6 th Semester
Er. Bilove Moktan
1
Course Structure
Course Structure
Course Structure
Course Structure
Course Structure
Course Structure
Course Structure
Chapter 1
Introduction
9
Importance from Exam Point of View
▪ Carries 4-8 marks
▪ Theory Only
10
Objectives of Sewage Disposal
a) To achieve sanitary condition by proper disposal of human
excreta to a safe place before it starts decomposition.
b) To evacuate waste water as soon as possible from the point
of generation, so that mosquitoes, flies, bacteria etc. may not
breed in it and cause nuisance.
c) To maintain hygiene condition and increase aesthetic
appearance of the city.
d) To prevent from sporadic outbreak of diseases.
e) To prevent land and water pollution.
f) To use sewage as fertilizer by sewage farming.
Sanitation System / Sewage Collection
System
Mainly it is divided into two systems.
I. Conservancy system or dry System
2. Water carriage System
Water Conservancy System
▪ In this system, the collection,
conveyance, and disposal of
various types of waste are carried
out with help of water.
▪ Thus water is used as medium to
convey the waste from its point of
production to the point of its final
disposal.
▪ Sufficient quantity of water is
required to be mixed with the
wastes so that dilution ratio is so
great that the mixture may flow
just like water.
▪ The sewerage is so formed that 99%
is water & 1% is solid waste.
Water Conservancy System
Sanitation System
1. Water Conservancy System
▪ In conservancy (dry) system, refuse are collected
separately and disposed off.
▪ Garbage is collected separately in dustbins and
conveyed by covered carts or trucks or tractors to
suitable place.
▪ The combustible and non-combustible garbage is
sorted out. The combustible is burnt and the non-
combustible and inorganic is buried in low lying
areas.
Sanitation System
1. Water Conservancy System
▪ The human and animal waste (feces and urine) are
collected in pans and is then carried by labors in
carts or trucks or tractors for disposal outside
where it is buried for manure.
▪ The storm water is conveyed separately by close or
open drains and discharge into natural streams.
▪ This system is obsolete now and can be used in
rural area.
Water Conservancy System
ADVANTAGES
Environment friendly:
• No fear of surface as well as ground water
contamination so that storm water is disposed
separately.
• There is no water requirement for flushing.
Cost: Initial investment and maintenance cost is low.
No Treatment requirement: Night soil and urine
are collected separately. Hence, no treatment
requirement.
Water Conservancy System
DISADVANTAGES
• Less Hygiene and sanitary aspect
• Transportation is difficult
• Labour aspect/health issue
• Building aspect
• Risk epidemic
• Pollution problem
• Cost consideration
• Disposal land requirement
Water Carriage System
▪ In this system; water is used as a medium to carry
wastes to the point of final disposal.
▪ The quantity of water is so high (99.9%) that wastes
becomes liquid which is carried by the sewers.
▪ For this purpose; specially designed latrines called
water-closets are used to flush after its use.
▪ The garbage is collected separately as in conservancy
system.
▪ The sullage is also led to the sewers. The storm water
may be disposed of separately or combined with
sanitary sewage.
Water Carriage System
1. Hygiene and sanitary aspect : The system is very hygienic
since the night soil and other waste water is conveyed through
closed conduits which are not directly exposed to the
atmosphere. There is no bad smell because of continuous
flow.
2. Epidemic aspect: There are no chances of outbreak of
epidemic because flies and other insects do not have direct
access to the sewage.
3. Pollution aspect: The liquid wastes etc. are directly
conveyed through the sewers, and therefore there are no
changes of the waste water being soaked in the ground thus
contaminating the soil. The waste water does not percolate
down to join the ground water. There are no chances of
pollution of water of wells in individual houses if any.
Water Carriage System
4. In design: Since the latrines are flushed after every use,
excreta does not remain and there are no foul smells. The
latrines can therefore be attached to the living and bed
rooms. This permits a compact design. ne lavatories can be
accommodated in any part of the house.
5. Labor Aspect: This system does not depend on manual
labour at any time except when sewers get choked.
6. Treatment Aspect: The sewage collected through the
sewers can be conveyed directly to a treatment plant and
proper treatment can be done to safely dispose it to nearby
water bodies.
Types of Sewerage Systems
The sewerage system can be classified as:
1. Separate System
2. Combined System
3. Partially Separate System
Separate System
▪ In this system, two set of sewers are provided.
▪ When the sanitary sewage is taken in one set of
sewers, whereas storm and surface water are taken in
another set of sewers, it is called separate system.
▪ The storm water may be carried in open drains or
closed conduits.
▪ The sewage from first system of sewers should be led
to treatment works while the flow from the second
system of sewers can be discharged directly into
natural streams without any treatment.
Separate System
Merits
▪ Quantity of sewage to be treated is -small as sewage flows in
separate conduit.
▪ Cost of installation is low as storm water can be conveyed
through open channels.
▪ Storm water can be discharged into natural streams without any
treatment.
▪ Sewers of small sections can be easily ventilated than those of
large sections.
▪ During disposal, if sewage is to be pumped, this system is
cheaper.
▪ There is no fear of stream pollution.
Separate System
Demerits
▪ Sewer lines are difficult to clean because of their small size.
▪ They are likely to be clogged.
▪ Two set Of sewers may ultimately prove to be costly.
▪ As two sets of sewers are laid, their maintenance cost is more.
▪ Generally, self cleansing velocity is not available due to small
quantity of sewage.
▪ Storm water sewers come in use only during rainy seasons.
During other part of the year, these may serve as dumping place
for garbage and may get clogged.
Combined System
▪ When only one set of sewers is laid for
carrying both sanitary sewage and storm
water, it is called combined system.
▪ The sewage and storm water are carried to
sewage treatment plants before their
disposal.
Combined System
Merits
▪ Maintenance cost is Iow as the system uses only one set of
sewers.
▪ Self cleansing velocity is available at every place due to more
quantity of sewage.
▪ Strength of sewage is reduced by dilution with rainwater
▪ The sewers are of larger size and thus the chances of their
choking is rare. Also, it is easy to clean them.
▪ Sewer gas that may be formed in the sewer gets diluted as more
air is present in larger sewers than small sewers.
Combined System
Demerits
▪ Cost of construction is high because of large
dimensions of sewers.
▪ Because of large size of sewers, their handling. and
transportation is difficult.
▪ Due to inclusion of storm water, the load on
treatment plant increases.
▪ It is uneconomical if whole sewage is to be
disposed off by pumping.
▪ During heavy rains, the sewer many overflow and
thus create unhygenic conditions.
Partially Separate System
▪ In the separate system, a part of storm water
especially originating from the roofs or paved
courtyards of buildings is allowed to enter in the
sewers carrying sewage and remaining storm water
flows into a separate set of sewers, it is called
partially separate system.
Partially Separate System
Merits
▪ As sewers are. reasonable size, their cleansing is
relatively easier.
▪ It possesses the advantage of both the separate as
well as combined systems.
▪ The storm water permitted in the sewers eliminates
the chances of chocking.
▪ The problem of disposing off storm water from
homes is simplified.
Partially Separate System
Demerits
▪ Self cleansing velocity may not be available during
dry weather as velocity of flow is low.
▪ Addition of storm water on sewage increases the
loads on treatment units.
▪ If sewage is to be disposed by pumping the cost will
be more than the separate system.
▪ There is possibilities of overflow during rainy
season.
Difference between:
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