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Methods of Integration in Calculus

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12 views4 pages

Methods of Integration in Calculus

Uploaded by

Alexa Lei Mediodia
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Module 2 : Methods of Integration


Course Title : Integral Calculus
Course Number : MATH 102
Course Description : The course introduces the concept of integration and its application to
some physical problems such as evaluation of areas, volumes of revolution, force
and work. The fundamental formulas and various techniques of integration are
taken up and applied to both single variable and multi-variable functions. The
course also includes tracing of functions of two variables for a better appreciation
of the interpretation of the double and triple integral as volume of a three-
dimensional region bounded by two or more surfaces.

Total Learning Time : 3 hours lecture per week


Pre-requisites : Calculus 1
Overview : Integration is simply defined as the inverse of differentiation or sometimes
called antiderivative. Many of the important applications of calculus depend on this
operation.

Learning Outcomes: At the end of this chapter students should be able to:
1. Learn about other methods of integration
Methods of Integration
Integration by Substitution
This method involves a change in variable, say from x to another value u. The purpose of
substituting a new variable is to bring the problem to a form which a standard formula can be applied.
This method of integration is justified by the so-called Chain Rule for integration which will be stated
below.
𝑑
Let F(u) be a function whose derivative is f(u), that is, 𝑑𝑢 𝐹(𝑢) = f(u). If u is a differentiable
function of x, say u = h(x) then,

∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑓[ℎ(𝑥)]ℎ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Example 1: Evaluate ∫(3𝑥 2 +4)2 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Let u = 3x + 4. Then du = 3dx or 1/3 du = dx. Then the given integral becomes
1
∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 . 3 𝑑𝑢

1
= 3 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢

1 𝑢3
= 3( 3 )+ 𝑐 since u = 3x+4

(3𝑥+4)3
= 9
+𝑐

We may write the solution of the example above without explicitly expressing it in terms of the
new variable u by assigning a neutralizing factor. The neutralizing factor may be obtained by assigning a
number or variable as u, and getting the dx/du. in the case above, the NF is 1/3.

Example 2: Evaluate ∫(𝑥 2 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Let u = 𝑥 2 − 1. Then du = 2xdx. Hence, NF is ½.


5
1 (𝑥 2 −1)
∫(𝑥 2 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥 = 2
[ 5 ]+𝑐

5
(𝑥 2 −1)
= 10
+𝑐

Example 3: Evaluate∫(4𝑥 2 + 𝑥)√4𝑥 2 + 1𝑑𝑥


1
Solution: ∫(4𝑥 2 + 𝑥)√4𝑥 2 + 1𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥(4𝑥 2 + 1)(4𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥

=∫(4𝑥 2 + 𝑥)3/1 𝑥𝑑𝑥


Let u = 4𝑥 2 + 1, thus NF = 1/8
5
1 (4𝑥 2 +1)2
= 8
[ 5 ]+ 𝑐
2

5
(4𝑥 2 +1)2
= 20
+𝑐

Integrating Rational fractions

Consider this time the problem of evaluating the integral of the rational fraction

𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)
Where f(x) is greater than the g(x). To evaluate this, we must first carry out the indicated division
until the remainder is of lower value than the denominator. That is,

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)
= 𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)

Where Q(x) = quotient


R(x) = Remainder which has lower value than g(x)
Therefore, we have

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+4
Example: Evaluate ∫ 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥

Solution: Here f(x) = 2x2 – 6x + 4 and g(x) = x – 3. Carrying out the indicated division, we
get
2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+4 4
𝑥−3
= 2𝑥 + 𝑥−3

Where Q(x) = 2x and R(x) = 4


Therefore,

2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+4 4
∫ 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 2 + 4𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 3| + 𝑐
Problem Set

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals

1. ∫ √2 − 3𝑥𝑑𝑥

2. ∫(4 + 5𝑥)1/2 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)5 (6𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥

4. ∫(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)3 (3𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥

5. ∫ 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 3 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥

6. ∫ 𝑥 2 (8𝑥 3 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥

(𝑥+1)𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ 3
√𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1

(2𝑥+3)𝑑𝑥
8. ∫ 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+4
3
1 2
(𝑥 3 +1)
9. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
10. ∫ (𝑥 3 −1)4

3𝑥 2 +14𝑥+13
11. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+4

12. ∫(3𝑥 2 + 𝑥)√3𝑥 2 + 1𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+4
13. ∫ 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥

𝑥2
14. ∫ (5𝑥3 3 𝑑𝑥
−1)

15. ∫(3𝑥 2 + 𝑥)(3𝑥 2 + 1)3/2 𝑑𝑥

Common questions

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Integration for multi-variable functions, such as double or triple integrals, involves evaluating over regions in two or three dimensions, respectively, unlike single-variable integration. This distinction is crucial because it allows for calculating volumes and other multi-dimensional quantities, reflecting the complexity and interactions between variables in physical problems .

Evaluating the remainder during the integration of rational fractions ensures that any leftover polynomial terms that are not divisible by the denominator are appropriately integrated. This step impacts the final integral since it determines the accuracy and completeness of the integral solution by handling terms that aren't captured in the polynomial quotient .

Integration by substitution is significant because it transforms a difficult integral into a simpler form that can be directly evaluated using standard formulas. The neutralizing factor (NF) is determined by differentiating the new variable in terms of the original one; it compensates for the change of variables, ensuring the integral is correctly computed .

Dividing rational functions simplifies the integration process by separating the original fraction into a polynomial (the quotient) and a simpler fraction (the remainder over the original denominator). The remainder must have a lower degree than the denominator to be easily integrated using standard techniques or partial fractions .

Incorrectly applying the chain rule can result in an incorrect integral that deviates from the expected solution, potentially leading to substantial errors in applications like physics problems. To avoid this, ensure the derivative of the substitution variable accurately reflects the original variable's differential, and include the correct neutralizing factor .

The integration of a rational function through division is analogous to the division algorithm because it breaks down the function into a quotient and a remainder, where the quotient is a simpler function to integrate and the remainder is a fraction with a lesser degree, facilitating straightforward integration .

The course on Integral Calculus defines integration as the inverse of differentiation, with a focus on its application to physical problems like area evaluation, volumes of revolution, force, and work. It emphasizes techniques for integrating both single and multi-variable functions and interpreting these using double and triple integrals .

Using integration by substitution, evaluate ∫(3x^2+4)^2 dx. First, let u = 3x + 4, then du = 3 dx or 1/3 du = dx. Substituting, the integral becomes ∫u^2 (1/3) du = 1/3 ∫u^2 du = 1/3 (u^3/3) + C, simplifying to (3x+4)^3/9 + C by back-substituting u = 3x + 4 .

A calculus course might include multi-variable functions to develop students' ability to understand and solve complex problems that reflect real-world scenarios, such as in physics and engineering. Such problems enhance spatial reasoning, analytical skills, and the ability to synthesize information across dimensions, skills critical for many advanced scientific and engineering applications .

Differentiation and integration are inverse processes because integration aims to 'undo' the effect of differentiation, finding the original function from its derivative. For instance, differentiating the function F(x) = x^3 gives f(x) = 3x^2, and integrating 3x^2 (antiderivative) returns F(x) = x^3, up to an additional constant .

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