Superdense Coding: A Report
Rakesh Ramachandran
June 12, 2024
1 Introduction
Superdense coding is a quantum transmission protocol that is used to transfer
two classical bits of information using a single quantum bit.
2 Superdense Coding Circuit
Quantum circuit for superdense coding involves mainly tree steps,preperation
of bell states,Encoding the classical bits which is done by the sender and part
where reciever decodes the classical bits by doing measurements.
Figure 1: Quantum circuit for superdense coding
2.1 Key Components of the Circuit
1. Entanglement Preparation: The process starts with two 0 states which
is entangled by using a Hadamard and cnot gate and this entangles state
is shared between sender and reciever namely Alice and Bob.
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2. Information Encoding:By applying specific operation based on the in-
formation to be send,Alice uses specific gates to send the classical infor-
mation consisting of two bits.
3. Transmission: Alice sends her qubit to Bob.
4. Measurement: Bob,reciever decodes the classical bit by applying a cnot
and a hadamard gate and later by measuring the states,the reciever can
retrive the classical information.
3 Mathematical Representation
3.1 Initial Entangled State
The initial state is the Bell state |Φ+ ⟩, which is defined as:
|00⟩ + |11⟩
|Φ+ ⟩ = √
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3.2 Applying Operations
Alice applies gates based on the corresponding classical bits to be
• I (Identity): |Φ+ ⟩
• X (Pauli-X): |Ψ+ ⟩
• Y (Pauli-Y): |Ψ− ⟩
• Z (Pauli-Z): |Φ− ⟩
The figure below illustrates the operations:
After the operations,entangled states undergo changes according to the op-
erations and Bob’s part is to decode the information.
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3.3 Measurement
Bob can get Alice’s original two classical bits by measurement in the Bell basis.
The procedure of measuring is essential because it makes use of the character-
istics of quantum entanglement to get precise information.
4 Advantages of Superdense Coding
Superdense coding offers several notable advantages:
• Increased Efficiency: Data transmission efficiency can be doubled as
two classical bits can be shared using a single quantum qubit.
• Unbreakable Security: Eavesdroper is detectable as this maked the
entanglement disrupt and
5 Conclusion
A quantum communication system that improves data transmission security and
efficiency is called superdense coding. It offers a reliable approach to encode and
transfer data by utilising the ideas of quantum entanglement, opening the door
for developments in quantum communication technology.