Ex. 1 p.

a permanent crisis COLL – a constant (unchanging, existing for an indefinite period)

crisis situation

to be dominated by PREP

to cancel out PHR - if one thing cancels out another thing, the two things have opposite
effects, so that when they are combined no real effect is produced – to cancel each other
out – исключать друг друга, ней трализовать, сводить на нет, взаимно исключать

birth control TERM - the practice of avoiding becoming pregnant, or

the methods used for this

to endorse DEF - to make a public statement of your support for something or someone
be endorsed by PREP – be supported/ approved by
endorse - endorsement WF

to pass a law COLL - when people in authority pass a new law or a proposal, they
formally agree to it or approve it

authoritarian society COLL / SP - controlling everything rather than letting people

decide things for themselves

to enforce a law COLL - to ensure obedience to a law – обеспечить выполнение

закона
enforcement of a law COLL – обеспечение выполнения закона
impracticable SP - impossible to do
impracticable enforcement COLL / SP - a enforced course of action, plan, which is
impossible to do in an effective way
practice (noun)- to practise/to practise (AM) – practicable - impracticable –
impracticability WF

to be short COLL - if something is short or in short supply, there is not enough of it or it

is not easy to get ⇒ The food was short in the family

meatless day TERM – a day when you don’t have meat in your ration or menu
meat – meatless WF

famine TERM - a situation in which there is not enough food for a great number of
people, causing illness and death, or a particular period when this happens
widespread famine COLL - something that is widespread exists or happens over a large
area, or to a great extent
heroic effort COLL - great effort

to farm the sea COLL – to cultivate the sea; to raise fish and animals on farms rather
than catch them from the wild

synthetic food TERM/SP - not natural food

synthetic - synthetically WF/SP
to develop synthetic foods COLL

urgent need/problem COLL - needing attention very soon

urgent - urgency WF

frontiers TERM – 1) borders; a border between two countries 2)limits; the extreme
limit of understanding or achievement in a particular area ⇒ the frontiers of science;
technological frontiers

aggressive instincts of the human race COLL / SP

symbol - symbolic - to symbolise WF / SP

to be visible/invisible to smb/smth PREP/WF

a nuclear power TERM / COLL – 1) nuclear energy, a powerful form of energy

produced by converting matter into energy splitting the nuclei (= central parts) of
atoms. It is used to produce electricity 2) a country that has nuclear weapons

belligerent anxiety COLL – an aggressive (ready to fight) feeling of nervousness or

worry
belligerent – belligerence - belligerently WF / SP
anxious – anxiety - anxiously WF / SP

megatonnage TERM – the explosive power of a nuclear weapon, or the total explosive
power of multiple nuclear weapons, expressed in megatons

sufficient megatonnage COLL – an enough/adequate destructive power of an explosive,

measured in megatons
to suffice - sufficient – sufficiency - insufficiency WF / SP

the surface crust of the planet COLL – the surface of planet; the planet's crust is its
outer layer ⇒ Earthquakes leave scars in the Earth's crust.

miraculous SP- very effective or surprising, or difficult to believe, unexpected iracle –

miraculous - miraculously WF

atomic weapon COLL - a bomb that uses the explosive power of dividing atoms
an inscrutable reason COLL – a reason that is not clear enough and impossible to
understand or interpret
inscrutably - inscrutability WF
a warhead TERM - the front part of a bomb or missile that contains explosives

delivery system COLL – a system of launching rockets and any other weapon

easy terms COLL – terms that are suitable and beneficial, favourable conditions
to arrange easy terms COLL

to shore up PHR - to support or improve an organization, agreement, or system that is

not working effectively or that is likely to fail; to strengthen

sagging economy COLL – economy that is being powerless or not working properly

an obsolete weapons system COLL / SP – a system that is out of date, out of use, not
current; something that is obsolete is no longer needed because something better has
been invented

hard cash TERM - money in the form of coins or notes but not a cheque or a credit card

warfare TERM - the activity of fighting a war, often including the weapons and methods
that are used

advanced methods of warfare COLL – modern, ahead in development, knowledge,

progress –современные методы ведения вой ны

satellite transmitters TERM – a device used to communicate through the cosmic

stations – спутниковые передатчики сигналов

compulsion SP - the action or state of forcing or being forced to do smth; constraint –

принуждение, навязывание
compulsion virus COLL – навязчивый вирус

blackmail TERM – the action, treated as a criminal offence, of demanding money from
someone in return for not revealing compromising information which one has about
them
mail – blackmail WF

propaganda TERM - information, ideas, opinions, or images, often only giving one part
of an argument, that are broadcast, published, or in some other way spread with the
intention of influencing people's opinions
pure fantasy COLL - a story or situation created from imagination and that is not based
on reality; pure = complete, total

antidote TERM - a way of preventing or acting against something bad; a chemical,

especially a drug, that limits the effects of a poison - противоядие

Ex. 3 p. 1
the present day situation COLL – current situation

strategic consulting COLL - an advisory activity relating to a general plan or set of plans
intended to achieve something, especially over a long period.

to give a forecast for smth COLL /PREP - to predict or calculate something in advance

to assess the situation COLL - to judge the worth or the importance of the situation; to
evaluate

an elaborate hoax COLL – a planned (detailed) way of mystification; a planned trick in

which someone tells people a lie, for example that a picture is genuine when it is not

grim reality COLL – a situation without any hope to be better

Ex.7 p. 2
to come (as a bit of a ) surprise COLL

an increase in global temperatures COLL - if there is an increase in the number, level, or

amount of something, it becomes greater

to forecast smth TERM to predict or calculate (weather, events, etc), in advance

a forecast TERM - is a statement of what is expected to happen in the future, especially
in relation to a particular event or situation [+ of] ⇒ ...a forecast of a 2 per cent growth
in the economy
weather forecast COLL

man-made disaster COLL / WF - not natural, but made by people

man-made disaster VS natural disaster

a host of factors COLL – a great number of factors

a temporary situation COLL – a situation that is not permanent, lasting only a short
time

to fluctuate SP - to change, especially continuously and between one level or thing and
another; to rise and fall like a wave; be unstable
Ex. 8 p. 2

carbon dioxide TERM - a gas formed when carbon is burned, or when people or animals
breathe out

a sceptic / skeptic (AM) TERM - a person who usually doubts that claims or statements
are true, especially those that other people believe in
sceptic – sceptically – scepticism WF/SP

to overstate smth DEF - to talk about something in a way that makes it seem more
important than it really is - преувеличивать
to be overstated DEF – to be reported more important than it is in reality
to state – to overstate WF

man’s influence on the climate – PREP

consistently - in a way that does not vary; steady

to argue passionately and consistently that… COLL

cycle - cyclically -cyclic WF / SP

natural cycles / solar cycles / ocean cycles COLL
to have a cycle in which… COLL
to be in a positive cycle COLL
to do smth cyclically COLL

to be the evidence for smth PREP – smth that makes you believe that smth is true or
exists

to be down to IDIOM - to be responsibility, decision or fault of smth or smb ⇒The

warming was down to the energy from the Sun (причиной потепления является
энергия солнца); This defeat was down to me (это поражение было моей виной ).

to warm (the Earth warms) - warm – warmth WF

to conduct the research COLL – to organize or do a research

an approach DEF / SP - the way you deal with or think about a task, problem, or
situation
an alternative/new /traditional approach COLL

to rule out PHR- to stop considering something as a possibility – исключить

возможность чего-либо ⇒ to rule out solar influences – исключить влияние солнца
solar influences COLL

solar output TERM – the amount of energy produced by the sun

put – output WF

cosmic ray intensity TERM – the amount of radiation consisting of particles of very high
energy that reach the Earth from outer space – интенсивность космического
излучения
intense – intensity WF

solar charged particles COLL – an extremely small pieces of matter charged by solar
energy

to be caused by smth PREP

a leading contributor to smth COLL / PREP - something that is a factor in or is partly

responsible for something ⇒ Alcohol was a contributor to his death
to contribute – contributor – contribution WF

to specialize in smth PREP/SP

to specialize – specialization WF/SP

long-range WF - relating to a time in the future

long- range weather forecasting TERM/ COLL – a prediction that relates to a period
extending a long time into the future

to impact on/upon smb/smth PREP - to affect smb/smth

an impact of smth on smb/smth PREP - a sudden and powerful effect that smth has on
smb/smth

to be entirely responsible for sth COLL/PREP

international scientific community TERM/COLL

to revolutionise sth SP - to change something in every way so that it is much better

to revolt - revolution – to revolutionize WF

heat stores COLL – stocks of heat

to correlate with PREP if one thing correlates with another, there is a close similarity
or connection between them, often because one thing causes the other. You can also say
that two things correlate.
⇒ The oceans and global temperatures are correlated.
Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) TERM - a recurring (повторяющий ся) pattern of
ocean-atmosphere climate

to cool down PHR - to become less hot, or to make someone or something become less
hot
to heat up PHR - to become hot or warm

to coincide with PREP – to be the same or similar; to occur or exist simultaneously

to be passionate about smth PREP/ SP - having very strong feelings about something or
a strong belief in something
passionate – passion WF

to assure of PREP - to tell smb confidentely that smth is true especially so that they do
not worry – заверить кого-л в чем-то, убедить, успокоить

a solid science COLL – a science that is giving confidence and believed to be true

to incorporate DEF - to include something as part of something larger

corpus – to incorporate WF

a host of – a great number of

to account for PHR - to explain the reason for something; if something accounts for a
particular fact or situation, it causes or explains it

to be accounted for by smth PHR / PREP – to be explained by smth

to make smth clear IDIOM - if you make something clear, you say something in a way
that makes it impossible for there to be any doubt about your meaning, wishes, or
intentions.

overwhelming force of smth COLL - overpowering in effect

to be up PHR– to be ahead

to reassert DEF- to assert your rights again; to show that you still have power –
восстановить свои позиции
to reassert oneself DEF - if something such as an idea reasserts itself, it becomes
noticeable again
to assert – to reassert – assertive - assertion WF

to be set to do smth DEF - to start working or dealing with something in an energetic

and determined way; to start again
mode TERM - a way of doing something

to resume DEF - to begin again - возобновляться

dizzy DEF - is when you lose your balance and about to fall

to reach the dizzy heights IDIOM – to reach a very important or impressive position;
достичь головокружительных высот

debate about sth PREP - discussion or dispute

to debate - debate – debatable WF

to be far from over COLL – when smth is far from it’s end ⇒ The debate about what is
causing global warming is far from over.

to hot up PHR – to become hotter

empirical data COLL – data obtained by experimental way or derived from an

observation rather than theory

campaign TERM - a series of coordinated activities, such as public speaking and

demonstrating, designed to achieve a social, political, or commercial goal

to campaign for PREP – if someone campaigns for something, they carry out a planned
set of activities over a period of time in order to achieve their aim.

to join a campaign for smth COLL / PREP

reduction of noise level COLL - the act or process of reducing (making smaller)

nuisance SP - something or someone that annoys you or causes trouble for you –
досада, помеха, неудобство

environmental nuisance COLL - ecologically negative nuisance

asthma SP

an increased incidence of asthma COLL – an increased degree of asthma

exposure to smth (noise) PREP – being in a situation when smth (noise) might affect
you

to result in smth (deafness) PREP – if something results in a particular situation

(deafness), it causes that situation to happen
decibel SP

to be subjected to smth PREP – to be affected by smth – подвергаться чему-л, быть

подверженным воздей ствию чего-л.

to put the pressure on smb to do smth IDIOM / PREP – to make demands on someone;
to try to get someone to do something

a pressure group TERM - a group of people who put the pressure on legislators, public
opinion, etc, in order to promote their own ideas

to set up a pressure group COLL / PHR– to create a group of people who work together
to try to influence what other people or the government think about a particular subject
in order to achieve the things they want

Unit 31 pp. 66-67

a daunting task COLL - causing fear or discouragement – пугающая,

обескураживающая задача, т.е. трудная, серьезная проблема

to dispose of waste COLL / PREP = to get rid of waste COLL / PREP - to throw away
something that is no longer wanted or needed
disposal of waste COLL – is the act of getting rid of something that is no longer wanted
or needed

household waste COLL - the rubbish produced by people in their home

to dump waste COLL – to dispose of waste in an irresponsible manner

be harmful to the environment PREP – to have a bad effect on the environment

to recycle waste COLL – to sort and collect rubbish in order to treat it and produce
useful materials that can be used again
cycle – to cycle – to recycle WF

toxic waste TERM / COLL – poisonous waste

public health TERM – 1) the activities and services that are designed to improve the
standard of health of the general population – здравоохранение; 2) the health of all
the people in an area ⇒ a danger to public health

environmental catastrophe COLL - environmental disaster/calamity/cataclysm/crisis

weather pattern TERM – it is common for the weather to become locked in a repeating
pattern. The same weather will occur day after day. Then suddenly one day the weather
changes and, for example, dry weather for 2 weeks becomes rainy weather for a week.
When this happens it is referred to as a weather pattern change - метеорологическая
ситуация, тип погодных условий
changing weather patterns COLL - меняющиеся погодные условия

to be absolutely vital COLL – to be really important, completely essential ⇒It is

absolutely vital that we change our ways…

to change one’s ways IDIOM - if someone changes their ways, they permanently
improve their behavior or their way of doing something

to change our ways before it’s too late – изменить наше поведение, пока не слишком
поздно

searing heat COLL / SP – extreme heat; extreme in degree or strength

to soar TERM – to grow;

temperatures soar COLL – temperatures increase to a high level

dire consequences COLL / SP – extremely serious consequences

flooding TERM - if flooding occurs, an area of land that is usually dry is covered with
water after heavy rain or after a river or lake flows over its banks
widespread flooding COLL - flooding extending over a wide area

irreversible SP - not able to be undone or altered

irreversible climate change COLL - things cannot be changed back to the way they were
before
to reverse – irreversible WF

carbon footprint TERM - is a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide released into the
atmosphere by your activities over a particular period – выбросы углерода,
углеродный след
to reduce our carbon footprint COLL – to reduce amount of carbon dioxide created by
an activity/person/business

food miles TERM - the distance between the place where food is grown or made and the
place where it is eaten

to offset carbon emissions COLL– to pay for an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide to
be saved elsewhere
to set – to offset WF
vehicle emission TERM / COLL / SP– substances emitted from a vehicle as a result of
internal combustion

a hybrid car / vehicle TERM – 1) a car which uses electrical power to enhance the
efficiency of the engine 2)a car which can alternate between different energy sources

alternative energy sources TERM / COLL - natural sources of energy, such as the sun,
wind, tides, or waves

solar heating (system) TERM - heat radiation from the sun collected by heat-absorbing
panels through which water is circulated

a wind farm TERM - is a place where windmills are used to convert the power of the
wind into electricity
offshore wind farms COLL – wind farms at sea, away from the coast

oil supplies COLL – sources of oil; the total amount of oil available to use – ресурсы
нефти

to run dry - to stop supplying smth (water, oil); to be all used so that none is left; if an
oil well (нефтяная скважина) runs dry, it no longer produces any oil

renewable energy TERM – (another name for alternative energy) is energy that is
produced by the sun, wind, rather than using fuels such as oil or coal, or from other
sources that will never run out

green taxes TERM – taxes which relate to the protection of the environment
to introduce green taxes COLL – to bring in or to establish

incentive SP - a motivating influence; stimulus

eco-friendly design COLL – a less harmful plan or project to the environment than
other similar plans or projects
friend- eco-friendly WF

Unit 38 pp. 94-95

threat TERM / SP - someone or something that is likely to cause harm or damage

to threaten – threat WF
potential threat to the environment COLL / PREP

habitat TERM - the environment in which an animal or plant normally lives or grows
shrinking habitat COLL – a habitat which is decreasing in size
inhabit -habitat-inhabitant WF

rising sea levels COLL - the level of the surface of the sea with respect to the land

endangered species TERM – types of animals/plants which are in danger of no longer

existing

global warming TERM – steady rise in average world temperatures

climate changes TERM – changes in weather/climate

climate -climatic WF

carbon dioxide emission TERM /COLL – carbon dioxide gas from factories, cars, etc.
to emit – emissions WF

fossil fuel TERM – is fuel such as coal or oil that is formed from the decayed remains of
plants or animal
the burning of fossil fuels COLL

greenhouse effects TERM / COLL – warming of the Earth’s surface caused by pollution

to contribute to smth PREP - to have a share in bringing about (a result); be partly

responsible for ⇒ Carbon dioxide emissions contribute to the green house effect –
способствовать, содей ствовать

ecological balance TERM / COLL – balance of natural relationships in the environment

population growth COLL

to exert sever pressure on COLL / PREP – to put pressure on

finite resources TERM / COLL – limited resources

deforestation TERM - destruction of forests

uncontrolled deforestation COLL
forest – deforestation –reforestation WF

demographic projection COLL – a forecast about the population

demography -demographic-demographically WF

the worst case scenario (-s) TERM / COLL – the worst possibilities of future

pristine environment COLL – perfectly clean/untouched/unspoilt area

green credentials TERM / COLL – reputation for positive support of the environment

sustainable development TERM / COLL – development of industry, which does not

threaten the environment or social and economic stability – экоустой чивое развитие

prophets of doom and gloom IDIOM – people who always make the most depressing or
pessimistic forecasts for the future

piecemeal conservation TERM /COLL – carrying out conservation one bit a time, with
no overall plan; unsystematic
piece –piecemeal WF