Rudiments of Computer Science CePA o a) s Su een ania noe aero tons Ee A Brit History of he taternet 61 | # Some Services Provided by the Internet 63 | = Network and Internet Security 610 [entermet ot Things aor) ots 1A Brief History of the Internet be present-day Intemet is the outcome of a military fj | Warsnearien sah undertaking by the US during the cold war days. | 2MstsA@Pice? | Pentagon's Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) funded | 4 WwatsWic? ‘8 communication network called ARPAnet in 1969. The aim ‘was (0 create a reliable communication network for military use that would not be affected in case ‘of partial destruction from a nuclear attack. This was done by spliting the data being sent into small packets and using a packet switching technology to transmit the data via different routes. The ARPAnet was first used by organisations having US government security clearance and working ‘on government projects. Then in 1979 ARPAnet got merged with a parallel academic network called the Usenet News. This combined network later came to be known as the Internet. ‘The Internet is a global wide area network, consisting of a large collection of sub-networks connected using special devices like routers in a mesh topology. It uses a client-server approach and a packet switching technology to share resources located on these sub-networks. Using the Intemet thus millions of people can exchange a variety of information across the globe, The TCPAP protocol suite was developed for connecting the ARPAnet computers for communication. ARPAnct allowed engineers and scientists working on military contracts all over ‘America to share computer resources. To facilitate exchange of messages through this network, the concept of electronic mail was introduced, tuning the network into a new communication medium. ‘The number of computers connected to the Internet has been growing fast, In 1983 there were less | than 500 host computers. With the emergence of personal computers and mobile phones, more and ‘more people connect to the Internet and the present number of users has become more than a billion. ‘+ Standard bodies of the Internet: Who owns the Internet? No person, government or entity owns or controls the Internet. There are regulatory bodies that define rules and regulations for using the Intemet, but these bodies do not actually run the entire Internet. During its development, the intemet ‘was supported and controlled mainly by American government agencies, fist by ARPA and then by [NSF (National Science Foundation). ‘The adjacent figure indicates the different organisations and committees that presently ‘oversee the Internet, In general, the IETF forms ‘working groups to develop specifications, which are evaluated by FESG in conjunction with the JAB. ‘A volunteer organisation called ISOC (Internet Society) controls the future of the Internet, It manages the various organisations and standard seting procedures and publishes the new standards. Web standards are announced by the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), 83 ‘On Oatbe 29, 285, tho fet surest message was sen ‘ver ARPAnet UCLA ‘stufent Chaty Kine ‘rns tom an SDS Sima 7 computer an SDS40 machine athe ‘Stanford Researen inst. n Be ial message teers er sent before ne machine crashed a 1963, be TOP rebwokprotcl was ao (sec fo ARPAnet, raking Pe ler network pat he ntenet. 100, ARPAnet was fealy discontoved and | retoced by the NSFW, whe had been inexiten since 1986 & ARPAnet | sean eo |cseceneteces peor (te Smee |Siesaeretn ‘Shemoen |e ne |einzdecs iy Inerne The nteratis | | otal wide area network, consisting of alarge collection of subnetwork | connect using special vices tke utes, na mesh tepolonyInternet Service Providers (ISP) se An intemet Service Provider or an ISP 18 toda) Reserce 0 aie odor es ACT Feet ol an 3 6 BM 5 7 ame a 4 (email) Email Address 2: Chaptor 6 In 1993 InterNIC (Internet Network Information Centre) was p= aagam SP 2 Mats on ona? established with funding from NST, for managing the top level | tnternet domain names. Later in’ 1998, "2. non-profit organisation called TCANN was formed to Took afer the operation ofthe Internet. InterNIC i no longer inservice and domain name repsaion is now done though a number of organisations, While ICANN i responsible for IP address allocation policies, te actual management of IP addresses i handled by different registries. ICANN allocates blocks of IP addresses to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), ‘he RIRs then further allocate blocks of adresses to loalIntemet registries within thei geographic regions. Finally, the local registries asign addresses tthe end User | No one in genera hus owns the Internet and accordingly snot funded by any single individual or | organisation. Each individual network is run by the owner of that network. Currently commercial ISPs and long-distance telecommunication companies offer thir services to the customers in exchange of fees, 5 Moat tom fama? 4 Dest arena aes + Internet Service Providers ‘An Internet Service Provider or an ISP usually provides customers with access (0 the Internet. ISPs follow a_ hierarchical scheme and are divided into local, regional, national and global ISPs. The global Network Service Providers (NSP) build national or global networks and sell bandwidth to regional | NSPs, which then resell bandwidth to local | ISPs, which in turn sell their services to the local end users (see diagram above). | A typical ISP facility basically includes routers, servers, storage devices and other communication | and networking equipment. The backbone of a present-day ISP consists of Gigabit Ethernet technology and ATM switches. It has an access side and an Internet connection side. Between the access side and the Internet side is a core network or switch that interconnects the two sides and | provides connection to other equipment like DNS servers, e-mail servers, Web servers etc. ere ae eee ‘The popularity of the Internet is due to the various services it provides. These services are used by people from different walks of life. Some of these popular services are discussed below. ‘Electronic mail (e-mail) Emails are electronic versions of mails that can be exchanged using a ‘computer network. Here the user runs client software to connect to the tmail-server of the email service provider to send email to or receive email from another user. Pethaps the most important use of the Internet is to exchange mails. Structure of an Email: An email basically consists of two parts - the header and the body. Toe header contains information like the sender’s email address, one or more receiver email addresses, date of sending the email, the subject field etc. The body contains the actual email content, Email addresses: A normal letter needs the postal address of the recipient to deliver the let. Similarly, an email needs a unique recipient address. Address format for an email has two parts YZ 4 user portion and a routing portion, separated by the @ character. The user portion gives the nae 2-6-2 84Rudiments of Computer Science “Te internet, ants Applications ‘of the user's mailbox to which the mail is sent, and the routing portion indicates the server where the user's mailbox is located. For example, the email address [Link]@[Link] tells the email program that the mail should go toa user whose mailbox name is [Link] and whose mailbox is located in the server ‘computer with the domain name [Link]. ‘Types of email services: Emails can be handled ether using an paneer intel email client program or a web mail service, The interlace for | webbuted om «ach service provides an Inbox to store the incoming mails, an Outbox to temporarily store the | S3b Btace ‘outgoing mails and a Sent Mails folder to view the mails already sent. A user can also temporarily | Capeabn a 106 As save mails in a Drafts folder before sending them. Personal address books and contact lists can | Presto’ ex!CEO, te also be maintained by such services. {ded Hina apd Tae ate * Using email client program: This type of service uses an email client software like Eudora, | ards eval Pine, Microsoft Outlook, etc. to ereate, send, receive, and forward mails. Once the sendeceive | aston Wersotn option is run, mail downloaded by the clen ean be stored inthe hard disk ofthe user's | [2S-FEM=!a om computer for future use. Hence, the user ean also work offline to view the downloaded mails. | forsfe guste msl frovaen ne Wore That as fe wa petra ‘ven? 2 2 hat oe te ving al ats sity sat ngratcon 2 3 Nenwtowetratseras T 4 coy Cer Be wth ‘eigecwaneral? 2 5 We see sepstowee meni? 6 Howcan ou sah aoa eral? | ” ‘+ Using Web mai: I isan email service that can be accesed using a Web browser and an | Powesnrevire_| email service provider ike Gmail, Redfin e. The main advantage with sich» ang | system is that the user can acces hither mall account from anywhere around the world witha computer, an Internet connection, anda Web browser The disadvantage ita the user | Salmzlantton cannot work off-line. The first popular Web-mail service was Hotmail, introduced in 1997. Writing an email: The steps given below can be used to write an email in general: + Open New Mail: To create an e-mail, first open a new blank mail from the File/Create Mail option. + Type Message: Next, type the nal Client message in the message-body area | such seine te ‘The message can be written using cle either plain text or rich text and may ee include smiley, hyperlinks, or pictures. crates = Insert Recipient Address: Write the eae ‘email address of one or more recipients in the textbox after ‘To’, One can also use the address book to select the email address. + Insert Copy-Recipient Address: A copy of the email can be sent to one or more persons by typing the email addresses of those persons in the ‘Ce’ textbox (Ce stands for carbon copy) You ean also have a BCC option i.e. a blind carbon copy. If an email address is typed in the | BCC eld, then the recipients under To and Ce will not be able to sce the address under the BCC field in their email header. + Type Subject: Type a proper subject ofthe emai inthe ‘Subject’ text box. a ‘an e-mail: Files can be sent along with the main message of an email. Such | to find the ile in the computer, Next, click on the attach button to attach it with the email, Next, click ‘on Send button to send the email. peace escent P2863 85 Ihsan email service that canbe secessed using 2 Web browser and an femal sevice provider tke Gra| Forwarding, Message a Lading & Replying toamessage & Protocols used with email Sune The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol | defines the transport | ‘mechanism for Part 2: Chapter 6 Present day email software allows the attachment of formatted documents, images, audio and video files using the MIME protocol. Forwarding a Message: Once a mail has been received, the user ccan share the email with others by forwarding the received message fo them. Select the email to forward, and click on the Forward button, Next type the email address of one or more recipients to whom the email isto be forwarded. Finally click on the Send button to forward the message to these recipients. 7 ow can youToward aera? > 2 fowsan youreaeanera? | 2 Name any ne rt ur wih aMnatsee pinosootsurer | {Yn te fom of SMTP & Poms. > @ Suto Retultom MAP 2 inate ese MAP pobeat) | ESuiepe liom MMe | {hats eseoT MIME poco | 19, Boantenecunen ong ‘ena ; Reading and Replying to a Message: Once an email is received at the inbox ofthe email program, the user can open the message and read it If here ae attachments, these can be downloaded and | saved. After reading a mail, one ean reply to the email by clicking the Reply option. The email program automatically inserts the recipient email address to a reply. Press Send to send the reply. ee a Y doe docx | MS Word | ppt/pptx | MS PowerPoint [Taxis xe [MS Excel mdb /acedd | MS Access Protocols used with email; Thete are basically two types of protocols used for sending/receiving ‘emails. The first type is used to transfer messages between mail servers and the second type is used to retrieve the mails from mail servers by the user computer. SMTP: The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol along with the POP3 protocol handles ‘communication between mail servers ina TCP/IP network. It defines the transport mechanism for sending email messages over the Internet. |= POP: Post Office Protocol, version-3 (or POP3) helps to download a mail from the mail server | to the user computer. Unlike SMTP, POP3 provides a mechanism to store messages ina | mailbox in a POP3 server until the user connects to download and read them using a POPS | client software. ‘+ IMAP: The Intemet Mail Access Protocol is the sueeessor to the POP3 protocol. Unlike the POP3 protocol which deletes the emails once the user has retrieved them from the server, the IMAP protocol can create folders and store messages a the mail server for viewing them late, ‘+ MIME: The Multipurpose Intemet Mail Extension protocol provides a way to insert picture, audio and video along with text message in an email | Mechanism behind Sending an e-mail: After writing the mail the user has to select the Send option to send the e-mail to the desired recipient. Once the Send button is | pressed, the following steps take place to twansfer the e-mail SendereisP Internet The e-mail client software transfers the ‘message to the outgoing mail server of the sender's ISP. This transfer is made using the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol or SMTP with the help of TCP/IP. Ifthe recipient’s mail address is valid Emaifocelver address, the sender's ISP sends the mail through the Internet to the incoming mail server of th recipient's ISP. SMTP is again used for transferring the mail from one mail server to arother, TH ‘mail may have to go through several mail servers before being finally delivered to the desired serv. 2-6-4‘The mail received by the incoming mail server ofthe recipient's Hepat bette inetd ila 2San ey tocar, The mailbox of the mail server holds the messages till the | 3,naisspnmg? 1 recipient connects tothe Internet and asks for them. The mail is | $Wstsgheting? i then downloaded from the mailbox using the POPS protocol, |_2 Ww steMEmelmw’ _t} | However, POPS deletes the emails once the user has retrieved them from the mailbox. If instead the Imeret Mail Access Protocol or IMAP is used, then the messages ae stored at te mall serve for viewing them later. | | | | Advantages of using email: 4 | Rudiments of Computer Science pe temna cde nkence| Speed: The recipient can receive an email within a very shor time of sending the same. | ped i smal within a very shor ime of sending th —— | Cost: No extra cst involved in sending email Its the cheapest mode of sending a message. | Using Email | Content: A message can consist of text or any form of electronic data like graphics, aio, ets. | | # Delivery: A single message ean be delivered toa single or multiple recipients simultaneously. | Reliability It is a reliable mode of communication In case a message cannot be sen, the sender | gets. a notification onthe same within a short period of time, + Security: Unauthorised persons cannot access another person's email. Only the user with is password can open his account or mailbox and view his mails + Access: Incase of a Web mail service, a user can check his email from any computevimobile | | around the world, provided itis connected tothe Internet | a Disadvantages of using email ‘= Spamming: The term spam is used to indicate unwanted | cecsaeoresee) commercial email. Being a cheap media for ae communication, companies can send advertisement e ‘materials through emails, Many people who receive sueh ‘mails may not be interested in them and hence should not | sumac be sent " i ‘2 source of comput Slower! mal ‘© Security Risk: E-mails can be of computer at Viruses. Viruses can come as attachments to mails from ment natal. lnknown sources. When such mails are opened, the computers get infected by the virus 2 ‘Antivirus programs and firewalls can prevent such infection e + Chain mail or junk mail: Usually such mails ae illegal as they quickly fill upauser’s mailbox. | | pris i lis y0 an email 1 mall Bombing: Ii the intentional sending ofa large numberof emails oa parcular | Won agen is occurs when the email header is altered to make a | | ppeart cone tom * Phishing ronounced as fishing): This her oa povsonal information of he recipient such as wserames, passwords, bank acount and rei peor perd details, which can then be misused. The process is also called Spoofing. a «Distraction: Checking and replying to vast number of emails can hamper productivity crema heen mos uct sean ieee Wad Wie wes (ay | he ‘After eal he mex ed toa the "Web" (with a captl “W") The WWW | Mls or WN, ih ly eae pic seach cone at CERN in A Geneva, Switzerland. It was mainly developed for sharing hypertext information over a computer etwork, Since 1995 it has remained the number one Internet service surpassing FTP. P2658 87— , & The Web contains information s 7 Wie oto on Be wl ae | | weoaar | eb panes, sored in special servers called Web servers. These [Q)"w°"""™ 3 trawocotamas || contin infomation on various suhjecs ite tre of tee | Pease ; |yaratyc'ntormat- ] | audio, video, executable files, ete. The HTML language was | & mate adda pgpota smb remotes | sevcloped to create such Web pages. A collection of such Wed | | Internet Browsing Services and the Web Browser Internet Browsing | A browser application allows an individual to e conveniently download and display information stored on a remote computer. fee (ne of tbe enrlest browstug services was called ‘¢4 on application tof | Gopher. It used a menu driven approach and is obsolete Serindndatst | pow, Web browsers were developed (0 access and SS, || ew Won Pages foc Web server tt formed prt |Sipaitomton || of he Word Wide Web. The Mist graphical Web Sondensrenaiy || browser, Mosae was developed in 1993, Examples of some popular Web browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Opera etc. ‘A Web browser uses a graphical point-and-click interface and provides a single platform for dine various services provided by the Internet. Ithas toolbar buttons for viewing and navigating throug} document, stopping a download process, or for manually refreshing a page that loaded incompletely. To access a particular Web site the user has to type the URL of the web site in th ‘hat uses a graphical point-and-click |Imarcate prongs } | address bar ofthe browser. Browsers also allow users to open related Web pages or Web sits bY [Sana glatiom for || clicking on specific hyperlinks in Web pages. The process is called Web browsing or Net surfing | saree povided by] | The services available using a Web browser arc the same as that provided by the World Wide Web, | the intemet ‘ike email, seureh engine, social networking, e-business, ticket reservation, and many more. Social networking, e-business, ticket reservation, and many more. 88‘udment of Computer Science “The Interet, and its Applications ‘Search Engine ee 2 Greteranes say me rena _ | | e The Inzemct isa warehouse ofintormation. isahuge [© *Saeee 1] S219 seach esaine task ifthe user has ro manually search the Intemet for | 3 Saksesaregm ings | [YAROO?)| ta stare aad some information. A ttter option is am automated |, 2 gary Ne) eennene search that can be used to tind this information. A peat baer Search Engine isa software use to do an automated ence ntenet search to find specific information from. the Invernet Various Web sites provide Intemet search services, one of the most popular being Google, Tous the service a usr isto fist open the search service providers Web page sing @ oS Web browser, The service provides a texthox where the search topic called the search srg is to be typed. The service then uses string matching techniques to select Web pages fom is database thar | MUWwaE2 Web sontain a string similar to the search topic. The search result is finally retumed as a Web page | eaves toscane displaying hyperlinks to the selected Web pages. The user can click a hyperlink from the seach ist | on te moxtaed ‘oopea the equina! Web page, Listed below are the URLs of some poplar search serie providers. | Ssh res + Google at htps:/inww [Link] + Bing at htps:/[Link] + Lycos at [Link] + Yahoo at https:/search. [Link] Advantages: * Automated Search is helpful when the user wants to view a Web page on a particular topic but is mot aware of any URL to the Web site + Knowing 2 particular URL, a user can browse through a particular site only. An automated search on the other hand produces a list of sites to choose from on the same topic. ‘+ Complex search criteria using operations like AND. OR. can be used to get specific results. One can search for text files, multimedia files and images using an automated search, | Chatting Mana ao Online programs called chat programs were develope in the late 80"s to help communication bbeeween people working on similar projects in different research organisations. These programs allow users to send and receive text-based messages using the Inte in realtime There ae three commonly used types of chat. These are Instant Messaging (IND, 1CQ. and IRC Instant messaging is one ofthe most popular forms of chat. Most ofthe time instant messaging is just between two people, although most IM software can handle eroup chats. ‘Types of Chat Services: 2 Instant Messaging / Direct Chat: This type of service allows two persons to chat when both are online. The user has to first create list of persons to chat with. When anyone from the list fonnects to the Internet, the chat program automatically informs the user and the two can start ‘exchanging messages (c.g. GoogleTalk, Skype). | >. Internet Relay Chat (IRC): This chat service began in 1988 and allowed thousands of Intemet Users to participate in real-time text-based chat by typing commands (e.g. mIRC). €. Web based Chat: This type of chat service is ocessed using a Web browser. Here users can send and receive messages using a graphical interface. It allows customers to communicate directly with brands online, often on their websites and in real time. Eg. Google*, eBuddy. Facebook. Some of the most secure chat applications at present are Facebook Messenger. WhatsApp. Telegram, Signal, WeChat, Line, Skype, and Viber. 26-7— EB canes Advantages: 1 Sa avons ong OF enone ree 2 Sie ow frees beet one, Using chat, a reabtime interactive session can be {OQ : See bretmee established between the users, 2.) ou mes ye * Using chat, different types of data like text, voice, files or | MO ing | even URLs can be sent 5 Sitewo ies foc eg) + Cis @ cheap mode of instant communication between | 5 Sie odkatanones ssc! distant places. Differences between Email and Chat pitterence bw || 1- E-mails tke sending a leer, Chatting similar to conversation mai & chat | | 2. Interactive sesion 2. An iterative session canbe established [3 Onlin vido cannot be sen using Sail [3 Using web-cam, online video canbe excha | [mai can be composed both oolne & ofline. | 4. An interactive chat requies wer to be online 18> | Social Networking sce | Social Networking | A social networking service isan online service used to interact over the Internet and allows users —-*& | Soci Networking is anonine seniceused'o | interact over the [Internet and allows sere to hare ideas, actives, events, interests, videos and Photographs, mong themselves | Coding Languages Used to share ideas, activities, events, interests, photographs, and videos amongst themselves, | Toaccess social network service, the user has o first register with the service online and create his/her profile. The profile can contain various information and uploaded pictures about the 2b individual. The service helps to find users with similar interests use Ol and create specfe contact His, Contacts can be sclestively chosen | to protect privacy. Users ean upload views on various topics and | also comment on other peoples’ poss. Photo allums and videos can also be shared on such a site Various dedicated Web based social networking services are available that can be accessed using a Web browser. [Link] | MRCes am NAMA was one of the earliest social networking sites developed in 1997. Passat However, Facebook, founded by Mark Zuckerberg and launched in. | Youtube 2004 became the largest social networking site in the world. Some | tnstagram other popular sites include YouTube, Twitter, Google*, LinkedIn ‘Weibo With the growing popularity of mobile social networking, the | Twitter leading social apps used globally include WhatsApp, Messenger, | Reddit WeChat, Instagram, QZone, Snapchat ete Pinterest [Link] Advantages: = Communication with Old Friends: A social network can be formed between ex-students of an educational institution, who are no longer in direct contact with each other, ‘+ Advertising: Organisations can create profiles to advertise products and services through them. * Business: Social networking can be maintained between different business partners. ‘+ Education: Teachers/students can use such a network after school hours to answer queries & discuss topics taught in class. Disadvantages: * Disclose Personal Information: A user can disclose too much personal information that can ® misused on such a network + Virus Threat: Users also need to be aware of virus attacks, 26-8 90‘Rusiments of Computer Science “The itera. ants Apacations a ‘+ Emotional Abuse: A social networking site can be used occasionally to emotionally abuse other | individuals, Such actions are referred to as trolling. i + Invasion of privacy: These sites often contain a great deal of data that can be difficult to obxain Using traditional means. Unauthorised use ofthis data can lead to invasion of privacy ESites Essites or electronic sites are services that are available online 24 hours and 7 days a week. There are various such e-sitesand |W 2wastewesee ‘online services as discussed below: 2Weentetatm tec + E-Commerce: E-commerce deals with purchasing various | (SSS nears goods through the Internet using secure protocols and sureeres 2 electronic payment services. Depending upen the pe of bsinesscondosted over the net. there can be thre dffeent ype of transactions as stated below 4, Busines-fo-Business or BZB: This ype of ecommerce is conducted when coe business buss from. o¢ sells a product of service to another business. Eg. agriwarch com eres LENE b Busines-to-Consumer or BIC: Elecuonis commer tat is conducted dics IED YAR. cone businesses orzanistons and consumers & refered 10 a8 husinesssosonsimer or 8c) AIAAK Se Examples include Amazon, Flipkart wher thee is no intermediary service avo une SD © Consumer-to-Consumer or C2C: This is commerce between private individuals or ‘oasumers. OLX. Esty, eBay ae examples of ses hat deal with hs pe of e-commerce + E-Governance: Eleczonie Goverament or e-Government is an online interaction between & government and various other enies trough the World Wie Web. Depending Upto the 38 ofthe entity involved. there can be te following types of interactions. &. Government-to-Citizens (G20): Involves interaction becween goverment andi zens . Govermment-to-Businesses (G2B): Involves interaction beowcen 2 goverment and various business agencies doing business withthe governneat &. Government-o-Goverament agencies (G2G): Involves interaction beeen a goveranent and sarious other goveroment agencies working for the gov erument ‘+ E-Learning and Virtual Classrooms: E-learning provides education using online electroaic means lke email Websites, video conferencing, ce-Using atclite communication andthe Web 2 virtual dassroom can be created for teacher 10 delivers lectures online. Such calie ussooms help learers to lear a their ow pace. Some ites in lnia ar thane neh “The recent pandemic bas popularised some other online platforms for teaching. These include: + Google Classroom: Its 2 fee web service developed by Gooal for schools. It sims 19 simplify creating. distributing, and grading assignments. It integrs docs, sheets. slides. Grail, and calendar ino a single platform to manage student and teacher communicatica. * Google I video conferencing service from Google. It was originally available w Se Stare ly, at wow crerens cane ire Wis aalble onthe web and mobile (Android, iOS). It is mainly used to host video meetings and conducting online classes. + MS Teams: I is a collaboration app that elps a tam to say orzanize and also base Convenations under the same platform. It supports document sharing. online meetings. and ie ‘other useful features for business and use in schools for conducting online classes + Zoom: 20 application providing Videotelephony and oaline chat services Its usd fv Zo om ean gn ae ot— Y Part2: chapter 6 ‘+ E-Banking: Banking transaction that takes place through the Internet is called e-banking or Inernet banking. It allows the customer to do online transactions any time of the day using a | secure Web site login ID and passwords. Statement of accounts ean also be obtained online, ‘+ E-Reservations: Online reservation in railways, airways, movie shows, hotels etc. is termed as ce-reservation, Using such a facility one can conveniently compare the price and services provided by various service providers and get the desired service without standing in a queue, Tiesanyaeanh > GEREN eae peeay Network Security | The Intemet isthe fastest growing network that provides various | 2's Reusect passin xing facilities to its users as we have seen in the previous sections. ‘[Link] acompuertiewar? > However, transactions on the Internet are not always safe, | [Link] to sivartosct ang | Unauthorised persons an intrude into your computer and ‘orp eva 2 uth 65 Sia anyon Searing ung obtaining confidential information, or make your computer ‘onal = inoperative. The intruder ean do any of the following things, either with a specific purpose in mind or just for fun: = Send executable files containing viruses to your computer. + Rename or remove files that run during booting of a computer and hence prevent booting, + Copy user’s documents to their own computers to retrieve personal/confidential data ‘Send a large number of files to fil up the storage space of the computer A network should be secured from both insider and outsider attacks. A person from within an | organisation may not be fully trust worthy and can leak out confidential company information | To take care of these, various methods of security control can be implemented. These include: al a, Individual Security: Attacks on individual computers can be minimised by using login IDs and passwords. These passwords should ideally be a combination of alphabets, digits, and special characters and ofa proper length. A complicated password makes it difficult to break 1Gp | >. Use of Firewall: computer firewall isa combination of software and hardware devices tha is used to protect an internal network from attacks from outsiders on the Internet. Itcan be implemented | using a software program like ZoneAlarm or using a hardware device like a router with inbuilt firewall protection. It is placed between the internal network and extemal Intemet. The firewall Use of Password Use of Firewall —% reer computer freva Acomoaerfewat || iowa a person on the intemal network to access the Internet, bt toftare and Stops an intruder on the Intemet to access the internal network. 7 hardvare devies uatmusedte® || Advantages of using a firewall: pret neal + Block specific website access: The network administrator it Bleck ite aces: stator can Pres lock access to specific websites ‘uatsiers onthe * Content filtering: A firewall can block a particular site based on its content. ‘meme + Restricted access to internal networks: Unwanted access to the internal network from some specific sites can be blocked by controlling the IP addresses of those sites, ‘+ Protection from insecure services: A firewall can be used to deny certain unsafe services, like Network File Service (NFS), from availing the network. Disadvantages of using a firewall: + Selective access not possible: Since the firewall is placed at the entry point to the network, if a particular URL is blocked, it gets blocked globally for all users in the network. + Restriction of desirable services: A Firewall may block a service that the user desperate! P2.6-40 92Rudiments of Computer Sclence “Tne internet, and its Applications ©. Use of Proxy Server: A proxy server is a program that sits between an internal network and the external Internet. Instead a ‘of communicating with an external server directly, the client eee emp ofa eral netork commune wi a ese -— server onthe Intemet via the proxy server (see diagram) . we Internet via the proxy server (see diagram), Prony Server ‘A proxy server can selectively grant access to the Internet. For this, A roxy server isa it maintains a table, listing all the users and their related Sa eraraar’ tote gut rermission settings. When a client in G Ps igs. When a client in the internal network Qaeez veo tries to access any site on the Internet, the request first goes |B 2 Se 2s usar sve? erage | ate tthe proxy server The proy server cans the request and. | "ooramszomtmstem> ||| MOS communicates with the Internet. The Intemet server in turn | 4 Whatiscrpogaty? 2 J | network and the Sends the requested file to the proxy server, which then | 3 Mhabecneimantcein 2 J | exalt, forwards ito the intemal cent, tr ey Advantages of using a Proxy Server: Siiebeutmaces | | + Grants Internet access selectively: It acts ike a guard | 12 Sasrevenslogneenh? ||| eter a | | and gives Intemet access selectively to the computers of the intemal network based on individual or group settings. | Blocks specific services: It blocks access to services on the Internet that the system | administrator does not want the intemal users to aval | he prony seve. Thefistnown evierce * Track individual Internet usage: As a proxy server works on individual user basis, it ean | fuse of eyptography track Internet usage by each computer in the network. eae oe) wed , ‘an inscrton canes ‘= Hides user identity: It hides the rel IP address of the user from the rest of Internet ‘around 1800 BC, te iran chamber the Disadvantages of using a proxy server: {ond ftne nobleman + Itprovides no protection from insider atacks. Aruete mE + Itdoes not provide packet filtering. ‘The best mode of protection can be implemented by putting a firewall and a proxy server in the | same network. The proxy allows only the authorised users of the intemal network to access the Internet, while the firewall prevents those authorised users from accessing all blocked sites a 4. Cryptography: Cryptography has become one of the most important tools to implement network security and privacy Using cryptographic techniques, the actual message, also called Cropecracty Merton ler text chert oa frm tan oucier e eee mated Tienes ail cpber ta a Sane ened Ae Tecvng code cfr et a eatate pliment gun Thi proces cled decryption re ee ete mst chem orereely alec et, Pape trold urvea common rele ry forenerypng and an decrypting. Examples of such rules or algorithms include fenerypted oa form IBM's Data Encryption Standard (DES) and RSA. that a outsider cannot understand Ane receiving end the ciphertext is decoded to pliter, Cryptography is used in various applic e-business, secure IP applications ec. ‘A computer virus is @ program that causes an unwanted harmful event in a computer. [is usually a disguised as something else so the user does not recognise it as a virus. A virus is designed t0 | Computer replicate itself and infect other drives and files. Viruses can erase data, change program and | Virus P2614 93r a Computer Virus ‘Reomputer virus is ‘program that ‘eauses an unwanted harmful eventin a compute. Trojan Views ‘ATroan i usualy 2 program that iogulse ise a 3 normal ell rogram but in fact the intemet. They travel fom one networked computer to another, epica- | ting themselves on [tneway. ‘AntiVirus. Brain, he et PC vin, began infcang 52° poy sks 1988. Part 2: Chapter 6 system fies, or cause severe damage to operating system files to make the computer useless. Virusey ‘come ina varlety of forms and cause a variety of damages. The common term malware is used ig indicate viruses, worms, trojan horses, and spyware, Some common malware or Virus types are: *+ File Infector Virus: This is the oldest form of virus. These attach themselves to program files and launch themselves ‘when someone launches the program. These viruses mostly use com & .exe files as their carriers. When a user runs such 4 program, the virus gets activated Macro Virus: Macro viruses are usualy associated with Office documents and launch themselves when the ‘document fle to which they are attached is opened. *+ Boot Sector Virus: A boot sector virus places its code inthe boot sector of a hard drive, During start-up, when the computer runs instructions from the boot sector files, the virus launches itst, lestays in the memory and can hamper basic computer operations. ‘Trojan Virus: A Trojan is usually a program that disguises itself as a normal helpful progeam but in fact isa virus. Iti not always an easy job to remove the damage done by a Trojan. ‘Worms: These are virus programs designed to infect networks such as the Intemet. They travel from one networked computer to another and in the process replicate themselves along the way. ‘+ Adware: It is term used to describe unwanted software that displays advertisements on your device. An adware virus is considered a potentially unwanted program, which means it's a program that is installed without proper permission from the user. * Spyware: Itis a malicious software designed to enter your computer, gather data about you, and forward it to a third-party without your consent for commercial purposes like advertising. + Cookie: It isa small piece of data stored on the user's computer by a web browser while browsing a website. These are used to store information related to the online browsing habit of a user. 2 What Bot Sack ving? 4 inatiea Troan vast {Etiam we? 5 ats mare? 6 Vals Adare? 2 ai na pram? 4 Nare wo ansins opone 8 Whatisthe ee fn ans roe 2 Ca. ‘Antivirus Programs 4 Antivirus programs are used to detect and remove virus programs from a computer, to disinfect a file affected by a virus or to isolate such a file so that it cannot cause any further damage. Names of some popular antivirus programs are Norton, Quick Heal, AVG, Kaspersky, McAfee, etc. An antivirus program usually has two main components, These are: 2. The Virus Engine: It is the program responsible for detecting and cleaning a system from viruses. It automatically checks a file for virus infection and seans all files in a computer for viruses. b. The Virus Information Database: This is a database that contains an ‘updated list of known viruses. I also contains @ list of various markers which can be used to detect a virus. When a file needs to be opened, the antivirus program usually seans the file and in case it finds an infected file, it displays a message showing one of the following choices: Clean the File: Ths is used to clean a file that has already been infected by a virus. The software will try to get the file back to its original form, * Delete the File: The file is permanently deleted, when unable to repair it * Isolate the file: Some antivirus programs create a separate folder, where the infected isolated and stored. The process is called quarantine. Later such a file can be deleted, 2-612eects ‘Te internet, and its Applications ‘Some Other Malicious Activities Vas 7\ damages 26-16 98‘Rudiments of Computer Science ‘The internat, and its Applitions oy iy » ” vi vi) The full form of IMAP is viii) The full form of HTML is QI. Multiple Choice Questions. Select 1 correct option from the 4 options. Teach |) What is the name of the network which led to the formation of the Internet? a, USANet . SocialNet ©. ARPAnet 4. ShareNet ii) Web standards are announced by which organisation? a. WWW b.w3c ©. WWE a.ww3 iii) The full form of DSL is: 4. Digital Standard Line b, Digital Subseriber Line ¢. Data Subscriber Line 4. Data Subscriber Link jv) What is the most important and popular use ofthe Intemet? ae-commerce —_b. blogging c.e-mail 4. e-learning ¥)_ Which one of the following is not a part of an e-mail header? 1. subject field b sender's email address «receiver's email addresses 4. digital signature vi) The two parts of an e-mail address format are: user portion and transfer protocol. transfer protocol and a routing portion user name and a routing portion. username and ISP name Vii) The user portion of an e-mail address indicates: ‘a. name of the mail service provider _b. name of the user's mailbox name of the mail server 4. name of the user's computer vii) The portion of an e-mail address after the @ symbol indicates the routing information for the mail. the name ofthe user's ISP ¢. the name of the user's mailbox 4. the name of the mail service provider ix) In general, an e-mail service that can be accessed using a Web browser and an e-mail service provider from anywhere around the world is called a. Web mail '. Hot mail €. Outlook Express. Gmail | x) _ Present day e-mail software allows the attachment of binary files ike formatted documents, images, audio and video files etc. by using the: ‘a. MIME protocol. MIME protocol c. MIME protocol. MIME protocol, xi) ‘The MIME protocol stands for: ‘4 Multimedia Internet Mail Extension _b. Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension ‘Multipurpose Internet Mail Exchange 4. Multimedia Interal Mail Exchange xii) The transfer of email between mail servers is done by the protocol in the blanks. 1 each ‘The full form of ISOC is The full form of InterNIC is _ The fall form of ISP is__ ‘The full form of SMTP ig The full form of POP is The full form of MIME is a. POP3 b, SMTP ¢. IMAP 4. MIME rr car meee 26-17 99Part 2: Chapter 6 xiii) The full form of the protocol SMTP is a. Sequential Mail Transfer Protocol b, Social Mail Transfer Protocol ¢. Simple Mail Transmission Protocol d, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol xiv) E-mail is downloaded from the mailbox using the protocol a. SMTP b. POPS c. IMAP d, MIME, xv) Which protocol can be used for storing an e-mail in the mail server for viewing later: a, TCPAP b. SMTP , POP3 d. IMAP xvi) The protocol IMAP stands for a. Internet Mail Access Protocol b. Internet Mail Address Protocol ¢. Internal Mail Access Protocol 4. Internet Media Access Protocol xvii) Ifa person sends a message with angry or heated content then itis known as: [Link] —__b. Bombing . Phishing 4. Flaming xviii) The term used to indicate unwanted commercial e-mail: a. Garbage b. Junk ©. Extra 4. Spam xix) ‘The process of attempting to acquire sensitive information such as usemames, passwords and other details of a person by posing as a reliable sender of an e-mail is called: a. Phishing [Link] _¢, Flaming. 4. Bombing xx) To purposely send a large number of e-mails to a particular target address is ealled a. E-mail Bombing b. Phishing . Spamming 4. Flaming xxi) Who developed the WWW project at the physics research centre at CERN in Geneva? a. Bill Gates [Link] Kilby ¢. Tim Berners-Lee _. Steve Jobs xaii) Which language was developed to create Web pages that were stored in Web servers? a. Java [Link] ©. HTML 4. BASIC xxiii) A collection of Web pages for a particular person or organisation is called a: a. Web site [Link] —¢, Webmail 4. World Wide Web xxiv) A Web page can also be linked to other related Web pages using a feature called: a. page-link ’, auto-link «. hyper-link dd. web-link: xxv) Usually, domain names of servers used for the World Wide Web begin with: awww b.w3e http ftp xxvi) One of the earliest browsing services that uses a menu driven approach is called: aE b. Gopher ©. Netscape . Firefox ‘The first graphical Web browser developed in 1993 was called: a. Netscape b. Mozilla ©. Gopher 4. Mosaic xxviii) Web Browsers use which protocol to access a Web server and download an HTML file? a. HTTP b. FIP ©. Telnet 4. TCP xxix) The general function of a search engine isto: 1. search for e-commerce sites b. do automated search for car engines cc. do an automated search for websites d, search for electronic goods xXx) Which of the following is not a proper use of a search engine? 1a. Do automated search to view a Web page on a particular topic ». Send an email ‘c. Use complex search criteria involving Boolean operations to get specific search resus 4. Produce a list of sites to choose from on the same topic 26-18 100 _dRudiments of Computer Science ‘The Intemet, and its Applications xxi) Programs developed to facilitate communication in real-time between people working on similar projects indifferent research organisations using the Internet: a blog b. chat c. e-mail d. e-commerce xoaii) This type of service allows two persons to chat when both of them are online: a Instant Talk ——_b, Auto Messaging c. Instant Messaging d. Simple Messaging xox) Method of purchasing various goods through the Internet using secure protocols and electronic payment services a. E-buy E-commerce ¢.E-purchase —_d. Espayment xocriv) Electronic commerce conducted between businesses firms and consumers is calle: a.c2c b.c2B ©. BB 4. B2C any) E-govemanee between the govemment and its citizens is called 2. G2G b.c2c ©. CG arc xxwvi) Online education using virtual classrooms is ealled: a.E-education b. E-leaming ——_. E-knowledge 4. Eschooling soxwvil) Banking transaction that takes place through the Interne is called aE-banking —b. E-transaction E-commerce. Emoney soil) Making online booking in railways, aeroplanes, hotels and other places is called: a. E-ticketing b. E-placement c. E-reservation 4d. E-buying xxxxix) A combination of software and hardware devices that is used to protect an intemal ‘computer network from attacks from outsiders onthe Interet is called: aantivins ——[Link] ¢. firewall 4. anti-malware xl) Attacks by unauthorised persons on individual computers can be dealt with using: passwords bhardware-locks [Link] names. folder locks xii) This can be used to give Internet access selectively to the computers of an internal network based on individual or group settings: a. firewall ‘anti-virus. password €. proxy server xlii) The technique of encrypting a plain text message to something that an outsider cannot understand is called a hacking cryptography. encoding 4. cipher iii) The converted text after data encryption during a secure network transmission i calle a plain text bciphertext _c. coded text 4. converted text xliv) The process of converting an encrypted data back to normal data i called: a. conversion encryption _c. decryption 4. encoding xlv) Example ofa data encryption algorithm used in computer networking: a. Cipher [Link] Alarm ©. DES. 4. WAIS xlvi) The full form of DES algorithm used in cryptography is: a. Data Enforcing Standard », Data Encoding Standard c. Data Engineering Standard 4. Data Encryption Standard xlvii) A virus usually associated with Office documents which launches itself when an Office file to which it is attached is opened is called a: .Macrovirus—b. Trojan virus ©. Boot virus 4. Worm ivi) virus that disguise itself asa normal helpful program but in facts a virsis called a: a. Trojan virus [Link] vis ¢-Macrovis 4. Worm P2619 101| Part 2: Chapter 6 xlix) Virus programs designed to infect networks such as the Internet are called: a. Boot virus b. Trojan ©. Worm 4. Macro virus 1) Which of the following is an anti-virus program? | a. MS Office b. AutoCAD ©. Quick Heal 4. Photoshop Q2. Short Answer type question: i) Name the network which was the predecessor to Internet. ii) Write the full form of ISP. iii) What is the main function of an ISP? iv) What are the two parts of an e-mail address? ¥) _ Using which service ean you send an email from anywhere around the world? vi) What is the purpose of the BCC option in an email”? vii) Which mail protocol helps in the attachment of binary files like image files to an email? viii) Which mail protocol is used to transfer e-mail from client to the outgoing mail server? ix) Which mail protocol is used to download email from the mailbox? x) Whatis the meaning of the term “Flaming” with respect to email? xi) What is the meaning of the term ‘Spamming’ with respect to email? xii) _ Write the full form of the email protocol IMAP? xiii) What is the function of the email protocol IMAP? xiv) State any one advantage of using e-mail. xv) State any one disadvantage of using e-mail. xvi) Name any e-mail client software. xvii) Name any web-mail client software. xviii) Name the founder of the World Wide Web service. xix) State any one use of the World Wide Web. xx) What is the function of a Web browser? xxi) Name the main components of a search engine. xxii) What is the main advantage of using a search engine? xxiii) What is the purpose of using an Instant Messaging service? xxiv) State one difference between instant messaging and e-mail xxv) State any one advantage of using a social networking service. xxvi) State any one disadvantage of using a social networking service. xxvii) What is e-commerce? xxviii) What is the meaning of the term B2B with respect to e-commerce? xxix) What is the meaning of the term B2C with respect to e-commerce? xxx) What is the meaning of the term G2C with respect to e-governance? xxi) What is e-Learning? xouxii) Name one tool that can be used to impart e-learning. xxiii) What is e-banking? xxxiv) State one utility of e-reservation? What do you understand by the term firewall? State one advantage of using a firewall in a networked computer. State one disadvantage of using a firewall What is a proxy server? State one difference between a proxy server and a firewall. Leach 102‘Rudiments of Computer Sclence ‘Tho inornet nd its Applications x1) What is the meaning of the term cipher text i sli) What is a computer virus? xlii) What is a macro virus? alii) What is a boot sector virus? liv) What is a Trojan virus? xlv) What type of computer virus is a worm? xlvi) What is the main purpose of an ant nnection to network security? ius program? xlvii) What are the two parts of an antivirus program? alvii) Name any two popular antivirus programs. Q3. Long Answer type questions: Teach i) Who is an ISP? State any four advantages of using email, Name two search engines. 2+4+1 ii) Explain the meaning of the email address ashimgiri@[Link]. State any two disadvantages of using email. Write the full frm of SMTP protocol 40241 iil) What do you mean by an e-mail attachment? How can you attach a file o an email? State the functions ofthe protocols SMTP and POP3. ia iv) Explain the terms ‘Phishing’ and ‘Spamming’ with respect to e-mail, State the difference between the POP3 and IMAP protocols. Write the names of any two web browsers, 4+2+1 '¥v) Write a short note on WWW. State one use of WWW. Name any two search engines. fae \i) Explain any two important uses of the WWW. What isa Web browse? Write the name of ihe fist Web browse, wast | vii) Write a short note on Web browser. What is a search engine? State the use of MIME. | a2 viii) Write a short note on search engine. What is a hyperlink? Name a Web-mail service. 4+2+1 ix) Write any two proper benefits of using social networking. State any two differences between ‘e-mail and chat services. What is a computer virus? 4241 x) State any two disadvantages of using a social networking medium. Explain the difference between a Web site and a Web page, Name any two social networking sites. 4241 xi) What do you mean by e-commerce? Explain one way by which an individual computer can be protected from unauthorised access. Name any two anti-virus software, 4241 xii) Explain the terms B2C and G2C. What is firewall? Name any two email protocols. 4+2+1 | xiii) Explain the terms firewall, proxy server, cryptography. Name any 2 antivirus software, 6+1 xiv) State any two advantages of using a proxy server. What is a computer virus? Explain the ‘meaning of the terms Macro virus, Trojan virus, and Boot virus. 24243 xv) Write any two advantages of using a firewall, Explain the use of cryptography in network security, Name any two anti-virus programs 241 | xvi) State the difference between secret key and public key cryptography. State the difference | between the use of a firewall and a proxy server. Explain the use of an antivirus. 2243 1s with Answer Ke’ Sore kerr {) What isthe advantage of E-mail? Write the structure of it {H.S. 2020] Ans: Pg: P2-6-5, P2-6-2 (2+2) ii), Write the structure of an e-mail 1D? [HLS 2018} Ans: Pg: P2-6-2 (1) 2.6.21 103—- oe YY Part Chapter § iii) In abe@ [Link], *.com’ is? {H.S. 2018] Ams: Pg: P2-6-2 (1) (2) Domain name —(b) Nature of domain (c) Nature of user name (4) User name i) E-mail is downloaded from the mailbox using the protocol? _[H.S. 2019] Ans: Pg: P2-6-4 (1) (2) SMTP (b) POP3 (©) HTTP (a) MIME ¥) Write in brief, the advantages of e-mail {H.S. 2016] Ans: Pg: P2-6-5 (2) vi) State two disadvantages of using email. Explain the meaning of the email address: albert einstein@ [Link] [HS. 2014] Ans: Pg: P2-6-5, P2-6-2 (2+2) vii) What is ISP? Give an example? [H.S. 2019] Ans: Pg: P2-6-2 (1) viii) ISP stands for: [H.S. 2015] Ans: Pg: P2-6-2 (1) (2) Internet Service Protocol (b) Intranet Service Protocol (©) Internet Switch Protocol (@) Internet Service Provider ix) State one necessity of firewall [H.S. 2020] Ans: Pg: P2-6-10 (1) x) What do you mean by Firewall? [H.S. 2018] Ans: Pg: P2-6-10 (1) xi) “Firewall and password help maintain network security.” ~ Justify. [HS. 2013] Ans: Pg: P2-6-10 (2+2) xii) Which of the following is nota search engine? [H.S. 2020] Ans: Pg: P2-6-7 (1) (@)msa (b) opera mini (c) google (@) yahoo xiii) Write down names of two search engines. (HSS. 2013] Ans: Pg: P2-6-7 (1+1) xiv) Write two characteristics of ‘www". (HS. 2019] Ans: Pg: P2-6-6 (1) xv) Write a short note on "www". [HS. 2017, 2014] Ams: Pg: P2-6-6 (2) xvi) Write two features of web browser and give an example. [H.S. 2018] Ans: Pg: P2-6-6 (2+1) xvii). Write the names of any two web browsers. [H.S. 2016, 2013] Ans: Pg: P2-6-6 (2) viii) What is a web browser? What is an Internet search engine? Give at least one example of each. (HS. 2011] Ams: Pg: P2-6-6, P2-6-7 (1+1+1+1) xix) What do you mean by computer virus? (HS. 2020, 2018] Ans: Pg: P2-6-11 (2) | xx) What is the utility of password in network security? [H.S. 2018] Ans: Pg: P2-6-10 (1) 26-22 104