Chapter 4
Techniques for circuit analysis
Prepared and Presented By [Link] Alarfaj
Agenda
• Terminology
• Introduction to the Node-Voltage Method
• The Node-Voltage Method and Dependent Sources
• The Node-Voltage Method: Some Special Cases
• Introduction to the Mesh-Current Method
• The Mesh-Current Method and Dependent Sources
• The Mesh-Current Method: Some Special Cases
• The Node-Voltage Method vs. the Mesh-Current Method
• Source Transformation
• Thévenin and Norton Equivalents
• More on Deriving Thévenin Equivalent
• Maximum Power Transfer
• Superposition
Terminology
Terminology
Introduction to the
Node-Voltage Method
• How many essential nodes?
•
Node-Voltage
• Voltage drop from non-
reference essential node to
reference essential nod
• Writing node-voltage
equations, is nothing but
taking KCL at certain node
• We always assume the
current is going out of the
node
Node-Voltage
• In terms of and :
•
• KCL @ node 1:
•
𝑖 𝑖
𝑖
•
•
Node-Voltage
• Similarly, for node 2:
• Solving the two equations with
two unknowns
•
Example 1
• Use the node-voltage method to find 1 and 2 in the
circuit shown in figure.
Stop Here?
The Node-Voltage Method
and Dependent Sources
• If the circuit contains dependent sources, the node-
voltage equations must be supplemented with the
constrained equations imposed by the dependent
sources.
Example 2
• Write the node-voltage equations of the following
circuit
• Node-Voltage equation:
∆
•
• Notice: ∆
• Substitute in the above equation
•
The Node-Voltage Method:
Some Special Cases
• Known Node-Voltage:
• How many essential nodes?
•
• How many node-voltage needed?
•
• Initially, we would need 2 node-voltage
equations. However, note that is
known, as =100 V. Therefore, we only
need one node-voltage equation.
The Node-Voltage Method:
Some Special Cases
• Supernode:
• When a voltage source is
between two essential nodes,
we can combine the two
nodes to form a supernode.
• From the +ve to the –ve
•
• Note that:
The Node-Voltage Method:
Some Special Cases
Example 3
• Use the node-voltage method to find the voltage
Stop Here?
Introduction to the
Mesh-Current Method
• A mesh current: It is the current that exists only in the perimeter
of a mesh
• Number of mesh equations = number of meshes
Example 4
• We can use KCL and several KVL equations to find the currents 1, 2,and
3.
• Or, we can create mesh-current equations: Note That:
• We should consider number of Meshes
and number of currents
Mesh#1
-
Mesh#2
-
Example 5
• Use mesh-current method to find the power dissipated in the 5 Ω
resistor
The Mesh-Current Method
and Dependent Sources
• If the circuit contains dependent sources, the mesh-current equations
must be supplemented with the constrained equations imposed by
the dependent sources.
•
Stop Here?
The Mesh-Current Method:
Some Special Cases
• Known Mesh Current
• There are 3 meshes, so expect
to need 3 mesh equations.
• However, there is a known
mesh current as =20 A.
• Thus, we only need two mesh
equations
The Mesh-Current Method:
Some Special Cases
• SuperMesh
• When a current source is between two meshes, these two
meshes can be combined to form a SuperMesh.
The Mesh-Current Method:
Some Special Cases
• SuperMesh (a + c)
• SuperMesh Equation
• Mesh (b)
•
Example 6
• Use the mesh-current method to find the total power dissipated
in the circuit.
The Node-Voltage Method vs.
the Mesh-Current Method
• How to decide which method to use?
• If there is SuperNode, use the Node-Voltage method
• If there is a SuperMesh, use the Mesh-Current method
Example 7
• Find the voltage in the circuit shown
Stop Here?
SuperPosition
• Whenever a linear system is excited by more than one
independent source, the total response is the sum of the
individual responses.
• Steps for applying the SuperPosition:
1. Deactivate independent sources except one
a. Independent Voltage source will be short-circuit
b. Independent Current source will be open-circuit
c. Do not deactivate dependent sources
2. Find response ′
3. Repeat (1) for other sources and find ′′ … etc.
4. The total response is the sum of the individual responses:
= ′+ ′′+ ′′′
Example 8
For the following circuit, Apply Superposition principle then use
Mesh-Current method to find and
Example 9
Use the principle of superposition to find in the circuit shown in
the circuit below
Stop Here?
Source transformation
• If a voltage source is in series with a resistor, then the source can
be transformed to a current source in parallel with the same
resistor.
• If a current source is in parallel with a resistor, then the source
can be transformed to a voltage source in series with the same
resistor.
Source transformation
Source transformation
Important Notes
1. If there is a resistor in parallel
with the voltage source, it can be
omitted from the source
transformation.
2. If there is a resistor in series
with the current source, it can be
omitted from the source
transformation.
Example 10
• Use a series of source transformation until a single loop is created
to find in the circuit.
Thevenin Equivalent
• An independent voltage source is in series with a resistor . They
are used to describe behavior of a terminal.
Thevenin Equivalent
How to find the and ?
1. Open-circuit at terminals to find
Thevenin Equivalent
How to find the and ?
2. Short-circuit at terminals − to find
Norton Equivalent
• An independent current source is in parallel with a resistor .
They are used to describe behavior of a terminal.
Thevenin Equivalent
How to find the and ?
1. Short-circuit at terminals − to find
Thevenin Equivalent
How to find the and ?
2. Open-circuit at terminals to find
Notes
• Norton equivalent circuit is simply the source transformation of a
Thévenin equivalent circuit.
Stop Here?
Finding
• To find , we need to KILL ALL INDEPENDENT
SOURCES (Voltage source Short circuit, Current
source Open circuit) and find the equivalent
resistance between node a-b
• If there are a dependent sources in the circuit, then
we apply either a voltage test ), or a current test
( ) to the Thevenin terminals a-b, then we apply
Ohm’s law
Usefulness of
Thevenin & Notron
Summary of Finding
Thevenin & Norton Equivalent
Open-Circuit to find 𝑶𝑪 :
• The terminal − will be left open-circuited
• Determine the open-circuit voltage
Short-Circuit to find 𝑺𝑪 :
• The terminal − will be left short-circuited
• Determine the short-circuit current
Kill-Source Method to find 𝑻𝒉 = 𝑵 :
• Deactivate all sources (which must be independent only). Recall that:
o Voltage source → short circuit
o Current source → open circuit
• Determine the equivalent resistance looking from the point view of the terminal
Summary of Finding
Thevenin & Norton Equivalent
Test-Source Method to find 𝑻𝒉 = 𝑵 :
• Deactivate all independent sources. Again:
o Voltage source → short circuit
o Current source → open circuit
• Connect to terminal and a test voltage source with current delivered by
the source
• Or, Connect to terminal and a test current source with voltage
delivered by the source
• Use the equation:
Summary
Summary
Summary
Example 11
• Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit with respect to the terminals
a-b for the circuit shown.
Example 12
• Find the Norton equivalent circuit with respect to the terminals
a-b for the circuit shown.
Example 13
• Find the Thévenin equivalent for the circuit containing
dependent sources shown in Figure below
Stop Here?
Maximum Power
Transfer
• Circuit analysis plays an
important role in the analysis of
systems designed to transfer
power from a source to a load.
• We need a load resistor that
will allow for maximum power
transfer to it.
Maximum Power
Transfer
• This occurs when:
• We can find the value of this maximum
power transferred:
•
• Whereas
( )
• When Power transferred is maximum,
Maximum Power
Transfer
• If ,
• Then the Maximum power
• If Norton equivalent circuit is used, then the equation can be re-
written as:
Example 14
• In the circuit shown, find for maximum power transfer and the
maximum power transferred to the load.
Thank You
Any Questions?