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Electricity Notes

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16 views15 pages

Electricity Notes

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Uploaded by

kritikasharmalkw
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© All Rights Reserved
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ExectRiciry ) Electric Current” >The ammount 9} char flowing through a pandiculan anea, tn unil time ov ts the vale of flow of eleae charge « ie L-G = Charge t antl Gime 2 Electric Cirautt > A Continuous and closed —pallh of an eleclrc © cunent Is dalled an eeclic §— ivi . - In an electric crmil, (et Say, 1 Ampere current is flowing thal slates 1 coulomb 4 chavge flouting tw 1 second « + Gmail quaniities of, current, ama = 107A Au» 10°A Noreqicae ‘DA coment 057 is down by a filament of an cleckric bulb jor 10 minutes . ~ Find the amount 0 eleclrte charge thal flows ‘though the drut. x Toteritat ‘Differences 2 The —polentiat difference between lwo pon in an eleciric clruuit is defined as the amount 6 work dane tn moving a unit change (vom one poll to the other polnt. Tolential difference = Work done = _W_ Quantity of charge = 8 moved Voltrnetex ts fwstrument used to neanure pa. (it ts always connected parallel) Womencge 2) How much work, 4s done tn moving a. charge 2 coulomds qrom a point al = 18 volts «to 128 “volts 7 % Electric Current Q Ammetex 18 an frstrument voed lo meapure electric current . ob Th ts always Connecled in Sevies- x Direction of dedvic current % When — dlectrity was fnvented Cong time back, but thal — time only eleclvan had = nol been = diistoveved «at thal time - So eeclvic Current war conideed to be a flow of +ve Charges Womenice 2) tow much work fs done tn moving a charge 2 coulombs from a point al 118 volts «to | 128 “volts 7 ¥ Electric Current O Ammetex 13 an fnstrumeni wed to meapure electric current . bo Li is always connected in Sevies- * Direction of electric curvent > When dectricity was invented time back, but that — time only eleclyan had not been ditwovered at thal time. — $0 electric Currerh was conideved to be a flow of +ve char; and direchion of flow of Uleddvic Current was taken as diireclion 04 {low Of +ve charge, so in our — circuit diagrams , we put the arrows on the connecting wires potting from —posittve —Lenminal 0} the cell towards reqative terminal of the «il. x Symbols 65 womporenta Tn elechc — diveuil + L 6 memati pry | oO 7 etre tats 8 A resistor of resistance R WA 0 Wile erteet — AM aly x OHM’s ZAwe > Ohm's (aw giva a velaifonsip belween curren. and potential dijjuence * According to ohms Caw : At Constant —tempevature , the current following — though a —condutor fs dvectly proportional to ihe polenital acvoss Its ends. he. LT « Ve T Vv V=RaL *Here R ts resistance constant « “The value covalant depends on the nature (ength aren Of Creus- Section and temperature 64 the conductor V = potential dijgerence Current I- R= Peskslance From. above, xf pd. fs doubled current gus doubled and vite- versa for halved. @ An electric tvon drows a current 34A from —220V supply line. What Current will this electric fon draw when connected fn 10 V supply tne 2 * OHM's LAW: > The cleclvic current flowing through the conductor ts dlvedly proporifonal to the potential dijgerence applied across. It. That mens, LT «V Unils Current Voltage Kuistance - 2 ohm oe Vel ( Ve Rr urvent - Armpure Voltage - Volt R ts proportionally constant be. Raletance the — dawail Raslstance (R) = Voltage(V) Current (1) an electric bulb connect to 220V; line draws an dleutric current — of 0-543 then whal will be the ‘fultlan? 6{ {lament of a bulb? V= 220V R= y - 220 = 330 I> 0.5A rT 0s a (R= 440.2) R- 2 * Haislivtty + ‘Raiatinly ts ox the riislence offered by the matovat per length wf unit cross-section. « othe Sf % = raistivty ts Ohm = moler. "The valstance 4 any — conducling Cength ond fnversely Substance . Substance fs directly —proportfonal to Proportional to the area of uss section of the 9 Tt hao been found from the expetment thal Rxl —@ and Rx 1 —@W - Combing — equatton O and D Rw L R= Pxt In a Clvauit, i} more than one path are available for the went to flow and the vollage dvops across two ends of each yelstor ane same, this '2 called parallel connection . — As here, current ts divided . T-13,+1,+ 13 Vv I-¥v RK 2 RS R V=TR VeVi vy Ry R. =V 4 v= Eee e| R, Re t=4 4,444 ++ R R, ks R; © Voltage drop remains —_ same. © Current gels divided © into each path. > Magnitude 6f equivalent vailstence Is always smaller than the Smallest ralstance. x Merits % Tarallel Connection : Th three bulbs ave Connected in parallel, tf one gels fued, othew two continua fo work. ‘In parallel connection, breakup doe not occur. + Home a pllances such an- jan, bulb, light, T-v., etc all work ow pavallet connection « * Home appliances such © an- jan, bulb, light, TV, etc all work ow parallel connection. . * As equivalent current value is decreased move current can be oblained 1. Find out “Totol Equivalent Rustttance in below ceeuit 7 Wy WA 22 32 3aQ 42 2+ Find total efgedive vaislance of the dirutt : 5aQ 12 3. Find Req =2 SR 50 oa (Ae 302 Q. APD. of 250 V ts applied across a vatstance 0% 500 ohm an eledvic Fron. Caluilate (i) curvent and (1) Heat energy, tn joula tn to Seconds ¢ [ase 12503 % Graph belween Vand J: As current ts dtrestiy proportional to potential diffenerve the graph and T would be lintay- Current Potentiad clijgerence Cv) x Factors affecting the Ratslance o a vondluctor + > The electrical —railslance 0 a conductor depends on the following {actors + “Length {1 doubled rattane aloo gels doubled. i) Effeat Area of Cross- seutfon oh conductor : * The raststance of the conducoy fs Inversely —proporifonal to the area % cross - section . he. R« 4 l Area % ros secllon. Al he. ) Thicke wire & wed for making low resistance « il) Thin wire 1% used for making / gelling high relstance- - The thickness of wire represented by Its diameter. iti) Effet of Aatune of Mateviad q the conductor : * Lome material have Cow resltlance wherean thew have high Yeststance . ~ For eg, lets {ake two wire 0 equal length one 1s copper metal and Other nidhvome alloy we will find, nichrome — wire's- reatslance is more than Copper wire. tv) Elfect of “Temperature : ‘It has been found that the ralslane @ all puxe melale frueases on vaising =the ~—tempexatune and decreases on. lowering the temperature. 10:41 al LTE Free Os ee ort from experts TV9 Education Expo whale yfsiaRiaes end sfeeseyge ol aud vis w ead, A Pree wire of length 2m and area of ross Setlton. 10 ‘mr? has a valitance & 2x10? ohms: Caluilate the —reisthity of Lope. Heating Efe of Cuwrentt © When an electric Current 1s posse through a high rutslance wire, like nnlchvome wire the veslstance wire becomes very het and Produce heal - Tats te called healing efgeet Of Current - Eprasion: Who an eledric and mova agaimt 0 polentio£ dijjewne v, the amount of work dow fs gluen bys W=Qxv "Ee Qh te Qn Putting, We It x V also, v= Ie We Tha TR We TR > Here, assuming all the electrical enegy consumed 7s Converted ‘inte heal energy, we Can write ‘Heal produced’ in place work done’ in aloove equation , He E*Rt}|— “Joules low heating = Hew the beat produed in a whe is didly proportional {o-' 3 Savane Oh Cumrent i) Resistance of whee ii) Time t, fo which uirrend is + Appleation of the Heating Effect of current = VThe heath wivrent 1 uttlised in the workin, dlectrcal ee au fu dedrle Won, delve. tlle, eal 4 ata dectric Oven, Yoom healew, etc. The heating eject of eledvic current ts ulilied © tn elechric bulls (eleddrte amps) for producing light — Tungsten metal ts for making the filament of decric bulbs because tt hha a very high meeting point (can be @ [Link] Healing Sffet of Cuwrent ® When an eledvic Current 1s passeol through a high —valslance wire, Ike nfchrome wire the reilstance wire becomes very hol and Produce heal - - Tits ts called heating Cypect Of = Current - Eiprasion: Whe an electric Change and mova agaiml a polentiaL dijfoene Vv, the amount of work dow fs giver by: W= QxVv But , T= Q/t te Q-2t Putting , We It xV also, v= IR We Tt x TR We T7Rt 9 > tere, assuming all the electrical energy comumed is converted inte heal energy, we Can write ‘Heal produced’ ‘in place 0f ‘work done’ in above equation , [H- £*Rt] — “Joules law of heating" > Hee the beat produed in a wire is directly proportional to.’ 5 eae Of Cuvvent i) Resistance of wire i) Time t, fee which dierent fa passed « * Application of the Healing Effect of current : 1) The heating effect of carent % utflised in the workin electrical appliances such cs eledric fron, oledlric Kelle, electric toaster electric oven, Yoom = bealew, eke: 2) The heating eget of electric cuvvent is utilised tn electric bulbs (electric Carnps ) fo producing (ight « — Tungsten melad is Used foe making the filament of dectric bulbs became it ha a very high meeting Point (tan be kept while - hol without melting). 3) The heating effect of electric current fo ulilised in electric fue fo protecting, household wiring and ectrical appliances. Electric “tower ¥ We know that the vate of doing work fs called power so dedtyic pow fs the hectic work ~ done po unit lime « ie. Rue = Work dowe - W (T) “Thwe taken ¢t (s) > We have already known, work done by uvvent J in time T under PD. & V is given by: W= Vxrxt Pe vE "Ve Potential difference in volts T= Current in cdenpere — Hoe Also, furthen Powe Can be — danived P= Vx P-=Vv xt Ww, R- Now, R= xr = V=IR T-v Pre x1 R Pe Vv? P-Vxy¥ R Go, P= Vx I All thee formulas P-T*xR Caluulading Pounr- P= ve r| ‘Kolation between 1Kwh and Toule Tkilo watt eo 1 how 1000 Joule fe 1 how Second 1000 x 60 x 60 Jowles. 36, 00,000 Joule . 1Kwh wo Tkwh = 3.6 x WT. alse fle called 1 unit commerialfy_ Numerical DA vodio sd of 60 wa runs fo 50 hows. How much electrical energy is consumed 2 DTwo fdenttcal vertstors. cach of ruitlane §12-0 ave connected : In teva In paral inlurn 10 a baliny of 6V 2 Collate ratio o power Consumed in Combination of ralstors in the two Casa. £2072]

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