BLUETOOTH SPEAKER
[Link] :
Wireless speaker are loudspeakers that
receive audio signals using radio frequency
(RF) waves rather than over audio cables.
The two most popular RF frequencies that
support audio transmission to wireless
loudspeakers include a variation of
WiFi IEEE 802.11, while others depend
on Bluetooth to transmit audio data to the
receiving speaker.
Apart from the employed RF standard, such
speakers can basically be distinguished by
their dedicated field of use. Portable wireless
speakers for outdoor use are typically
designed for ruggedness, portability and
battery life, whereas stationary wireless
speakers with a focus on good sound quality
are meant to be used in home audio systems
or surround sound systems for TV or video.
Further, types for special applications like
waterproof speakers for use in the shower or
speakers for a voice assistant may intermix
between the properties of the two former.
[Link]:
Bluetooth is a short
range wireless technology standard that is
used for exchanging data between fixed and
mobile devices over short distances and
building personal area networks (PANs). In
the most widely used mode, transmission
power is limited to 2.5 milliwatts, giving it a
very short range of up to 10 metres (33 ft). It
employs UHF radio waves in the ISM bands,
from 2.402 GHz to 2.48 GHz.[3] It is mainly
used as an alternative to wired connections to
exchange files between nearby portable
devices and connect cell phones and music
players with wireless headphones.
Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth
Special Interest Group (SIG), which has
more than 35,000 member companies
in the areas of telecommunication,
computing, networking, and consumer
electronics. The IEEE standardized
Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1 but no
longer maintains the standard. The
Bluetooth SIG oversees the development
of the specification, manages the
qualification program, and protects the
trademarks. A manufacturer must
meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market
it as a Bluetooth device. A network
of patents applies to the technology,
which is licensed to individual qualifying
devices. As of 2021, 4.7 billion
Bluetooth integrated circuit chips are
shipped [Link] was first
demonstrated in space in 2024, an early
test envisioned to
enhance IoT capabilities.
[Link]:
The name "Bluetooth" was proposed in
1997 by Jim Kardach of Intel, one of the
founders of the Bluetooth SIG. The name
was inspired by a conversation with Sven
Mattisson who related Scandinavian history
through tales from Frans G.
Bengtsson's The Long Ships, a historical
novel about Vikings and the 10th-century
Danish king Harald Bluetooth. Upon
discovering a picture of the runestone of
Harald Bluetooth[8] in the book A History
of the Vikings by Gwyn Jones, Kardach
proposed Bluetooth as the codename for the
short-range wireless program which is now
called Bluetooth.
According to Bluetooth's official website,
Bluetooth was only intended as a
placeholder until marketing could
come up with something really cool.
Later, when it came time to select a
serious name, Bluetooth was to be
replaced with either RadioWire or PAN
(Personal Area Networking). PAN was
the front runner, but an exhaustive
search discovered it already had tens of
thousands of hits throughout the
internet.
A full trademark search on RadioWire
couldn't be completed in time for
launch, making Bluetooth the only
choice. The name caught on fast and
before it could be changed, it spread
throughout the industry, becoming
synonymous with short-range wireless
technology.
Bluetooth is the Anglicised version of the
Scandinavian Blåtand/Blåtann (or in Old
Norse blátǫnn). It was the epithet of King
Harald Bluetooth, who united the disparate
Danish tribes into a single kingdom;
Kardach chose the name to imply that
Bluetooth similarly unites communication
protocols.
The Bluetooth logo is a bind rune merging
the Younger Futhark runes (ᚼ, Hagall)
and (ᛒ, Bjarkan), Harald's initials.
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The development of the "short-link" radio
technology, later named Bluetooth, was
initiated in 1989 by Nils Rydbeck, CTO
at Ericsson Mobile in Lund, Sweden. The
purpose was to develop wireless headsets,
according to two inventions by Johan
Ullman, SE 8902098-6, issued 1989-06-
12 and SE 9202239, issued 1992-07-24. Nils
Rydbeck tasked Tord Wingren with
specifying and Dutchman Jaap
Haartsen and Sven Mattisson with
developing. Both were working for Ericsson
in Lund. Principal design and development
began in 1994 and by 1997 the team had a
workable [Link] 1997 Örjan
Johansson became the project leader and
propelled the technology and
standardization.
In 1997, Adalio Sanchez, then head
of IBM ThinkPad product R&D, approached
Nils Rydbeck about collaborating on
integrating a mobile phone into a ThinkPad
notebook. The two assigned engineers
from Ericsson and IBM studied the idea.
The conclusion was that power
consumption on cellphone technology at
that time was too high to allow viable
integration into a notebook and still achieve
adequate battery life. Instead, the two
companies agreed to integrate Ericsson's
short-link technology on both a ThinkPad
notebook and an Ericsson phone to
accomplish the goal.
Since neither IBM ThinkPad notebooks nor
Ericsson phones were the market share
leaders in their respective markets at that
time, Adalio Sanchez and Nils Rydbeck
agreed to make the short-link technology an
open industry standard to permit each
player maximum market access. Ericsson
contributed the short-link radio technology,
and IBM contributed patents around the
logical layer. Adalio Sanchez of IBM then
recruited Stephen Nachtsheim of Intel to
join and then Intel also
recruited Toshiba and Nokia. In May 1998,
the Bluetooth SIG was launched with IBM
and Ericsson as the founding signatories
and a total of five members: Ericsson, Intel,
Nokia, Toshiba, and IBM.
The first Bluetooth device was revealed in
1999. It was a hands-free mobile headset
that earned the "Best of show Technology
Award" at COMDEX. The first Bluetooth
mobile phone was the unreleased prototype
Ericsson T36, though it was the revised
Ericsson model T39 that actually made it to
store shelves in June 2001. However
Ericsson released the R520m in Quarter 1
of 2001,making the R520m the first ever
commercially available Bluetooth phone. In
parallel, IBM introduced the IBM
ThinkPad A30 in October 2001 which was
the first notebook with integrated
Bluetooth.
Bluetooth's early incorporation into
consumer electronics products continued at
Vosi Technologies in Costa Mesa,
California, initially overseen by founding
members Bejan Amini and Tom Davidson.
Vosi Technologies had been created by real
estate developer Ivano Stegmenga, with
United States Patent 608507, for
communication between a cellular phone
and a vehicle's audio system. At the time,
Sony/Ericsson had only a minor market
share in the cellular phone market, which
was dominated in the US by Nokia and
Motorola. Due to ongoing negotiations for
an intended licensing agreement with
Motorola beginning in the late 1990s, Vosi
could not publicly disclose the intention,
integration, and initial development of
other enabled devices which were to be the
first "Smart Home" internet connected
devices.
Vosi needed a means for the system to
communicate without a wired connection
from the vehicle to the other devices in the
network. Bluetooth was chosen, since Wi-
Fi was not yet readily available or supported
in the public market. Vosi had begun to
develop the Vosi Cello integrated vehicular
system and some other internet connected
devices, one of which was intended to be a
table-top device named the Vosi Symphony,
networked with Bluetooth. Through the
negotiations with Motorola, Vosi
introduced and disclosed its intent to
integrate Bluetooth in its devices. In the
early 2000s a legal battle[24] ensued
between Vosi and Motorola, which
indefinitely suspended release of the
devices. Later, Motorola implemented it in
their devices which initiated the significant
propagation of Bluetooth in the public
market due to its large market share at the
time.
In 2012, Jaap Haartsen was nominated by
the European Patent Office for
the European Inventor Award.
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Bluetooth operates at frequencies between
2.402 and 2.480 GHz, or 2.400 and
2.4835 GHz, including guard bands 2 MHz
wide at the bottom end and 3.5 MHz wide at
the top.[25] This is in the globally
unlicensed (but not unregulated) industrial,
scientific and medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz short-
range radio frequency band. Bluetooth uses
a radio technology called frequency-
hopping spread spectrum. Bluetooth
divides transmitted data into packets, and
transmits each packet on one of 79
designated Bluetooth channels. Each
channel has a bandwidth of 1 MHz. It
usually performs 1600 hops per second,
with adaptive frequency-hopping (AFH)
[Link] Low Energy uses 2 MHz
spacing, which accommodates 40 channels.
Originally, Gaussian frequency-shift
keying (GFSK) modulation was the only
modulation scheme available. Since the
introduction of Bluetooth 2.0+EDR, π/4-
DQPSK (differential quadrature phase-shift
keying) and 8-DPSK modulation may also
be used between compatible devices.
Devices functioning with GFSK are said to
be operating in basic rate (BR) mode, where
an instantaneous bit rate of 1 Mbit/s is
possible. The term Enhanced Data
Rate (EDR) is used to describe π/4-DPSK
(EDR2) and 8-DPSK (EDR3) schemes,
transferring 2 and 3 Mbit/s respectively.
In 2019, Apple published an extension
called HDR which supports data rates of 4
(HDR4) and 8 (HDR8) Mbit/s using π/4-
DQPSK modulation on 4 MHz channels
with forward error correction (FEC).
Bluetooth is a packet-based protocol with
a master/slave architecture. One master
may communicate with up to seven slaves
in a piconet. All devices within a given
piconet use the clock provided by the
master as the base for packet exchange. The
master clock ticks with a period of 312.5 μs,
two clock ticks then make up a slot of
625 μs, and two slots make up a slot pair of
1250 μs. In the simple case of single-slot
packets, the master transmits in even slots
and receives in odd slots. The slave,
conversely, receives in even slots and
transmits in odd slots. Packets may be 1, 3,
or 5 slots long, but in all cases, the master's
transmission begins in even slots and the
slave's in odd slots.
The above excludes Bluetooth Low Energy,
introduced in the 4.0 specification,
[28] which uses the same spectrum but
somewhat differently.
[Link] AND
CONNECTION:
A master BR/EDR Bluetooth device can
communicate with a maximum of seven
devices in a piconet (an ad hoc computer
network using Bluetooth technology),
though not all devices reach this maximum.
The devices can switch roles, by agreement,
and the slave can become the master (for
example, a headset initiating a connection
to a phone necessarily begins as master—as
an initiator of the connection—but may
subsequently operate as the slave).
The Bluetooth Core Specification provides
for the connection of two or more piconets
to form a scatternet, in which certain
devices simultaneously play the
master/leader role in one piconet and the
slave role in another.
At any given time, data can be transferred
between the master and one other device
(except for the little-used broadcast mode).
The master chooses which slave device to
address; typically, it switches rapidly from
one device to another in a round-
robin fashion. Since it is the master that
chooses which slave to address, whereas a
slave is (in theory) supposed to listen in
each receive slot, being a master is a lighter
burden than being a slave. Being a master
of seven slaves is possible; being a slave of
more than one master is possible. The
specification is vague as to required
behavior in scatternets.
[Link]:
Wireless control and communication
between a mobile phone and
a handsfree headset. This was one of the
earliest applications to become popular.
Wireless control of audio and
communication functions between a mobile
phone and a Bluetooth compatible car
stereo system (and sometimes between the
SIM card and the car phone).
Wireless communication between a
smartphone and a smart lock for unlocking
doors.
Wireless control of and communication
with iOS and Android device phones,
tablets and portable wireless speakers.
Wireless Bluetooth headset and intercom.
Idiomatically, a headset is sometimes called
"a Bluetooth".
headset from the early 2000's
Bluetooth speaker with a rechargeable
battery, made in the late 2010s
Wireless streaming of audio
to headphones with or without
communication capabilities.
Wireless streaming of data collected by
Bluetooth-enabled fitness devices to phone
or PC.
Wireless networking between PCs in a
confined space and where little bandwidth
is required.
Wireless communication with PC input
and output devices, the most common being
the mouse, keyboard and printer.
Transfer of files, contact details, calendar
appointments, and reminders between
devices with OBEX[a] and sharing
directories via FTP.
Triggering the camera shutter of
a smartphone using a Bluetooth
controlled selfie stick.
Replacement of previous wired RS-
232 serial communications in test
equipment, GPS receivers, medical
equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic
control devices.
For controls where infrared was often
used.
For low bandwidth applications where
higher USB bandwidth is not required and
cable-free connection desired.
Sending small advertisements from
Bluetooth-enabled advertising hoardings to
other, discoverable, Bluetooth devices.
Wireless bridge between two Industrial
Ethernet (e.g., PROFINET) networks.
Game consoles have been using Bluetooth
as a wireless communications protocol for
peripherals since the seventh generation,
including Nintendo's Wii
and Sony's PlayStation 3 which use
Bluetooth for their respective controllers.