DE 8|0| aoa3

Complex Analysts

Za+ tb

2Re z
Mit a-iy
Re 2
2+2

Im 7=. 7-Z
ai
2 - Z2

21
22 Z
Polar & Exporenad represertation orm ;
co-odlinote o# Z - cay)
be polar
et rcoS
sin9
7-r
cohore r-y
 sol? &tnd

NOTE
polar
(Farpument
Hrgz Arg
2
2 forn
polar
is 2 2

-ve
2
2
- re
re
e orm
-|-t r
4
real ((osO
Arg

number is
Arg

isino
o
not e374 2
=
\+g1
dei
then
ned,

fr92

So
gonetialy

Put >2(16y As
it tan! c8-8Y3iy9

ies
aa a'7G
the

t(-ss)
in oot,

3rod
t72),
0

quaclvant.

a( where

isin k

is
ordu)

e) oil:213
 :
centte Square

he
K=3,
a(1) a
roots
cos
rng 23
in
ohiCh
li
19

a
a
(cos
a)
a'l6 +
at
a/cos
(-) Su/6
isin
hoving the ( +r)
6 + + 7s))
(V3.-i)!
317a sio
isin )
SJ6
radis
876
)

a
a

dob
pierentiabiiy

2-26
IE Gm DE-
fC2)
020 FC2) 3)[08|4083

im tc2)
3|08
is
-
a a
420

irg
670
im im
contineous

(z1 2-Z0 -#(20)

2
82

(at (a+02):
(at
(a+0z)Èa)
is
must
4z) 2 difFerentio

@t0 82) evegoroe.

(a+02)-
(0+42)
(at02)-
be
42
eist
bie
-
aã aã odat
aã everro initely
everyunee
than S0, value ohich
Changes

tet B2-0 Um
origjin (2): fCa):
b2. a:0
docs

12)
-ire
42

(Cose
-
but so fc2)
not (tose-
Y(ass
0.
cosae- (CoSe CCase
coso
is
not f(2) unique -isine

:
not is sine)
tisino) t -
Sine) sine)
differentiable
döfforont
sino
(2 difforetiable isin20, isine
)
Umii
ccoso
conineou (coso-sine)
)

for rat -isine)

value
eacepr
itCoron

otho,

oe

Ans

DE-0l09/g03

Polety
#

i(2)
orm

loq 1 o
V*g GR (eosy
eq he
o. CR
tie ten isiny)

equation

+i it
tan is
analyic

dl) .
tha

"sin
 01)
u =
"-i(
--3 rCos is
-r ° r'(cose

nm - -isin -r"s 34 cos

cos
satisfy

sinha cos 3e Be
(sin sin sin3e 30 anaytc
cosh i( t
2 33 -ir°singe -isin + cR
tsinej
isin (7) o
.costy
ix so)
eq".

t
hx os oT

-3sin not.
i
cos
osh -
-r3
ha -
siny co, 39
hasiny) 09.3

Hopt

Hunction
Sinilarly
funton,
H
Harmonc
Dt-
Funtion
0q -
Una
u |09|30a3
- cosh
sinhm

is iF uncion;

har
Cag1UO
ui) a
sinhg cosh

monic.

is aralytc.
sšd
said
V

s to sinhm
a
harmonfc
be
cosha,

HarmoniC

sing
cos%
 Fndt Sice
V=

analytic

Uaa v
t
s
harmonic

function

cono:
whose

real
of
port u.
fk

() 0) equaton, NOTE
are IF IP Analyte
u the

u
202
is
3st
2

a2
2 2
harmonic

order
ochon

-0 CR

F(2)
Re is
egAhen parial
Compler
a fC2)

f(| ,hen ?)-(a1am)+i(-^fu

2

F(2) the then

2 derivative,

paritl
iamm
Proe
ale'e 2-2

ho o4 dorivativg

0202 kaplact o4
u
 ()
4
O(F2)+
2 02
S2
F(2)
1F(2)

Aoved F0) r(3) +

F(2)

(F)
(F)
+c2) +a)

Rco

Then cAs Set IF

btl
-. Asume
E
FC2)

in hen
for the is
s EC7a)-f(2)|
cortineoug

athough
not eo that
region
F(2))

anifoYmlg

I e(2)
an
ottoUng

<e s
o|21
ds funion

a S, unifornly
&|22-21] cortingous.
S
Then o6< <1. but
(2a-2|<8 ma%

it
on
-22|- satisfy
is a
<&. rmin o
ontingous.
noi
Compat.

but unifamy
on
e e.
 Xroo
*The
we Suticient
a'the
Contineous
DE1aj09)a0a3

at(aago). uppore
u NeessarPt

ueag-agF) and
have
IF tunction

part
F V cr point ucai)a
is
to both
ord
proVe ts uti (aoro.
ca FC2)
at
Conine0us.

is point
J,
Zo cis v(a) =
ucaiy)+iv(a

tha
at 2

(2)
are - a are =
otig.
F(2)| pont
cts both

is
ds. at <€ Zo cortirea if i)
anol
2
S.
St,
is

SoD
f

IF at A
Diiferentiable

uVy n0t thon m.S which

F2)2- f)i C
funchion

E f() 3420
f::uti be
is
fc4)
true.
f. cifferentiable

iS iF is
Since

(9-y)
erist ts h>o im C2)
Cm

FaH)
diffeent
.
g24
t
at
s
S
F(24 is
at m

not
2
dfferentialble

2. sud fs for 2
h)
an
but
at h -F(2)
nt duFferent

d
a
converse to exist.
saisfy
pont be check
iefeentia
2rse Rist.
eg
cifferentia continy
at ze value

z
ot mat the
Hhen C
be or
 heorem

F2). ake sahsky

Satisy Dt-13|
Since

Take
A2-0
im
im function

cR
- 04|
3083

0
01 equation.
ùe
lim
02 42->0
Um is
+ dfferentiable

ic
lim F(2+42)

-f(2)
4 so,
V(a

Ua ct s Compair 'cz)
contineous

origin from
loi0)
s
in direrenioble.

but

UChio)-uco0)
.
p'Co)
and
real
U(0,k)-
sotisy
oloes (1-i) Fart
h
v(D0) not 8E_
C-R inognory

2ist
equation

K>0

k jart
 coninOUs

Va
(o.o)

2-0 Un:
im
v(hio).v(0r0)

2-O

folar

Cim
which
20
iorm
rsing \(o) (-n)
it
a@ docs
oF
difforont

(o
(14
CR ro*)
nod n'a)
equation 4
.cose eist f(9?4
(t4
,2.
ia f

im)
(

dffer2nt
2-
farn)
:
-rsine

valuc
G
u

his

is u
ha sin cose
Sine

polar t
+ +
V
COSO
(Slne
(sine)

edendocd Deinition direction Indeternie

Corespordance so1there Doundetry

sterio and Ue eendod Real Dt-

say 197(

bodndary,
qraphte" ine
complea

ot we
is and
orm ine R:sarca)

shenographfc no s
projecion
prajetion sasy
bctoeen
concept but it
Rw
plane
hat
ca a
:
C increases

decreases RU
is The
thes
Z
of (-a,
not
ore-onetenti
femci increag)m7

oa) point
sphere an without

projeuion
order
wthoa4 ad
infioit
anol
poi an
 Take
peut
ios Ahe
ul
all there Cne IE let S0,
be at tie c0e
cis2i3)
north complen the North
it
on z-(aig is
point
cas
draw
points
2 he a
point
pole on-one on pole
inesinine. o) plane. oe any the
the spnore
-(rta)
= (o,01).

Ahe
anY of N0a
Z,
(-t) (-t) a complen
une
Consicer
correspondin1

(ag0)
24tNsr
cncl-the equation 1t psint cphereS

tt it eno
,'Na2'

+t(010
ing
ie
z:(0:g)o . plae.
woill

cut
a
pain+
sphare
eack
aat ine

SO, pant N
p
az

((-E)

t-(2|'
12]:

1+[2)2
IHfz1?-121+)

I+t
2 (z+|

Z-2
or
|+(2|2
2+2
 So
Utiv w: region
w-plane transšormation.
by n Wplane
n cw-planeghere
Let Corntormol DEaS097

2-plane

2+ W:2+ 2 z:a4iy

D and
(-1) odr
(41) Correspondinst
coTesponing

in Ci-i)
he
transormation

mor
&083

w
plane
+ 2-plane
and in
(y:) o-) consponlare
ping

caist Z-
determine
plane
is
4o
to
bourdeo

he
called
each a
poiot
and -
rectangulo
mapi cletinedpoint -u4
'D'in
by uv
(a•4
or in v

a- 3 &- *
|-Transletional
1-Transletional

F(2) Rolational
Map Hognifkatonal. There
Rotational

=e
-(tiy)
(0)
F(7)
antidokeuise
are

(
tos
s
a
totcation
- -
24C (a4C)41C
-
hree
O,
V-1

oyg
type
tisind)2) trans

(-io) direton
l)o1)
in
clockwise
late of
(bi) +Ca) transtomtion

the
iF
9o. olire
number

ction
 3-oiicaton

A Bilinear contraction.
transeion
Linear
NOTe Let
since ad-bc
map

a2+3 o) IE
ad-be
0... 04
transformation

(a]a1 1al)1
or , (2)
he (ho)
(ho)
is 's Movus rotation =
alle orm conira (nagniication

0ot a2
0. cortracion
contochon

a (2) transformato'
billineau
billineau
magnhiaHón
is cion
- the
)
a21b -o2)
ransfoooien c2d
transformotion
composition
)

(ov)
a

Cross Bilinear
{E
NOTES
DE-
2Za23i2
22-Z3 2-22 a6)09|a0a3
FC2)
F(2)= 32+8
atio 42+1

transformation
= cd
Cross
=bc
Z4-21
are ire aztb c(2+
a(2- is
raio a
distinc
to b/a)
bilinear

straigmine.

dj)
maps
(Zr2a)
(2a23)
hen transfor

cirle
(2324)
(2y-2) madfon,

imo

ircle
 oc
30,
Since
tho
distint
dcfint (d heorer)

(ot
acz29
the
(Wgrg)(wo)
billineor o,
:Zytb
c2+d
w=TC2)

billingar
point
ar
+ a2gtb 02+b tTansforrSation
giy
0d2, c24t c2+d
(CZ+d) Zi2ai23

+bc2g
d-be
transformation

be
the
Cz2+d)
(323)
Z-22)(Zg-24)
2y
1 image
bc in
- Aha. o) 2

-
ac212-hcz1

hen plane

adz
Image
be
(?u-2)
oi
four
under
-b of

(2,-2a) :
(2a23) (Citd)
wg-
(Z1-22)

(catd)(c2gt
(4-72) ad
(2929)
(adl-bc)
uy c+d) (-23)

(ad-b)
(23-24) (czgtd)
(od-bc)
(23-2y)
(Za-23) 22)
tc7, +
(2y-2 (cZtd)
(c231d)
bc
(2g-2)
23-24)(ad-b)
(ad-bc)
ad-bc)
(ad-bc)
d) +d)
(Zu-21) (c23td) (c+
(c7yt
Roscl (cZut)

d)
ad-be) (czutd) d)
(c2,+d)
 SOThe

9 (2-) Z2a)(2g-
(22i)

z-i at2 (2-1) -(9+2)

2-i)4(ita) -(at2)
(2-1) (-a)(-a

212) 7a73) bilingat

(a+a)
4
(4)
(-a)
i2) S(?11)
uitz
(ita) 2) peint
-|0 S (S)
tansfoymation

(i-)
(uo-i)2(i+)
-
(Iw)G-).
(w-i)
(i-) (w-i) 2:
(14w) -CUt i:7g
(w-)ci)

a (-1-w)
(141)
((+w)
w) a.23:

ca) Z4722;

-2

0Billingar

wplane
S
ind Dt
(2-9
1(-1-2) (2-)1 (-o) -
0F/10AC93

2-i 2-i
(24+) at2 2-f
(1-2)
(0-c).(w- the
trangiormation
ibillingar

W-i (tw-i)
i(-i-w)

(i-o) trasfema

(1) (-i-w)
(o1i) -)
z.1,0i-1

ion wT

ohich
4o
osi.o-i

ma
 soransormaion

Sind

(co-t) (2-)
2-1-2-)
2-1424I
2)1 741

(o-2) (i-o)
the
billinear

W-?

.(w-o)(i- W-i-
w-2+W4

(o) rom transfor

W
w-i
Coo-)
o Zico,i,6

)
mati

on
do
w.o,i,

Case-)

for
Consiler
s Che
ttonsormation
tronssor
figed

Suppose called
here
W
Suppoge
iaed pojr: point
-Cd-a)
ae 2--(d-a) billincar
fied moion
Q2+5 C7+ az4b
C-0a
4 point hich
or
ac +\-a)- Co transtormaion
point.
under
inin12

dto.
tydo)-ycb
Z= coinsidey

Oa
02+b a point

ybc billineax
ac-bc

wth ok
billinear

ranstormot
+0. their
 has Consider Eliphic taedEvey Normad

w-p
IC but
tuoo WtC2) a-d=0.

H
it a-d0,thon
2 2(1- or
wp point
billineay
2-
has taed
(a 4/4)
yperbolte
Aote šorm
any
a-d. -b
2-B only
=k
and Q24tb
billinea transformation
of point
C24d Billinear
one
2-B 2-d1 t bld
disthinct and has 2:z
can
transorm
ixe
parabolictónsormgaton

transormation
two
be
ine oitten
point-te

with
ied
ation
point. point.
two o
ag

so|
In
-
O+ S
normal
find IE here
tho |k]=4
) &-Z
W 2 is
(-2) -7-2
ha
read
a-2 form,
a-Z tiaeo hen k=
a-2
Z-a+2
a-2 2. =0
=0 Billinear
&tve,
cpt
point t
Q2-2 is
called
transformahion and hen

he lt eliphc

is
norma

for)
 So)
Q hyperbolic
which
Congider

2= ?
W
Gi)Tu(2)
W: k=is >.
W W-o
w2-2 T2)
TC) Ta2) 2
TC2) is
a(2-1)
&-3W
+3W-0

Z+3
= te trangformation,
requited
real 2
2t tragformation

Zf3
2t ano
2-a !

normal
W:
pasitfive.
Ta(2)=2

dorm

(0s)
(v)
Critical

IF
dw(cd)a-a2+b
=To2+a
T
RC2)
TiTal2) wZ

W2
743
poits
-dc 243 2+3
w
C2+d a2tb

2+|
T2
2+1
(CzHd Z+1
i
+3
)
ad-bc
)
Z+32+
32+a
UZ+3

3
 pont.
ind
ind iN
dz
So,
Z:
&
show
te the =
(32+1)2
tha
and
inage ciical(37+)2 62+a-62-9 critical

under (321)2 2
(3241)2.

point
- 00
(2+3)3
poini
the
cp
transfomatio
is of callo

"3 32+) aZA3

criti
00.
cal

having
)
SO,

ho
) -V •
Cente radius
uv'yv=0

utv-Qv eente' line

utv+aV

or2.
: =
-0
a
V

=0
and is
transdar

radius

ito
a. the
urcle
 Cerrtte
radius

adiuy
Contre'ói-l:

ut = 1
(t)'=2 0,-l
l

O-)

SO
Q
Dt-1o|io/a0a3

rde show

? w
ven
3( aStLo
S
in that
yuw
-4Z
2-2 he
zl=| he
2 t =1 w
+\0wt plane relation

a
(wt ywty

a and
Yww
w)-3)

find :

-o 16ww+l6w16w

centre
S-42

trasfomm

ot
the
 undor

cetre radius
qww-6w'-60+4
(2)(-a)4 (2-2)
qww-6w-60 2-214
5

wwawawO
2- he
3w (2-2) -W
ta)(-8@
W
billinear
-1
o0.
=4
transHormation

+4
- +a)
yww
:
u(w)(@1)

w-)
-yw

-yw9 (w
w
-1) Z+|
Z

hot
SO,
so Eaample

plane Billinear
plane -
Billinear
NOTE

plane.
lE ad-be ad-bc
to t0
mas fc2) lower
uppar
transtormation a2+b.

= transfor

16-IS 32+8
a2tS (o
per ha half
oation
plang
ha 1)0.
plane.

plane maps
iF maps

w=
to c24
a2tb
uppor
upper

upper

half
hat
piece
IF piece in Divide
Piece Smooth
diffarotialbe.

Sojd IF path
7 + Dt-
2'4) each IÅ
Z along In tn
uoise zCE) case u1ola023

ois uire case

eÜt
wise

a subindenal

he curve.
o est )

da
¢0 any
soooth. Smooth
differertiable.

farb
difereniable

then
be
o aluays ot
ard diforortiable,
and (omple read

26)+0
- ito it cortineOus
ure.
valuedj UNIT-a

is olong
z'
eust
a

nite
- called
un
Chion
the
thon cr
hon
hon number regular cortineousiy
pah
(9)
it arc inHeaion

is it
s is
calod o
cCU L ho
is

Ex wth ogt A 8 finite A no- Cotou

Condour
arc. hon
contor congidor contour
inerset of
Ca
tre sequaree
fgudar ho
ending
Ch is
is wth C
C a arc
itsert
said st is conir20us
L
peit. open initial terminal
eithor arc
and 4o O iS
Calod
be diedod

a
Contour.

Uoso siartin losec

poit
chain
point sin simple

contoY.
or smootn

poirt poini o
it
CkH
or
nito Jordon
does
coinside

a
ceurve
or
a
 So

tthe 1et on C
dz Using I:4c) be ZC8): 1et(2)

pint the a comple

uhere S- corineour

(a-20)4CE) parition a(t)t

Un
2=a
the be
o-a
L
detiniton
dz iyt)
variable9
the
(zi-Zo &Z=b. i
arc tunction

on
he Z3)1(ea) ast
astsb.

rectifible
t(znZr-) ab] L. dohrd
22-2
Lb.
of
t2n-Zn)
inteqral

#C&)
t

ing

substtuhion
(0:3)
Dt
-1a|10)

12
(E41) =03
3 aiat 8t a083
+
t=0 iCe'+3)

8
-1-6
dt 2at
+

1a{°-a

et
st 3

dt
 Aoreries
L
L
Dt- (0) 2:0 ond
S)-G-gr9at
2=0 Consists
(2)
(2) (2) ind
31| t0 c
d2 to
d2 10] 2=4 ts 4(2)
3023 2:i
of 6)
L (-3ni+ d2
#2)
(2) -itl
the
too he ohere

ine line
(whore.
dz dz cinothor

4 3a?)d
) segment
()=
segmn

Ls
a2
y-a-3n'
rom
one
fomy
porite ze rom
R
to7:4

so
aRove
)|)47]<{oli4z)
-Mong
Circular Cpper
C8A

eg
on i.Q above

lo
uwer he ha
below hat
half: upper de or
below to
-1 rea
volus

do fhe
acccrds
4

clong
ne real
ož
ra.
as. integral

he
B
semi
 porametric COA
(2-a|
|d2
2-0

=r CBA

2-a- where

do
Z-
quotion
n-j
roa+ L
rigio ro io represent

o4
d2
do irde
cirde|z-a]=

|-a]: the

cirue

ri
is

semi

circula
(afe
it
a( oit aiit
cosIt + 743
+JT
aî)
dt
- dt
aie
singT)+
dt dz
di whore

ai-)

L
is
tho
 Asovs.

\FC2)\<M
Now SO, Sum
M 1 An
tel M

a uppeY
P* be
dake
2 Sp
a:te.
P

be upfer
dunction

(Zz-Ze) (2-20C&)

onL. boun
he the
[Link],.
boun
d2)
Omit partition hon
Hor

o4. is
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Dt-
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is
ang o1
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analyie
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thon
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rom
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Juagivdg-
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2) #(2)
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eist,
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c: he zl
losed

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ble s2ib
nt Co ad cirde
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s

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$(2)-2) s analyttc
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#2)-
point Z-2o )-$3)
2-2 Co
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2
at tn
c
Z-Zo

o
2-20

Co
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2-20e
2-20 d2 (20)
K8 freis $(20)
2-20
Co
rele
do 20
d2
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dormala
the D Lot Cauchys \ence,
hen #20) We since
($c23|< contain
circle #(2)
by Koou 2-2
ov
be inequali'ty e he
the
2-2o

higher
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M

on
detined

\nterior
analyte
sis equadionO

arbitary
modedes -

rieie #(2)
r
re 02) ordor By ten
by
do Cauchy fn
(C2) z-2o and
bothuide, de derivativeg
a so, becomes,
domain

bouda Arovel
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nhegral
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nM D"
ot and

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=0
n)
n
dz n
M

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reino
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do
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de
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Dt-
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ai Z+i 32
08u|aoa3
8ni 2=01
as C
2--2 Z(2-1) O.
2-1 (2]
(-i) (e-) =
3
insice
are
Ssic ies where

the
inside
c
is
Aho the

urcle
ircde.

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Z-13

tar-2)
2+3. q-2-0 Q-2?)
Z:-i,
p2
Ses
an 2-)
dz (2+) (ea)
oetsiole
sin (2+i) i

circle.
a.
|2].
he
2 cz

ohore
36+(ra)'-1a\4311i

=4(6

36+8%
C
is
i whfch rthe

eleipce

is
fngiole

so
Dt-
ot the
F1o)
C
13/1la033
Sa?
iegration
32 4
J be
(sinz) 2=0
a1) the
(Sin2)
circde

es dz
insiole

ari 2

e tte
(21

23
tircie

hel
value
r2)
:2 23.0
 intogvoa:
dz, cohee the poth
J(21

3xa

3.
wohave
|z-e)à

")- -sinz

3
dz

As