Theory:

Built- In Types:

Numeric Types:

What we have are numbers that belong to a language and the integers which are whole
numbers anf floats are decimals.

So,

This is an integer- whole number

How to check for the type of the number 20.#

So, we will use something called the built- in function ‘type’.

Ref to the slide;

We can even do mathematical operation like adding, multiplying, subtracting and dividing.

But for division especially, what if we type;

The result is a float.

But when we use double slash (//);

The result is an integer.

The double slash (//) give a round-up number and the result of that output is different.
In this line, the result will be the remaining of 9 divided by 4.

There is a lot of Built-in Functions.

For the abs function;

The result will be the absolute number.

Booleans:

Takes in the form of True or False.

There is also something called Boolean Algebra. We combine True and False together;

In this case, why do you think True and False will give False as a result?

When we are using the ‘and’ operation, it means that both the left and the right side must be
true.

There is also the ‘or’ operator where the result will be Ture only if any of these sides is True.
If we put False and False;

The result will be False.

The result will be True. (One of the value is True)

We also have the opposite;

Another thing is that we can use parenthesis to combine different groups

For example;
Explanation- When we have parenthesis, the Boolean algebra will look at the statement
together. The Result of True or False will be True but then True and False, the result will be
False.

Whats’ False?

Comparisons:

We need booleans for different comparison.

What we can use for comparisons are as follows;

Note: != means NOT EQUAL.

Text Sequence Type (Strings, Str)

Strings appear single quotes or double quotes.

What will happen if we use triple quotes?

When we hit enter, it doesnt execute this line because it knows it will be a multi-line string.

There is \n in the result and \n means a new line.

Another thing is that when we use quotes within our string;

2 ways to do so;

DO NOT WRITE CODE LIKE THIS;

Ref to slide for other Build-in Functions;

In this example;

We are asking a question whether the word ends with the character ‘a’ and the result will be
False.

Another function is the strip function.

Normally, when we work with data, it is usually messy and hard to read. We can get a value
that works fine but is surrounded by many spaces all around. Strip is a good way to get rid of
spaces at the beginning and at the end.

Another function with strings is called Type Csting.

For example we have the number 42 and we want to convert it as an integer..

For example;

It is important to convert the string into an integer (whole numbers) to avoid errors.

Check the documentation for the other Built-in Function.

Advanced Built- in Functions:

2 types:

Sequence Type- Lists, Tuples and Range.

Mapping Types- Dictionaries.

Lists:

We use square brackets for lists and it contains elements.

We can also check if the word is in the list or not and the result will be a boolean value.

Elements can be an integer, dictionaries, lists (lists within lists).

Mapping Types:

refered to as ‘dict’

For example;
There are key value pairs. On the right its the value and on the left its the value.

What you can do?

What we can do is extract the keys or values from the dictionaries.

We can also look for the pairs as well;

Variables:

Sometimes, we will see variables in capital letters.

Someone who will create a variable in capital letters, it means do not change it, do not modify
it, update it, do not assign any other values.

Next is something called Re-assignment.

Once we named the variable and added information in it, we can also change it.

At first we used the name John and it printed John. Then we re-assigned it and put the name
of Paul, it printed Paul.

There are more things to do with strings.

Concatenate both name.

But, the problem is that there is no space between the first and the second name.

What to do?

There is another way to present the information;

This is through interpolation.

The syntax is as follows;

List operations:

In terms of ordering, each element comes with an index starting with 0 then 1, 2, 3 and so on.

How to create and append elements?

What we can do also is put the index of the element and the word you want to change
Other Lists operators:

We can select a part of the list using a column.

Even if we go beyond the range, it will still give the result that is in the range of the list.

We can also delete an element from the list.

We can also insert an element at a specific position in the list.

‘dict’ Operations:
We can also create and update a dictionary.

What is happening here? Here, we are creating.

We can also update it by using the same syntax.

When it comes to remove elements, we use the del key.

Other dict operations:

The key john cannot be find, so there will be an error.

To avoid it, there is a function used to escape this error, and this function is called get
function.
It will look for the presence of the key that we are looking for in the dictionaries.

If it doesnt pass the value, it will return the ‘default instrument’ (the argument we passed
there)

An example to present this;

There is no error and it will block the code when running it.

Sum up:
Now,

What if we want to have more information of the person, like we have john’s instrument but
what if we want to know john’s age.

Then the result will be;

How to check what are the instruments of paul?

First, when we put paul, we have his instruments and his age.

What if we want only the instrument?

What if we only want guitar, we will put the index of the element.
Control Flow:

The order in which the lines of code are executed.

If Statements:

Here, the order matters;

What of we get;
Lets say if put enter the age of 24. It satisfies the first condition and thus, it will stop at thai
condition.

And when we run this;

For statement on a list:

For statement, are ways to look through the object.

What if you need the index inside of the For Loop?

We can use the enumerate function to access not only to the element but also to the index.
If we want to enumerate the elements, How to we proceed then?

For statement on a dict:

We want to use both the key and value.

In this case,

If we want to see what the items are;

If we remove the word ‘item’;

We have an error- too many values to unpack.

What if we want to get only the instrument?

While Loops:

Functions:

Sometimes, we would just print things out without returning it. We must almost make sure we
return the function.
(didnt understand)

Then,

Modules:

This is a way to organise the code.