Electronics I Physics Department
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science
Examples to Power Supply
Example-1: A center-tapped full-wave rectifier connected to a transformer whose each secondary coil has a r.m.s.
voltage of 12 V. Assume the internal resistances of the diode and load resistance are 50 Ω and 1k Ω, respectively. Find:
1- The load current measured by a voltmeter.
2- The D.C. load current.
Solution
VPS = 2 Vrms = 2 × 12 V = 16.97 V
VPS 16.97 V
IP = = = 16.16 mA
R S + R L 50 Ω + 1000 Ω
The load current measured by a voltmeter is
IP 16.16 mA
Irms = = = 11.42 𝑚𝐴
2 2
2IP 2 × 16.16 mA
Idc = = = 10.28 mA
π π
Example-2: In the center-tapped full-wave rectifier shown below find:
1- The dc output voltage.
2- PIV.
3- Rectification efficiency.
4- Output frequency.
Assume the diode resistance is 20 Ω and the frequency of the input is 50 Hz.
1
Electronics I Physics Department
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science
Solution
1-
2 𝑛2 2 2
VPS = V = × 220 V × = 31.11 V
2 rms 𝑛1 2 10
2VPS 2 × 31.11 V
Idc = =
π (R S + R L ) π 20 Ω + 1000 Ω
= 19.41 mA
Vdc = Idc R L = 19.41 × 10−3 A × 1000 Ω = 19.41 V
2-
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 2VPS = 62.22 𝑉
3-
0.81
ηFW ≊
R
1 + R𝑆
L
0.81
ηFW ≊ × 100%
20 Ω
1 + 1000 Ω
0.81
ηFW ≊ × 100%
20 Ω
1 + 1000 Ω
ηFW ≊ 79.4 %
4–
fout = fin × 2 = 50 Hz × 2 = 100 Hz
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Electronics I Physics Department
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science
Example-3: In the full-wave bridge rectifier shown below find:
1- The dc output voltage.
2- PIV.
3- Rectification efficiency.
Assume the diode resistance is 20 Ω.
Solution
1-
𝑛2 2
VPS = 2 Vrms = 2 × 220 V × = 62.22 V
𝑛1 10
2VPS 2 × 62.22 V
Idc = =
π (R S + R L ) π 2 × 20 Ω + 1000 Ω
= 38.08 mA
Vdc = Idc R L = 38.08 × 10−3 A × 1000 Ω = 38.08 V
2-
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 2VPS = 62.22 𝑉
3-
Ripple Factor
The output of a rectifier consists of a d.c. component and an a.c. component. The a.c. component is undesirable and
causes pulsations in the rectifier output. Thus, the smaller this component, the more effective is the rectifier. The ratio
of r.m.s. value of a.c. component to the d.c. component in the rectifier output is called ripple factor
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑅𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑅 =
𝑉𝑎𝑐
and calculated as
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Electronics I Physics Department
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science
2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
−1
𝑉𝑑𝑐
Half-wave rectifier
2
𝑉𝑃𝑠 /2
𝑅 = − 1 = 1.12
𝑉𝑃𝑠 /𝜋
Thus, AC component is more than DC component.
Full-wave rectifier
2
𝑉𝑃𝑠 / 2
𝑅 = − 1 = 0.48
2𝑉𝑃𝑠 /𝜋
Thus, AC component is less than DC component.
Voltage Filtration
Since the output of a rectifier has pulsating, the A.C. component is undesirable and must be omitted. To do so, a filter
circuit is used which finally removes or reduces value of the A.C. component.
(A) RC Filter
A capacitor 𝐶 is placed at the output of a rectifier and in parallel with load 𝑅𝐿 . During the positive-quarter cycle of the
rectifier voltage output, the capacitor charges and also a current flows to the load. At the end of the quarter cycle the
voltage becomes lower than the voltage across the capacitor, it will then discharge through the load.
1
𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐
4