Indian history

1. Indus Valley civilization:

● 3300 BC to 1200BC;
● civilization in north Western India, along the fertile plains of the indus
● Harrapaa (first site to be excavated in 1920s) ; Mohenjo Daro
● baked brick houses, vast drainage system and proper urban planning

2. Varna system:
a. 4 tier division of society: Brahmins; ksathriyas; Vaishyas, Shudras
3. Buddhism
a. Inidan religion on the teachings of Buddha; 5th century BCE
b. The Buddha's central teachings emphasize the aim of attaining liberation from
suffering, the source of which is said to be attachment , through Buddhist ethics and
motivation
c. Final goal; achieving nirvana
4. Maurya Empire:
a. First great empire in ancient india;
b. founder Chnadragupta Mourya, 321 BCE defeated nanda empire
c. Reached its height under Ashoka (3rd emperor) ; accepted Buddhism after Kalinga
war; patron of Buddhism
d. Collapsed in 185 BCE

5. Mahmud of Ghazni
a. raided kingdoms in northern India seventeen times between 997 and 1030.

6. Delhi Sultanate
a. Sultanat based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, for
320 years (1206–1526).
five largely unrelated dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the
1. Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290)
2. Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the
3. Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414),[14] the
4. Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), and th
5. Lodi dynasty (1451–1526).

7. Muhammad Ghouri
a. The foundation of the Sultanate was laid by Muhammad Ghori who routed the Rajput
Confederacy led by Ajmer ruler Prithviraj Chauhan in 1192 near Tarain ( Battle of
Tarain 1192), after suffering a reverse against them earlier.

8. Mamluk Dynsasty
a. Mamluk means slave soldier
b. Qutb ud din Aibak, former slave of Ghouri, first ruler of Mamluk dynasty
 i. Ruled for 4 years 1206-10
c. Aram shah succeeded but died in a year > son in law of Qutb id din , Shams ud din
Iltimush , 3rd ruler of Mamluk dynasty
d. A series of weak rulers after him
e. Razia Sultana: 1236-40
1. ruler of Delhi Sultanate
2. Iltutmish was succeeded by Razia's half-brother Ruknuddin Firuz.
During a rebellion against Ruknuddin, Razia ascended the throne
after Ruknuddin was deposed in 1236; ruled for 4 years
9. End of Delhi Sultanate
i. Babur defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Panipat in 1526.

10. Mughal empire

a. Founded by Babur 1526; defeated Ibrahim Lodhi; first battle of Panipat

11. Babur (1526-1530)
a. Father was governor of Ferghana
b. Panipat 1526
c. Battale of Khanwa 1527 - defeated Rajput confederacy under Rana Sanga
d. Died in Agra in 1530; remains moved to Kabul ‘

12. Humayun 1530-1540 ; 1555-56

a. Interrupted by Suri Empire of Sher Shah Suri (Battle of Kannauj 1540)
b. Hamida bano gave birth to akbar at umerkot
c. Fled to Persian Safavid empire ; Shah Thamasp 1 welcomed him

Sher Shah Suri

● Founded the Sur empire by defeating Humayoun in 1540
● Rebuilding and modernizing of GT road
● Gave high positions to Afghans in the army
● Built Rohtas fort and established the city of Bhera
● Died 1545

13. Akbar (1556-1605)

a. Born as Humayun was fleeing from Sher Shah Suri; at umerkot, sindh\
b. Bairam Khan helped the young Akbar in ruling the Mughal empire
c. Abolished religious tax
d. Din e Ilahi
e. Matrimonial alliances
f. Contemporary of Sultan Suleiman the magnificient (1526-1566) and Queen Elizabeth
1 (1558-1603), last monarch of house of tudor
14. Jahangir 1605 - 1627
a. Wife Nur jahan - ran affairs of the sate
b. Chain of justice

15. Shah Jahan 1628-58

a. Red Fort, Shah jahan mosque, Taj Mahal for wife Mumtaz Mahal ; wazir khan
mosque
b. Deccan war, safavid war, portuguese war ; aggressive FP
c. Appointed dara Shikoh as successor; succession crisis; aurangzeb emerged
victorious ; Aurangzeb imprisoned father in Agra fort

16. Aurangzeb 1658-1701

a. Longest reigning monarch
b. Reinstated Jizya
c. Fatwa Alamgiri - collection of islamic law
d. Executed Sikh Guru Teg Bahadur - 9/10 guru > Guru Gobin Singh > Guru Granth
Sahib
e. Maratha issue
17. Bahadur Shah Zafar
a. deposed by the British East India Company and exiled in 1858. Zafar was exiled to
Rangoon, Burma

18. Through the Government of India Act 1858 the British Crown assumed direct control of East
India Company-held territories in India in the form of the new British Raj.
19. In 1876 the British Queen Victoria assumed the title of Empress of India.’

20. Reasons for Decline:

a. No Law of succession Death of Shah Jahan 1658: Aurangzaeb; dara shiko; shuja;
murad baksh
b. Weak rulers
c. Jagirdari crises
 d. Rise of regional powers like Marathas ; rohillas
e. Invasions; Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali europeans
f. Aurangzeb ; Strict muslim; hindu’s sikh

East india company

● Vaco De gama - 1498
● Est 1600
● Battle of Plassey 1757; Siraj Ud Daula lost to Robert Clive ; Mir Jaffar
● : "Jaffar az Bengal, o Sadiq az Deccan

Nang–e–Adam, Nang–e–Deen, Nange–Watan"

● Battle of Buxar; 1764

○ In present-day Bihar
○ EIC (Hector Munro) vs Indian rulers Nawab of Bengal; nawab of Awdh; Mughal
emperor
○ Consequences:
1. Shattered the authority of coalition of indian rulers
2. Solidified EIC control on Bengal, Awdh, orissa
3. Treaty of Allahabad: EIC recognized as the effective rulers of the
3 states ; got Diwani rights (right to collect revenue)

● Anglo Mysore wars: 4 wars between 1767 to 1799 ; haider Ali and then Tious sultan
i. First Anglo Mysore war 1767
ii. 2nd 1780
iii. 3rd 1792 ; defeat for Mysore; Treaty of Seringapatam ; Tipu surrenders
half territory
iv. 4th 1799
● Doctrine of lapse 1843; Lord dalhousie : jhansi; Udaipur, Nagpur, Sitara
● !857 revolt
○ Started on 10th May 1857, Meerut
○ Immediate cause; refusal of sepoys to use greased cartridges
○ Causes:
i. British expansionist policies ; doctrine of laspe; annexation of Auwdh
ii. Economic exploitation ; heavy taxation
iii. Missionary activities
iv. Social ; abolition of Satti and widow marriages
○ Reasons for Failure:
i. Lack of coordination among rebel leadership
ii. Lack of popular support
iii. Better communication and transport of Bristish
iv. Absence of nationalistic sentiment
Islam
● 114 surahs in quran
● Quran is divided into 7 manzils
● All surahs with the exception of the 9th Surah Tauba begins with bismillah
● First revelation Surah Alaq, 2nd revelation: Surah Mudasir
● Total 23 years prophethood mission: 13 years Makka; 10 in Madina
● Makki 86 surahs ; madni 28 surahs (addressed the peculiar circumstances of muslim
community)
● Makki Surahs (Alaq, Nas, Ikhlas, kafirun
■ Are brief and deal with belief in Allah and day of judgement
■ Reward and punishment ; heaven and hell
● Madni Surahs (tobah, Nisa, Ale imran)
■ Generally longer
■ Social duties and obligations ; permission of jihad ; sociopolitical and
financial aspects
● 1st rveelation: 610 AD
● Warqa Bin naufel; H Khadija’s cousin, who confirmed HP’s prophethood after the first
revelation
● False prophet: Musalima; battle of Yamama ; during Abu Bakr’s caliphate

Life in makka 571-622

● Abdul Mutlib; HP’s grandfather
● HP’s father: Abdullah ; mother Amina
● HP born 12 Rabi ul awal 571
● Abraha : ruler of Yemen who had come to attack Makka
● Bedouin woman; Halima Sadia
● Granfather died when HP was 8; uncle abu talib beocmes guardian
● Call the prophethood:
a. 610 AD; end of ramadan ‘ 40 year old
● Reasons for Quraish opposition to HP
1. Economic benefits and income form being custodians of the house
2. Chiefs of Banu ummaya could not bear supremacy of banu hashim
3. Islam opposed the established customs and religion
4. Political cost: to accept supremacy of the HP

● Hardships faced by Mislims in Makkah

1. Summaya bint Khabab; first martyr, slave ; killed by her master Abu Jahl for not
renouncing islam
2. Bilal; slave of Ummaya ; beaten ; HP sent Abu bakr to purchase
● Migration to Abyssinia ; 5th year of prophethood
○ 5th year of prophethood ; 2 expeditions of muslims left for abyssinia
○ Najashi treated them well
○ Hazrat Jaffar recited verses of Surah Maryam to the king; he refused to return the
migrants to qurash

● Significance of abbysinya migration ‘

1) First major political move by HP
2) Gave muslims a chance to take the message of islam out of arabia
3) Idea of greater migration to yasrib
4) Idea that there were place sthey could seek shelter

● Boycott (7th year of prophethood)

○ Shib e abi talib ; 3 years
● Year of grief:
○ 10th year of prophethood; death of khadija and Abu Talib ; Amul Hazn

● Visit to taif
○ With Zaid Bin Harith (Not zaid bin sabit) ; Banu Saqeeef tribe ; 9AH the tribe
accepted islam

● Mairaj
○ 10th year of prophethood ; 27 rajjab
○ Makka to jerusalem ; Burraq
○ Accompanied by Jibrael; went to all 7 heavens
○ Met Adam, Isa, Yahya, Yousaf , musa
○ Sidrat ul muntaha; Jibrael said he couldnt go forward
○ HP went forward and spoke to Allah
○ 5 daily prayers made obligatory

● Pledges of Aqaba; (11th and 12 the year of Prophethood)

○ People of Khazraj tribe of Yasrab met HP and accepted ISlam
○ First pledge
■ 12 people of Aws and Khazraj ; took oath of allegiance to HP; avoid
polytheism ; avoid theft
■ 2nd pledge
● 72 people
● Causes for migration to Yasrab:
1. Success of pledges of Aqaba
2. People were tender hearted
3. Opposition of quraysh
4. Aus and Khazraj tribes at ware needed a stong leader

● Importance of migration
 1. Muslim calendar starts
2. Got a chance to openly preach islam
3. Strong muslim brotherhood est
4. HP head of state

● Compilation of Quran
○ Abu Bakr Caliphate
● Large number of hafiz died in battle of Yamama (Musalima)
● Umar suggested to Abu bakr to compile
● Abu bakr directed Zaid bin sabit
● First script prepared by Zaid transferred to Caliph Abu Bakr >
Umar > H Hafsa
○ Hazrat Usman
● After H Umar’s caliphate, islam spread. New converts redcited
quran in different ways
● Usman ordered Zaid Bin Sabit to make copies of H Hafsa’s copy.
Then dispatched to all capital cities; others destroyed by fire.
● Migration to Madina
● Abu Bakr accompanied ; Cave Saur
● Spider web covered cave entrance
● Stopped at Quba; built masjid e quba
● At arrival stayed at the place of Abu Ayub Ansari

Life in Madina (622-632)

● 1AH
○ Built Masjid e nabwi
○ Azan: idea of H Umar; Bilal first Muezzin
○ Settlement of muhajirin
○ Charter of Madina
■ was a social and constitutional contract ; in the year 622 CE.
■ early example of a constitution that outlined the rights and responsibilities
of different communities within the city.
1. Establishment of unified community
2. Equal rights to jews (qainuqa, quraiza, nazir)
3. In case of attack on Madina, both would defend the city
4. Freedom of worship to the jews
5. Granted protection of life and property

● 2AH
○ Fasting
○ Zakat
 ○ Change of Qiblah (Verse 144 of Surah baqrah)
○ Banu Qainuqa expelled after Badar ; worked against muslims despite agreement.
○ Battle of Badr
■ 70 quraish (Abu Jahal, Ummaya, Utba ; father of Hinda killed by Hamza
)and 14 muslims died
■ Significance
1. First decisive battle of Islam
2. Sign of divine support
3. Weakening of Quraish ; imp leaders killed
4. Precedent for defensive Jihad

● 3AH
○ Battle Uhud
■ 50 archers to protect the pass through the Ujud mountain
■ Kahlid Bin Walid charged through the pass
■ Hinda (wife of Abu Sufyan) mutilated the body of H Hamza ; to avenge
the death of her father Utba by hamza
■ Significance:
1. Lesson in obedience and discipline
2. Martyrdom of Hamza
3. Forgiveness and mercy; archers forgiven

● 4AH
○ Banu Nazir expelled for conspiring with the Quraish against Muslims
● 5AH
○ Battle of Trench / batlle of Ahzab / battle of allies
■ Abu Sufyan marched to madina with 10k army
■ Salman farsi idea : trench
■ 1 months seige
○ Banu Quraiza expelled for helping the quraish
● 6AH
○ Treaty of Hudaibiya
■ HP wanted to perform pilgrimage
■ Stopped at hudaybya 3 miles from Makka to inform quraish that intent
was not to wage war.
■ 1st messenger sent; no return ; 2nd sent; no return ; Usman sent; no
return
■ Bait e rizwan ; HP took oath of companions that they ould lay down their
lives for Allah
■ Terms of treaty Hudaybya
1. Muslims would return
2. They would be permitted to come next year but would stay
for 3 days only
3. No fighting for 10 years
 4. If a quraysh escaped to Madina, he would be returned
■ Significance
1. Reduced hostilities; non believers of Makka started visiting
Madina ; closely saw islamic way of life
2. Important personalities accepted islam ; Khalid Bin walid
(conquered Syria) , Amr bin Aas (conquered Egypt)
3. Messages sent out to rulers of the region
4. Lesson in patience
5. Qran’s reassurance: ‘Verily we have granted you a
manifest victory’ - Verse 1 of Surah Fatah (48)
● 7AH
○ Letters to kings and emperors ; khosrow of persia ; negus of abbysinya ; cyrus of
egypt
○ Khyber expedition
■ Jewish tribes conspiring against islam
■ Fortress Qamus
■ Siege ; ALi killed Mehrab (famous jew warrior)
■ Victory
○ Reason for change in relations with jews:
■ They Were apprehensive of growing power of islam
■ Money lenders; charged interest
■ Used to exploit the rivalry between aus and khazraj for their benefit;
rivalry sorted
■ Sided with qurasyh at important moments
● 8AH
○ Battle of Mutah
■ Messenger to Roman emperor killed
■ 3 Commanders fell ; Zaid bin harisa > Jaffar > abudulla
■ Finally Army under Kahlid bin Walid defeated the enemy

○ Conquest of Madina
■ Banu bakr ally of quraysh ; Banu Khuza ally of muslims
■ Quraysh and banu bakar attacked muslim ally
■ Prophet gave 3 choices to quraysh
1. Blood money
2. End alliance with Banu bakr
3. Dissolve hudybya treaty
● Divided army into 4 groups
● People who would be safe
○ Those who enter Abu Sufyan;s house
○ Those who close their doors
○ Those who lay down arms
● Stayed in Makka for 15 days
 ■ 10th Ramadan 8ah - HP left Madina
■ Announced general pardon except a few people
○ Battle of Hunayn
■ Hawazin and Saqeef tribes of Taif were preparing to attack muslims
■ Taif fell as well

● 9AH
○ Tabuk expedition
■ Last military expedition of HP
■ Against Romans
● 10AH
○ Year of deputations ; Aam ul wafd ; numerous tribes came to meet the Hp
○ Farewell pilgrimage
○ Arafat Sermon
1. I might not be with you after this
2. Treat wives with kindness
3. Slaves
4. Muslim are bros
5. Guard yourself from committing injustice
6. Duties and responsibilities of muslims
7. Let him who present tell this to he who is absent

Wives of HP
1. H Khadija
○ 2 sons and 4 daughters ; HP didnt marry during her life
○ Earliest supporter of Islam and HP ; the first convert
○ Died in 10th year of prophethood
2. Hazrat Sawdah
○ Widow with a son ; only muslim in her fam; fam against her
○ HP married her to protect her
3. H Aysha
○ Daughter of Abu Bakr
○ Died in 58 AH
4. H Hafsa
○ Daughter of Umar
○ Husband died in battle of Badr
○ Cutsodian of orgiginal copy of Quran compiled by Zaid bin sabit
5. Hazrat Zainab bint Khuzaima
○ Umme masakin
6. H Umme habiba
○ Daughter of Abu Sufyan
○ Real name was Ramlah
○ Had a daughter from her previous marriage , habiba
 ○ Migrated to abyssinia; husband converted to christianity divorced
○ HP sent proposal in 6AH
○ Died in 44 AH; reign of her bro Muawiya
7. H Maria Qibtia
● Sent as a present by ruler of egypt ; he did not accept islam
● Mother of HP son Ibrahim

Ashrah Mubashra - 10 blessed companions

1. H Abu bakr
2. H Umar
3. Usman
4. Ali
5. Talha
○ Among earliest converts; grand nephew of H Abu Bakr
○ At Uhud made his own body a shield to protect HP
○ ⅙ companions chosen by Umar to be appointed as Caliph
6. Zubair
○ Among earliest converts; among those who migrated to Abbysinya
○ ⅙ companions chosen by Umar to be appointed as Caliph
7. Abu ubaidah Bin Jarrah
○ Migrated to Abbysniya
○ At badr came face to face with his father and killed him
○ During Abu Bakr caliphate, he commanded successful expedition to Syria and
Persia ; conquered Damnsacus
8. Saad bin Abi Waqas
○ The first muslim to have shed blood for the cause of islam
○ Commander in chief of muslim army during the claiphate of Umar in battle of
Qadisiya against persians
○ During Usman’s caliphate, made governor of Kufa
9. Abdur rehman bin Auf
○ Among the first vatch to migrate to abbysinya
○ ⅙ companions chosen by Umar to be appointed as Caliph

10. Saeed bin Zahid

Other companions
1. Zaid Bin Sabit
○ Belonged to Khazraj tribe of Madina
○ Accepted Islam before HP’s migration to Madina
○ Very knowledgeable; could speak multiple langs
○ Memorized the quran during HP life
 ○ Abu Bakr tasked him with compilation of Quran after battle of Yamama
(Muslaima)
2. Zaid bin Harisa
○ Was a slave ; Adopted son of HP
○ Usually considered as the 4th person to accepts islam after khadija, ali , abu bakr
○ Died in battle of Muata
3. Khalid Bin Waleed
○ Accepted Islam after treaty of Hudyabya
○ Brave and courageous warrior ; saif allah ;sword of Allah
○ Uhud, turned the tide against muslims
○ Commanded armies against romans and persians
○ Banu Makhzum

Caliphs
● Abu Bakr (632-34) - BANU TAIM
1. Refusal to pay zakat ; fought those tribes
2. False prophets; Msualima (Yamama battle)
3. Campaigns in Syria and Western Iraq
4. Damascus siege; pulled off at the news of his death

● Umar (634-644) - BANU ADI

1. Nominated by Abu Bakr
2. Campaign against the Persian ; battle of Qadisiya ; Saad Bi Abi Waqas
a. 636 AD ; Rashidun caliphate and the Sassanian empire
b. Decisive victory ; Iraq taken

3. Campaign against Byzantine; Battle of yarmouk (6 days) ; 636

a. led the way for Muslim rule in Syria
b. Fought at the banks of Yarmouk river at the modern day border of
Syria and Jordan
c. Regarded as Khalid Bin Walid’s greatest victory

4. Siege of Jerusalem 637

a. Abu Ubaida led army ; patriarch Sophronius surrender to caliph
b. Would remain under muslim control till 1099; first crusade;
c. Remained a christian city for 88 years
d. Saladin 1187 ;

5. Conquest of Egypt (Amr bin aas) 642

6. Domestic reforms
 a. Established Majlis e shura
b. State divided into provinces; each put under a wali
c. Governors called to makka at the event of Hajj; would hear
complaints against them
d. Established departments for revenue colelction
● Usman (644-56)
■ Umar nominated a body of 6 companions to select the caliph from among
them: Ali, Usman, talha, zubair, abdur rahman bin auf, saad bin abi waqas
■ Circulation of official copies of quran
● Ali 1656-61
○ Battle of Camel (Jamal) ; 656 AD, near Basra in Iraq
■ Cause; punish the assassins of Usman
■ First civil war in islam
■ Talha,zubair, h aysha vs Ali
■ Ali victorious
○ Battle of Siffin 657
■ Ali removed Muawiya as governor of syria after becoming caliph
■ Muwiya refused to vacate office
■ Raised the cry for revenge of Usman’s murder and murderers to be
caught
■ Muawaiya army attached quran to lances ; ali’s army stopped fighting
■ Arbitration: Abu Musa Ashar; Amr bin Aas