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Sources and Consequences of Groundwater Contamination

Article in Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · January 2021

DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00805-z

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EDITORIAL

Sources and Consequences of Groundwater Contamination

Peiyue Li1,2 · D. Karunanidhi3 · T. Subramani4 · K. Srinivasamoorthy5

Accepted: 17 December 2020

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature 2021

Abstract
Groundwater contamination is a global problem that has a significant impact on human health and ecological services. Studies
reported in this special issue focus on contaminants in groundwater of geogenic and anthropogenic origin distributed over a
wide geographic range, with contributions from researchers studying groundwater contamination in India, China, Pakistan,
Turkey, Ethiopia, and Nigeria. Thus, this special issue reports on the latest research conducted in the eastern hemisphere on
the sources and scale of groundwater contamination and the consequences for human health and the environment, as well as
technologies for removing selected contaminants from groundwater. In this article, the state of the science on groundwater
contamination is reviewed, and the papers published in this special issue are summarized in terms of their contributions to
the literature. Finally, some key issues for advancing research on groundwater contamination are proposed.

Groundwater is a major source of fresh water for the global other emerging contaminants, are a threat to human health,
population and is used for domestic, agricultural, and indus- ecological services, and sustainable socioeconomic develop-
trial uses. Approximately one third of the global population ment (Li 2020; Li and Wu 2019).
depends on groundwater for drinking water (International Over the past three decades, chemical contamination is
Association of Hydrogeologists 2020). Groundwater is a a common theme reported in groundwater studies. While
particularly important resource in arid and semi-arid regions groundwater contamination is a great challenge to human
where surface water and precipitation are limited (Li et al. populations, this subject also presents a great opportunity
2017a). Securing a safe and renewable supply of groundwa- for researchers to better understand how our subsurface aqui-
ter for drinking is one of the crucial drivers of sustainable fers have evolved and for decision makers to grasp how we
development for a nation. However, urbanization, agricul- can protect both the quality and quantity of these resources.
tural practices, industrial activities, and climate change all Fresh water aquifers are one of the most important sections
pose significant threats to groundwater quality. Contami- of the Critical Zone (CZ), which extends from the top of
nants, such as toxic metals, hydrocarbons, trace organic the vegetation canopy down to the bottom of the aquifer
contaminants, pesticides, nanoparticles, microplastics, and (Lin 2010). As part of the global effort to understand the
functions, structures, and processes within the CZ, a range
* Peiyue Li of investigations have been performed that contribute to our
lipy2@[Link]; peiyueli@[Link] knowledge of the circulation and evolution of groundwater
(Sawyer et al. 2016; Goldhaber et al. 2014).
1
School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, No. Many of the contaminants in groundwater are of geogenic
126 Yanta Road, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
origin as a result of dissolution of the natural mineral depos-
2
Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological its within the Earth’s crust (Basu et al. 2014; Pandey et al.
Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education,
Chang’an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi’an 710054,
2016; Subba Rao et al. 2020; He et al. 2020a). However, due
Shaanxi, China to rapid expansion of the global population, urbanization,
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute
industrialization, agricultural production, and the economy,
of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Coimbatore, we now are faced with the challenge of the negative impacts
India of contaminants of anthropogenic origin. The countries most
4
Department of Geology, CEG, Anna University, Chennai, affected by these global changes are those that are going
India through rapid economic development, with many of them
5
Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University, located in the eastern hemisphere (Clement and Meunie
Kalapet, Pondicherry, India

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 Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

2010; Hayashi et al. 2013; Lam et al. 2015). Thus, it is Major Contaminants
appropriate that this special issue entitled, “The fate and
consequences of groundwater contamination” focuses on Groundwater contamination is defined as the addition of
studies of the unique challenges related to contaminants of undesirable substances to groundwater caused by human
both anthropogenic and geogenic origin in groundwater in activities (Government of Canada 2017). This can be caused
several countries in the eastern hemisphere, including China, by chemicals, road salt, bacteria, viruses, medications, ferti-
India, Turkey, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Nigeria. Figure 1 lizers, and fuel. However, groundwater contamination differs
illustrates the countries where the research was conducted from contamination of surface water in that it is invisible
and the classes of chemical contaminants reported in the and recovery of the resource is difficult at the current level
articles in this special issue. of technology (MacDonald and Kavanaugh 1994). Contami-
The range of topics included in articles in this special nants in groundwater are usually colorless and odorless. In
issue includes: (1) Latest methods for detecting and track- addition, the negative impacts of contaminated groundwater
ing the movement of groundwater contaminants; (2) Novel on human health are chronic and are very difficult to detect
techniques for assessing risks to human populations consum- (Chakraborti et al. 2015). Once contaminated, remediation
ing contaminated groundwater; (3) Effects of groundwater is challenging and costly, because groundwater is located
contamination on the abiotic environment, such as soil, sedi- in subsurface geological strata and residence times are long
ments, and surface water; and (4) Case studies and remedial (Wang et al. 2020; Su et al. 2020). The natural purification
actions to control groundwater contamination from natural processes for contaminated groundwater can take decades or
and anthropogenic sources. The co-editors of this special even hundreds of years, even if the source of contamination
issue anticipate that these articles will facilitate an under- is cut off (Tatti et al. 2019).
standing of the origins and extent of groundwater contami- The numbers of classes of contaminants detected in
nation and its consequences and will provide examples of groundwater are increasing rapidly, but they can be broadly
approaches that can be taken for remediation of groundwater classified into three major types: chemical contaminants,
contamination and protection of groundwater quality. biological contaminants, and radioactive contaminants.

Fig. 1  Eastern hemisphere, showing the countries where the groundwater research was conducted and the classes of contaminants studied in the
articles published in this special issue

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Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

These contaminants can come from natural and anthropo- biodegradable, while some are persistent. The biodegrad-
genic sources (Elumalai et al. 2020). The natural sources able organic contaminants originate mainly from domestic
of groundwater contamination include seawater, brackish sewage and industrial wastewater. Many of these organic
water, surface waters with poor quality, and mineral depos- substances are naturally produced from carbohydrates,
its. These natural sources may become serious sources of proteins, fats, and oils and can be transformed into stable
contamination if human activities upset the natural envi- inorganic substances by microorganisms. They have no
ronmental balance, such as depletion of aquifers leading to direct toxic effects on living beings but can reduce the
saltwater intrusion, acid mine drainage as a result of exploi- dissolved oxygen levels in groundwater. Common organic
tation of mineral resources, and leaching of hazardous chem- contaminants include hydrocarbons, halogenated com-
icals as a result of excessive irrigation (Su et al. 2020; Wu pounds, plasticizers, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and per-
et al. 2015; Li et al. 2016, 2018). sonal care products and natural estrogens, among others
Nitrogen contaminants, such as nitrate, nitrite, and ammo- (Lapworth et al. 2015; Meffe and Bustamante 2014). Many
nia nitrogen, are prevalent inorganic contaminants. Nitrate of the halogenated compounds (e.g., chlorinated, bromi-
is predominantly from anthropogenic sources, including nated, fluorinated) are stable in the environment and can
agriculture (i.e., fertilizers, manure) and domestic wastewa- be accumulated and enriched in organisms, causing harm-
ter (Hansen et al. 2017; He and Wu 2019; He et al. 2019; ful effects in organisms from higher trophic levels, includ-
Karunanidhi et al. 2019; Li et al. 2019a; Serio et al. 2018; ing humans (Gwenzi and Chaukura 2018; Schulze et al.
Zhang et al. 2018). Groundwater nitrate contamination has 2019). The persistent organic contaminants are mainly
been widely reported from regions all over the world. Other compounds used for agriculture, industrial processes,
common inorganic contaminants found in groundwater and protection of human health (Lapworth et al. 2015).
include anions and oxyanions, such as F ­ −, ­SO42−, and C
­ l −, Because these compounds degrade very slowly or even
2+ 2+
and major cations, such as ­Ca and M ­ g . Total dissolved not at all, they may permanently threaten the quality of
solids (TDS), which refers to the total amount of inorganic groundwater for drinking purposes (Schulze et al. 2019).
and organic ligands in water, also may be elevated in ground- Radioactive contaminants in groundwater can origi-
water. These contaminants are usually of natural origin, but nate from geological deposits of radionuclides but also can
human activities also can elevate levels in groundwater (Adi- originate from anthropogenic sources, such as wastes from
malla and Wu 2019). nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons testing, and improper
Toxic metals and metalloids are a risk factor for the health disposal of medical radioisotopes (Dahlgaard et al. 2004;
of both human populations and for the natural environ- Lytle et al. 2014; Huang et al. 2012). Radioactive substances
ment. Chemical elements widely detected in groundwater can enter the human body through a variety of routes, includ-
include metals, such as zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), ing drinking water. However, radioactive contaminants have
chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd), and metalloids, such been rarely detected in groundwater at levels that are a threat
as selenium (Se) and arsenic (As). Exposures at high con- to human health.
centrations can lead to severe poisoning, although some of Biological contaminants include algae and microbial
these elements are essential micronutrients at lower doses organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. For
(Hashim et al. 2011). For example, exposure to hexavalent microbial contaminants, more than 400 kinds of bacteria
chromium ­(Cr6+) can increase the risk of cancer (He and Li have been identified in human and animal feces, and more
2020). Arsenic is ranked as a Group 1 human carcinogen than 100 kinds of viruses have been recognized (Shen and
by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Gao 1995). Some of these microbial organisms originate
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and from natural sources, but some include microscopic organ-
­As3+ can react with sulfhydryl (–SH) groups of proteins and isms that co-exist with natural algal species and compete
enzymes to upset cellular functions and eventually cause cell for available resources (Flemming and Wuertz 2019; Lam
death (Abbas et al. 2018; Rebelo and Caldas 2016). Toxic et al. 2018). Drinking water contaminated by microbial
metals in the environment are persistent and subject to mod- contaminants can result in many human diseases, includ-
erate bioaccumulation when they enter the food chain (He ing serious diarrheal diseases, such as typhoid and cholera.
and Li 2020; Hashim et al. 2011). Currently, the COVID-19 virus has resulted in pandemic
Organic contaminants have been widely detected in affecting every corner of the world. This coronavirus is
drinking water, and many of these compounds are regarded primarily transmitted from person-to-person through
as human carcinogens or endocrine disrupting chemicals. respiratory droplets (Centers for Disease Control and
In groundwater, more than 200 organic contaminants have Prevention 2020). However, water contaminated by this
been detected, and this number is still increasing (Lesser virus also can threaten human health (Bhowmick et al.
et al. 2018; Jurado et al. 2012; Lapworth et al. 2012; 2020; Lokhandwala and Gautam 2020). Algal contamina-
Sorensen et al. 2015). Some organic contaminants are tion is very common in surface waters, such as lakes and

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 Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

reservoirs due to eutrophication, but algae are rarely found Articles in the Special Issue
at a high biomass in groundwater.
Nineteen papers are included in this special issue. The top-
ics of these papers cover a range of contamination issues,
including the sources of geogenic and anthropogenic con-
Consequences of Groundwater tamination, seasonal cycles in contamination, human health
Contamination risks, and remediation technologies. Figure 2 illustrates
a word cloud generated using the words in the titles and
Groundwater contamination can impact human health, abstracts of the articles in this special issue, showing the
environmental quality, and socioeconomic development. most frequently used terms. The word cloud shows that the
For example, many studies have shown that high levels of most frequently used technical terms in the articles are water,
fluoride, nitrate, metals, and persistent organic pollutants risk, metals, nitrate, fluoride, polycyclic aromatic hydrocar-
are a health risk for human populations (Wu et al. 2020). bons (PAHs), health, limits, and values. These terms reflect
This is especially critical for infants and children who are the main topics of the articles, which cover the assessment
more susceptible to the effects of these contaminants than of the concentrations of trace metals, fluoride, nitrate, PAHs,
adults (He et al. 2020b; Wu and Sun 2016; Karunanidhi and other organic contaminants in groundwater and the asso-
et al. 2020; Mthembu et al. 2020; Ji et al. 2020; Subba ciated risks to the health of human populations. Some more
Rao et al. 2020; Zhou et al. 2020). For example, “blue minor terms, such as geogenic, source, removal, statisti-
baby syndrome,” also known as infant methemoglobine- cal, EWQI, and mobility, indicate that some articles focus
mia, is caused by excessive nitrate concentrations in the on evaluating the sources of groundwater contamination,
drinking water used to make baby formulas. Human health approaches to groundwater quality assessment, and contami-
also can be affected by the groundwater contamination nant remediation techniques. The main contributions of each
through effects on the food production system. Irriga- article in this special issue are summarized below.
tion with groundwater contaminated by heavy metals and Toxic metals are persistent contaminants and can be
wastewater containing persistent contaminants can result bioaccumulated in human tissues via food chain (He and
in the accumulation of toxic elements in cereals and veg- Li 2020). In this special issue, six articles focused on the
etables, causing health risks to humans (Jenifer and Jha
2018; Yuan et al. 2019; Njuguna et al. 2019).
Groundwater contamination also can negatively affect the
quality of lands and forests. Contaminated groundwater can
lead to soil contamination and degradation of land quality.
For example, in many agricultural areas in arid regions, high
groundwater salinity is one of the major factors influenc-
ing soil salinization (Wu et al. 2014). The soluble salts and
other contaminants, such as toxic metals, can accumulate
in the root zone, affecting vegetation growth. Groundwa-
ter contaminants also can be transported by surface water-
groundwater interactions, leading to deterioration of surface
water quality (Teng et al. 2018).
Sustainable economic development requires a balance
between the rate of renewal of natural resources and human
demand (Li et al. 2017b). Freshwater is probably the most
valuable of the natural resources. However, chronic ground-
water contamination may reduce the availability of freshwa-
ter, breaking the balance between water supply and demand
and leading to socioeconomic crises and even wars. Water
shortages induced by contamination may become a factor
causing conflicts among citizens in the future (Schillinger
et al. 2020), possibly delaying the socioeconomic develop-
ment of a nation. Groundwater contamination is not only
an environmental issue but also a social issue, demanding
collaboration between both natural scientists and social Fig. 2  Word cloud generated using the words in the titles and
scientists. abstracts of articles in this special issue

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Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

assessing trace metal pollution in groundwater. Çiner et al. Organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydro-
(2021) used multivariate statistical analysis to identify the carbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are
sources of trace elements in groundwater, including Al, common contaminants of anthropogenic origin in groundwa-
Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, and Ba, and assessed ter that could cause serious health problems. In this special
the health risks from arsenic contamination in a region of issue, two articles focused on these organic pollutants. The
south-central Turkey. Their research results indicate that the article by Ololade et al. (2021) reported an investigation
carcinogenic risks from exposure to arsenic to both adults into PAHs and PCBs in groundwater near selected waste
and children were higher than the guideline limit, and the dumpsites located in two southwestern states in Nigeria.
geogenic processes are the main cause of trace element They found that the more water-soluble, low molecular
contamination in groundwater in this region. Chandrasekar weight-PAHs accounted for more than 61% of the total
et al. (2021) also identified geogenic metal contamination PAHs detected across all locations, but surprisingly the
in their article focused on the source, geochemical mobil- more highly chlorinated hexa-PCBs dominated the conge-
ity, and health risks from trace metals in groundwater in a ner profiles. In another paper in this issue by Ambade et al.
Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) contact region of India. However, (2021), the occurrence, distribution, health risk, and com-
Raja et al. (2021) concluded that industrial activities and position of 16 priority PAHs were investigated in drinking
leaching from municipal dumpsites were the main sources of water from southern Jharkhand in the eastern part of India.
the metal pollution in the groundwater in the industrialized These authors found that lower and middle molecular weight
township (Taluk) of Virudhunagar in India. PAHs were dominant in groundwater from the study area,
In addition to contamination of groundwater, trace ele- but the levels are currently below concentrations that are a
ments can be transported via groundwater into surface carcinogenic risk.
waters and into oceans. In the article by Prakash et al. Studies of radioactive elements in groundwater often
(2021), estimates were made of the submarine groundwater are neglected, but these radionuclides can be a hazard to
discharge and associated trace element fluxes from an urban human health. Adithya et al. (2021) conducted a study in
estuary region to the marine environment in the Bay of Ben- Tamil Nadu state in southern India to measure the levels
gal in India. This study revealed that submarine groundwater of radon (Rn) in groundwater and quantify the health risks.
discharge is an important factor contributing to the fluxes to Their study showed that the Rn is released into groundwater
the sea of dissolved trace elements. from granitic and gneissic rocks within uranium-enriched
Finding efficient and cost-effective technologies for lithological zones. However, the Rn levels determined in
removal of trace elements from groundwater is crucial Bequerels per litre were lower than the guideline limit and
for the sustainable management of water resources. Zhao the groundwater does not pose health risks to consumers.
et al. (2021) studied Cd removal from water using a novel In this special issue, Adimalla and Qian (2021) conducted
low-temperature roasting technique associated with alkali a study on the spatial distribution and potential health risks
to synthesize a high-performance adsorbent from coal fly from nitrate pollution in groundwater in southern India. The
ash. Dutta et al. (2021) proposed to use electrocoagulation article revealed high nitrate levels in groundwater, at con-
with iron electrodes as a treatment technology for arsenic centrations up to 130 mg/L. Both adults and children were
removal from groundwater, and a pilot scale filtration unit judged to face health risks from consumption of nitrate in
was used to remove ferric hydroxide flocs produced during drinking water, but children were identified as more sus-
the process. ceptible to the effects of groundwater nitrate pollution. The
Fluoride is of value in trace amounts for promoting dental paper by Karunanidhi et al. (2021) describes the improve-
health, but this anion is toxic when present in high concen- ments in groundwater quality that occurred in an industrial-
trations in water and food (Adimalla and Li 2019; Li et al. ized region of southeastern India between January and June
2014, 2019b; Marghade et al. 2020). In this special issue, of 2020. These improvements included reduced nitrate con-
two articles specifically address fluoride occurrence, dis- tamination, which may have been due to reduced transport
tribution, and health risks. The article by Haji et al. (2021) of nitrate into groundwater before the monsoon period, but
describes a study of groundwater quality and human health also could have been due to the decline in industrial and
risks from fluoride contamination in a region within the agricultural activity in the region during the lockdown in
southern Main Ethiopian Rift. Keesari et al. (2021) used the India that began in March 2020 in response to the first wave
empirical cumulative density function to estimate the health of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, fluoride concen-
risks from consuming fluoride contaminated groundwater trations of geogenic origin also were lower in groundwater
in northeastern parts of Rajasthan in India. These authors before the monsoon.
also produced a fluorosis risk map to aid decision makers in Understanding the seasonal and spatial variations in
taking necessary remedial measures to improve the ground- groundwater quality is essential for the protection of human
water quality. health and to maintain the crop yields. Subba Rao et al. (2021)

13
 Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

used multiple approaches to identify the seasonal variations in The Way Ahead
groundwater quality and revealed that the groundwater quality
for drinking and irrigation purposes was lower in the post- Groundwater contamination is now a global problem and
monsoon period relative to the pre-monsoon period. The dete- the resolution of these problems requires close collabo-
rioration of groundwater quality in the post-monsoon period ration among researchers in universities and government
was attributed to contaminant transport occurring through agencies, industries, and decision makers from all levels
groundwater recharge but also was influenced by topographi- of government. To solve the groundwater contamination
cal factors and human activities. problems, international collaboration is needed. This is
Understanding the hydrogeochemical processes affecting particularly true in countries with developing economies
groundwater chemistry is the basis for effective management where financial resources and access to advanced tech-
of groundwater resources. Ren et al. (2021) adopted statistical nologies are not readily available. Special focus should
approaches and multivariate statistical analysis techniques to be given to the following aspects of research and training:
understand the hydrogeochemical processes affecting ground-
water in the central part of the Guanzhong Basin, China. The • Groundwater contamination issues in different coun-
main contribution of this article is that it could help local tries should be addressed with a range of measures,
decision makers to make water management decisions in the techniques, and policies. Although groundwater con-
densely populated river basin by providing them with useful tamination is a global problem, its nature and influ-
groundwater management options. encing factors are different between countries, climatic
There are four articles in this special issue that focus spe- regions, and geological features. It may not be optimal
cifically on methods to assess groundwater quality and hum- to adopt remediation approaches that are successful in
fluoride and associated arsenicosis and fluoan health risks. other countries or regions. For example, nitrate pollu-
Shukla and Saxena (2021) assessed the groundwater qual- tion is caused by fertilizer and manure applications in
ity and health risk in the rural parts of Raebareli district in some agricultural regions (Zhang et al. 2018) but also
northern India. Wang et al. (2021) identified the hydrochemi- may be caused by pollution by industrial and domestic
cal characteristics of groundwater and assessed health risk to wastewater in other areas, or even by explosives used
consumers in a part of the Ordos basin in China. Adimalla in mineral exploration (Li et al. 2018). It may be nec-
(2021) applied two indices: the entropy weighted water qual- essary to use different approaches to mitigate differ-
ity index (EWQI), and the pollution index of groundwater ent types of nitrate pollution. Even in instances where
(PIG) to assess the suitability of groundwater for drinking fertilizer application is the common cause of nitrate
purpose in the Telangana state in southeastern India. Khan pollution in a tropical and a temperate region, the reme-
et al. (2021) assessed the drinking water quality and potential diation approaches could be different, as climate factors
health impacts by considering physicochemical parameters, and soil characteristics will have a great influence on
as well as bacteriological contamination of groundwater in the mechanisms and extent of contaminant transport.
Bajaur, Pakistan. • With the rapid technological development, many novel
Collectively, these articles contribute to the literature on techniques have been developed to study groundwater
scientific developments in the field of groundwater contami- contamination, including geophysical and geoinfor-
nation. The case studies presented in these articles are use- matics techniques. Geographical information systems
ful for policy makers and the public to understand the cur- (GIS) and remote sensing (Ahmed et al. 2020; Al-
rent water quality status in these regions. In particular, these Abadi et al. 2020; Alshayef et al. 2019; Kannan et al.
articles provide a window into the groundwater contamina- 2019) have accelerated the development of groundwa-
tion issues that are affecting low- and middle-income coun- ter science. In the future, artificial intelligence, “big
tries and countries with emerging economies in the eastern data” analysis, drone surveys, and molecular and sta-
hemisphere. Researchers from Europe, North America, and ble isotope analysis technologies will be more widely
other high-income countries often do not grasp the extent of available for applications in groundwater research.
groundwater contamination from geogenic and anthropogenic Groundwater scientists need to adopt and apply these
sources in these regions and do not realize that many human new technologies for the study of groundwater con-
populations have no choice but to consume the contaminated tamination.
drinking water. • Governments, particularly in countries with developing
economies need to invest in and encourage research
and training in groundwater science. In many regions,
human populations have no alternative but to consume
groundwater that is contaminated with chemical or bio-

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Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

logical agents, potentially causing wide ranging health implication and spatial distribution of radon in groundwater
effects. Investment is needed to determine the extent of along the lithological contact in south India. Arch Environ Con-
tam Toxicol (this issue)
this contamination and how to remediate the impacts Ahmed A, Nawaz R, Woulds C, Drake F (2020) Influence of hydro-
on human health, or to find alternate sources of drink- climatic factors on future coastal land susceptibility to erosion in
ing water. Bangladesh: a geospatial modelling approach. J Geovis Spat Anal
4:6. https​://[Link]/10.1007/s4165​1-020-00050​-x
Al-Abadi AM, Ghalib HB, Al-Mohammdawi JA (2020) Delineation of
groundwater recharge zones in Ali Al-Gharbi District, Southern
Acknowledgements Editing a successful special issue is not easy. The Iraq using multi-criteria decision-making model and GIS. J Geo-
Guest Editors must ensure that the topic is of importance and of broad vis Spat Anal 4:9. https​://[Link]/10.1007/s4165​1-020-00054​-7
interest so that there are an adequate number of contributors willing Alshayef MS, Javed A, Mohammed AMB (2019) Appraisal of potential
to submit their manuscripts. They must also make sure that the peer hydrocarbon zones in Masila Oil Field, Yemen. J Geovis Spat
review process is efficient and effective, while maintaining the high Anal 3:17. https​://[Link]/10.1007/s4165​1-019-0043-0
quality of the papers. All of these cannot be fulfilled without the sup- Ambade B, Sethi SS, Kumar A, Sankar TK (2021) Health risk assess-
port of the Editor in Chief. So, we are extremely grateful for Prof. Chris ment, composition and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydro-
Metcalfe’s guidance and support for this special issue. We are also sin- carbons (PAHs) in drinking water of southern Jharkhand, East
cerely thankful to the reviewers who provided constructive comments India. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol (this issue)
that are essential for maintaining the high quality of the special issue. Basu A, Saha D, Saha R, Ghosh T, Saha B (2014) A review on sources,
Last but not the least, the authors whose manuscripts were included toxicity and remediation technologies for removing arsenic from
and those whose manuscripts were rejected are acknowledged for their drinking water. Res Chem Intermediation 40:447–485
interest in contributing to the special issue. The special issue was edited Bhowmick GD, Dhar D, Nath D, Ghangrekar MM, Banerjee R, Das
in a situation in which the COVID-19 struck in nearly every corner of S, Chatterjee J (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
the world. We are impressed by the dedication of doctors who fought outbreak: some serious consequences with urban and rural water
and/or are fighting against the coronavirus. Prof. Peiyue Li is grate- cycle. NPJ Clean Water 3:32. https​://[Link]/10.1038/s4154​
ful for the financial support granted by the National Natural Science 5-020-0079-1
Foundation of China (41761144059 and 42072286), the Fundamental Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) Global COVID-
Research Funds for the Central Universities of CHD (300102299301), 19. https:​ //[Link]/corona​ virus​ /2019-ncov/global​ -covid-​ 19/
the Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation (161098), and the Ten Thou- index​.html. Accessed 18 Oct 2020
sand Talents Program (W03070125), which allow him to carry out vari- Chakraborti D, Rahman MM, Mukherjee A, Alauddin M, Hassan
ous investigations. The year 2021 is the 70th anniversary of Chang’an M, Dutta RN, Pati S, Mukherjee SC, Roy S, Quamruzzman Q,
University. Congratulations! Rahman M, Islam T, Sorif S, Selim Md, Islam MR, Hossain
MM (2015) Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangla-
Compliance with Ethical Standards desh—21 years of research. J Trace Elem Med Biol 31:237–248
Chandrasekar T, Keesari T, Gopalakrishnan G, Karuppannan S, Sena-
Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. pathi V, Sabarathinam C, Viswanathan PM (2021) Occurrence of
heavy metals in groundwater along the lithological interface of
K/T boundary, peninsular India: a special focus on source, geo-
chemical mobility and health risk. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol
(this issue)
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