Chapter 14 Notes.

notebook April 19, 2017

AP Chemistry 4/6
**6 classes until AP exam
**Practice test is on Sunday

1. Get a calculator, PT,

highlighters, and notes
printout
2. Notes on chapter 14
3. Homework assigned
on last slide

Apr 5­9:53 AM

Chapter 14 ­ Chemical Kinetics

*chemical kinetics ­ the area of chemistry concerned with
reaction speeds and rates (the reaction's mechanism)
ex: how our body processes food
14.1 ­ Factors that affect reaction rates
1. physical state of the reactants
­ reactions occur when atoms collide.
­Homogeneous (same state) or heterogeneous (different
state).
­heterogeneous reactions with solids tend to react
quicker due to the surface area of the solid
ex. crushed pill (larger surface area) reacts with body
quicker

Apr 5­9:55 AM

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Chapter 14 [Link] April 19, 2017
14.1 ­ Factors that affect reaction rates
2. Reactant concentrations
­Reactions tend to move quicker if a reactant's
concentration is increased ­ due to more molecules to
collide with each other
ex: amount of oxygen added to a fire ­ more O2,
quicker it burns
3. Reaction Temperature
­Rates tend to increase as temperature increase
­Increase in T = increase in kinetic energy = increase
in molecular movement = increase in collisions
ex: sugar dissolves easier in hot tea than cold tea
4. The presence of a catalyst
Catalyst ­ a compound that speeds up the reaction but
does not change the reaction's outcome (ex: enzyme)
­They affect the kinds of collisions that occur
Apr 5­10:00 AM

14.2 ­ Reaction Rates

Reminder: concentration = amount of solute per
amount of solvent ­ can be represented using [formula]
Molarity = M = mole solute/L solution
Reaction rate
­ speed of a chemical reaction
­change in concentration of reactants or product per unit
of time
Figure 1: Progress of a hypothetical reaction:Flask=1.0 L

Apr 5­10:04 AM

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Chapter 14 [Link] April 19, 2017

Rate of the reaction can be expressed as either:

*rate of disappearances of reactant
*rate of appearance of product
change in concentration of compound
Average rate (compound) = change in time
Change in concentration of compound = M= M at t2 ­ M at t1
Change in time = t = t2 ­ t1 (time has to be in seconds)
Average rate has units of M/s
Short hand equation:
M
Average rate (reactant disappear) = ­ t
M
Average rate (product appear) = t

Apr 5­10:18 AM

Example 1: From the data in figure 1, calculate

the average rate at which A disappears over the
time interval from 20 to 40 seconds

Apr 5­10:26 AM

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**As a reaction proceeds, it is normal for reaction rates to

decrease over time as the reaction continues due to less
concentration of the reactants (# atoms) available to
react
**the instantaneous rate (reaction rate at a specific
moment) can be determined from the slope of a graph
of the average reaction rate
Figure 2:

*for more info see

pgs 579­580

Apr 5­10:28 AM

Reaction Rates and Stoich

**the rate of the disappearance of a reactant = rate of the
appearance of a product
**in reactions, the rate is not always 1:1
**must use balance #'s (mole coefficient) when looking at
reaction rates ­ this is done by DIVIDING by the
coefficient
General Formula
aA + bB cC + dD
1 [A]= ­ 1 [B] 1 [C] = 1 [D]
rate = ­ a t b t =c t d t

Apr 5­10:32 AM

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Chapter 14 [Link] April 19, 2017

Example 2: a. How is the rate at which ozone disappears

related to the rate at which oxygen appears in the reaction:
2O3(g) 3O2(g)
b. if the rate at which O2 appears is 6.0X10­5M/s at a
particular instant, at what rate is O3 disappearing at the
same time?

Apr 5­10:51 AM

14.3 ­ Concentration and Rate Law

*One way to study reaction rates is to study how
concentrations affect the rate of the reaction and the
concentration of the other components of the reaction
*All reactions can be reversed. Rate laws are only used
when the reverse reaction is negligible
Rate constant ­ k ­ a constant that changes with
temperature
*units of k depend on the # of reactants
Reaction can be written using a rate law (expression
that relates rate, k, and concentrations of a reaction)
In general:
aA + bB cC + dD
rate = k[A]m[B]n
m and n small whole numbers that show the individual
step of the reaction (rate order) ­ determined
experimentally

Apr 5­10:53 AM

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Chapter 14 [Link] April 19, 2017

Example 3: Write the reaction laws of the

following (assume n and m both=1)
A. H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)

B. NH4+(aq) + NO2­(aq) N2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Apr 5­1:20 PM

Example 4:
NH4+(aq) + NO2­(aq) N2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Using the equation above, calculate the rate constant if
the rate is 5.4X10­7M/s, [NH4+]=0.0100M and [NO2­]=0.200M

Apr 5­1:23 PM

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Reaction Orders: the exponents m and n in the rate law

*indicates how the rate is affected by each reactant
concentration
overall reaction order ­ sum of the reaction orders
Possible reaction orders:

How the inital state changes when

Rate Order
the concnetration is doubled

No Change 0

Rate doubles 1

Rate quadruples 2

Apr 5­1:25 PM

Example 5

Apr 5­7:39 PM

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Apr 6­10:49 AM

14.4 ­ The change of concentration with time ­ SKIP

Rate orders and graphs:
When data is plotted, you can determine the rate order:

Zero Order Reaction

For a zero order reaction, as shown in the following figure,
the plot of [A] versus time is a straight line with k = ­ slope
of the line. Other graphs are curved for a zero order
reaction.

Apr 5­7:42 PM

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1st order reaction

For a first order reaction, as shown in the following figure,
the plot of the logrithm of [A] versus time is a straight line
with k = ­ slope of the line. Other graphs are curved for a
first order reaction.

Apr 5­7:49 PM

2nd order reaction

For a second order reaction, as shown in the following
figure, the plot of 1/[A] versus time is a straight line with k
= slope of the line. Other graphs are curved for a second
order reaction.

Apr 5­7:49 PM

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14.5 Temperature and Rate

*rates of most reactions increase with increase of
temperature
Collision Model ­ a chemical reaction can occur only
when the reactant molecules, atoms, or ions collide with
more than a certain amount of kinetic energy and in the
proper orientation. The collision model explains why, for
example, most collisions between molecules do not
result in a chemical reaction.
*central idea of the model ­ molecules must collide in
order to react
**If concentration increases, there are more molecules to
collide
**If temperature increases, molecule speed increases,
collisions collide

Apr 5­7:51 PM

Orientation Factor ­ collisions between

molecules must be oriented a certain way
when they collide to react
Activation energy (Ea) ­ the minimum
energy required to initiate a chemical
reaction
activated complex (transition state) ­ the
structure that results at the maximum
energy point along the reaction path
**The rate depends on the magnitude of the
activation energy, smaller activation
energy, faster the reaction

Apr 5­7:51 PM

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*If energy of reactants is higher than the products, exothermic

*If energy of reactants is lower than products, endothermic
*change in energy does affect the reaction rate

Apr 5­8:02 PM

**skip pages 596­ top 599

14.6 Reaction Mechanisms ­ will be combined with chapter 15

***Practice test Sunday at 10am ­ come in front

door
**Monday's homework on last class's
lesson
Homework ­ due Wed. 4/12 ­ 7 pts ea ­ 65 total ­ 2 free
pts
Read section 14.7 ­ you are responsible for this material
Skim Chapter 15 for next class
Book Problems ­ due Wed. 4/12
14.4, 14.5, 14.8, 14.22, 14.34, 14.48, 14.58, 14.76, 14.82

Apr 5­8:09 PM

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