2ºBTO.

2023-2024
2ºTERM
List of contents

INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS ..................................................................................... 1

PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVE......................................................................................... 9
MODAL VERBS AND MODAL PERFECTS .................................................................. 19
VOCABULARY: CRIMEN AND JUSTICE ..................................................................... 27
VOCABULARY: EDUCATION AND WORK ................................................................. 29
VOCABULARY: SOCIAL ISSUES/SOCIETY ................................................................. 32
PEVAU TEXTS: Animal cruelty and interpersonal violence ...................................... 35
PEVAU TEXTS: The Jack the ripper case finally solved ............................................ 36
PEVAU TEXTS: Let’s not treat life as a job .............................................................. 37
PEVAU TEXTS: Bullying at school ............................................................................ 38
PEVAU TEXTS: Immigrants ..................................................................................... 39
PEVAU TEXTS: Wonder Woman: feminist icon or symbol of oppression? ............... 40

D. Álvaro Colodrero / D. Cristian Murillo / D. Jorge Rull / Dña. Virginia Becerra

Departamento de inglés IES Sierra de Aras

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 INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

GERUNDS
1. They are used as nouns, especially as the SUBJECT of a sentence.
Ex: Drinkingalcohol is bad for your health.

2. After PREPOSITIONS: in, at, on, for, about, of, from, with, without...

Ex: Juliet is hopeless atspeaking Spanish.

[Link] a group of VERBS: admit, avoid, celebrate, keep, mind, suggest…

(you should remember the LIST!)
Ex: Robin keeps talking about his problems.
4. After some EXPRESSIONS: can’t help… (no poder evitar); can’t bear/stand... (no soportar) be used to…
(estar acostumbrado a), get used to… (acostumbrarse a); look forward to… (estar deseando que); It’s no
use…; There’s no point (in)...(no tienesentido que); It is pointless/useless… (es inútil…) It is worth… (vale la
pena); It would be worth… (valdría la pena); It is a waste of time /money... (es una pérdida de
tiempo/dinero...)
Ex: He can’t help talking so loudly; There’s no point in arguing.

‘TO’ INFINITIVE
1. After many ADJECTIVES such as able, easy, difficult, hard, happy, sad, lucky, afraid, likely, ready, reluctant,
bound, sorry, careful, inclined, sorry, important, hesitant, prepared, surprised...
Ex: He’s very sad to be at home because his friends are on the beach.

2. After a group of VERBS: decide, want, expect, deserve, tend, plan, manage, choose…
(you should remember the LIST!)
Ex: He managed to open the door without the key.

3. To show PURPOSE (answer the question ‘What for?’ = ¿Para qué?).

Ex: I came to London to improve my English skills.

4. After QUESTION WORDS such as where, how, what, who and when (in indirect questions). Also, ‘to’
infinitive is used after WHETHER (si).
Ex: I don’t know what to do tomorrow; I didn't knowwhether to laugh or cry.

BARE INFINITIVE(the infinitive without 'to')

1. After MODAL VERBS (must, should, can, would, may, might…) Ex: I can meet you at six o'clock.

2. After 'LET', 'MAKE' and 'HELP' (with an object in the middle!).

Ex: The teacher let us work in pairs; Your brother made me cry yesterday;
Can you help me finish my assignment?

3. After some verbs of perception (see, watch, hear, notice, feel, sense).
Ex: I watched her walk away.

4. After three expressions: had better(sería mejor que), would rather and would sooner (preferiría).
Ex: You had better ask his permission; I would rather die than surrender; I’d sooner starve to death than eat
this.
[Link] WHY (not) in a question. Ex: Why not spend a weekend in Belgium?
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 INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

VERB + ING VERB + ‘TO’ INF VERB + ING / ‘TO’ INFINITIVE

Admit Afford Similar Meaning Different Meaning
*Advise Agree Begin Forget
*Allow Aim Continue Mean
Anticipate Appear Hate Regret
Appreciate Arrange Like Remember
Avoid Ask Love Stop
Carryon Attempt Neglect Try
Celebrate Be able Propose
Consider Beg Start
Complete Be supposed
Delay Care
Deny Chance *These verbs are followed by –ing forms if there is
Detest Claim no object. If there is an object, we use an infinitive.
Discuss Choose There is no difference in meaning, but the

Dislike Dare structures are different.

*Encourage = Urge Deserve The–ing form is used when the verb has no object:

Endure Desire “The college doesn’t allow / permit smoking on the

campus”
Enjoy Expect
”I wouldn’t advise buying a used car”
Escape Fail The to-infinitive is used when there is an object:
Excuse Guarantee “The college doesn’t allow / permit students to smoke on
Fancy Happen the campus”
”I wouldn’t advise you to buy a used car”
Feellike Help (to)
With the passive form, we use the infinitve:
Finish Hesitate
“Students are not allowed to smoke on the campus”
*Forbid Hope “Smoking is not permitted on the campus” (Here again the
Give up Hurry
–ing form becomes the subject of the passive verb.)

Goon know
**Suggest and recommend are not followed by ‘to-
Getthrough Intend
infinitive’, even if there is an object. We use ‘that’
Imagine Learn
instead.
Involve Leave He suggested/recommended going to the cinema.
Keep (on) Long He suggested/recommended (to us) that we/he go to the
cinema.
Mention Manage
He suggested/recommended us to go to the cinema.
Mind Need
Miss Offer
*Permit Plan

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 INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

Postpone = Put off Plead

Practise Prepare
VERB + ING VERB + ‘TO’ INF EXPRESSIONS +ING
Quit Pretend be/get used to…
Recall Promise can’t help...
**Recommend Proceed Can’t bear/Can’t stand
Report Refuse Look forward to…
Resent Seem It’s no use…
Resist Seek There’s no point (in)...
Resume Strive It is pointless/ useless...
Risk Swear It is/would be worth...
**Suggest Tend It is a waste of time/money...
Spend Threaten
Tolerate Turnout
Understand Use
Vote
Wait
Want
Wish
Would like

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 INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

VERBS FOLLOWED BY -ING or ‘TO’ INFINITIVE with DIFFERENT MEANING

FORGET
FORGET + ‘to’ infinitive→ to indicate that someone forgets or forgot to do something (usually related to
obligation, that is something you had to do). (An action that takes places after the action expressed by the
main verb).Ex: She often forgets to lock the door when she leaves the house.
FORGET + -ING → to say that someone doesn't remember something they have done in the past. (An action
that takes places before the action expressed by the main verb).
Ex: Mary forgot telling Tim the secret /I willnever forget meeting my boss for the first time.

REMEMBER
REMEMBER + ‘to’ infinitive → when speaking about something someone should do (usually related to
obligation). (An action that takes places after the action expressed by the main verb).
Ex: Make sure you remember to pick up some eggs at the supermarket.
REMEMBER + -ING → to speak about a memory that someone has (so it is related to the past):
Ex: Jeff remembers living in Italy like it was yesterday.

REGRET
REGRET + ‘to’ infinitive → in the case that someone informs about something that is unpleasant. To give bad
news in a formal way.
Ex: I regret to tell you the bad news
REGRET + -ING → to express that someone doesn't like what they did at some time in the past.
Ex: Allison regrets falling in love with Joey.

STOP
STOP + ‘to’ infinitive → to say that someone stops one action in order to do another action.
Ex: My friend stopped to smoke a cigarette and then he continued with the conversation.
STOP + -ING → to show that someone has completely quit some action. This form is often used when
speaking about bad habits.
Ex: I stopped eating fast food.

TRY
TRY+ ‘to’ infinitive → to encourage someone to do something (it is usually difficult).
Ex: I think you should try to learn a new language.
TRY + -ING → when speaking about an experiment or something that is new (to test).
Ex: Have you ever tried cooking fish in olive oil?
MEAN

MEAN + ‘to’ infinitive →to show intention (synonym -> INTEND = tener la intención de, pretender).
Ex: He means to leave his job next month.
MEAN + -ING →means involve (implicar).
Ex:You can buy a new car, but it means spending a lot of money.

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 INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

Put the verb into either the gerund (-ing), the infinitive (with 'to') or the bare infinitive:

1) I don't fancy ……………….... (go) out tonight. Comentario [JM1]: [Link]

2) She avoided…………………...(tell) him about her plans. [Link]
[Link] come
3) I would like……………….. (come) to the party with you. [Link]
4) He enjoys…………………..(have) a bath in the evening. [Link]
[Link] speak
5) She kept ………………..… (talk) during the film. [Link]
6) I am learning ……………………..(speak) English. [Link] carry/carry
7) Do you mind ………………………. (give) me a hand? [Link]
[Link] study
8) She helped me ………………. (carry) my suitcases. [Link]
9) I've finished…………………… (cook) - come and eat! [Link] come
10) He decided ………………….. (study) biology. [Link] help
[Link]
11) I dislike ……………………….(wait). [Link] bring
12) He asked…………………..(come) with us. [Link]
[Link] visit
13) I promise………………...(help) you tomorrow. [Link]
14) We discussed…………………. (go) to the cinema, but in the end we stayed at home. [Link] start
15) She agreed………………………..(bring) the pudding to the dinner. [Link] leave
[Link] out
16) I don't recommend……………………...(take) the bus - it takes forever! [Link] to speak
17) We hope…………………………...(visit) Amsterdam next month. 23.I offered to help
18) She suggested ………………………… (go) to the museum. 24.I miss going
[Link] postponed having
19) They plan………………..….(start) college in the autumn. 26.I’d hate to arrive
20) I don't want ……………………...(leave) yet. [Link] admitted stealing
28.I chose to work
21) She delayed …………………….. (get) out of bed. 29.I really appreciate being on holiday
22) He demanded……………………... (speak) to the manager. 30.I couldn’t help laughing
23) I offered…………………... (help).
24) I miss ……………………. (go) to the beach.
25) We postponed………………..(have) dinner together.
26) I'd hate………………………….(arrive) too late.
27) She admitted……………………..(steal) the money.
28) I chose ……………………………….(work) here.
29) She waited ………………………………… (buy) a drink.
30) I really appreciate …………………….(be) on holiday.
31) I couldn't help…………………………….(laugh) .
32) It seems …………………………… (be) raining.
33) I considered ………………………...(move) to Spain.
34) They practised……………………… (speak).
35) Finally I managed……………………….(finish) the work.
36) I really can't stand………………………….. (wait) for the bus.
37) Unfortunately, we can't afford……………….. (buy) a new car this year.
38) She risked …………………….. (be) late.
39) I'd love…………………………. (come) with you.
40) I prepared ……………………… (go) on holiday.
41) It appears……………………….(be) raining.
42) We intend……………………...(go) to the countryside this weekend.
43) I pretended……………………...(be) sick so I didn't have to go to work.
44) Can you imagine………………...(live) without TV?
45) They tolerate…………………………..(smoke) but they prefer people not to.
46) I anticipate………………………...(arrive) on Tuesday.
47) A wedding involves………………… (negotiate) with everyone in the family.
48) He denies………………………..(steal) the money.
49) He claims…………………….. (be) a millionaire but I don't believe him.
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 INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

50) I expect………………...(be) there about seven.

51) Julia reported………………………..(see) the boys to the police.
52) It tends…………………………….(rain) a lot in Scotland.
53) Do you recall ……………………….. (meet) her at the party last week?
54) She mentioned………………………..(go) to the cinema, but I don't know what she decided to do in the end.
55) The teenager refused……………………...(go) on holiday with his parents.
56) I understand……………………………..(be) late once or twice, but every day is too much!
57)The film was really worth ………………………. (watch) so we made Lucy …………………………...
(come) to the cinema with us.
58) That criminal deserves………………………(get) a long sentence.
58) We arranged ……………………………… (meet) at four.
59). Mary enjoys ………………………….(listen) to music.
60 . I don’t mind …………………………………. (do) the washing up.
61. Irregular verbs are not easy …………………………………... (remember)
62. Mathew is really good at …………………………. (cook).
63. She waited ___________________ a (buy) movie ticket.
64. The doctor encouraged his patients ___________________ (eat) healthy food.
65. My flat is easy ___________________ . (find)
66. She is interested in ___________________ (become) a doctor.
67. He is saving money ___________________(buy) a new car.
68. When I met her I couldn’t help ___________________(hug) her.
69. My favorite hobby is (cook)___________________ .
70. My father helped me ___________________(do) my homework.
71. I’m sick of ___________________ (eat) hamburgers every day.
72. It is important ___________________ (surf) the net for more information.
73. She advised me ___________________(see) a doctor as soon as possible.
74. I don’t feel like ___________________ (study) English today.
75. Isabel got Mike ___________________ (wash) her car.
76. ___________________(do) sport every day is good for your health.
77. At last they decided ___________________ (rent)the apartment.
78. I pretended ___________________ (be) asleep.
79. Sheila stopped ___________________ (say ) hello to her friends.
80. It’s no use ___________________(cry) over spilt milk.
81. The following questions are easy ___________________ (answer).
82. My pen friend is coming next Friday. I’m really looking forward __________________ (meet) her.
83. Would you mind ___________________ (post)this letter for me?
84. They suggested ___________________ (travel) by bus.
85. We plan ___________________(go) to Europe this summer.
86. It was hard for her ___________________ (quit)smoking.
87. We were all happy about ___________________(celebrate) the New Year in Vienna.
88. It seems difficult ___________________ (know)everything about the topic.
89. Just avoid ___________________ (make) unnecessary mistakes.
90. Can you imagine ___________________ (finish) my car before we leave?
91. We are used to_________________(get) up early in the morning.
92. She enjoys ___________________ . (paint)
93. I forgot ___________________(lock) the door when I left.
94. I regret ___________________(inform) you that your application was rejected.
95. We intend ___________________(visit) you next spring.
96. I decided ___________________(exercise) more often.
97. Mary keeps ___________________(talk) about her problems.

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 INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

98. Ireland doesn’t allow ___________________ (smoke)in bars.

99. Nancy seemed ___________________ disappointed. (be)
100. I can’t bear ___________________ so much responsibility. (have)
101. She is fond of ___________________ (have) picnics.
102. She promised ___________________ (stop) smoking.
103. They urge their citizens ___________________(recycle) more waste.
104. John is thinking about ___________________ abroad. (study)
105. She considered ___________________ (move) to New York.
106. Our neighbors apologized for __________________ (make) such noise.
107. Paris is always worth __________________ (travel) to.
108. I’m sure I gave him back the money. I remember __________________(give) it back to him.
109. They were too lazy __________________ (go) out with us.
110. ________________(fish) is not allowed here.
112. I heard the TV set ________________ . (explode)
113. She appeared ________________(be) very nervous.
114. I keep ________________ (tell) you - it was an accident.
115. Jack is good at ________________ (paint) ceilings.
116. She wondered who _____________(ask).
117. It is difficult ________________ (understand) him.
118. She did not know what ________________ (expect) from them.
119. He refused ________________(tell) me what all the fuss was about.
120. There’s no sense in ________________ (visit) him. He’s not at home.
121. Elephants are known ________________ (have) a fantastic memory.
122. I let her ________________(get) on with her work.
123. Colin had no idea of how ________________ into the house. (get)
124. I’d rather ________________ (be)in bed than go to work.
125. I crossed the road without (look)________________ .
126. We advised her ________________(not spend) a year abroad.
127. I always dreamed of ________________ (live) in a small house by the seaside.
128. She made us ________________(wait) for hours.
129. She learned ________________(treat) pupils with respect.
130. I couldn’t help ________________ (cry) when I saw the bride in the beautiful dress.
131. My uncle has given up _______________
(smoke)
132. He wasn’t used to ________________ (drive) on the right side of the road.
133. Would you rather ________________ (go) to a restaurant or eat at home.
134. I agreed ________________(help) him if he is in trouble.
135. I’m too old ________________(change) my habits now.
136. Please stop________________(whisper). You’re making me nervous.
137. He was silly enough ________________ (dive) into the pond without _____________ (look) first.
138. Why not ___________________ (spend) our holiday in Los Angeles this year?
139. We had to keep him from ___________________ (fall) off the tower.
140. They'd sooner ___________________ (go) to Paris than to Dublin.

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 INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

ACTIVITY 4: Differences in meaning:

1. I couldn’t sleep so I tried _____________ (drink) some hot milk. Comentario [JM2]: 1. drinking
2. to reach
2. She tried _____________ (reach) the book on the high shelf, but she was too small. 3. to get
4. opening
3. They tried _____________ (get) to the party on time but the bus was delayed. 5. to get
6. getting
4. We tried _____________ (open) the window, but it was so hot outside it didn’t help. 7. smoking
8. studying
5. He tried _____________ (get) a job in a newspaper firm but they wouldn’t hire him. 9. to have
10. to have
6. He tried _____________ (get) a job in a newspaper firm but he still wasn’t satisfied. 11. to buy
12. to pick up
7. You should stop _____________ (smoke), it’s not good for your health. 13. locking
14. learning
15. to bring
8. We stopped _____________ (study) because we were tired. 16. going
17. to bring
9. They will stop _____________ (have) lunch at twelve. 18. eating
19. to tell
10. We stopped _____________ (have) a rest, because we were really sleepy. 20. telling

11. Oh no! I forgot _____________ (buy) milk.

12. Please don’t forget _____________ (pick) up some juice on your way home.
13. I forgot _____________ (lock) the door, but I’m sure I must have locked it.
14. Have we studied this before? I’ve forgotten _____________ (learn) it.
15. Please remember _____________ (bring) your homework.
16. I remember _____________ (go) to the beach as a child.
17. Finally I remembered _____________ (bring) your book! Here it is.
18. Do you remember _____________ (eat) steak in that little restaurant in Rome?
19. I regret _____________ (tell) you that the train has been delayed.
20. I regret _____________ (tell) Julie my secret; now she has told everyone.

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 PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVE

PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVE

1. INTRODUCTION
Did you know that all verbs have a voice? The “voice” of a verb shows the relationship between
the subject of the sentence and the action that is described by the verb.
People commonly speak using the active voice. However, there are some occasions in which
they use the passive voice. Active voice emphasizes the doer of the action but Passive voice
emphasizes the action itself.
In the passive voice, the object of a transitive verb in an active clause becomes the new
subject of the passive clause. Then, it becomes more important.
E.g.: Peter hired a new waiter – A new waiter was hired by Peter.
Nevertheless, there are verbs which cannot appear in passive constructions. These are
called intransitive verbs (fall, die, appear, arrived). These verbs cannot be followed by objects and
then, there is nothing to become the subject of the passive sentence.
E.g.: Mary fell (from the tree).

2. USE
The passive voice is mainly used for three reasons:
a) When it is not necessary to mention the agent of the action, since it is obvious or self-
evident from the context. E.g.: The thief was arrested.
b) When we don’t know or have forgotten who did the action. E.g.: My laptop has been
stolen.
c) When we are more interested in the action than in the doer. The house was rented.

3. FORM: TRANSFORMATIONS.

ACTIVE VOICE → ADIDAS IS MANUFACTURING TWO NEW DESIGNS.

PASSIVE VOICE → TWO NEW DESIGNS ARE BEING MANUFACTURED BY ADIDAS.

1. Identify the Direct Object in the active sentence and make it the Subject of the passive
sentence. The active object becomes the passive subject.

Ex: TWO NEW DESIGNS

2. Pay attention to the VERB in the active sentence and identify the [Link] yourself: Is
it past simple? Is it Present Perfect? Is it…?

Ex: “IS MANUFACTURING” = PRESENT CONTINUOUS

3. Use the SAME VERBAL TENSE (from the active sentence) but with VERB TO BE + the
PAST PARTICIPLE of the main verb. The passive form of a verb is made by using tenses of
the auxiliary verb „to be‟ followed by the past participle of the verb. It is important to
remember that the verb must agree with the new subject.

Ex: TO BE in the Present Continuous = ARE BEING + MANUFACTURED (past participle)

4. Decide if the AGENT should be added or not because it is optional. The active subject
becomes the passive agent. Remember! AGENT = BY + active subject. This is usually
omitted if the active subject is a personal pronoun (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they). However, if

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 PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVE

you want to include it, you must remember to change the personal pronoun for an object
pronoun(me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them).

Ex: BY ADIDAS (in this case it should be included because it is relevant)

STRUCTURE

ACTIVE ADIDAS IS MANUFACTURING TWO NEW DESIGNS

VOICE
Subject Main Verb (present continuous) Complement
(Direct Object)

PASSIVE TWO ARE BEING MANUFACTURED BY ADIDAS

VOICE NEW
DESIGNS
Subject To Be Past Participle Agent
(present continuous) (Active Verb) (Subject in the Active
sentence)

LET’S HAVE A LOOK AT THIS TABLE!

4. TYPES: VERBS WITH ONE OBJECT, VERBS WITH TWO OBJECTS and IMPERSONAL
PASSIVE.

1. Verbs with oneobject

Active: S + V + Od + other complements -->She sang a beautiful song yesterday
Passive:A beautiful song was sung yesterday

2. Verbs with two objects

Verbs such as buy, promise, tell, offer, send, show, give or lend can be followed by two
objects, a Direct and an Indirect Object. The Direct Object usually refers to a thing and the Indirect
object to a person. Therefore,two structures are possible:

A) Active: S+ V+ Od + to Oi >He sent a letter to me

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 PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVE

Passive:A letter was sent to me - The Direct Object becomes the Subject (as
always).

B) Active: S + V + Oi + Od >He sent me a letter

Passive: I was sent a letter - The Indirect Object becomes the Subject.

3. Impersonal passive
Thesetypes of sentences are very common in newspapers and TV news, and more
colloquially, when someone is gossiping. It is a special case of passive, commonly associated with
REPORTING VERBS, that is verbs of saying and thinking: think, believe, say, report, know,
consider, presume, hope…
There are two possible structures with the impersonal passive:
ACTIVE VOICE → PEOPLE THINK THAT THE CRIMINAL IS IN ARGENTINA.
A) IMPERSONAL PASSIVE - TYPE 1:
Ex: IT IS THOUGHT THAT THE CRIMINAL IS IN ARGENTINA.
We just put the reporting verb into the passive voice and copy the rest. Therefore, the structure is:
IT + PASSIVE REPORTING VERB + THAT clause(copied from the active sentence).
B) IMPERSONAL PASSIVE - TYPE 2:
Ex: THE CRIMINAL IS THOUGHT TO BE IN ARGENTINA.
The structure is: 2nd SUBJECT + REPORTING VERB IN THE PASSIVE + TO + *INFINITIVE.
- How have we done this?
1. We take the subject of the second sentence: THE CRIMINAL.
2. We transform the reporting verb (THINK) into the passive in the same tense as in the
active: IS THOUGHT (simple present passive).
3. Finally, the verb of the second sentence (IS) becomes infinitive: TO BE.
- *Which form of the infinitive shall we use?
There are four infinitive forms depending on the tense of the active sentence:
1. If it carries an idea of present or future: we use the Simple Infinitive: to write
2. If it carries an idea of past, whatever the tense (Past Simple, Past Perfect, Present
Perfect): we use the Perfect Infinitive: to have written.
3 and 4. If either of them is in a continuous form, we use the appropriate Continuous
Infinitive: to be writing (present) or to have been writing (past).
Other examples:

- They say she works hard → (I) It is said that she works hard. / (II) She is said to work hard.
- The police think the thief stole the painting → (I) It is thought that the thief stole the painting /
(II) The thief is thought to have stolen the painting.
- People believe he is having an affair → (I) It is believed that he is having an affair. / (II) He is
believed to be having an affair.
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 PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVE

5. CAUSATIVE STRUCTURE (HAVE/ GET SOMETHING DONE)

“Have something done” is used to indicate that someone else does something for us,
instead of doing it ourselves. We can use the verbs “to have” and “to get”. However, the verb “to
get” is used in informal contexts or when the subject is personally involved in the action.
E.g.: I had/got my house painted last week.

a) The meaning of this structure resembles the passive, as the object is the recipient of the
action expressed by the verb.
E.g.: I had my photograph taken for my passport.
a) We can also include an Agent Complement to indicate who performed the action.
E.g.: Susan had her car repaired by my neighbor.
b) The causative verb (have or get) can take any tense, even continuous tenses.
E.g.: We are having our office cleaned this week.
c) We can also make interrogative and negative sentences, respecting the common order.
E.g.: You won’t have your eyes tested next week. / Did you get your homework done
yesterday?

ACTIVITIES
1. CHANGE THE FOLLOWING ACTIVE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE SENTENCES.
1. Many people begin new projects in January

2. You must wash that shirt for tonight’s party.

3. Mum is going to prepare the food.

4. They make shoes in that factory.

5. We will have to examine you again.

6. They had finished preparations by the time the guests arrived.

7. The delegation will meet the visitors at the airport.

8. We have produced skis here since 1964.

9. All workers will read the memo.

10. Nobody can beat Tiger Woods at golf.

11. They also speak German at EU meetings.

12. We must look into the question.

13. Someone reads the newspaper to him every day.

14. The Chinese discovered acupuncture thousands of years ago.

15. Has he given you back the book yet?

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16. The police locked up the criminals.

17. They must have left the keys behind.

18. The robbers made up the story.

19. The boy is eating the cake.

20. Dad promised me a box of chocolates.

21. The spider scared her.

22. The guide will show us the Natural History Museum in the afternoon.

23. The dentist is cleaning the woman’s teeth.

24. She showed her relatives the new house.

25. The Browns have built the large house.

26. A jellyfish stung her while she was swimming.

27. They gave her a nice present.

28. Jane is singing the new song.

29. The storm destroyed the house.

30. People spent a lot of Monday on the first shopping Saturday.

31. How do you write that word?

32. She watered the flowers every day.

33. The headmaster called his parents to the office.

34. Ben will direct the show.

35. The dog has broken the window pane.

36. You must pay the bill first.

37. They were interviewing her for the job.

38. The professor told him not to talk in class.

39. You shouldn’t speak to your neighbor.

40. Do not leave your bicycle in the hall.

41. Can you learn French easily?

42. Your impolite tone surprises me.

13
 PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVE

43. James will repair the car.

44. An unknown author wrote the book.

45. They forced him to steal the money out of his dad’s room.

46. Our neighbors have invited us to dinner.

47. Why are they tearing down the old theatre?

48. I will present my ideas at the conference tonight.

49. Someone sold this old hat to my wife.

50. They are pushing the car.

51. Someone broke into my office.

52. They were talking about you.

53. You ought to clean the desk.

54. The headmaster will contact you.

55. Nobody has given out the news yet.

56. Didn’t she tell you the truth?

57. The thieves had stolen all the gold.

58. The students are using the computers right now.

59. They often mistreat the patients here.

60. Edison invented the gramophone.

61. Everybody admired your last book.

62. Someone is knocking at the door.

62. They might take the old man to the hospital.

64. They could have kicked her out of the restaurant.

65. We will have to give them more attention.

66. The cat ate the sandwich.

67. Millions of fans will see the final game tomorrow.

68. They told us to leave the room.

69. You should review the lessons before the test.

14
 PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVE

70. The doctors have made the announcements over the loudspeakers.

71. The publishers are reading the book.

72. The government has built a new road in this area.

2. REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE. Comentario [JM3]: 1. Ms Sullivan
teaches us grammar.
[Link] are taught grammar by Ms Sullivan. 2. The teacher praised him.
3. The firemen took the injured to the
[Link] was praised by the teacher. hospital.
4. An earthquake destroyed the town.
5. The boy’s work pleased the teacher.
[Link] injured were taken to the hospital by the firemen. 6. The fire damaged the building.
7. Who taught you French?
8. The manager will give you a ticket.
[Link] town was destroyed by an earthquake. 9. They/ people/ someone/ everyone will
blame us for that 10. The wind blew down
[Link] teacher was pleased with the boy’s work. the trees.
11. The police caught the thieves.
12. Alice posted the letter.
[Link] building was damaged by the fire. 13. The hostess received us.
14. They/somebody killed the snake with a
7. You will be given a ticket by the manager. stick.
15. The people welcomed the minister.
16. They found him guilty of murder.
8. We will be blamed for that 17. John Mathews built this house in 1991.

9. The trees were blown down by the wind.

10. The thieves were caught.

11. The letter was posted by Alice.

12. We were received by the hostess.

13. The snake was killed with a stick.

14. The minister was welcomed.

15. He was found guilty of murder.

16. This house was built by John Mathews in 1991.

3. TRANSFORM THESE SENTENCES INTO IMPERSONAL PASSIVE.

1. People believe that English is the most widely spoken language
- It is believed that English is the most widely spoken language.
- English is believed to be the most widely spoken language.
2. Police have reported that it was Peter who caused the accident.
- It has been reported that it was Peter who caused the accident.
- Peter has been reported to have caused the accident.
3. A journalist reports that they are leaving Las Vegas tomorrow night.
It ________________________________________________________________

They _____________________________________________________________

15
 PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVE

4. The lecturer thought that Columbus never realized that he had discovered America.
It ________________________________________________________________
Columbus _________________________________________________________
5. Their parents thought that the teenagers were dancing at the disco.
It ________________________________________________________________
The teenagers ______________________________________________________

6. Everybody thinks that she sings beautifully.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. The children reported that their friends were swimming when they disappeared.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. People believed that they had killed the animals during the night.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. My friends think that my parents are the best parents in the world.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. They believed that the horse was a present.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
11. People are thinking that drugs are very dangerous.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
[Link] knew that Mr. Brown was stealing iron from the factory.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
[Link] people thought that the stars would fall on them.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
14. People consider that the team will be classified for the final.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
15. Everybody says that he settled the business.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
16. The reporters believed that the meeting would finish soon.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[Link] have thought the sportsmen are arriving today.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

16
 PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVE

18. Citizens presume that the government is responsible for the accident.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
19. The newspapers are reporting that the most outstanding athletes represent their country.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
20. The shareholders thought that the group had rejected the offer.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
21. They say that the meeting will be held here.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
22. The hooligans expected that their team would win.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
23. People think that neither side wanted war.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
24. People say that fewer than 1,000 blue whales survive in the southern hemisphere.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
25. Everyone knows that eating fruit is good for you.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
26. People consider that one in three bathing beaches is unfit for swimming.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
27. In ancient Greece people thought dolphins were men who had abandoned life on land.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
28. People say that the company invested fifty million pounds last week.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
[Link] has calculated that the water of the River Rhine contains over 2,000 chemicals.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
30. Everyone thought the painting had been destroyed in the fire.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
31. People believed that the Chinese invented gunpowder.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
32. People believe that a professional thief stole the painting.
__________________________________________________________________
17
 PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVE

__________________________________________________________________
33. We hope that the government has prepared a plan.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. USE THE STRUCTURE “HAVE SOMETHING DONE” in the following sentences:
1. I washed my car = __________________________________________
2. I cut my hair = __________________________________________
3. I typed the documents = _____________________________________________
4. I fixed my washing machine = ___________________________________________
5. I cut my grass = _____________________________________________________
6. I painted my bedroom = _______________________________________________
7. I repaired my fridge = ________________________________________________
8. I tidied my garden = ___________________________________________________
9. I edited the article = ___________________________________________________
10. I cleaned the carpets = ___________________________________________________
11. I printed the photo = ___________________________________________________
12. I checked my teeth = ___________________________________________________
13. I cleaned the windows = ___________________________________________________
14. I made the necklace = ___________________________________________________
15. I delivered the furniture = ___________________________________________________

16. Every Friday, Joe washes his car = _____________________________________

17. Tomorrow, her friend is going to repair her shower =

_____________________________________________________

18. They have delivered a pizza to our home =

_____________________________________________________

19. Last year, a charwoman cleaned Bob’s house =

_____________________________________________________

20. As Phil had a broken arm, his secretary typed his texts =
_____________________________________________________

21. We redecorated our walls last summer =

_____________________________________________________

22. Someone will fix my computer tomorrow.

_____________________________________________________

23. Whenever Clara is staying at this hotel, someone carries her bags into her room =
_____________________________________________________

18
MODALS 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020

MODAL VERBS AND MODAL PERFECTS

The English verb system consists oftwo main types of verbs: lexical (or full) verbs which carry
meaning, and auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary verbs may be divided into primaryauxiliary verbs and modal
verbs.

AUXILIARY VERBS
Primary auxiliary verbs Modal and semi-modal verbs
To be To do To have Can, could, will, would, must, mustn’t should, ought to,
need to, needn’t, have to, don’t have to, be able to…

MAIN FEATURES
1. They are invariable, i.e., their form never change. Therefore, they never add the final –s.
E.g.:She musts study - She must study
2. They don’t express other tenses, as they can’t take auxiliary verbs. To express the future, the
past, the perfect tense, etc., we should use semi-modals (be able to, have to, know how to…).
E.g.: I can’t play the guitar now – I will be able to play the guitar next year.
I must study today and I also had to study yesterday.
3. They don’t need auxiliary verbs to create negative and interrogative [Link] take ‘not’
to form the negative. They form the interrogative form by means of inversion(Exception: semi-
modals)
E.g.: We cannot speak English.
Should they do the project?
She doesn’t have to pay for the bill.
4. They are always followed by a bare infinitive, i.e., an infinitive without “to”.
E.g.: It may rain this afternoon.
You mustn’t play with fire.
5. They don’t have an infinitive form, so they can’t be preceded by “to”.
E.g.: to can – can
to must – must

NOTE: semi-modals are those that have features of both modal and lexical verbs.
E.g.: They don’t have to work hard. (“Don’t have to” expresses modality- as a modal verbs does-,
but it also needs the auxiliary for the present simple).

19
MODALS 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020

MODAL VERBS
ABILITY PETITION/ PERMISSION LACK OF OBLIGATION
1. Can (present). I can speak 1. Can (informal). Can I go to the toilet/ You can 1. Don’t have to. You don’t have to make your bed in a hotel.
three languages. use my phone. 2. Needn’t/ Don´t need to. The child needn’t/ doesn’t need to pay.
2. Could (past). She could 2. May (polite). May I phone her again?/ You
swim when she was 4. may use the dictionary to do the activities.
3. Be able to (Ser capaz de): 3. Could (polite). Could you open the window,
- Present (emphasizer). I am please?
able to play the guitar and ASKING FOR INFORMATION LOGICAL DEDUCTION
sing at the same time. 1. Will (just for some authors). Will you come to 1. Must (affirmative). He doesn’t answer my calls. He must be
- Past (situation in the past the party? working.
which implies some 2. Would. Would you like to have a coffee? 2. Can’t (negative). She can’t be Sarah. Sarah is coming next
effort). They were able to weekend.
save the little girl. OBLIGATION
- Other tenses. You will be 1. Must (only present). I must finish my
able to understand homework. OFFERS AND PROMISES
everything when he comes 2. Have to (rest of tenses, including the present). 1. Shall (1st person). Shall I help you with those bags?
back. She has to send this email by 9. 2. Will. They will paint the house for free.
POSSIBILITY PROHIBITION ADVICE/ OPINION
1. Can (theoretical possibility). 1. Mustn’[Link] mustn’t eat in class. 1. Should (more commonly used). You should go to the dentist.
Everybody can make 2. Not to be allowed to. 2. Ought to (less common). She ought to study more.
mistakes. 3. May not (polite). You may not talk in the Note: In negative and interrogative sentences, we always use
2. May (+++). I may go to the library. “should”. E.g.: We shouldn’t be late./ Should they come with us?
party.
3. Might (++). I might go to the
party.
4. Could (+). I could go to the
party.
Note: From more to less
possibility.

20
MODALS 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020

MODAL PERFECTS

PERFECT MODAL VERBS

They express a deduction, assumption or hypothesis about something in the past
LOGICAL DEDUCTION IN THE PAST POSSIBILITY IN THE PAST TO DO SOMETHING
WHICH WASN’T FINALLY DONE
 Must have + participle. E.g.:  Could have + participle. E.g.:
There is no milk left. Mary must have drunk it all. You could have helped me with these problems,
She knew exactly what to answer. Someone must but you weren’t at home.
have told her the questions.
ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT PAST EVENTS REGRET ABOUT SOMETHING IN THE PAST (ADVICE
WHICH WASN’T FOLLOWED, EXPECTATIONS WHICH
WEREN’T MET…)
 May have + participle. E.g.:  Should have + participle. E.g.:
Call her again. She may not have heard you the You look worse today. You should have gone to
first time. the doctor yesterday.
 Might have + participle. E.g.: It’s 10 o’clock. They should have got home by
They haven’t arrived yet. They might have lost now.
their flight.

21
MODALS 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020

CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES Y USOS DE LOS VERBOS MODALES Y MODALES PERFECTOS

Usos
could have + participio
Indica que se pudo haber hecho algo en el pasado pero que finalmente no se hizo.
couldn't have + participio
Expresa la certeza de que algo no pudo haber ocurrido.
may / might have + participio
Se usan para hacer una suposición de un hecho pasado.
must have + participio
Expresa una conclusión lógica de un hecho pasado.
should / ought to have + participio
Con ambos podemos tanto quejarnos de lo que ocurriócomo lamentarnos de que no se haya cumplido lo
que esperábamos.
shouldn't have + participio
Expresa nuestra opinión crítica sobre un hecho pasado, indicando que no debería haber ocurrido.
would have + participio
Indica que se quiso haber hecho algo en el pasado, pero no se pudo debido a factores o circunstancias
externas.

22
MODALS 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020

Comentario [JM4]: 1. Could you swim

when you were 10?
2. We couldn’t get to the meeting on time
ACTIVITY 1: MODALS OF ABILITY yesterday because the train was delayed by
one hour.
Put in ‘can’ / ‘can’t’ / ‘could’ / ‘couldn’t’. If none is possible, use ‘be able to’ in the correct tense: 3. He was able to arrive at the party on
time, even after missing the train, so he was
1. _________________ you swim when you were 10? very pleased.
4. He’s amazing, he can speak 5 languages
2. We _________________ get to the meeting on time yesterday because the train was delayed by one including Chinese.
hour. 5. I couldn’t drive a car until I was 34, then
I moved to the countryside so I had to learn.
3. He _________________ arrive at the party on time, even after missing the train, so he was very pleased. 6. I looked everywhere for my glasses but I
couldn’t find them anywhere.
4. He’s amazing, he _________________ speak 5 languages including Chinese. 7. I searched for your house for ages,
5. I _________________ drive a car until I was 34, then I moved to the countryside so I had to learn. luckily I was able to find it in the end.
8. She’s 7 years old but she can’t read yet –
6. I looked everywhere for my glasses but I _________________ find them anywhere. her parents are getting her extra lessons.
9. I read the book three times but I couldn’t
7. I searched for your house for ages, luckily I _________________ find it in the end. understand it.
8. She’s 7 years old but she _________________ read yet – her parents are getting her extra lessons. 10. James could speak Japanese when he
lived in Japan, but he’s forgotten most of it
9. I read the book three times but I _________________ understand it. now.
11. I couldn’t understand the chapter we
10. James _________________ speak Japanese when he lived in Japan, but he’s forgotten most of it now. had to read for homework. It was so
difficult.
12. I can’t lift this box – it’s too heavy!
11. I _________________ understand the chapter we had to read for homework. It was so difficult. Would you help me?
12. I _________________ lift this box – it’s too heavy! Would you help me? 13. Lucy can’t make it to our meeting after
all. She’s stuck in traffic at the moment.
13. Lucy _________________ make it to our meeting after all. She’s stuck in traffic at the moment. 14. John can play tennis really well. He’s
champion of his club.
14. John _________________ play tennis really well. He’s champion of his club. 15. Unfortunately, I really can’t sing at all!
15. Unfortunately, I really _________________ sing at all! No-one in my family is musical either. No-one in my family is musical either.
16. When the car broke down I was really
16. When the car broke down I was really pleased because I _________________solve the problem. pleased because I was able to solve the
problem. ...
17. Julian _________________ play excellent golf when he was only ten.
Comentario [JM5]: 1. We have a lot of
18. My grandmother _________________ use a computer until last month. Since then, she’s been taking work tomorrow. You mustn’t be late.
lessons at the library. 2. You mustn’t tell anyone what I just told
you. It’s a secret.
19. I _________________ open this window. I think it’s stuck! 3. The museum is free. You don’t have to
20. Gill _________________ play the piano. She’s never studied it. pay to get in.
4. Children mustn’t tell lies. It’s very
naughty.
ACTIVITY 2: MODALS OF OBLIGATION 5. John’s a millionaire. He doesn’t have to
go to work.
6. I don’t have to do my washing, because
Put in ‘mustn’t’ or ‘don’t / doesn’t have to’: my mother does it for me.
1. We have a lot of work tomorrow. You _______________ be late. 7. We don’t have to rush. We’ve got plenty
of time.
2. You _______________ tell anyone what I just told you. It’s a secret. 8. You mustn’t smoke inside the school.
3. The museum is free. You _______________ pay to get in. 9. You can borrow my new dress but you
mustn’t get it dirty.
4. Children _______________ tell lies. It’s very naughty. 10. We mustn’t miss the train, it’s the last
one tonight.
5. John’s a millionaire. He _______________ go to work.
11. She doesn’t have to do this work today,
6. I _______________ do my washing, because my mother does it for me. because she can do it tomorrow.
12. I don’t have to clean the floor today
7. We _______________ rush. We’ve got plenty of time. because I cleaned it yesterday.
8. You _______________ smoke inside the school. 13. We mustn’t forget to lock all the doors
before we leave.
9. You can borrow my new dress but you _______________ get it dirty. 14. We don’t have to stay in a hotel in
10. We _______________ miss the train, it’s the last one tonight. London, we can stay with my brother.
15. I mustn’t spend too much money
11. She _______________ do this work today, because she can do it tomorrow. today. I’ve only got a little left.
16. They don’t have to get up early today,
12. I _______________ clean the floor today because I cleaned it yesterday. because it’s Sunday.
13. We _______________ forget to lock all the doors before we leave. 17. I mustn’t eat too much cake, or I’ll get
fat!
14. We _______________ stay in a hotel in London, we can stay with my brother. 18. We mustn’t be late for the exam. ...
23
MODALS 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020

15. I _______________ spend too much money today. I’ve only got a little left. Comentario [JM6]: 1. Keiko always
16. They _______________ get up early today, because it’s Sunday. does really well on exams. She must study
a lot.
17. I _______________ eat too much cake, or I’ll get fat! 2. That woman drives a very expensive car.
She must have a lot of money.
18. We _______________ be late for the exam. 3. You must have practised a lot before
19. You _______________ tidy up now. I’ll do it later. you gave your speech. It was really great.
4. When Lizzie got home yesterday, there
20. He _______________ cook tonight because he’s going to a restaurant. were flowers on the table. Her husband
must have bought them.
5. Where is my purse? I saw it earlier, so it
ACTIVITY 3: MODALS OF PROBABILITY must be in this room.
6. Sarah couldn’t find her glasses. She
thought she must have left them at her
Put in ‘must + infinitive’ or ‘must + have + past participle’: office.
1. Keiko always does really well on exams. She _____________ (study) a lot. 7. It must be cold outside. That man in the
street is wearing a coat.
2. That woman drives a very expensive car. She _____________ (have) a lot of money. 8. All my plants must be dead! I forgot to
water them before I left for my holiday.
3. You _____________ (practise) a lot before you gave your speech. It was really great. 9. Susie is so late! She must have missed
4. When Lizzie got home yesterday, there were flowers on the table. Her husband _____________ (buy) the train.
10. There’s rubbish all over my garden! A
them. fox must have been in the bin.
11. Anna has a huge library in her house.
5. Where is my purse? I saw it earlier, so it _____________ (be) in this room. She must love books.
6. Sarah couldn’t find her glasses. She thought she _____________ (leave) them at her office. 12. Oh no, I don’t have my keys! I must
have left them in the taxi.
7. It _____________ (be) cold outside. That man in the street is wearing a coat. 13. When Lucy got home she found the ice
cream had melted. It must have been too
8. All my plants _____________ (be) dead! I forgot to water them before I left for my holiday. hot in the car.
9. Susie is so late! She _____________ (miss) the train. 14. If you haven’t eaten all day, you must
be hungry.
10. There’s rubbish all over my garden! A fox _____________ (be) in the bin. 15. Jimmy and Louisa must be very tired.
They have a new baby.
11. Anna has a huge library in her house. She _____________ (love) books. 16. It must have rained a lot in the night.
12. Oh no, I don’t have my keys! I _____________ (leave) them in the taxi. There are puddles everywhere.
17. David must be happy. His girlfriend ...
13. When Lucy got home she found the ice cream had melted. It _____________(be) too hot in the car. Comentario [JM7]: 1. Why is that man
14. If you haven’t eaten all day, you _____________ (be) hungry. looking around like that? He must be lost.
2. That woman can’t be a doctor! She looks
15. Jimmy and Louisa _____________ (be) very tired. They have a new baby. far too young.
3. John always fails the tests, even though
16. It _____________ (rain) a lot in the night. There are puddles everywhere. he’s clever. He can’t study enough.
17. David _____________ (be) happy. His girlfriend just agreed to marry him. 4. The food is really good at that restaurant.
They must have a great chef.
18. What an amazing kitchen you’ve got! You _____________ (like) cooking. 5. Who’s that at the door? It can’t be Susie
– she’ll still be at work now.
19. John _____________ (eat) all the biscuits! There are none left. 6. This must be John’s house. This house
20. When I got up this morning, the kitchen was spotless. Lily _____________(tidy) it before she went to bed has a red door, and it’s number 24, just like
he said.
last night. 7. Julie can’t have much money, or she
would buy a new car. Her old one is falling
apart.
ACTIVITY 4: MODALS OF PROBABILITY 2 8. He can’t be at work now, can he? It’s
nearly midnight.
Put in ‘can’t’ or ‘must’: 9. What a lot of lovely flowers you have!
You must really like gardening.
10. David must drink a lot of coffee. He’s
1. Why is that man looking around like that? He _____________ be lost. finished two packets already this week!
11. This can’t be Jamie’s coat. He’s very
2. That woman _____________ be a doctor! She looks far too young. tall, and this is tiny.
12. Her life can’t be easy. She has four
3. John always fails the tests, even though he’s clever. He _____________ study enough. children and very little money.
4. The food is really good at that restaurant. They _____________ have a great chef. 13. Where’s Lucy? She must be at the
library, as she often goes there at this time.
5. Who’s that at the door? It _____________ be Susie – she’ll still be at work now. 14. This bill can’t be right! £50 for two
cups of coffee!
6. This _____________ be John’s house. This house has a red door, and it’s number 24, just like he said. 15. Emma’s amazingly good at the piano.
7. Julie _____________ have much money, or she would buy a new car. Her old one is falling apart. She must practise a lot.
16. The car in front is driving so slowly that
8. He _____________ be at work now, can he? It’s nearly midnight. I think they must be looking for something.
17. You’ve already eaten enough for three
9. What a lot of lovely flowers you have! You _____________ really like gardening. people! You can’t still be hungry! ...
24
MODALS 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020

10. David _____________ drink a lot of coffee. He’s finished two packets already this week!
Comentario [JM8]: 1. I could have
11. This _____________ be Jamie’s coat. He’s very tall, and this is tiny. bought bread but I didn’t know we
needed it. (past possibility)
12. Her life _____________ be easy. She has four children and very little money. 2. We shouldn’t have invited so many
13. Where’s Lucy? She _____________ be at the library, as she often goes there at this time. people to our party! I’m worried that we
won’t have enough room for everyone.
14. This bill _____________ be right! £50 for two cups of coffee! (past negative advice / regret)
3. I shouldn’t have started saving money
15. Emma’s amazingly good at the piano. She _____________ practise a lot. years ago! (past advice / regret)
16. The car in front is driving so slowly that I think they _____________ be looking for something. 4. We would have joined you at the
restaurant, but we couldn’t get a
17. You’ve already eaten enough for three people! You _____________ still be hungry! babysitter. (past willingness)
5. The weather couldn’t have been any
18. This book _____________ belong to the library. It’s certainly not mine. worse! (past negative possibility)
19. It only takes three hours to fly from London to Sydney? That _____________be correct! 6. I couldn’t have arrived on time, even if
I’d left earlier. There were dreadful
20. There _____________ be something wrong with the fridge! It’s making a very unusual noise. traffic jams all the way. (past negative
possibility)
7. They could have won the football
ACTIVITY 5: MODALS PERFECTS match, but John hurt his ankle. (past
1. I ___________________________________ (buy) bread but I didn’t know we needed it. (past possibility) possibility)
8. Amanda would have finished the
2. We ___________________________________ (invite) so many people to our party! I’m worried that we work, but she felt ill and had to go home.
(past willingness)
won’t have enough room for everyone. (past negative advice / regret) 9. Lucy should have left earlier. She
3. I ___________________________________ (start) saving money years ago! (past advice / regret) missed her flight. (past advice / regret)
10. We couldn’t have finished the game,
4. We ___________________________________ (join) you at the restaurant, but we couldn’t get a even if we’d wanted to. It was raining
very hard and we had to stop. (past
babysitter. (past willingness) negative possibility)
5. The weather ___________________________________ (be) any worse! (past negative possibility) 11. I shouldn’t have eaten so much
chocolate! I feel sick! (past negative
6. I ___________________________________ (arrive) on time, even if I’d left earlier. There were dreadful advice / regret)
traffic jams all the way. (past negative possibility) 12. Luke could have passed the exam if
he’d studied a bit more. (past
7. They ___________________________________ (win) the football match, but John hurt his ankle. (past possibility)
13. John would have called Amy, but he
possibility) didn’t have her number. (past
8. Amanda ___________________________________ (finish) the work, but she felt ill and had to go home. willingness)
14. You shouldn’t have been rude to him.
(past willingness) He’s going to be really angry now. (past
negative advice / regret)
9. Lucy ___________________________________ (left) earlier. She missed her flight. (past advice / regret) 15. She could have come to the
10. We ___________________________________ (finish) the game, even if we’d wanted to. It was raining restaurant if she’d left work earlier.
(past possibility)
very hard and we had to stop. (past negative possibility) 16. You shouldn’t have taken this job. I
can see you’re not enjoying it. (past
11. I ___________________________________ (eat) so much chocolate! I feel sick! (past negative advice / negative advice / regret)
regret) 17. The race was really difficult. She
couldn’t have won because she’s not fit
12. Luke ___________________________________ (pass) the exam if he’d studied a bit more. (past enough. (past negative possibility)
18. Our neighbours shouldn’t have cut
possibility) down the tree in their garden. It was a
really beautiful tree. (past negative
13. John ___________________________________ (call) Amy, but he didn’t have her number. (past advice / regret)
19. The children should have done their
willingness) homework last night. Then they
wouldn’t be panicking on the way to
14. You ___________________________________ (be) rude to him. He’s going to be really angry now. (past school. (past advice / regret)
negative advice / regret) 20. I’m really cold! I should have brought
my coat. (past advice / regret)
15. She ___________________________________ (come) to the restaurant if she’d left work earlier. (past 21. I would have come to see you! I
didn’t know you were ill. (past
possibility) willingness)
16. You ___________________________________ (take) this job. I can see you’re not enjoying it. (past 22. Andrew could have gone to
Cambridge University, but he decided to
negative advice / regret) travel instead. (past
17. The race was really difficult. She ___________________________________ (win) because she’s not fit possibility)
23. They couldn’t have been kinder to
enough. (past negative possibility) me. They were absolutely lovely. (past
negative possibility)
18. Our neighbours ___________________________________ (cut) down the tree in their garden. It was a 24. You should have bought some milk ...
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MODALS 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020

really beautiful tree. (past negative advice / regret)

19. The children ___________________________________ (do) their homework last night. Then they
wouldn’t be panicking on the way to school. (past advice / regret)
20. I’m really cold! I ___________________________________ (bring) my coat. (past advice / regret)
21. I ___________________________________ (come) to see you! I didn’t know you were ill. (past
willingness)
22. Andrew ___________________________________ (go) to Cambridge University, but he decided to
travel instead. (past possibility)
23. They ___________________________________ (be) kinder to me. They were absolutely lovely. (past
negative possibility)
24. You ___________________________________ (buy) some milk at the shops. We don’t have any milk.
(past advice / regret)
25. They ___________________________________ (come) to have breakfast with us, but they went to bed
too late the night before. (past willingness)

ACTIVITY 6: COMPLETE THE TEXT WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE WORDS IN BRACKETS. USE MODALS
OR MODAL PERFECTS. Comentario [JM9]: [Link]’t tell
[Link] have felt
[Link] change
Samantha Futerman was born in South Korea, but she was adopted and grew up in America. Some parents [Link] have been
think they 1________________(should not/tell) children that they are adopted, but Samantha's parents [Link] to find out
[Link]...be
couldn't keep her adoption a secret because she didn’t look like anyone in the family. Samantha2 [Link] have been
[Link] been able to prove
________________(must/feel) strange growing up in a family and looking so different. She even made a
YouTube video about what it was like. She never dreamed that her video3
________________(might/change) her life one day, but it did. When Samantha was 25 and living in Los
Angeles, she got a Facebook message from Anais Bordier, a young French fashion designer in London. Anais
had seen Samantha's YouTube video. She4 ________________(must/be) shocked, because Samantha looked
exactly like her! Anais knew she5 ________________ (have to/find out) more about this American girl.
6
________________they________________ (could/be) twins? The two excited girls started communicating
and soon realised that they wanted to meet. The distance between them7________________(could/be) an
obstacle, but Samantha and Anais didn't let that stop them. So far, they’ve met in London, Los Angeles and
New York. What's more, after taking DNA tests, Anais and Samantha8_________________(be able to/prove)
that they are identical twins.

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 VOCABULARY 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020
VOCABULARY: CRIMEN AND JUSTICE
Arson(n) - the crime of starting a fire in order to damage or Hijacking (n): secuestro (de un vehículo con gente
destroy something, especially a building. dentro).
Arsonist(n) – a person who starts fires to damage or To hijack (v): secuestrar. Ex: ‘a man armed with grenades
destroy something (pirómano).Ex: ‘police believe arsonists hijacked the jet yesterday’
were responsible for both fires’ Hijacker (n): secuestrador/a.
Bank robbery (n) – the crime of stealing money from a Tokidnap (v): secuestrar. Ex: ‘The terrorists kidnapped the
bank. daughter of a minister’
Bank robber (n) – the person who steals from a bank. Ex: Kidnapping (n): secuestro (de una persona).
‘She has been framed by the gangsters and is wanted for Mugging (n) – an act of attacking someone and stealing
several armed robberies.’ their money.
To Rob: focusses on the place or object that has been Mugger(n) – the person who attacks someone to steal
taken. their money.
Thief (n): ladrón To mug – verb Ex: ‘he was mugged by three men who
Theft (n): robo. stole his bike’
To Steal: focusses on the object that is taken, money for Shoplifting(n) – hurto o robo en una tienda.
instance (robar algo). Shoplifter(n) – a person who steals from shops. Ex: ‘the
Burglary (n) – the crime of stealing from a building. supermarket had been targeted by shoplifters”
Burglar(n) – a person who steals from a building. Shoplift- verb
To Burgle –verb Smuggling (n) - contrabando
Break into (v): robar/asaltar ≈ Break in (v). Ex:‘thieves broke Smuggler (n)– the person who takes things or people to
into the house through the kitchen window and took a or from a place secretly and illegally: contrabandista
stereo and a tool box.’ Smuggle (n) - verb
A break in (n): allanamiento. Pickpocketing (n) – the act of stealing things out of
Break the law (v): infringir, quebrantar la ley. pockets or bags secretly.
Manslaughter (n) - Homicidio. Pickpocket (n) - a person who steals things out of
Murder (n) – the crime of killing someone. pockets or bags secretly. Ex: ‘I think someone
Murderer(n) – a person who kills. pickpocketed me in Brighton on my way to the station’
To Murder – verb (asesinar). To Pickpocket -verb.
To Kill (v): to cause someone or something to die. Assassin (n): Asesino (personalidades).
A killing(n): asesinato, homicidio, matanza. Assassination (n): the murder of someone famous or
Forgery (n): an illegal copy of a document, painting, etc. or important.
the crime of making such illegal copies (falsificación). Ex: Ransom (n): rescate. Ex: ‘he was demanding millions of
‘He was sentenced to 18 months in prison for immigration pounds in ransom’
offenses and document forgery.’ Toransom: pedir un rescate, exigir un rescate.
Forger(n):someone who makes forged copies
To forge (v): to make an illegal copy of something in order
to deceive (falsificar).
Fake (n): falso, imitación.
ToBlackmail: chantajear.
To Rape (v): Violar. Ex: ‘he had committed at least two
rapes’
Rapist (n): violador.
Court (n): a building where trials and other legal cases Guilty (adj): culpable
happen (juzgado). Innocent (adj): inocente
Judge (n): a person who is in charge of a trial in a court Jail (n): cárcel, prisión ≈ Prison
(juez). Parole: libertad [Link]:‘he committed a burglary
To judge (v): juzgar while on parole’
Jury (n): Jurado. Tostab (v): apuñalar
Attorney (US): abogado. Vandal (n): vandalo, gamberro.
Lawyer (n): abogado Vandalism (n): vandalismo
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 VOCABULARY 2º BACHILLERATO
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Bribery (n): [Link]:‘his opponent had been guilty of Riots (n): disturbios, revueltas.
bribery and corruption’ To riot (v): causar disturbios, desórdenes.
To bribe (v): sobornar Abuse (n): abuso.
Convict: convicto, presidiario To abuse (v): abuser, injuriar…
Crime (n): delito Animal abuse, animal cruelty (n): crueldad hacia los
To punish (v): castigar animales.
Punishment (v): castigo Neglect (n): descuido, abandono.
Fine (n): multa. To neglect (v): descuidar, abandonar.
To fine (v): multar Sexual abuse (n): abuso sexual.
Dealth penalty (n): pena de muerte Abuse of power (n): abuso de poder.
Life sentence/life imprisonment (n): cadena perpetua Petabandonment (n): abandono de mascotas
Evidence (n): one or more reasons for believing that Animal welfare (n): bienestar animal.
something is or is not true(prueba/pruebas). Animal rights (n): derechos de los animales.
Evidences: uncountable Violence towards animals…: violencia hacia los animals.
ACTIVITIES
1. FIND A WORD THAT MATCHES THE FOLLOWING DEFINITIONS:
1. When you get money from people or force them to do something by threatening to tell a secret of theirs or to
harm them: Comentario [JM10]: [Link]
[Link]
2. The crime of killing a person by someone who did not intend to do it or who cannot be responsible for their [Link]
actions: [Link]
[Link]
3. A premeditated killing of a human being by a human being: [Link]
4. The act of terminating a life: [Link]
[Link] into
5. A large sum of money which is demanded in exchange for someone who has been taken prisoner, or sometimes [Link]
[Link]
for an animal:
6. To force someone to have sex when they are unwilling, using violence or threatening behavior:
7. The act of taking things or people to or from a place secretly and illegally:
8. Enter someone's (virtual or real) property in an unauthorized manner, usually with the intent to steal or commit a
violent act:
9. someone who kills a famous or important person usually for political reasons or in exchange for Money:
10. Taking something from a shop without paying for it:

2. COMPLETE THE GAPS WITH A SUITABLE WORD:

A-Wow! what a fantastic watch you have!! Those a really expensive!!
B-Yes, I know, but this one isn’t authentic. A guy sold me a1________________ watch!
A-Oh, that’s is bad luck.
B-Yes, but that’s not the worst thing that happened to me last week!
I was walking down the street when suddenly someone2 _______________ me. It was a horrible experience! Luckily,
the3_______________ only4 _______________my wallet. My friend wasn’t that lucky. Someone 5
________________his house last night and stole many things. Apparently, the 6 _________________ thought it was
someone else’s house, a celebrity.
B- That’s terrible. My friend isn’t having a great time either… A few months ago, he told a secret to a colleague from
work, and now she is trying to take advantage of that. She is7____________________ him. She says that if she
doesn’t get what she wants from him, she will tell his secret to the boss…

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 VOCABULARY 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020

VOCABULARY: EDUCATION AND WORK

WORD MEANING (+ example)
Nursery school (n.) Guardería
Primary school (n.) Colegio de primaria
Secondary school or High school (n.) Instituto
A state school ≠ private school (n.) Colegio público ≠ colegio privado
A boarding school (n.) Internado
A levels (n.) Bachillerato.
Ex: I studied arts subjects at A levels.
A degree (n.) Grado universitario o licenciatura
Doctorate or PhD Doctorado
Master’sdegree Máster universitario
Vocational training (n.) Formación profesional
Play truant (expr.) = to skive off (phr. Hacernovillos
verb)
Repeat a year Repetircurso
Pass ≠ fail (v. or n.) Aprobar, aprobado ≠ suspender, suspenso
Passing / failing grade (n.)
Take / sit an exam (v.) Hacer un examen
Attend classes (v.) Asistir a clase
Private lessons (n.) Clases particulares
Retake exam (n.) Examen de recuperación
State competitive exams Oposiciones
Marks = grades = exam results (n.) Notas
Term (n) Trimestre
Tuition fee (n.) Cuota de matrícula
Undergraduate (n.) Estudiante universitario
Professor (n.) Catedrático/a
Meet a deadline (v.) Entregar algo a tiempo
Distancelearning (n.) Educación a distancia.
Ex: For people living in remote areas, distance learning is a
good alternative to attending classes.
Gap year= year off (n.) Añosabático.
Ex: Some students take a gap year when they graduate from A
levels.
Scholarship = grant (n.) Beca
Ex: The government gives/awards scholarships every year.
Internship (n.) Prácticas
Ex: Tom got an internship at his dad's company.
Apply for ([Link]) Solicitar, presentar una solicitud
Ex: I applied for a job last week but I didn’t get an answer.
Application letter (n.) Carta de motivación
Recommendation letter (n.) Carta de recomendación
Work shift (n.) Turno de trabajo
Do overtime (v.) Hacer horas extra
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 VOCABULARY 2º BACHILLERATO
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Ex: I don’t like to do overtime but I do it sometimes

Do a training course (v.) Hacer un curso de formación
Take on (ph.v.) = hire (v.) Contratar
Be fired (v.) = be sacked Ser despedido por hacer algo mal
Ex: Jenny was fired because she shouted at her boss.
Ser despedido porque no hay trabajo
Be made redundant (v) Ex: I was made redundant when I finished the project I had
been employed for.
Get promoted (v.) Ser ascendido
Part-time ≠ full time (adj.) A media jornada ≠ a jornada completa
Permanent≠ temporary (adj.) Permanente ≠ temporal
Retire (v.) Jubilarse
Be retired (adj.) Estar jubilado
Self-employed (adj.) Autónomo
Well-qualified (adj.) Bien cualificado
Unemployed (adj.) Desempleado, en paro
Unemployment (n.) Paro
Be in charge of (expr.) Estar a cargo de
Ex: I am in charge of five people in the company.
Be on the dole (expr.) Cobrar la prestación por desempleo
Ex: My uncle is on the dole because he lost his job two months
ago.
Resign (v.) = quit Dimitir, renunciar
Ex: Not many politicians resign from office when they lie.
Set up a business / company (expr.) Montar un negocio
Vacancy (n.) Puestovacante
Earn money (v.) Ganardinero
Make money (v.) Hacerdinero
Make a living out of (expr.) Ganarse la vida
Ex: My aunt makes a living out of art.
Make a killing (expr.) Forrarse
Wage = salary (n.) Sueldo
Get a rise (v.) Recibir un aumento de sueldo
Call in sick (expr.) Llamar para decir que estás enfermo
(Maternity / sick) leave (n.) Baja por maternidad / enfermedad
(Trade) union (n.) Sindicato

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VOCABULARY 2º BACHILLERATO
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ACTIVITIES
1. WRITE THE SYNONYMS FOR THE FOLLOWING WORDS. Comentario [JM11]: Salary (n.) =
WAGE
Be sacked (v.) = BE FIRED
Salary (n.) = Mark (n.) = Year off (n.) = GAP YEAR
Be sacked (v.) = Resign (v.) = Hire (v.) = TAKE ON
Year off (n.) = Grant (n.) = Mark (n.) = GRADE
Resign (v.) = QUIT
Hire (v.) = Grant (n.) = SCHOLARSHIP

2. WRITE THE ANTONYMS FOR THE FOLLOWING WORDS. Comentario [JM12]: Fail (v.) ≠ PASS
Full-time job (n.) ≠ PART-TIME JOB
Employment (n.) ≠ UNEMPLOYMENT
Fail (v.) ≠ Hire (v.) ≠ Hire (v.) ≠ SACK/FIRE/MAKE REDUNDANT
Full-time job (n.) ≠ Temporary (adj.) ≠ Temporary (adj.) ≠ PERMANENT
Employment (n.) ≠

3. FIND THE SUITABLE WORDS FOR THE FOLLOWING DEFINITIONS.

1. A period of time, usually an academic or calendar year, in which a student

takes a break from school totravel, work, or volunteer, typically after ending high sch
ool and before starting college. Comentario [JM13]: GAP YEAR/YEAR
OFF
INTERNSHIP
2. Any official or formal program to provide practical experience for beginners in an VACANCY
occupation or profession. A LEVELS
DISTANCE LEARNING
SELF-EMPLOYED
3. An unoccupied position, job opening.

4. A public examination requiring advanced knowledge in a subject and taken at the

end of secondary school, usually two years after O level.

5. Education in which students receive instruction over the Internet, from a video,
etc., instead of going to school.

6. Earning one's living directly from one's own profession or business, as a freelance
writer or artist, rather than as an employee earning salary or commission from
another.

4. FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE CORRECT WORDS. Comentario [JM14]: PART-TIME
SET UP
QUITING/RESIGNING
1. My sister has applied for a ________________ job because she needs to study in WORK SHIFT
the mornings. TUITION FEES
MAKE MONEY
2. A friend of mine was sacked and decided to ______________ his own company
and now he’s making loads of money.
3. Lucy is looking forward to ________________________. She’s fed up with her
job.
4. My usual ___________________ is 8:30 to 5, but sometimes I work from noon to
eight instead.
5. Students have to borrow £9,000 a year to pay their _________________.
6. Robert didn’t get promoted as he failed to______________________ .

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VOCABULARY 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020

VOCABULARY: SOCIAL ISSUES/SOCIETY

Grow up (phr. verb) = crecer.
Have an open mind (expr.) ≠ narrow mind = tenermentalidadabierta.
Be aware of (expr.) ≠ beware of = tener = ser consciente de (Ex: He was aware of how important
cuidado con… (beware of the dog) that exam was).
Neighbourhood (n.) = barrio.
Neighbour (n.) = vecino.
Relative (n.) = pariente, familiar.
Childhood (n.) = infancia, niñez.
Adolescence (n.) = adolescencia
Teenager (n.) = adolescent → adolescente.
Youth(n.) = juventud, jóvenes.
Young (adj.) = joven. (Ex: Many young people are keen on horror
films).
Youngster (n.) = joven. (Ex: Many youngsters think that politicians do
not represent their interests).
Adulthood (n.) / Childhood (n.) = madurez, edadadulta.
Adult (n.) = adulto.
Old age (n.) = vejez.
Old / elderly man or woman(n.) = ancioano/a.
Take after (phr. verb) = parecerse a.
Role model (expr.) = modelo a seguir.
Citizen (n.); Citizenship (n.) = ciudadano/a; ciudadanía
Inherit(v.); Inheritance (n.) = heredar; = herencia.
Encourage(v.); Encouragement (n.) apoyo. = animar a; = ánimo,
Support(v. / n.) = apoyar / apoyo. (Ex: support a cause).
Spoil (v.) = consentir, malcriar.
Spoilt (adj.) = consentido, malcriado.
Punish (v.); punishment (n.) = castigar; = castigo.
Give up (phr. verb) = darse por vencido, tirar la toalla.
Live up to (ph. verb) = estar a la altura(Ex: Live up to the expectations)
Effort (n.) = esfuerzo.
Make an effort (expr.) = esforzarse.
Study abroad (v.) = estudiaren el extranjero.
Be successful (expr.) = succeed (v.) = tener éxito.
Refuse (v.) = rechazar, negarse.
Refusal (n.) = rechazo.
Mandatory (adj. ) = obligatory (adj.) = obligatorio.
Follow rules (expr.) = seguir las normas.
Break the law (expr.) = infringir la ley.
Ban (v. / n.) = prohibit (v.); prohibition (n.) = prohibir / prohibición. (Ex: The city banned the sale of
=forbid (v.); forbidden (adj.) alcohol for fifty years).
Pay taxes (expr.) = pagar los impuestos.
Pass a law(expr.) = aprobar una ley.
Fair / Unfair (adj.) = justo /injusto.
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VOCABULARY 2º BACHILLERATO
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Demonstrate (v.) = manifestarse.
Demonstration (n.) = manifestación.
Demonstrator (n.) = manifestante.
Go on strike (expr.) = ponerse en huelga.
Behave (v.) = comportarse.
Behaviour(n.) = comportamiento.
A campaign against/for (expr.) =una campaña contra/ a favor de...
Get/be used to + -ING = acostumbrarse a/ estar acostumbrado a (Ex: You will
get used to working at the café).
Suitable (adj.) =appropriate (adj.) = adecuado, apropiado
Valuable (adj.) = valioso/a.
Worthless(adj.) = no valer la pena (Ex: Having arguments with friends is
worthless).
Worthwhile (adj.) = valer la pena (Ex: Teaching is a worthwhile job).
Be inclined to = tender a...
Be prone to = ser propenso a…
Be (un)likely to =ser (im)probable que…
Be (un)willing to = (no) estar dispuesto a…
Standard of living (expr.) = nivel de vida.
Living conditions (expr.) = condiciones de vida.
Poverty (n.); Poor (adj.) = pobreza; = pobre.
Homeless (adj.)(n.) = vagabundo; sin techo
Charity (n.); do charity work (expr.) = beneficiencia; hacer trabajosbenéficos.
Hunger (n.); Hungry (adj.) = hambre; = hambriento/a.
Famine (n.) = hambruna
Immigration (n.); immigrant (n.) = inmigración; inmigrante.
Emigration (n.); Emigrant (n.) = emigración; emigrante.
Raise money (expr.) = recaudar dinero.
Fundraising (n.) = colecta de fondos
Raise awareness (expr.) = levanter conciencia
Social inequality (expr.) = desigualdad social.
Human rights = derechos humanos.
Survey (n.) = poll (n.) = encuesta.
Freedom of speech (expr.) = libertad de expresión
Look up to (ph. verb) = admire (v.) = admirar a alguien(Ex: Children should look up to their
parents).
Look down on (ph. verb) =mirar por el cima del hombro/ creerse superior (Ex:
Americans look down on Europeans)
Stand up for (phr. verb) = defender algo / a alguien(Ex: Martin Luther King Jr.
stood up for the black community).
People from all walks of life (idiom) = gente de muy distinto nivel socioeconómico o que
ocupa puestos muy diversos (Ex. People from all walks of
life attended the party)
Machismo (n.) Machismo
Sexism (n.) Sexismo
Misandry (n.) Misandria (odio hacia los hombres)
Misogyny(expr.) Misoginia (odio hacia las mujeres)
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VOCABULARY 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020
Gender violence (expr.) Violencia de género
Domestic violence(expr.) Violencia doméstica
Gender equality(expr.) Igualdad de género
Salary gap = pay gap (synonym) Brecha salarial
Gender pay gap Brecha salarial de género
Glass ceiling(expr.) Techo de cristal
Background Antecedentes históricos, trayectoria

ACTIVITIES

1. WRITE THE SYNONYMS FOR THE FOLLOWING WORDS.

Teenager (n.)=

Obligatory (adj.)=

Poll (n.)=

Appropriate (adj.)=

Ban (v.)=

Admire (v.)=

2. FIND A SUITABLE WORD FOR THE FOLLOWING DEFINITIONS:

- Extreme and general scarcity of food, as in a country or a large geographical area; extreme hunger;
starvation 
-The state or period of being an infant
- The act or process of raising money, as for nonprofit organizations or for a political cause
- To resemble (another person), as in appearance, behavior, etc. 
- To decline to accept (something offered); to reject 

3. FILL IN THE GAPS WITH A SUITABLE WORD OR EXPRESSION:

- People are not really aware about the importance of recycling. The government should carry out a
campaign to _________________________ of the problem.
- After trying to solve the puzzle for a long time, I finally ______________________ as I was unable to find an
answer.
- Workers have _________________________ in order to show their discontent with the current working
conditions.
- The government has ____________________ against animal mistreatment.
- It took me ages to ______________________ driving on the left when I moved to Britain.

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TEXTOS DE SELECTIVIDAD 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020

35
PEVAU TEXTS: Animal cruelty and interpersonal violence
TEXTOS DE SELECTIVIDAD 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020

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PEVAU TEXTS: The Jack the ripper case finally solved
TEXTOS DE SELECTIVIDAD 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020

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PEVAU TEXTS: Let’s not treat life as a job
TEXTOS DE SELECTIVIDAD 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020
PEV
AU
TEX
TS:
Bull
ying
at
scho
ol

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TEXTOS DE SELECTIVIDAD 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020

39
PEVAU TEXTS: Immigrants
TEXTOS DE SELECTIVIDAD 2º BACHILLERATO
DEPT. DE INGLÉS. IES SIERRA DE ARAS. 2019-2020

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PEVAU TEXTS: Wonder Woman: feminist icon or symbol of oppression?