Very fine work 1500 lux

17. RADIATION SAFETY

Radiation safety: Radiation In energy those emitted by source.

Ionization: An atom is made of protons, electrons and neutron. The protons and
electrons being in balance.

If the atom is subjected to radiation from a radioactive source soon

electron become defeated. As a result the atom becomes positively barged (i.e.
It has more proton than elections) the free electron quickly link up with other
atom which become negatively charged. (I.e. More election than protons). The
new atoms are called ions and the process that creates them is called Ionization.

Type of radiation:

Non Ionization radiation: Radiation that does not cause ionization in the
material that absorbs it.

Ionizing Radiation: Radiation that causes ionization in the material that aborts
it.

Radiation energy in relearned in the form of waves the length and

frequency of the wave depended upon the atom in releasing.

Types of non Ionizing radiation ultra violet (UV): High frequency

electromagnetic radiation (light) entitled by white hot material, such as they are
produced during are welding.

Visible light: Electromagnetic radiation between the UV and IR frequencies

and visible to the human eye.

Infrared (TR):

Lower frequency electromagnetic radiation (light) emitted by red hat material,

such as molten metal is being poured in castings.
Microwaves: Lower frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by a
microwave generator.

Radio waves: Lower frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by an

antenna.

Laser: Laser is source of non-ionizing radiation and operates at UV, visible and
IR frequencies.

Health effort UV: It cause redness and burns to the skin (e.g. Sun burns) pain
and inflammation to the surface of the eye leading to the temporary blindness
(often called are eye). Increased raised of skin cancer, premature aging of skin.

Visible light: This can cause temporary blindness if intense (disability glares)
and permanent eye damage if very intense. (E.g. High powered laser)

IR: This can cause redness and burns to the development of eye contract over
time.

Micro waves: These are absorbed and cause internal heating. High doses
internal organ clam age and could be fatal.

Radio waves: These are absorbed and cause internal heating. Class, laser
presents little risk to work.

Class 4 lamer: It can cause instant skin burn and eye damage.

Source of non-Ionizing radiation UV-sun light, are welding IR- red hat steel
rally mill, glass manufacture.

Visible light: Lanner levelly device, laser pointer.

Micro wave: Industrial micro wave oven in food factory telecommunication

equipment (e.g. Mobile phone antenna)

Radio waves: Radio, TV or radar antenna.

Controlled Exposes to non Ionizing radiation:

UV: Cover, exposed skin, protect the eyes. (E.g. Welding visor full length
sleeves and full face welding visor and dark filter from UV.

Less than 1.6

*#07#

SAR-specific absorption rate

IR: Cover exposed skin, protect eyes. (E.g. Metal worker wear overall, gauntlet,
face visor goggles to protect the eye.)

Micro wave and radio waves: Since these types of radiation can be absorbed
internally, the control of exposure in achieved by.

Enclosing the source as far a possible. (a microwave oven in designed as a

box to contain the micro wave radiation and prevent its escape.

Maintaining a safe distance from the source of the radiation (generator or

antenna).

Isolating (disconnecting the power) and locking of the source if workers

have to approach inside safe distance.

Lasers:

Class 1 Laser: Avoid shining it into people in eye.

Class 4 laser: Eye protection (dark goggles) shielding to prevent escape of the
beam.

Ionizing radiation:

Alpha particulars

These are emitted by radioactive material but cannot travel very far
through air or this material such as paper or skin.

Beta particular:

These are emitted by radioactive materials and are more particular.

X-rays:

X-ray of high energy electro majestic radiation eight emitted by an x-ray

set (generator) very penetrating.

Gamma rays:
 A raj of very high energy electro majestic energy (light) entitled by some
radioactive substance. Very penetrating Neutrons: These are emitted by certain
types of radioactive material and are very penetrating.

Health efforts:

❖ Acute effects
❖ Exposure to high doses of
❖ Ionizing radiation
❖ Sickness and DIARRHOEA
❖ Anemia, due red blood cell damage
❖ Reduced imbecile system due to white blood cell damage
❖ If the dose in large enough these death will follow in weeks, days
or hours.
Chromic effects:

❖ Cancer
❖ Genetic disorder
❖ Birth defects
Occupational source of ionizing radiation: Nuclear power station, scientific
laboratories.

Alpha particular- stroke detectors and science labs.

X-rays- medical radiography and bagger security scanners

Gamma rays- Industrial radio grapy neutron-nuclear power station.

Basic means of controlling Exposure to Ionizing radiation Time: Minimize

the duration of exposure. The clone of the radiation received in directly
proportional to the duration of exposure.

Distance: the greater the distance from the radiation source to the dose of
radiation received.

Shielding: The type required will be determined by the type of radiation.

This shield can be used to contain alpha and beta particle.

X-ray and gamma rays require thicker denser material such a lead. Geiger
countries used to detect and measure radiation.

Protection procedure:
 a.
Pre-employment and subsequence medical Examination.
b.
Appointment of a responsible trained person.
c.
Maintenance of individual dose records.
d.
Full training and employee awareness.
e.
Continuous and spot check radiation dose monitoring by the use of
personal dose meter.
Unsealed sources:

Use of appropriate protective clothing

Effective ventilation

Enclosure of source

Use of imperious work

Surface

Limit of dose.

1 mille sevenths for any other persons, including members of the public. 20
mille sevenths for employee year.

Note:

Geiger counter in used for measuring ionising radiation.

Uranium thorium} naturally occurring

COBALT (Artificial)

[Link] SAFETY
Transportation

Road safety: Length of highways and other internal road are constantly
increasing vehicle and travellers are also increasing day by day. Deaths due to
road accidents are many times more than fatal accident in industry.

Highways permits greater speed resulting in relatively greater number of

road accident fatalities the death toll rate time that industrial accident.

India the third most accident prone country in the world.

 Exhausts gases from diesel vehicle contain poly cyclic aromatic hydro
carbon (PAH) which are capable of causing cancer.

The dark hours and the early morning hours are found to be more accident
prone as compared to day hours. The non- motorized transport (NMT) road user
consisting of pedestrian cyclist and slow morning vehicle. vehicles riders are the
worst vulnerable group involved in road traffic accidents.

Engineering measures Bad road condition are the root cause of accident.
Undertake maintainly of road remoral of clind corners, strengthened of road,
separating pedestrian flow from the vehicular traffic by creating sub ways.
Truck fermiler outside the city area. Segregating slow Moving vehicles from the
fast moving vehicles by cycle track in cities. creating speed breakers on the side
roads. Fly over for avoiding junction and crossing.

ENFORCEMENT MEASURES

From the analysis of accident it is evident that a large number of accident

or due to the fault motor vehicles.

This can be controlled provided the licensing authorities take extra care
before. Insuring the heavy duty license. The reliability test, quick and correct
decision test etc of the applicant can be judged by modern equipment. Applicant
should have a good knowledge of various sign. the RTO should ensure that the
applicant possess a valid license for a period of at least 3 years and without
any black mark mechanical defect in motor vehicle in also one of the major
cause of road accident. Surprise checking of vehicles. Should be carried out by
the R.T.O to eliminate un-road-worthy vehicles from the road.

Education measures:

In the curriculum of primary schools and secondary schools use

independent subject of road safety should be included. Leaflet and brochures
mentioning various road safety measures should be distributed at all. Public
places to improve effect road sense.

Traffic Signs: Mandatory sings: Motor vehicle act requiring that a driver the
vehicle in conformity with the indication given by the mandatory sign. It in an
after not to city these signs.
Cautionary signs: It is means for cautioning the driver about hazard lying
ahead on the road.

Information sign: it is meant to provide information on direction, destination,

road side facilities (e.g. parking).

Road and traffic engineering: Helmet for two wheeler, seat belt for four
wheeler to be followed.

Vision screening test:

Eye examination for sight perfectness is necessary.

Regular checking of emissions level of all vehicle and to display PUC

(pollution under control) certificate in the vehicle in necessary. Electronic
camera used by traffic police can catch speeding motorist.

Proper reflectors in vehicle help to Prevent road accidents.

Evaluate the risks.

Standard hierarchal approach eliminates the need to travel. (E.g. Conduct

video conference)

Travel by a safer means of transport (e.g. Train or by Aircraft)

If travel by road ensure vehicles in a safe condition.

Ensure driver, vehicle meet the required standard.

The driver

Three main risk factor exists for the driver.

Competency- driver should hold the relevant driving license.

Training: Driver have to undertake specific training in safe driving.

Fitness and health may have to a medical examination. (E.g. driver eye
sight)

Driver should be remained about not driving while taking certain drug that
causes drossiness.

The vehicle
Suitability- The vehicle must be suitable for its intended purpose (e.g. Head
rest, safety belt, airbags)

Condition

The vehicle must be in a road worthy condition.

Maintenance in accordance with the manufacturing recommended service

schedule.

Routine inspection of tyre, light etc. Defect should be reported.

Safety equipment: The vehicle should carry suitable safety equipment. (E.g.
emergency triangle, first aid kit, spare type and fire extinguisher .

The journey routes: Route planning allows for hazards to be avoided and risks
minimized. (E.g. Busy areas, accident black spot can be avoided)

Scheduling: Scheduling journey at night time. (E.g. avoiding peak traffic times
driver feels tired (02-00-06.00 and 14.00-16.00) time.

Allowing sufficient time for journey (e.g. rest period 15 min break for 2
hour driving.

Distance Travel distance must be reasonable.

Weather condition: Weather forecast and advisors weather condition must be

taken into account.

19 PPE’s
P.P.E:

Occupier are legally bound to reduce the accident in work place. The
exposure of worker to an unsafe condition may lead to accident or a health
hazard in the due course of time. One of the provision to reduce or eliminated
the impact of such exposure is to provide carrier between the hazard and the
work.

Routes of hazard:

❖ PPE is any physical material that in placed between the employee and
work place hazard to reduce.
 ❖ The injury potential of the hazard. The most common routes of
exposure to them hazards include skin contact, inhalation and ingestion
(eating, drinking).
❖ PPE is to be selected and provide to employees where hazard cannot be
sufficiently removed.
Selection of PPE:

❖ Adequate protection against risk without leading to any increased /

alternative risk exposure.
❖ Suitable is for the user.
❖ Compatibility to the work.
❖ Complain with recognized international standard
❖ Fit for purpose.
Training:

❖ It is important that adequate training should provided to the employees.

❖ When to wear PPE.
❖ What –PPE to be work.
❖ The care and maintenance of PPE. And life expiatory and disposal of
PPE.

Types of PPE.

PPE shall be selected and used to provide protection for all persons on the
project against the following hazards.

❖ Respiratory hazards
❖ Temperature extreme
❖ Mechanical physical injuries
❖ Environment hazard
❖ Radio logical hazard
❖ Biological hazard
❖ Chemical hazard
Eye protection:

It is Mandatory requirement that suitable eye protection is worth within all

construction areas. For individuals who wear prescription glasses shall be
provide with approved safety over glasses that can be weared over prescription
glasses, Eye protection required in the following situations.
 1. Working with molten metals
2. Working with Liquid chemical
3. Working with hazardous gases
4. Working with flying particular
5. Working with injurious radiant energy.
Head protection:

Head protection in was mandatory in all field work area includes rood ware
Houses, and workshops.

Class A: Protection from falling objects, Bumps and voltage up to 2,200

Class B: protection from falling objects bumps and voltageup to 20,000 V.

Class C: provides protection from bumps and falling objects.

Hand protection:

Employees shall be required to wear suitable hand protection for tasks which
expose them to the potential of hand injuries.

The Gloves must provide protection against handling rough and sharp edged
material, concrete, solvent acids and other harmful chemical.

Gloves shall be worn when working within 6 inches of grinder or rotating

machinery.

Points to be notes whole wearing gloves:

Di – electric gloves shall be inspected before each use and dielectrically tested
and certificate every 6 months.
 ❖ Oil or greasy gloves constitute potential fire hazard and shall be
laundered or appropriates disposed off.
❖ Vinyl, rubber, or neo pretend are adequate for most chemicals.
❖ Synthetic gloves are suitable for petroleum hazard product.
❖ Health or cotton is appropriate for most abrasive jobs.
❖ Ensure gloves fits too large or too small can lead to injuries.
Foot protection:

All permanent shall wear above ankle, leather, steel to safety footwear at all
times when on site.

A standard foot wear protects against impact, punction, compression forces,

chemical and radiologic contamination, electric shock and static spark.

Selection of safety shoes:

1. Steel to safety shoe

Puncture proof soles non conductive for elective work rubber or synthetic
for chemical work a static free shoe for discharge static electricity may be
used near computers.
Hearing protection:

Sound level reaches more than 85 db over an 8 hr period.

Ear plug or ear muff get keeps the sound below 85 db.

Fall protection:

❖ Fall protection shall be used at an protected elevation 2 meter and above.

❖ Shock absorbers must for personal fall areas system.
❖ Anchor point capable of holiday 2,250 kg (5000 lb)

20 .Basic safety
Safety: safety in defined as freedom from those conditions that can cause injury
or death to person or damage to property or environment.

Environment: Everything that surrenders an organisms including natural or

human built elements.
Accident: Accident in defined as an unplanned and uncontrolled event which
results a loss of some kind.

Occupational accident: Accident in happens during the course of work causes

fatal or non fatal injury.

Commuting Accident: Accident occurs way between place of work and the
residence or within the boundary of factory.

Lost time Injury:

Injury due to which employee cannot join hack within 48 hours is a lost time
Injury.

Reportable Accident: Accident prevents employee more than 48 hours after

accident. It is to be informed to factory inspector. In case of fatal accident chief
inspector, police, family member to be informed.

Near miss: Unwanted or unplanned event that had potential to result a loss but
did not so.

Health: It means not only absence of disease but mental element also to be
considered.

Hazard: (SANKAT)

Hazard in anything that has potential to cause harm

Hazard

Mechanical – Morning machinery

Physical – Slipping on wet floor.

Chemicals – spill of corrosive chemical.

Environment – Exhaust fumes.

Biological – House hold waste

Organizational – Excessive work load.

Effects of Hazards

Noise – deafness
 Vibration – hand arm vibration syndrome

Dust – occupational asthma

Chemicals – dermatitis

Poor posture – back ache

Exposure to radiation – skin cancer.

21. Work Permit system

Every organization has a responsibility for making sure that their staff and
assets are as safe as possible when at work. This in achieved by.

1. A safe work equipment

2. Safe work environment
3. Safe system of work
4. Competent worker.
A safe system of work is achieved by introduction of a work permit
system.

A safe work permit in a written record which ensures that all necessary
action are taken place before, during, after particularly high risk work

The aim of the permit system in to focus everybody attention on the high
risk nature of the work to ensure that safety precaution are in place before
during and after work

All the people who need to know about the work do actually know about
it.

A permit work system makes official to control of high risk to ensure that
all the risk have been identified all the precaution put in place and that
appropriate information has been communicated to all relevant parties.

Issue: This section of the permit defines the work, identification hazard and
determines the necessary safety precaution. The authorizing manager must
complete this section.

This will require them to carry out a risk assessment in order to identify all
the relevant hazards and precaution.

1. The authoring manager must specify the exact nature of work.

 2. When the work can take place.
3. The name of each of the worker authorized to carry out the work.
4. The date and time that work can start.
5. The period of time the permit in valid for.
6. The period of time the permit in valid for.
7. The control measure that must be in place before, during and after the
work.
8. Any restriction.
9. Any other permit that may be relevant.
[Link] authorizing manager sign the permit, confirm that all necessary
precaution have been taken.
Receipt:

The hand-over process to allow work to start is formalized. The worker

sign the permit to officially confirm that they understand all hazards risk and
precaution that they will comply with all necessary control measures. Name
should be written in capital letters with signature, date and time.

Clearance:

The worker sign this section of the permit to confirm that they have left the
work place in safe condition that work in complete and that normal operation
may resume.

Cancellation:

The authorizing manager signs this section to accept the taking over of the
work place from the worker. This also has the effect of cancelling permit so that
no further work can take place under its authority.

Extension:

This section is included in some permit requires in case there is any over
run of work. It allows the authorizing manger the grant on extension to the time
scale of the permit.

Triplicate Copy of Permit:

Permits are often issued in triplicate:

1. One copy is displayed in the area where the work in taking place.
2. One copy stays with the authorizing manager.
 One copy is displayed in the notice board or central location (often on a
permits are board) where other permits are also displayed for clear
communication.

Good permit system:

Only authorized person should issue permit.

Permit issuer must be familiar with the hazards of the work place and the
job to be carried out.

Precaution must be checked permit must be before permits are authorized.

Permit must never be amended.

All permit condition must be adhered to.

Staff must be trained and competent.

The system must be monitored.

Sufficient time must be allowed to ensure permits are issued correctly and
staff trained to understand this.

Hot Work:

Permit system are commonly used to control hot work where open flames
will be used (e.g. propane, butane or oxy acetylene torches or where a
significant ignition source will be created (e.g. welding or grinding operation)

Precaution for control of hot work:

1. Flammable materials are removed from the work area.

2. Items that cannot be removed are covered with five retardant blankets.
3. Floor is swept clean
4. Wooden is damped down.
5. A suitable five extinguisher is at hand.
6. A five watcher must present in the area.
7. The work area in visited routinely after the work has finished to check the
area for smoldering
Work on live electrical system:

The high risk associated with working on or near live electrical system
means that these type this type of work in usually subject to permit control. A
permit system in used to ensure working live is justified. (it in not possible to
work with power off.) All precaution is in place. The workers are competent to
do the work.

Machinery Maintenance:

Maintenance work often involves the removal or disabling of safeguard

and control system. For large complex industrial machinery move than one
person may be involved in the work and they may be required to work inside
the machinery.

Work is carefully planned assessed and controlled. The nature of work in

communicated to those who need to know about it. Power source are isolated
and locked off. Stores energy is released. The workers are competent to work.

Confined space:

Entry in to confined space can be extremely hazardous so should always

be under control of permit to work system.

This will require a competent person to carry out a risk assessment and
then develop safe system of work. Which identifies all the necessary precaution
for entry and the emergency arrangement that must be put in place.

Work at height:

A large proportion of work place fatalities caused by fall from height. This
is considered as a high risk activity and in often covered by permit to work.

Avoid working at height if possible prevent falls by providing a safe work

place (e.g. a plat from with adequate edge protection). Minimize the distance
and consequence of limit fall using PPE to limit fall or safety devices (e.g.
safety net catches anyone who does fall) check the weather condition (e.g. high
wind).

Note:

Hot work (RED) - welding, cutting, grinding etc

Cold work (BLUE) - excavation, painting, casting etc

High risk (ORANGE) - heavy lifting, stacking etc

[Link] AUDIT
Unsafe Act:

Unsafe acts are action of a person in a manner which vary from the
accepted or legislated safe practice and create a hazard to either themselves,
another person, or equipment. Some examples are.

o Working with defective tool

o Working with wrong tool
o Not using PPE.
o Improper wearing torn of PPE
o Operating without authority
o Smoking in prohibited place
o Taking unsafe position or posture
o Operating machine at non permissible speed
o Operating or using the tools and equipment improperly
o Violation of safety regulation and rules
o Unsafe lifting operation
o Conflicting action in workplace
o
UNSAFE CONDITION

A condition in which something exists that varies from a normally

accepted safe situation and normally accepted, could cause injury.

o Insufficient noise
o Excessive noise
o Improper guarding
o Unguarded excavation
o Wet slippery surface
o Unprotected or open man hole.
o Unprotected projection
o Lack of supervision
o Lack of proper training
o Improper maintenance
o Defective machinery, equipment and tools
o Bad house keeping
o Radiation exposure
o Improper plan and lay out
Safety Audit:
 Safety audit can be defined as a study of as organization operation and
primarily to discover existing and potential Hazards and the action needed to
render them hazards harmless.

The basic idea of a safety audit is to help to look at a space that feels
unsafe.

Safety audit in an important and useful technique to evaluate the effectives

of the safety system.

The safety department usually tasked with the authority and responsibility
to perform internal audit and to verify the process in place.

External audit is normally candidate by an external agency.

Level 1: Regular routine work place inspection

Level 11: period defiled clacks on specific aspects.

Level 111: High level audits to provide an over view of total safety system.

Aim:

To give assurance to management that its safety system are effectively

achieving the planned objectively achieving the planned objective. Auditors will
high lights all the finding including non-conformation and observation after the
completion of the audit programs. This result will be highlighted to top
management.

All the non-conformation will be discussed among the management and

required action plan will be determined and implemented.

Uses of safety audit:

Hazards are recognized and the worst potential for harm and loss in
noticed by the management.

Appropriate equipment and facilities of control design are provided to

contain and control hazards. Appropriate staff provided with sufficient
information, instruction and supervisor to operate and system and procedure in a
satisfactory manner.

Procedure exist to operate the equipment in satisfaction manner with in the

designed exist to handle the fore seeable emergencies.
 Effective arrangement, monitoring safety performance and progressing
safety issues.

How audit is conducted:

o Preliminary visit and understating the factory

o Indentify the audit element
o Prepare the Questions.
o Get the reply from company.
o Discussion with management, executive worker etc
o Cross verification at site.
o Personal of records accident and verification
o Preparation of reports observation
o Conclusion
o Recommendation
o Follow up.
Methodology:

o Familiarization visits
o In depth study
o Review of maintenance systems
o Machines, plants, material handling electrical equipment, building
o Interaction with various levels of employees
o Personal of documents
o Study of accidents in the past year
o Observation and recommendation
o Give care full opinion to major functional head.
Audit elements:

The audit shall uncertain whether the installation has a written safety
policy endorsed by top management in which safe management of hazards
chemical are adequately covered. The audit shall ascertain whether the company
has set up and maintained. Written safety information to enable all its staff to
handle and store chemical safety. The information shall cover those items
reflected in the material safety data sheet of the chemicals.

23. CONTRACTOR MANAGEMENT

Contractor:
 Person or organization undertaken work on behalf of client.

Client:

Person or organization who engages contractor

Contractor responsibility:

Contractor is responsibility for their own workers health and safety and
others who might be affected due to their work activity (e.g. contractor is
responsible if he bring power tools to client’s factory and injures clients
employee or visitor.

Client responsibility:

Client in responsible for health and safety of worker. It is shared between

contractor and client. Client will be held responsible for any injury during
contractor work. Client should ensure contractor not endanger worker or visitor.

SELECTING THE CONTRACTOR:

Select contractor on the basic of health and safety competence.

1. Check the copy of health and safety policy. (e.g. Risk Assessment)
2. Check the qualification of training record of staff.
3. Check the membership of professional organization.
4. Check the records, maintenance, test for plant, equipment.
5. Check the name of previous, current client.
6. Check accident history record.
7. Check the records for enforcement action by authority.
8. Check the proof for adequate resources.
Planning the work:
Information should be exchanged between client and contactor client
should inform about hazards, risk in work place. Contractor should tell to client
about hazards, risk created during contractor work. In this way work must be
planned that every one safe. Contractor must carry out risk assessment and it
should be documented.

Monitoring the work:

➢ Arrangement of client that contractor compiling safe work practice

 ➢ Signing in signing out procedure to be followed
➢ Ensure that contractor have works foremen
➢ Carry out induction training to all contractors employee.
➢ Control high risk activity by following permit to work.
➢ Monitor contractor’s work to ensure contractor work as per safety
standard.
Joint occupier of premises:

Two employer share one work place. One employer create risk which
affects other employer. E.g. Two employer occupy office of same building. Fire
risk created by one employer affects safety of other employer.

The employer should co-operate and co-ordinate their activates to ensure

good health safety standard by Effective communication exchange of relevant
information.

Common approach to be developed for management of joint issues like

five procedure, security threat, emergency spill response, site rule for visitor and
contractor, control of traffic management, site wide inspection, common fire
drill, waste disposal etc. Specific risk of one work place awareness must be
given other work place.

Co-ordination of work:

Several contractor work at site simultaneously. One organization should

not cause hazard to other.

E.g. one contractor works at height and other contactor should avoid work
at be health.

24. Confined space

How to identify confined spaces:

• Limited opening for entry and exit

• Unfavorable natural ventilation
• Not designed for continuous worker occupancy
Limited opening for entry/ exit

• Opening as small as 18 inches in diameter

• Difficult to enter with SCBA or other life- saving equipment.
 • Difficult to remove downed worker in folded up or bent over position.
• Exit from large opening maybe difficult due to presence of ladders, hoists,
etc.
Unfavourable natural ventilation

• Lack of air movement in and out of the space can create an atmosphere
much different than the outside atmosphere.
• Deadly gases can be trapped inside.
• Organic materials can decompose.
• May not be enough oxygen due to presence of other gases or chemical
reactions such as rusting.
Typical confined space

• Boiler, degreaser, furnace

• Pipeline, pit, pumping station
• Reaction or process vessel, mills
• Septic tank sewage digest or
• Silo, storage tank, barges
• Sewer, utility vault, manhole
Hazardous atmosphere definitions

“Hazardous atmosphere” means an atmosphere that may expose

employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-
rescue (that is, escape unaided from a permit space) injury, or acute illness from
one or more of the following causes:

1)Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 percent of its lower

flammable limit (LFL);
“Hazardous atmosphere” (cont’d)

2)Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its

LFL;
Note: this concentration may be approximated as a condition in which the
dust obscures vision at a distance of 5 feet or less.

3)Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5 percent or above 23.5

percent;
4)Atmospheric concentration of any substance for which a dose or a
permissible exposure limits is published in subpart G, Occupational
 Health and Environmental Control, or this Subpart Z, Toxic and in
employee exposure in excess of its dose or permissible exposure limit.
5)Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life and
health.
Confined Space:

All employees required to enter into confined or enclosed spaces shall be

instructed as to the nature of the hazards involved, the necessary precaution to
be taken, and in the necessary precautions to be taken, and in the use of
protective and emergency equipment required. The employer shall comply with
any specific regulations that apply to work in dangerous or potentially
dangerous areas.

Hazards of Confined Spaces:

• Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres

• Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
• Flammable Atmospheres
• Toxic Atmospheres
• Temperature Extremes
• Engulfment Hazards
• Noise, Slick/ Wet Surfaces, Falling Objects
• Mechanical Hazards
Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres:
• Oxygen level above 21%
• Causes flammable and combustible material to burn violently when
ignited.
• Hair, clothing, materials, etc.
• Oil soaked clothing and materials.
• Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.
• Never store or place compressed thanks in a confined space.
Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres

19.5% minimum acceptable oxygen level.

15.-19% decreased ability to work strenuously.

Impair coordination. Early symptoms.

12-14% respiration increases. Poor judgment.

10-12% respiration increases. Lips blue

8-10% Mental failure. Fainting. Nausea unconsciousness. Vomiting.

6-8% 8minutes-fatal,6minutes– 50% fatal 4-5 minutes- possible recovery

4-6 Coma in 40 seconds. Death

Flammable Atmospheres;

• Critical Factor :
❖ Oxygen content in the air.
❖ Presence of a flammable gas, or vapor
❖ Presence of dust (visibility of 5’ or less)
• Proper air/gas mixture can lead to explosion
• Typical Ignition Sources:
❖ Sparking or electric tool.
❖ Welding/cutting operations.
❖ Smoking
Toxic Atmospheres:

• Product stored in a confined space:

➢ Gases released when cleaning
➢ Materials absorbed into walls of confined space.
➢ Decomposition of materials in the confined space.
• Work performed in a confined space:
➢ Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.
➢ Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing.
➢ Sealing, bonding, melting.
• Areas adjacent to a confined space.
➢ Exhaust, pumps, generators
Temperature Extreme:
• Extremely hot or cold temperatures.
• Steam cleaning of confined spaces.
• Humidity factors
• Extremely cold liquids.
• Work processes inside the confined space can increase temperature
extremes.
 • Personal protective equipment.
Engulfment Hazards:
• Loose, granular material stored in bins and hoppers – grain, sand, coal, etc.
• Crusting and bridging below space.
• Flooding of confined space.
• Water or sewage flow.
Other Hazards:
Noise:
➢ Amplified due to acoustics within the space
➢ Damaged hearing, affect communication.
Slick/ wet surfaces:
➢ Slips and falls.
➢ Increased change of electric shock.
Falling Objects:
➢ Topside opening expose workers inside confined space to falling
objects.
Mechanical:
➢ Drive Shafts
➢ Drive Gears
Ventilation
• First option to correct problems.
• Must be aware of hazards you are trying to correct in the confined space.
• Air intake in a safe location to draw fresh air only.
• Continuous ventilation whenever possible.
• Retest the confined space before entry
Standby / Rescue

• Worker assigned to remain outside the confined space and be in

constant contact with the worker inside.
• Know emergency rescue procedures.
 • 50% of workers who die in confined spaces are would-be
rescuers.
• Trained in use of emergency rescue equipment and PPF.
Testing the Atmosphere
• Verify presence of safe work atmosphere.
• Test all areas of a confined space.
• Top, Middle, Bottom, and each end.
• Methane is lighter than air.
• Carbon Monoxide is the same as air.
• Hydrogen sulfide is heavier than air.
• Oxygen Deficiency.
Training and Education

•All workers who must enter confined spaces

•All attendants and rescue team members.
•Prior to initial work assignment.
•Retraining:
1. Job duties change.
2. Change in permit-space program
3. New hazards are present.
4. Job performance indicates deficiencies.
Permit Entry System

• Written permit signed by entry supervisor.

• Verifies pre-entry precautions have been taken and the space is safe to
enter.
• Posted at entry to confined space.
• Specifies apparent hazards and corrective actions taken prior to entry.
• Requires termination of permit when task is completed or when new
condition exist.
Entry permits Requirements:

• Date, location, and name of confined space.

• Purpose of entry and known hazards.
• Duration of entry permit time.
• Authorized entrants, attendants, and supervisors.
 • Air testing results – signature of tester.
• Protective measure to be taken.
❖ Ventilation, Isolation, Flushing
❖ Lockout/ Tag out, Purging
• Name and phone numbers of rescue and emergency service.
• Communication procedures.
• Special equipment and procedures.
❖ Personal protective equipment.
❖ Alarm procedures.
❖ Rescue equipment.
❖ Respirators
Respirators:
• Air-Purifying Respirators
❖ Filter dangerous substance from the air.
❖ Must know the type and amount of hazardous substance present in
the confined space.
❖ NEVER use with oxygen deficiency!
• Air – supplying Respirators
❖ Deliver a safe supply of breathing air from a tank or an
uncontaminated area nearby.
❖ Must be adequately monitored.
Isolation
• Locking and tagging out electrical sources
• Blanking and bleeding pneumatic and hydraulic lines
• Disconnecting mechanical drives and shafts.
• Securing mechanical parts.
• Blanking sewer and water flow.
• Locking and tagging out shutoff valves.
Carbon Monoxide
• Odorless, Colorless Gas.
• Combustion by-product.
• Quickly collapse at high concentrations.
PPM Effect Time
 50 Permissible Exposure level 8 Hours

200 Slight headache, discomfort 3 Hours

600 Headache, discomfort 1 Hours

1000-2000 Confusion, nausea, headache 2 Hours

1000-2000 Tendency to stagger 1 ½ Hours

1000-2000 Slight heart palpitation 30 Min

2000-5000 Unconsciousness 30 Min

Hydrogen Sulphide:
• Decomposition of materials. Human waste.
• Rotten egg odor at low concentrations.
• Possibly no warning at high concentrations
PPM Effect Time

10 PPM Permissible Exposure level 8 Hours

50-100 Mild Irritation – eyes, throat 1 Hours

200-300 Significant Irritation 1 Hours

500-700 Unconsciousness, Death ½-1 Hours

>1000 Unconsciousness, Death Minutes

Note:

Compartment of SCBA

1. Cylinder
2. Cylinder valve
3. Back plate
4. Harem assembly
5. H, Pressure gauge
6. Warning Whistle
7. Face piece
 MSA- mine safety appliance

T= Pressure * volume/40

Person in holes 40 ltr air per min

T= 300*6/40

T= 180/4

T= 45 minutes

Confined Space Entry Procedures:

Gas monitors Alarm set points

Alarm set points must be set low enough to allow self-rescue before
atmospheric conditions impair an entrant.

EHS requires the following gas monitor alarm settings which are based on the
most stringent OELs for the hazards:

Sensor Low High STEL TWA

O2 19.5 23.5 -- --

LEL 10 20 -- --

CO 25 100 100 25

H2S 5 10 5 1

Contact EHS (962-5507) for assistance with set points.

26. EXCAVATION SAFETY

Hazards of excavation
The hazards of excavation work include.
Collapse
When the unsupported sides of the excavation slip and cave is
severe crush injuries can result from even relatively small collapse
because soil is heavy. Workers buried or entrapped in soil can
asphyxiate in minutes. Workers do not have to be completely buried
for asphyxiation to occur, being buried to the chest will lock the rise
cage and have the same effect.
Striking buried services
When high voltage electrical cables can pipes, main pipes or
other buried services are struck during the excavation work thin can
lead the electric arcing ,shock, burns and fire , or gas explosion or
rapid flooding of the excavation not to mention major burning
disruption to service users
People falling in:
When people fall into the excavation from an unfenced edge of
while of climbing into or out of the excavation from ladders.
Objects falling in:
When tools or material fall from an unprotected edge into the
excavation and on to occupants, such as
• Vehicles during close to the side of the side of the excavation
• Spoil (loose soil ) piled closed to the sides of the excavation,
adjacent structures(e.g. wall scaffold) undermined by the
excavation
Flooding
From surface water during heavy rain, ground water or a ruptured
water main.
Hazardous substance:
In particular gases and vapours. Excavations will fill with any
gas that is heavier than air such an LPG and carbon dioxide. Adjacent
combustion engines (such and generation) fumes. The ground
surrounding the excavation may contain methane or hydrogen
sulphide (both produced by microbial decay) that can leach out of the
soil and into the excavation. Excavation might need to be classified as
confined space for theme reason. Contaminated ground can also
present a significant hazard. E.g. the ground may be contaminate with
heavy metals.
Collapse of adjacent structures:
In digging an excavation, the foundations of nearby building may
be disturbed, resulting in the destable lining or collapse of the
structure
Excavation control measure:
To prevent injuries when working in and around excavation,
work must be managed under the supervision of a competent person
to ensure use of excavation supports to prevent the collapse of the
side walls of an excavated area using
Battering, which relies on the properties of the earth to form a
stable sloping pile (i.e. angle of repose)

Sharing which uses artificial support for the size walls of an

excavation. Where the angle of repose in the exaction is greater than
the natural angel for the type of material.
Ladders provide the main means of access to and egress from an
excavation. They must be suitably secured to prevent undue
movement and extend five rungs above the excavation to give a
secure stepping off point.
Barriers may be required to protect the edge of an excavation to
prevent fall of people, material and vehicles. Fencing and loading
may also be required to protect both employees and members of the
public.
 Crossing points in an excavation should be at designed points and
be of sound construction to support all types of vehicle and
immediately to the appropriate services partitioning and routing of
vehicles, plant and equipment should be carefully considered to
prevent objects falling into excavation.
INSPECTION REQUIREMENT:
Excavations, like scaffolds, can become unstable and unsafe if
not maintained in good order. They can deteriorate rapidly as a result
of environmental conditions and are liable to catastrophic failure.
It is essential that they are inspected routinely to ensure they are
in a safe condition.
➢ Excavation should be inspected by competent person.
➢ Before the start of every work shift
➢ After any accident fall of material
➢ After any event likely to affect strength and stability

Records of them inspection should be keep on site and remedial

must be undertaken as soon as possible to defects noted and
equipment. Gang ways across excavation should have guard rails and
toe boards.
Lighting and warning signs warn of the presence of an
excavation and of any special measures to be taken on entering a site.
Signs should be clearly visible and there should be a good level of
lighting.
The need for personal protective equipment in determined by the
nature of the work being carried out. (i.e. breathing equipment in
tunnels and face shields for welding work, heaving protection where
there in excessive noise) but hard hats are required at all times.
 Identification and marking of buried services and all cables by
checking services and all cables by checking with local service
provides, and safe digging methods, particularly when exposing
cables and pipes and using spades and shovels instead of excavation.
Damage to cable should be reported
28. MANUAL HANDLING
The lifting carrying, pushing and pulling of a load by loading
force.
Common types of manual handling injury include.
Back injury
The spine is made up of individual hones (vertebrae) separated
by tough pads (inter vertical disc). Wear and tear can occur to this
disk so that they become distorted (prolapsed disk).
This causes extreme pain and discomfort and in often accomplished
by nerve pain because the distorted disk traps nerves where they
enter. This type of injury is perhaps the most serious of all manual
handling injuries since recovery in often slow and incomplete. In
some instances, the victim will have to undergo surgery to repair the
defect, or may end up permanently disabled.
Tendon and ligament injuries
Tendon and ligament are the connective tissue that joins muscle
to bone and bone to bone respectively.
They tear causing extremely painful injuries that can take a long
time to heal in some instances; recovery in incomplete and an
operation may be required
Muscle injuries
 Overloaded muscle tissue can tear. Thin is painful and likely to
lead to short term impairment.
Hernia
When the sheet muscle that surrounds the gut is overloaded it can
distort and term. Thin usually happen in the lower abdomen and can
be a painful injury that will not repair naturally.
In many instance a surgical operation required.
Work related upper lime disorder (WRULD )
Chronic soft tissue injuries to the arms, wrist and hands as a
result of referred to as repetitive movement also referred to as
repetitive strain injuries (RSI). A described earlier, WRULD in a
generic term for many different medical conditions, such as corpal
tunnel syndrome and tennis elbow.
Usually involve inflammation and discomfort through over use of
muscles, there is irritation in nerves
Control measures:
Conveyor belt, fork lift trucks crane, trollies, barrel lift, truck
hoist and lifts etc.

• Allowing workers to lift as per him capability.

• Allotting more than power to lift load.

Manual handling
Manual handling covers a number of activates, such as lifting
lowering, carrying, pushing and pulling. These activates are a major
cause of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) - such as lower back pain,
joint injuries and repetitive strain injuries. Manual handling injuries
are the single most common cause of workplace injury and occur
across a range of industries, from construction to office work.

Did you know...?

Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common cause of
occupational illness in the UK. An estimated 526,000 workers in
2013/14 suffered from musculoskeletal disorder causes or made
worse by their current or past work.
The following factor affects the risk of injuries from manual
handling:

• The weight of the load- generally, the heavier the load, the
higher the risk of back injury from moving it.
• The size and shape of the load – loads which are small and easy
to grasp aregenerally less of a risk than large,awkwardly-shaped
loads.
• Your posture during manual handling – if you have to lift or
move something while you’re in an awkward posture,or while
seated, the risk of injury are greater.
• The distance you have to lift the load- the higher, lower or
further you have to reach to pick up or put down the load, the
risk of injury is higher
• How often you have to lift or move something- carrying out a
manual handling operation repeatedly increases the risk of
injury
• The capability of the person – people differ in physical
strength, height & reach.

[Link] OF SAFETY PERFORMANCE

Accident
 Unintended occurrence during the course of employment result
injury
Non disabling injury
Injury require medical treatment only without causing
disablement
Reportable disabling injury
Injury causing disability more than 48 hours and prevent from
work
Days of disablement
The number of day worker was partially disabled can be
calculated as follow. The day of accident and the day of returning to
work not be included.
Partial disablement
There are two type partial disablements
1. Temporary nature
2. Permanent nature
Permanent disablement
Disablement incapacitates workman from all works.
Frequency rate(FR)
Frequency rate is defined as the disabling injury per 106 man
hours worked.
Fr= Number of accident * 106/ total man hours worked
Average number of workers working in a factory* daily working
hour* working days of factory
SR= man days lost *106/Total man hours workers
 A factory employing average 50 workers for the year during
which 100 lost time (disabling) injury( accident) took place and
totally 500 man days lost. The worker worked 48 hours a week and 52
weeks in the year.
Calculate frequency rate and severity rate?
Frequency rate = injury *106
Man hours worked
= 100*106
50*48*52
= 801.28
Security rate = Man days lost no6
Man hours worked
= 500*106
50*48*52
= 4006.41
Safe t score
= frequency rate now- frequency rate past

 frequency rate past *106

Man hours worked now
+ve STS indicates worsening record
-ve STS indicates improving record
Purpose
 To provide information of current station of processes used by an
organization to missing risk to health and safety.
Uses of measurement tools
Provides information on how the system operates.
Identifying areas where remedial action required.
Providing basis for continual improvement.
Providing feedback and motivation.
Decision making
Are we getting better or worse at time?
How do we compare with others?
What progress is necessary the way progress might he achieved.
Priorities and effective use of resources.

POLICY
ORGANISING
PLANING
AUDITING IMPLEMENTING
MEASURING PERFORMANCE
REVIENING PERFORMANCE
 30. FIRST AID
First aid can be as an immediate treatment give to the victim of
an accident or sudden illness, he fore medical help in obtained.
Factory acts and rules:-
Sec 45 of the factories act requires at least one first aid box or
cupboard equipped with the prescribed context for every 150 workers.
It should be ready accessible during all working hours and he in the
charge of qualified person for a factory employing more than 500
workers an ambulance room of its prescribed size and content in the
charge of medical and during staff is also required
Aim of first aid
1. To preserve life
2. To promote or assist recovery
3. To prevent worsenity or aggravation of the causality is
condition
4. To arrange transportation to hospital
Meaning of first aid
1. Inform the doctor
2. Reassure the victim
3. Shock prevention or treatment
4. Control & leading
5. Immobilize fracture
6. Disposal, send victim to hospital
Scope of first aid
It includes a, diagnosis& treatment and G disposal

Diagnosis
It is known by
1. History-from patient, bystanders and surrounding
2. Symptoms- told by patient
3. Signs- first aider feels & finds
EMERGENCY
In the easuality Treat any injuries
conscious? Get help if nessary

No

In the casual In the casualy breathis

breathing? noisily

In the pulses Open and clear airway

In the help of
artificial Treat any life threatening
repucation & till injuries
help arrires Place casuality in recovert
position & call for help

Give 10, breath of artificial

respiration
Dial for help continue artificial
respiration till help arrives

Disposal
Take to nearest shelter future quicker mode of available transport
to shift the patient to nearest medical center.
 Send carefully worked message to the patient in relative.
Calling for assistance
Use the hystanders never leave the casualty unattended.
Information to be passed on is your telephone number. Exact location
of incident number, sex & age of casualties and nature of injuries.
Type &seriounnem of accident request of special aid (in case of
heart attack, Childs birth etc)
Note:-don’t switch off mobile before the person on other side done so.
Principles for first aid
Reach the accident spot quickly. Thin will help to save life.
Look for the following: in their failure of breathing? In their serve
bleeding? In the shock light or severe?
Be calm, methodical and quick, by doing so you can lessen the pain
and the effects of the injuries which may save life.
Attend to there and then treat easily observables injuries. Start
artificial representation, if the casualty is not breathing. Every second
gained is useful stop by pressing on the pressure point & press firmly
on the bleeding area for at least. A few minutes(min 3 minutes) take
help if needed

Treatment
Remove the cause (e.g. Electric wire, log remove the patience from
the cause of place (room on fire, poisonous gas ahead the threatening
problem first and then others.
Action that preserre life:
Open airway
CPR
Control bleeding
Treat shock and other major protect
Action that prevent worsened if condition
Dream the round
Support the wound and fracture
Position the patient comfortably
Action that promote recovery reassure
Relief of pain and discomfort
Handle carefully
Protect from extreme of temperature
Note: continue temperature till doctor take change.
TREAT FOR SHOCK:
Avoid handling the causality unnecessarily