Sentence Pattern

I’m worried that people are wasting too much energy. I think
we should take shorter showers. Also, we need to turn off the
lights when we leave the room.

How Can We Save Energy?

TAKE SHORTER TURN OFF

SHOWERS THE LIGHTS

在此語境中，演講者要表達「我擔心……」及「我確信……」；為了完整闡
述他所擔心或確信的內容，因此使用 that 引導的名詞子句。

S + V + that + S + V....
1. 在一個完整的句子前加上 that，可將其變成名詞子句。that 引導的名詞子句，可置於表達想
法或感受的動詞後面，此類動詞有 think、know、believe、find 等。
• I think (that) Melissa is really outgoing and friendly.
2. that 引導的名詞子句，亦可置於表達情緒或感受的形容詞後面，此類形容詞有 surprised、
worried、sure、angry 等。
• Bonnie was surprised (that) I came to work late today.
3. 當兩個 that 引導的名詞子句用對等連接詞 and 連接時，第二個名詞子句的 that 不可省略。
• I know (that) Hans studied hard and that he got a very good grade on the test.

18
 Sentence Pattern
Sure, Dad!
It’s freezing
outside. It is
necessary for
you to wear
enough clothes.

在此語境中，爸爸提醒兒子「穿得暖」是必要的，因為表達該動作的文字「to wear enough clothes」

較長，因此句首以虛主詞 it 代替，該段文字則置於句尾。

It is + adj. (+ for sb.) + to VR....

1. 此句型為虛主詞 it 的用法。句子中「to + VR」是語意上真正的主詞，但文字較長，故用 it 代
替，而將語意上真正的主詞移至句尾，以避免句子頭重腳輕。
• To put personal information on social networking websites is dangerous.

It is dangerous to put personal information on social networking websites.

虛主詞 語意上真正的主詞

2. 此句型常用來表達說話者對「to + VR」這個動作或行為的看法或評價，若要表示「對某人而
言」，可在形容詞後面加上「for + sb.」。
• It is difficult for Sam to get up early in the morning.

40
 Sentence Pattern
Claire, do you
know where
No. He borrowed my bike,
Jason is?
Why? and I wonder when he
will give it back.

在此語境中，說話者要表達「你知道……嗎」或「我在想……」。為了完整闡述知道或在想的問題
為何，因此使用間接問句。

S + V + wh- (+ S) + V....
1. 此句型為由 wh- 疑問詞（who, what, when, where, why, how）所引導的間接問句，可置
於表示詢問、告知、知道等語意的動詞或形容詞後面，例如 know、ask、wonder、tell、
sure 等。
• Claire doesn’t know where Jason is.
• I’m not sure where Jason is.
2. 間接問句的結構為「疑問詞 + S + V」，若疑問詞為問句的主詞時，則結構為「疑問詞 + V」。
間接問句中的動詞須依照主詞人稱與時態作變化。
• I have no idea where Mary lives.
• Sandy asked Nick when he went to bed last night.
• I’m wondering who sent me these flowers.
3. 間接問句常用於提問者想表達較委婉、客氣的語氣時。
• What time is it? 語氣較直接

→ Do you know what time it is? 語氣較委婉

62
 Sentence Pattern
Jack's Jack’s uncle who is still
Family single lives in Tokyo.(1)

Jack’s cousin, who

lives in London, is
Jack
five years old.(2)

在此語境中，Jack有兩個叔叔，為了要明確指出是「單身的那一位」住在東京，因此句(1)使用形容
詞子句的限定用法；而Jack只有一位堂妹，不會造成任何混淆，因此句(2)使用形容詞子句的非限定
用法，增加對堂妹的補充說明。

…N + who(m)/which/that….
…N, + who(m)/which….
1. 形容詞子句又稱為關係子句，由關係代名詞引導，置於被修飾的名詞後面，被修飾的名詞稱
為「先行詞」。

形容詞子句

• The bus which leaves at two o’clock goes downtown.

先行詞 關係代名詞

2. 形容詞子句分為「限定用法」與「非限定用法」。
限定用法：當先行詞不明確時，須使用「限定」用法，來提供先行詞的必要資訊，以幫助讀者或
聽者辨別。
(1) 當關係代名詞是形容詞子句的主詞時：
先行詞為「人」，關係代名詞用 who/that。
先行詞為「物」，關係代名詞用 which/that。

94
 Lesson 4 Sniffing Out More Than Just Bones

The girl is wearing the yellow dress.

主詞

The girl who/that is wearing the yellow dress is my girlfriend.

先行詞 關係代名詞主格

(2) 當關係代名詞是形容詞子句的受詞時：
先行詞為「人」，關係代名詞用 who/whom/that，或可省略。
先行詞為「物」，關係代名詞用 which/that，或可省略。
She bought the novel last month.
受詞

Linda has finished reading the novel (which/that) she bought last month.
先行詞 關係代名詞受格
4
非限定用法：當先行詞具獨一無二之特性，或範圍明確不會產生混淆時，可使用「非限定」
用法的形容詞子句，來補充有關先行詞的額外訊息，因此又稱為「補述」用法。
「非限定」用法中，先行詞與形容詞子句間用逗點分隔，關係代名詞不可省略，亦不可用
that 代替。
Sam’s eldest son , who is 27 years old, is an engineer.
Hamlet , which is one of Shakespeare’s most famous plays, will be performed at the
Globe Theatre next month.

Examples
1. Have you ever noticed that dogs are able to smell things that we can’t? (line 1)
2. Some dogs are specially trained to become “sniffer dogs,” which use their keen sense
of smell to detect certain items such as hidden drugs. (line 4)
3. But this isn’t the only task that sniffer dogs can accomplish. (line 6)
4. In Pingtung, officials in one park use trained dogs to find trees that have “brown root
rot” disease. (line 10)
5. Maria Tello, who was a 58-year-old woman with diabetes, was asleep one night.
(line 24)

95
 Lesson 5 The Life of a Plastic Bag

Sentence Pattern
I’ll have Sam dye my hair this afternoon.

Cool! What color do you want to dye it?

Green! What do you think?

Like Shrek? I’m sure Dad

will make you dye it back to black.

在此語境中，女孩「安排」髮型師幫她染成綠髮，但之後她爸爸卻可能「強迫」她染回黑髮。兩個
動作皆表達「使某人做某事」，因此分別使用使役動詞 have、make。
5
S + make/have/let + O + VR....
此句型為使役動詞，用於表達「使某人做某事」，受詞之後須接原形動詞。此類動詞有 make 表
「迫使或使得」、have 表「安排或吩咐」、let 表「允許」。
• The police officer made Tim show his driver’s license.
• The boss had his driver pick him up at 6:00 p.m. outside the hotel.
• Jenny’s father let her go to summer camp this year.

Examples
1. When it was getting dark, they packed everything up and let me stay there alone! (line
6)
2. When we eat seafood, the poisonous substances from the plastic end up inside us and
make us feel sick. (line 30)

115
 Lesson 6 Built for Freedom: The Statue of Liberty

Sentence Pattern
No. He wants
beef noodles.

Johnny, you want

fried rice, right? No, it is
dumplings
that I want!
U
MEN

在此語境中，爸媽皆誤會小孩想吃的東西是什麼，小孩需要特別強調他想吃的是「水餃」，而不是
「炒飯」或「牛肉麵」，因此使用強調句，強調某個未知的或被誤解的訊息。

It is/was...that....
6
1. 此句型主要功能是用來強調某個訊息，因此稱為強調句。在此句型中，將想要強調的訊息置
於 It is/was 與 that 之間，句子其餘字詞則置於 that 之後，因此又稱為分裂句。
• Johnny wants dumplings.

→ It is dumplings that Johnny wants. (not fried rice or beef noodles)

強調的訊息 句子其餘字詞

2. 強調句中，被強調的訊息可以是人、物、地點、時間、原因等。
• It is Ella that is going to get married in October.
• It was in this comic book store that I first met my wife.
• It was after I graduated from junior high school that I moved to Canada.

Example
It was on this day that the United States became independent. (line 19)

137
 Sentence Pattern

Last month, I cut my hair, and I

regretted it. So, I had my hair cut this
time, and I love my new hairdo.

在此語境中，男子上個月是「自己剪頭髮」，但這次是「安排髮型師剪髮」。因頭髮是「被髮型師
剪的」，因此使用使役動詞「have + O + p.p.」的用法，來表達「使／安排某件事被……」。

S + have + O + p.p.....
此句型中的 have 為使役動詞，後面接受詞，再接過去分詞，表示「使 安排……被……」。
• Mr. Brown had his car fixed after the car accident.

Example
Later that afternoon, I went to a sporting goods store, bought helmets and shoes, and had
them delivered anonymously to those poor kids. (line 24)

Practice A
Complete the sentences using the above pattern. The first one has been done for
you.
1. My father / the roof / repair / last Sunday
My father had the roof repaired last Sunday.
2. Amy / her eyes / check / and was told she needed glasses

166
 Lesson 8 Convenience Stores: Where Our Wallets Are Always Open

Sentence Pattern

The harder the north wind blew, the tighter

the traveler pulled his coat around himself.

在此語境中，要描述的是當風愈大時，旅人就會將大衣拉得愈緊，兩動作間有程度上的相互影響，
故使用「the...the...」的句型來表示「愈……愈……」。

The + comparative + S + V..., the + comparative + S + V....

1. 此句型表示「愈……愈……」，用兩個比較級來表達彼此在程度或數量上的密切關聯性。

adj.-er/more adj. adj.-er/more adj.

The adv.-er/more adv. + S + V..., the adv.-er/more adv. + S + V....
more (+ N) more (+ N)

• The richer Michael is, the greedier he becomes.

• The more efficiently you work, the earlier you can get off work.
• The more friendly you are, the more friends you will make.
• The more you read, the more knowledge you will get.
8
2. 慣用語中常省略主詞與動詞。
• The sooner, the better.

Examples
1. The more visible the products are, the easier it is for shoppers to notice and purchase
them. (line 10)
2. The longer people stay inside, the more products they buy. (line 29)

187
 Sentence Pattern
Longteng Times
Grace Miller
Loses the Race
Grace Miller tripped and
fell to the ground, losing
the 100-meter race.

在此語境中，Grace Miller 在終點線前跌倒，而後輸掉比賽，兩個事件接連發生，因此以完整句子描

述先發生的事件，後面接分詞構句描述後續發生的事件。

S + V..., V-ing/p.p.....
1. 此句型是由對等子句簡化而成的分詞構句。當對等連接詞 and 連接的兩個子句主詞相同時，
可將表連續動作或附帶狀態的子句簡化為分詞構句。
• Grace Miller tripped and fell to the ground, losing the 100-meter race.
• The singer was posing for photos outside the stadium, surrounded by hundreds of
excited fans.
2. 簡化步驟如下：
(1) 省略 and 及其所連接的對等子句的主詞。
(2) 將動詞改為分詞，主動用現在分詞（V-ing），被動用過去分詞（p.p.）。
(3) 若要簡化的子句為否定句，則在分詞前加上 not。
• Dave kept checking his smartphone in class, and he didn’t look at his teacher
even once.
→ Dave kept checking his smartphone in class, not looking at his teacher even
once.

Examples
1. Their art starts as sketches and outlines, filled in with colors and added details later.
208 (line 10)
 Sentence Pattern
Can you describe what
ze!
Free
happened at the ICB
Bank this morning?

Sure. I saw a man running out of the bank.(1)

He kept turning to see if the police were
getting close to him. I could hear the
policeman yelling, “Freeze!”(2) The next second,
I saw him get on a scooter and ride away.(3)

在此語境中，警方詢問目擊者案發過程，目擊者描述「看到一位男子跑出銀行」(1)、「聽到警察大
喊」(2)、「看見他騎機車逃離」(3)，皆為描述透過感官所觀察到的狀況，因此使用感官動詞的句型。

S + see/watch/hear/feel/notice/observe + O + VR/V-ing/p.p.....
1. 此句型為感官動詞，此類動詞常見的有：
(1) 視覺：see、watch
(2) 聽覺：hear
(3) 其他：feel、notice、observe
2. 感官動詞的受詞後面接原形動詞，表達「看到 聽到 感受到完整的事件」。
• Nina saw her younger brother leave the house in the middle of the night.
3. 感官動詞的受詞後面接現在分詞，表達「看到 聽到 感受到事情正在發生」。
• Nina screamed when she saw someone standing outside her house in the middle of
the night.
4. 感官動詞的受詞後面接過去分詞，表達「看到 聽到 感受到……被……」。
• Terry was swimming in the lake and suddenly felt his leg bitten by something
underwater.

18
 Sentence Pattern
Dear Caroline,
Paris is so romantic! Here’s a picture of
the spectacular Eiffel Tower, where Jeff
just asked me to marry him. I’m getting
married!

Marina

在此語境中，艾菲爾鐵塔是 Jeff 跟 Marina 求婚的地點，因此 Marina 使用關係副詞 where 引導的

形容詞子句來描述這個地點。

...N(,) + where/when + S + V....

此句型為關係副詞 where 和 when 所引導的形容詞子句，與關係代名詞引導的形容詞子句相
同，有「限定」與「非限定」兩種用法。
1. 當先行詞為表示「地點或場所」的名詞時，關係副詞用 where。
• The city where we spent our honeymoon is quite beautiful.
• Here’s a picture of the spectacular Eiffel Tower , where Jeff asked Marina to marry him.
2. 當先行詞為表示「時間」的名詞時，關係副詞用 when。
• If you want me to give you a ride, tell me the exact time when you’ll arrive.
• Henry died in 1970 , when his third daughter was born.

Example
An airplane cabin can be quite a noisy place where passengers’ attention is often distracted
from what they’re eating. (line 22)

40
 Sentence Pattern
Dear Diary, would definitely fail the
I had a terrible day. course. After school, it
I woke up late because I started to rain, and I
had stayed up all night didn’t have an
preparing for today’s umbrella. When
exam.(1) When I got to the I arrived home,
bus stop, the bus had I was soaking
already left.(2) I missed wet. What a
the exam and knew I terrible day!

在此語境中，句(1)表達「晚起(後)是因為熬夜準備考試(先)」，句(2)表達「到公車站(後)時公車已開走(先)」，
皆為描述過去先後發生的兩個事件，為了清楚呈現事件發生的順序，因此先發生的事件用過去
完成式。

had + p.p.
1. 此句型為過去完成式，用於描述過去某事件之前便已發生或完成的事。兩個事件通常會
以 when、before 等表示時間順序的連接詞連接，先發生的事，用過去完成式，後發生的
事，用過去簡單式。 BUS BUS

The bus left I got to the bus stop

• The bus had left when I got to the bus stop.
2. 過去完成式常用於故事、傳記、報導等文體，當作者希望讓敘事風格更活潑，或先陳述最重
要的事，再交代事情原委時，常會不按時間順序來描述，因此需要使用過去完成式，以讓讀
者了解事件發生的前後順序。
• On December 8, 1941, the United States declared war on Japan after Japan had
attacked Pearl Harbor the day before.

62
 Sentence Pattern Of course! It’s the semifinal
between Germany and Italy.
Wow, this game is very exciting!

Why is there a
yellow band around Well, the man
that guy’s arm? wearing the yellow
armband is the
captain of that team.
Oh, I see.

在此語境中，說話者為了明確指出「手臂上繫著黃色綁帶」的那一位是隊長，因此使用分詞片語作
為形容詞，來清楚描述主題（人或物）的特性。

N(,) + V-ing/p.p.
1. 此句型是由形容詞子句簡化而來的分詞片語，置於所要修飾的名詞後面。
• The man wearing the yellow armband is the captain of that team.
2. 將形容詞子句簡化為分詞片語，可使語句更為精簡。簡化步驟如下：
(1) 省略關係代名詞。
(2) 將動詞改為分詞，主動用現在分詞（V-ing），被動用過去分詞（p.p.）。若要表達否
定，則在分詞前加上 not。
(3) 若原形容詞子句為非限定用法，逗點仍保留。
• The taxi driver, who didn’t realize one of his tires had gone flat, continued driving.

→ The taxi driver, not realizing one of his tires had gone flat, continued driving.
3. 此句型的語句較為簡潔有力，因此常用於報導類的文章或談話中。
• The rescue team has saved all thirteen boys trapped in a cave in Northern Thailand.

94
 Lesson 5 Walt Disney’s Inspirational Message: Dare to Dream

Sentence Pattern
This chocolate pie recipe is perfect for a party. Ready
to try it? All you have to do is mix, pour, and bake!

2 eggs
1 cup milk
1/4 cup butter
1 cup sugar
[Link] [Link]
1/2 cup Bisquick
2 ounces chocolate
(melted)
[Link]
5
在此語境中，食譜作者為突顯此甜點作法相當簡易，因此使用「All + S + have to + do is + VR」的
句型結構來強調只要三個步驟即可完成。

All (that)/What + S + want to/need to/have

to/can/should + do is + (to) VR....
1. 此句型表達「想要╱需要╱必須╱能夠╱應該做的事情是……」，主詞 all 或 what 後面接一
個形容詞子句，視為單數，主要動詞用 is 或 was，後面須接「to + VR」，在美式英語中 to
通常省略。
• All (that) you have to do is (to) keep trying.
S 形容詞子句 V

• What you can do is (to) change your attitude.

S 形容詞子句 V

2. 此句型通常用於建議或指令，主要功能是強調 is/was 後面的關鍵訊息。

• In a fire, you have to keep calm and try to escape.
→ In a fire, what you have to do is (to) keep calm and try to escape.
關鍵訊息

Examples
1. All Walt Disney wanted to do was keep trying. (line 23) 117
 Lesson 6 No Wonder He’s Special

Sentence Pattern
Amy’s so nervous.

I can see that. She’s

speaking with her
body shaking and her
eyes full of tears.

在此語境中，「Amy 在舞台上演說」是主要的陳述內容，而「全身顫抖且雙眼含淚」則是附帶的動
作或狀態，因此先以完整子句描述主要訊息，後面再用「with + O + V-ing/adj.」的句型導出附帶訊
息，以讓畫面更豐富。
6
with + O + V-ing/p.p./adj./prep.
1. 此句型用於描述伴隨主要子句發生的動作、狀態或原因。當「with + O + V-ing/p.p./adj./
prep.」置於主要子句之前時，須用逗點跟主要子句隔開。當置於主要子句之後時，有無逗點
皆可。
• Amy is speaking(,) with her body shaking and her eyes full of tears.
主要子句 附帶的動作 狀態

2. with後面須接一個名詞當受詞，受詞後面可接現在分詞、過去分詞、形容詞、介系詞 介系
詞片語，說明受詞的狀態。
(1) 現在分詞：表主動或持續進行的動作
• With so many people watching, May feels nervous and cannot stop shaking.
(2) 過去分詞：表被動或已經完成的動作
• Kevin sat in the corner with his eyes closed.

137
 (3) 形容詞
• My little sister often speaks with her mouth full.
(4) 介系詞 介系詞片語
• Johnny walked out of the restaurant with his hands in his pockets.

Example
With the scary mask on, Auggie walked with his head held high through the halls of the
school, not caring who saw him. (line 12)

Practice A
Combine each of the following sentences using the above pattern. The first one has
been done for you.
1. The girl was looking at the cheesecake. Her mouth was watering.
The girl was looking at the cheesecake(,) with her mouth watering.
2. The boy was caught by the clerk. His pockets were filled with candy.

3. The frightened dog ran away. Its tail was between its legs.

4. The window was open. I heard the waves crashing on the beach all night long.

5. Jessie’s father read her letter. Tears rolled down his cheeks.

6. We spent ten days in a riverside hut. Our cellphones were turned off.

138
 Sentence Pattern
Honey, I’m sorry to have kept Listen, honey.
you waiting for so long.(1) I’d gotten this
Yes, I do!
for you, but I
Leave me alone!(2) left it at home.(3)
So I went back
and...

在此語境中，句(1) Shrek 對 Fiona「等待太久」而感到抱歉，句 (2) Fiona 想要「獨自一人」，

句 (3) Shrek 發現戒指「留在家裡」，因此使用「keep/leave/find + V-ing/p.p./adj./prep.」的句
型，來帶出該動詞後面受詞的附帶狀態，使語意更完整。

S + keep/leave/find + O + V-ing/p.p./adj./prep…..
1. 此句型用於說明 keep/leave/find 三個動詞後面所接受詞的附帶狀態，表達「使 任由 發
現……處於某種狀態」，使其語意更完整。
2. keep/leave/find 後面須接一個名詞當受詞，受詞後面可接：
(1) 現在分詞：表主動或持續進行的動作
Don’t leave your car running while you fill it with gas.
(2) 過去分詞：表被動或已經完成的動作
I was surprised to find the door unlocked when I got home.
(3) 形容詞：表狀態
It’s so hot in this room. Please keep the windows open.
(4) 介系詞 介系詞片語：表狀態或位置
Hank woke up and found his dog beside his bed.

Examples
1. Others choose to keep their minds sharp by reading books and newspapers. (line 3)
2. These are just a few examples of the celebrity speakers who have left millions feeling
inspired through their TED Talks. (line 38)

168
 Lesson 8 Ban-Doh: The Most Authentic Taiwanese Eating Experience

Sentence Pattern
N B A Scores Schedule News Video Standings Stats Players Teams

圖
片
LeBron James May Return from May 13, 2021
來
源 Ankle Injury Next Week
：
達
志
影
像 After taking a long break, LeBron James has
美
聯
finally recovered from his ankle sprain and is
社
expected to be back on court next week.

在此語境中，新聞的副標題主要報導LeBron James傷後將重返球場的消息，而他長時間休養則是背
景資訊，因此使用分詞構句的句型，以分詞表達背景資訊，進而襯托主要訊息。

(Conj.) V-ing/p.p...., S + V….

1. 此句型是由從屬連接詞（when、while、after、before、because、although 等）連接的從
屬子句簡化而成的分詞構句，當兩個子句主詞相同時，從屬子句的簡化步驟如下：
(1) 省略連接詞與主詞。
(2) 將動詞改為分詞，主動用現在分詞（V-ing），被動用過去分詞（p.p.）。
(3) 若要簡化的子句為否定句，則在分詞前加上not。
• When she cleaned her son’s room, Rita came across an old family photo.
8
→ Cleaning her son’s room, Rita came across an old family photo.

• Because it didn’t know how to get out of the cage, the dog barked angrily.

→ Not knowing how to get out of the cage, the dog barked angrily.
2. 將從屬連接詞省略後，若會造成語意不清，則可保留從屬連接詞。
• Before going to her office, Amanda always gets a cup of coffee at the convenience
store.（例句中的兩個動作有先後順序之分，為幫助讀者正確判讀句意，故保留連接詞before。）

191
 3. 分詞構句主要是讓從屬子句更為精簡，經簡化後，分詞的功能為提示背景資訊或說明主詞特
性，進而凸顯主要子句的內容。
• Although born without arms and legs, Nick Vujicic has overcome all his challenges
and lives a life of joy and fulfillment.

Examples
1. Put up to shelter all the guests from the fierce sun, a huge tent occupied nearly half the
street. (line 9)
2. Being quite curious about how this fascinating custom of “open-air” banquets had
come about, I asked my host parents. (line 17)
3. Having the chance to experience this fascinating event, I feel truly lucky. (line 42)

Practice A
Rewrite the following sentences using the above pattern. The first one has been
done for you.
1. After I took off my coat and shoes, I entered Andy’s house.
(After) Taking off my coat and shoes, I entered Andy’s house.
2. While she was taking a shower in the bathroom, Lisa heard her cellphone ring.

3. When she doesn’t know what to say, Cherry remains silent.

4. If it can be properly sorted and recycled, our trash won’t have such a serious impact
on the environment.

5. Although she didn’t have a Harvard degree, Oprah Winfrey was invited to deliver a
speech to Harvard’s graduating class of 2013.

192
 Sentence Pattern R T RAVELS!
GOOD LUCK IN YOU

Spain UK Iceland
It is believed that It is thought that If you move to a new
eating twelve saying “white rabbits” house, make sure you
grapes as the on the first day of the do so on a rainy
clock strikes month before saying day. It is said
midnight on New anything else will that this will
Year’s Eve will bring you good luck. make you
bring you wealthy.
twelve months 1
TUESDAY

of good luck.

在此語境中，三個國家各自有可帶來好運的習俗，皆為眾人相信或口耳相傳的想法及說法，因此使
用「It is said/believed that....」的句型。

It’s said/believed/reported/...that + S + V....

1. 此句型用於表達客觀的事實或眾人的說法及意見，常出現於此句型的動詞有 say、believe、
report 等，表示「據說 據信 據報導……」。句型中「 it 」為虛主詞，代替真正的主詞
「that + S + V」。
• It is believed that owning a pet helps reduce stress.
2. 此句型常出現於新聞報導及學術性文章，搭配使用的動詞多帶有報告或陳述性質，此類動詞
有 report、show、indicate、expect 等。
• It is reported that thirteen people have been killed in the gunfire.
• It has been shown that in face-to-face interactions, fifty-five percent of the
communication takes place through body language.

Example
It is said that this word came from a film character called Paparazzo. (line 9)

214
 Sentence Pattern
I want to thank everyone who
supported me every step of
the way, including my family, my
friends, my campaign crew and
supporters. I consider it an
honor and a privilege to serve
in this position. Thanks again
for giving me this opportunity.

在此語境中，當選人在就職典禮演講中表達她認為擔任此職務是一項殊榮，因為「to serve in this

position」文字較長，因此以虛受詞 it 代替，而該段文字則置於句尾。

S + find/consider/feel/think... + it + adj./N + to + VR
1. 此句型為虛受詞的用法。句子中「to + VR」是語意上真正的受詞，但文字較長，故用「it」
代替，而將語意上真正的受詞移至句尾。此句型常用來表達對某動作或行為的看法或評價。
• Many people find it offensive to be asked personal questions.
• Olivia considers it bad manners to be late for a date.
2. 若要強調是「某人」的動作或行為時，可在「to + VR」前面加上「for + sb.」。
• Teachers find it unacceptable for students to cheat on tests.

Example
I found it tremendously rewarding to be able to bring some laughter to the kids. (line 6)

18
 Sentence Pattern
Time for Mom, can I go to the
bed, Tommy. baseball game with James?

No. I won’t let you go

No! I won’t go to bed out until you’re done
until I finish this game.(1) with your homework.(2)

在此語境中，句(1)表達「直到該場遊戲結束後才要上床睡覺」，句(2)表達「直到兒子完成功課才會
讓他出門」，因此使用「not...until...」的句型來表示某事發生後才會發生另一件事。

not...until...
在此句型中，until 後面接某個時間點或是某事件，表達「直到」該時間點或該事件發生後，另
一件事「才」會發生。
• I did not get home until midnight.
• Sam did not get dressed until his mother asked him to.

Example
Adults usually don’t start putting the structure together until they have spent most of the
time planning. (line 28)

Practice A
Rewrite the sentences using the above pattern. The first one has been done for you.
1. He stopped working only when he was tired out.
He didn’t stop working until he was tired out.
2. Emily leaves the office only when she finishes her work.

40
 Lesson 3 Prometheus: The Champion of Humankind

Sentence Pattern
Not only my kids but also my
husband likes to watch cartoons.

在此語境中，小孩跟大人都愛看卡通，但說話者語意上要強調的是連大人都這麼愛看，因此使用
「not only...but also...」。

not only...but also...

1. 本句型為對等連接片語，連接兩個詞性或結構相同的單字、片語或子句。
• More and more people are shopping online because it is not only fast but also
convenient.
• This restaurant is always packed with customers not only because it is well located
but also because it serves excellent cuisine at fair prices.
2. not only...but also... 連接兩個名詞當主詞時，動詞需與後者的單複數一致。
• Not only the fans but also the singer was immersed in the music.
3. not only...but also... 雖為對等連接詞，連接的兩者中，後者通常是語意上較強調或較新的資
訊。

Examples
1. Not only kind but also generous, Prometheus gave human beings fire too so that they
could keep warm, cook food, and make tools. (line 8)
2. Through his sacrifice, Prometheus, who gave humans not only the ability to stand
upright but also the gift of fire that set the stage for human civilization, came to be
known in later centuries as the “Champion of Humankind.” (line 39) 63
 Lesson 4 Day
Lesson
of the 7Dead:
Bodies
A Joyous
SpeakCelebration
Louder Thanof Death
Words

Sentence Pattern
Hi, everyone! Welcome to Easter Island.
Here are the mythic moai stone statues.
These statues are believed to have been
created by the Rapa Nui people
hundreds of years ago. They are what
Easter Island is famous for.

在此語境中，導遊正在向遊客說明復活節島上巨型石像的由來，為了表達「石像在數百年前由拉帕
努伊人建造而成」是被眾人普遍認定的事實，因此使用「be believed to」的句型。

S + be + thought/said/believed + to VR/have + p.p.....

1. 此句型用於表達被眾人普遍認定、轉述或相信的事情，常出現於此句型的動詞有 think、say、
believe 等。
• Twins are thought to be able to sense when something goes wrong with each other.
2. 當所述之事發生時間與前述動作相同，應用「to + VR」；當所述之事發生時間早於前述動
作，應用「to + have + p.p.」。
• A high-sugar diet is generally believed to be harmful to our health.
• The spire* of the cathedral* is said to have collapsed before the fire was put out.

☺Word Bank spire 尖塔 cathedral 主教堂

95
 Lesson 5 Kyoto: The Heart of Japan

Sentence Pattern
REC 11-06-2018 Tue 04:13
Longteng • Follow
Neihu, Taipei City

THIEF CAUGHT ON CAMERA:

A man was seen breaking into a
car last night in Neihu.

Fanny23 Horrible!
James The guy looks familiar.
Will @James U know him?

115 likes
November 7

在此語境中，一名男子被監視器拍到正在敲破車窗行竊。為了表達某人被目擊在做某事，因此使用
「be seen + V-ing」的句型。
5
be seen/heard + V-ing/to VR
1. 此句型為感官動詞 see 及 hear 的被動語態。當「看到」或「聽到」的動作施作者不明或不重
要時，會使用被動語態。
• Several dogs were heard barking outside.
2. 感官動詞「be seen/heard」後面接不定詞，表達做某事的完整過程都被看到或聽到。
• Ann was seen to steal the Hello Kitty doll from the shop.
（偷竊的整個過程都被看到。）

3. 感官動詞「be seen/heard」後面接現在分詞，表達做某事的當下被人看到或聽到。
• Ann was seen stealing the Hello Kitty doll from the shop.
（偷竊時正巧被人撞見。）

Example
In summer, green leaves can be heard rustling in the wind and seen sparkling in the
sunshine. (line 4)

119
 Sentence Pattern
Dan, when did World War II come to an end?

1940 1945

1940? I’m just guessing.

No. Actually, it was not until 1945

that World War II came to an end.

在此語境中，學生的回答有誤，老師需要特別強調第二次世界大戰是「直到 1945 年」才結束，因

此使用「It was not until....」的句型，強調正確的訊息。

It isn’t/wasn’t until... + that + S + V....

此句型為強調句的一種型態，用來強調直到某個時間點或某件事發生時，另一件事情才發生。

midnight (某個時間點) time

I went to bed (另一件事情才發生)

• It was not until midnight that I went to bed.

the elderly take the first bite (某件事發生)

time

youngsters can start eating (另一件事情才發生)

• In Korea, it is not until the elderly take the first bite that youngsters can start eating.

144
 Sentence Pattern A man downstairs just
made me an offer. He will
give me a steak if I
ignore the fact that he is
trying to steal your TV. I
think I might accept it.

在此語境中，小偷用牛排誘惑看家犬，說服牠裝作不知道小偷要偷電視這個事實。為了完整闡述該
事實的內容，因此使用「the fact that S + V」的句型。

the belief/news/fact...that + S + V
1. 此句型為 that 引導的名詞子句作為「同位語」的用法，置於某個名詞之後，用以補充解釋該
名詞，闡明實質內容，使語意更清楚。
• We can’t deny the fact that everyone will die one day.
2. 同位語子句中， that 不可省略，前面名詞的語意通常是想法、事實或理論等，此類名詞有
belief、news、fact、idea、theory、suggestion 等。
• The news that Steve Jobs had passed away shocked his fans worldwide.
• Tina doesn’t support the idea that eating less meat is good for the environment.

Examples
1. The theory that spoken words account for only about seven percent of human
communication may surprise you. (line 1)
2. All of the previously mentioned points reveal the idea that one of the best methods for
interpreting people’s thoughts and emotions is to pay attention to their body language.
(line 43)

Practice A
Combine the following sentences using the above pattern. The first one has been
done for you.

178
 Lesson 8 Elephant Abuse: The Thai Tourism Industry’s Dark Secret

Sentence Pattern
MAP

Map Satellite

Myanmar Laos

Thailand
Hua越南
Hin
Hua Hin is a beach resort town in southern
Hua Hin Thailand. Aside from taking a leisurely walk along
its sandy beaches and enjoying its water parks,
Andaman Sea
tourists can dine on fine foods in a range of
Gulf of Thailand restaurants, some of which also have live music.

在此語境中，為了特別說明華欣眾多的餐廳中，只有一些餐廳有現場音樂演奏，因此在關係代名
詞 which 前加上「some of」。

N, all/most/some/... of which/whom (+ S) + V...

此句型為形容詞子句的一種型態。當先行詞的數量或比例需要特別說明或凸顯時，可在關係代名
詞前面加上量詞，形成「量詞 + of + whom/which」。常見的量詞有 one、both、some、
half、many、all、none 等。
• The nanny takes care of four young children, one of whom is a boy. 8
• During the summer vacation, Sally read ten novels, some of which were written by
Roald Dahl.

Examples
1. Every year, Thailand sees millions of tourists, many of whom have a lot of fun riding
elephants. (line 1)
2. Such psychological torture and physical abuse, both of which cause extreme suffering,
are committed to make them obedient to their human trainers. (line 20)

201
 Lesson 9 Mazu Mania: A Great Pilgrimage That Unifies the People

Sentence Pattern
As many of you know, Henry and I
started dating when we were in
high school. Never did I think
that I would marry my high school
sweetheart. When we started
dating, we had no idea if our
relationship
would last. But
after years of
helping each
other, we finally
got married.

在此語境中，新娘想表達自己從未想過會嫁給高中便開始交往的男友，為了引出並強調此出人意表
的訊息，因此將 never 置於句首，形成否定副詞的倒裝句。

Never/Seldom/Hardly/Rarely/Barely + be + S/aux. + S + V....

1. 此句型為將否定副詞置於句首的倒裝句。當要強調某事件的罕見或稀有程度，並引出此出人
意表的訊息時，常將否定副詞移至句首，形成倒裝句。此類否定副詞有 never ( 未曾 ) 、
seldom/rarely (很少)、hardly/barely (幾乎不)等。
2. 直述句改為此類倒裝句的改寫步驟如下：
(1) S + be/aux./have/has/had + ....
A. 將否定副詞移至句首。
9
B. 將 be 動詞、情態助動詞、助動詞 have/has/had，與主詞對調。
Ted would never lie to his girlfriend.

Never would Ted lie to his girlfriend.

225
 (2) S + V/V-ed + ....
A. 將否定副詞移至句首。
B. 在主詞前加上助動詞 do/does/did，並將動詞還原成原形。
Melissa rarely goes out after dark.

Rarely does Melissa go out after dark.

Examples
1. Although the pilgrims’ strength may wane during the long journey, never do their passion
and dedication fade. (line 19)
2. Rarely can such generosity be seen during a religious event. (line 39)

Practice A
Rewrite the following sentence using the above pattern. The first one has been done
for you.
1. Natalie rarely stays up late before a test.
Rarely does Natalie stay up late before a test.
2. The coach of the team seldom yells at his players.

3. The police hardly believed what the witness said.

4. My brother is never late for company meetings.

5. The teacher was rarely harsh to his students.

6. Students should never miss any class.

226
 Sentence Pattern
Rita told me that
you’re going to New
York. Will you visit
any specific spots?

Sure, my friends in the States recommend

that I visit Times Square, Central Park,
and the Statue of Liberty.

在此語境中，女孩在美國的朋友推薦她造訪三大知名景點，因此使用「recommend that + S + VR...」

的句型，來表達建議某人應該去做一件事情。

S + suggest/order/recommend/insist/
advise/demand that + S (+ should) + VR....
1. 此句型用於表達某人認為某件事很重要，因此建議或要求另一個人採取某種行動。適用此句
型的動詞多表示「堅持、建議、命令、要求」的語意，此類動詞常見的有：
(1) 堅持：insist
(2) 建議：suggest、advise、recommend、propose
(3) 命令：order、command
(4) 要求、請求：demand、request
2. 在that引導的子句中，動詞須使用原形動詞或「should + 原形動詞」。
• The police officer ordered that the robber (should) drop his weapon and lie down on
the ground.
• The upcoming flu season may be severe, so doctors advise that everyone (should)
get a flu shot.

Examples
1. Rather, he believed that the gods decided the suspect’s fate and insisted that the suspect
be put on public trial. (line 7)
20
 Lesson 2 Boat Schools: Making Waves in Education

Sentence Pattern
Hey, Rita. Sam just
asked me out on a date.
What would you do if
2
you were
me?

He’s every girl’s

dream. If I were
you, I would go out
with him for sure.

在此語境中，Rita 被問到「若 Sam 約她出去的話，她會怎麼做？」因為 Rita 不是受邀的當事人，

因此兩人皆使用「與現在事實相反」的假設語氣來詢問與回答。

If + S + V-ed/were…, S + would/could/might + VR….

1. 此句型為與現在事實相反的假設語氣，用於表達與現在事實不符或難以實現的情況。
2. if 引導的副詞子句中，動詞若為 be 動詞，須使用 were，若為一般動詞，使用過去式；主要
子句則依語意使用適當的過去式助動詞 would（會）、could（能夠）、might（可能），後
面接原形動詞。
• Nancy is a skinny girl who seldom exercises. If she were stronger, she could move
the box by herself. 真實狀況是Nancy很瘦弱
• If I had a superpower, I would use it to help people in need. 真實狀況是說話者不可能有超能力

Examples
1. If the roof were not built with such strong materials, the boat would be damaged by
heavy monsoon rains. (line 18)
2. If these countries didn’t have such an innovative program, they would not be able to
rise above flood waters, overcome geographical barriers, and improve their people’s
lives. (line 52) 43
 Lesson 3 Progress and Preservation: Striking a Balance

Sentence Pattern
Sign To End
Food Waste
SIGN THE PETITION & FIGHT AGAINST FOOD WASTE
3
Food waste is a serious problem around
the world. An estimated 1.3 billion tons of
food is wasted globally each year. Before
we throw away any food, we should not
ignore the fact that about 1 billion people
are starving. It’s urgent that action be
taken now. Let’s end food waste! TRASH CAN

在此語境中，請願活動的發起人指出全世界浪費糧食與飢荒的現況，接著呼籲大眾「採取行動刻不
容緩」，因此使用「It is urgent that S + VR...」的句型來表達嚴正的態度，使大眾感受到停止浪費的
急迫性。

It is necessary/essential/important/crucial/
vital/critical/urgent that S (+ should) + VR….
1. 此句型用於表達說話者對某動作或行為強烈的看法或態度。適用於此句型的形容詞多為表示
重要性或急迫度，此類形容詞常見的有：
(1) 表「必要的」：necessary、essential
(2) 表「重要的」：important、crucial、vital、critical
(3) 表「緊急的」：urgent
2. that 引導的子句，動詞須使用「原形動詞」或「should + 原形動詞」。
• It is urgent that the patient (should) be sent to the hospital for emergency care.
• It is necessary that the plane (should) undergo all possible safety checks before it
takes off.

67
 Sentence Pattern
I found that Kevin and
They seem to have
Debbie didn’t talk to each
had a fight. I guess
other for days. Do you
that’s why.
know what happened?

在此語境中，Kevin 與 Debbie 冷戰了好幾天，Joy 推測他們似乎吵架了，因此使用「seem to have

+ p.p.」來表達對過去事件的推論。

S + seem/appear + to + VR/have + p.p.....

1. 此句型中，seem 與 appear 表示「似乎；好像」，用於委婉地表達對某件事的推論，避免過
於武斷。若推論的事件發生於說話者說話的當下，則使用「to + VR」；若發生於說話者說話
之前，則使用「to + have + p.p.」。
• There are several people waiting in front of the restaurant. It seems to be full.
• The restaurant seems to have changed its menu. I can’t find my favorite dish on it.
2. 此句型亦常用於委婉地陳述看法，避免直接批評或指責他人。
• Sarah doesn’t seem to be the right person for the job.

Examples
1. This custom seems to be engraved in the locals’ hearts and is believed to prevent ill
luck and guarantee abundance in seasons to come. (line 33)
2. The ancient wisdom of Lanyu’s Tao inhabitants thus appears to have given us much to
learn about living in harmony with this planet. (line 54)

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 Sentence Pattern │ CONTACT US │ SEARCH │ LANGUAGE │ LOGIN
National Eating
Disorders Association

HOME / HELP & SUPPORT / HOW DO I HELP? 3 responses to your story

HOW TO HELP A LOVED ONE
If I had had a second chance, I
“If I had known that my daughter’s decision would have learned as much as I
to go on a diet would lead could about eating disorders.
to a serious illness, I
I would have been more caring
wouldn’t have reacted
and more prepared for negative
that way. But I
reactions if I had experienced the
didn’t have that
same situation.
knowledge.”
If my husband had shared his
problem with me, I would have
For those who have encountered the same issue, encouraged him to seek professional
let us know what you would do.
help.

在此語境中，一位母親沒預期到當時女兒節食所導致的嚴重後果，表示若早知道，就會做出不同的反
應。為了要表達與過去事實相反的狀況，因此使用假設語氣。

If + S + had + p.p…., S + would/could/might + have + p.p…..

1. 此句型為與過去事實相反的假設語氣，用於表達與過去事實不符的情況。
2. if 引導的副詞子句用過去完成式；主要子句則依語意使用適當的過去式助動詞 would（會）、
could（能夠）、might（可能），後面接「have + p.p.」。
• If Dennis had known Hannah had a boyfriend, he wouldn’t have asked her out.
• If Jason hadn’t twisted his ankle, he could have taken part in the race.

Examples
1. If they had entered just seconds earlier, they would have found the precious list before
the woman slipped it to her friend. (line 5)

126
 Sentence Pattern
Not until social media websites such as Facebook,
Instagram, and Twitter became popular did many people
find that they could not live a day without the Internet.

8 3
1

在此語境中，記者為彰顯社群媒體的魅力，因此使用「Not until... + be/aux. + S....」的倒裝句構，強

調幾個主流社群網站風靡各界之後，人們對網路又更加依賴了。

Not until… + be/aux. + S….

本句型為將「not until + 時間點/事件」置於句首的倒裝句，用於強調直到某個時間點或某件事
發生時，另一件事情才發生。

midnight (某時間點)

Cinderella left the palace. (另一件事才發生)

• Not until midnight did Cinderella leave the palace.

Jason finishes his homework (某事發生後)

He is allowed to play video games. (另一件事才發生)

• Not until Jason finishes his homework is he allowed to play video games.

150
 Sentence Pattern Thank you! First and
foremost, I’d like to thank
The award goes my parents. If it were not
to...Emma Brooke. for their constant
support, I wouldn’t be
able to stand here now.
Thank you, Mom and Dad,
for believing in me. ...
Congratulations!

在此語境中，得獎者假想「若沒有父母的支持，她就不會有今日」的情境，因此使用假設語氣，以
表達自己「慶幸某事發生了」之態度。

If it were not for/If it had not been for/But

for/Without + N..., S....
1. 此句型表示「若沒有╱若非……」，屬「假設語氣」的用法，分為「與現在事實相反」和
「與過去事實相反」兩種情況。
(1) 與現在事實相反：
If it were not for
But for + N, S + would/could/might + VR....
Without
• If it were not for my parents’ support, I wouldn’t be able to stand here.
• Without the GPS, we wouldn’t be able to go wherever we want so easily.
(2) 與過去事實相反：
If it had not been for
But for + N, S + would/could/might + have + p.p.....
Without
• But for your timely rescue, we wouldn’t have escaped from the fire.
• If it had not been for my teacher’s advice, I would have made the wrong decision.

184
 Lesson 7 Iceland’s Road to Gender Equality

2. 此句型常用來表達慶幸或感嘆之意。
• Without the generous donations, many more kids and families would go hungry.
（表慶幸）
• If it hadn’t been for the terrible storm, I would have made it to the airport on time.
（表感嘆）

Examples
1. If it had not been for this protest, public opinion would not have changed and support
for gender equality would not have grown. (line 27)
2. But for Iceland’s marvelous efforts in this regard, the rest of the world would not have
such a wonderful role model to follow. (line 58)

Practice A
Rewrite the following sentences using the above pattern. The first one has been
done for you.
1. The kid didn’t drown in the sea because of the lifeguard’s timely rescue.
→ But for the lifeguard’s timely rescue, the kid would have drowned in the sea .
2. Vicky can’t go to Joanne’s birthday party this evening because of her headache.
→ If it
3. We are dining in this restaurant now because of Andy’s strong recommendation.
.
7
→ But for .
4. Peter didn’t answer all of the questions correctly due to his carelessness.
→ If it .
5. Steve’s car was towed away due to his parking violation.
→ If it .
6. Ashley made it through a period of great depression with the company of her best
friend.
→ Without .

185
 Lesson 8 Too Much of a Good Thing—Overtourism in Barcelona

Sentence Pattern
Can I play Can I play video
video games? Of course not. I’ve
No. games? Please!
told you many times.
Only when you
finish your
homework can you
play video games!
Can I play No.
video games
now?

在此語境中，男孩不斷挑戰媽媽的底線，媽媽最終為了要重申「沒寫完作業就不能玩」的家規，因
此使用了 only 置於句首引導副詞子句的倒裝句型，以傳達語氣強烈之意。

Only…be/aux. + S….
1. 此句型是 only 置於句首引導副詞子句而主要子句倒裝的結構，此時的「副詞」通常包含以下
三種情況：
(1) 副詞單詞
• You must stop crying. Only then can we really start talking.
(2) 副詞片語（如：地方副詞或時間副詞片語等）
• You can’t smoke here. Only in the smoking area can you smoke.
8
(3) 副詞子句（如：從屬連接詞when, if ...等所引導的子句）
• I usually go to work by motorcycle. Only when it rains do I go by MRT.
2. 此倒裝句型常用來表達說話者對某事的強烈態度，用以「強調」或達到「前後文語意對比」
的目的。
• Only when Mark’s parents are around does he behave himself. At other times, he
is quite naughty.

211
 Lesson 9 To Kill a Mockingbird

Sentence Pattern
None of the people I interviewed said that the
watchdog had barked that night. Therefore, the
dog must have known the murderer.

在此語境中，偵探根據案發當晚看門犬沒有吠叫這個線索，推測兇手是熟人，因是猜測過去事件的
可能性，因此使用「must have + p.p.」的用法。

S + must/may/might/could + VR/have + p.p.....

1. 此句型是用情態助動詞推測某事件的可能性，此類情態助動詞有 must 、 may 、 might 、
could，依所推測事件的時間點，分為兩類：
(1) 推測「非過去」事件的可能性：S + must/may/might/could + VR....
• His last name is Lafayette. He may be French.
(2) 推測「過去」事件的可能性：S + must/may/might/could + have + p.p.....
• That scientist doesn’t have a degree in physics. He could have learned the subject
by himself.
9
2. 此句型中的情態助動詞，依照說話者的確定程度，由高而低依序是 must 、 may 、 might/
could。
• Larry’s sister is wearing a ring on her left ring finger. She must be married.
• Ben’s boss doesn’t tell him everything. He may not know about the plan.
• The couple were wandering the narrow alleys. They might/could have been lost.

235
 Lesson
Lesson
1 Life
7 Bodies
LessonsSpeak
in Rudyard
LouderKipling’s
Than Words
“If—”

Sentence Pattern Thank you, Dad. I’ll

1
It’s your life. Study think about it.
Dad, I don’t know what whatever you are
to study in college. interested in. You
Any suggestions? have my full support.

在此語境中，父親為強調「任何」感興趣的科系都可以，因此使用「whatever + S + V」的句型來表
達對女兒的支持。

Whoever/Whatever/Whichever (+ S) + V....
此句型中 whoever、whatever、whichever 等字為「複合關係代名詞」，即「先行詞 + 關係
代名詞」的形式，相當於 anyone who、anything that、any/either of the Ns/them that。
• Whoever (=Anyone who) wants to enter this house should knock and ask for
permission first.
• Whatever (=Anything that) has been reported about the superstar is mere rumor.
• You can choose whichever of the toys (=any of the toys that) you like as a birthday
gift.
• Please contact me by telephone or e-mail, whichever (=either of them that) you
prefer.

Examples
1. Even if your plans end up as failures, you should pick yourself up and try whatever
you can to start again. (line 30)
2. Life is a game of chance, the speaker warns, so sometimes you must bet whatever you
have in one play of “pitch-and-toss” to be successful. (line 34)

21
 Lesson 2 Battling Fake News: A Critical Mindset

Sentence Pattern
1out of every 4 car 2
accidents in the United States is
caused by texting and driving.
Don’t text and drive lest an accident occur.
在此語境中，為了提醒駕駛開車不使用手機，以避免意外發生，因此使用「S + V + lest + S + VR」
的句型，來表達警示意味。

S + V + lest + S (+ should) + VR....

S + V + for fear that + S + would/should/might... + VR....
1. lest 為從屬連接詞，表示「以免、唯恐」，引導表示否定目的的從屬子句，通常用於正式的
書面文件。lest 引導的子句中，動詞須使用原形動詞或「should + 原形動詞」。
• You should not leave the kitchen stove unattended lest a fire (should) break out.
2. for fear that 亦表示「以免、唯恐」，所引導的子句中，通常會使用表示可能性的助動詞，例
如 would、should、might。
• The mother stayed by her baby’s side for fear that he would wake up in the night.

Examples
1. Even so, years after, parents were still exposed to large numbers of negative reports,
and some refused to vaccinate their children for fear that it might do more harm than
good. (line 32)
2. Whenever we come across new information, it is important to evaluate its validity lest
we be tricked into mistaking it for truth. (line 53)
3. In the current age of news overload, we must all watch out for fake news lest we fall
victim to it. (line 69)

49
 Lesson 3 Formosa: One Name, Two Stories

Sentence Pattern
L Hotel
Hey, Vic. Check out these hotel

NT$4,080 rooms! They both look amazing.

3
True, both rooms look
comfy and chic.

Yeah, but this room is half the

T Hotel price of that one.

NT$2,040 What are you waiting

for? Book it now!

53% OFF TODAY

在此語境中，為表達某間飯店房間的價格是另一間價格的一半，因此使用表示倍數的句型。

S + V + half/twice/two times/three times/

many times/... + the N of....
此句型用來表示兩者的倍數關係，以數據來呈現兩者的差異。常見的比較項目有： height
（高度）、 length （長度）、 width （寬度）、 weight （重量）、 size （規模 面積）、
price（價格）、number（數目，可數）、amount（數量，不可數）等。
• My bedroom is half the size of my living room.
• The sumo player is five times the weight of the little girl.
• Jason’s weekly allowance is three times the amount of Mickey’s.

77
 Sentence Pattern

在此語境中，為了以較精簡的文字，具體描述各神話生物的外觀，因此使用複合形容詞。

Compound Adjectives
複合形容詞是由至少兩個單字所組成的形容詞，字與字間通常用連字號「-」連接，複合形容詞
常見的形式有：
(1) 數字+名詞：a ten-story building、a five-star hotel（此處的名詞多為單位量詞，需用單
數。）
(2) 數字+名詞-ed：a three-legged dog、a one-eyed man
(3) 形容詞+名詞-ed：an open-minded person、a kind-hearted lady
(4) 名詞+形容詞：a sugar-free soda、a user-friendly app
(5) 名詞+現在分詞：a time-saving solution、a peace-loving nation
(6) 名詞+過去分詞：a heart-broken person、a hand-made cake
(7) 形容詞+現在分詞：a nice-looking girl、a high-ranking position
(8) 形容詞+過去分詞：a clean-cut soldier
(9) 副詞+現在分詞：a best-selling novel、a hard-working employee
(10) 副詞+過去分詞：a well-educated person、a newly built bridge
(11) 多字組成：an all-you-can-eat restaurant、a once-in-a-lifetime experience
106
 Sentence Pattern
Guess what? I bumped into my ex-
boyfriend on the street yesterday.

Did you talk to

each other?

Not at all. He looked

at me as if we had
Oh, that sounds never met.
awkward.

在此語境中，Jenny 的前男友看待她就如同他們從不認識彼此，與事實不符，因此使用「as if + S +
had + p.p....」來表達「彷彿、好像」的假設語氣。

as if + S + were/V-ed/had + p.p....
as if 表示「彷彿、像是」，當 as if 引導的子句是與事實不符的情況時，需使用假設語氣。
1. 若 as if 後面的動作與主要子句的動作時間一致時，則在 as if子句中，be 動詞使用 were，一
般動詞使用過去式。
• Sandy wants to be a world-famous actress. She often dresses as if she were a
Hollywood superstar.
2. 若 as if 後面的動作比主要子句的動作還早發生，則 as if 子句中的動詞使用 had + p.p.。
• Laura didn’t go to MayDay’s concert last night, but she talked as if she had gone to
it.

Examples
1. Some experts are even speaking as if it were a foregone conclusion that the whole
city of Venice will one day be permanently under water. (line 10)
134
 Lesson 6 I Have a Dream

Sentence Pattern
, dress
Dear Emily d a m aged the
that I
a m d e e ply sorry t hat it wa
s a
I n’t k n o w own
me. I did Had I kn
you lent your f a t h e r .
e
ir t h d a y gift from u , I w o u ldn’t hav
b to yo
m u c h it meant p t this gift
as
how leas e a c c e
eckless. P
been so r ology.
t o k e n of my ap Sincerely,
a
Gina

在此語境中，Gina 表示若知道洋裝有多珍貴，就會更小心。實際上 Gina 原先不知情，因此使用與

過去事實相反的假設語氣。
6
Were + S +..., S + would/could/might + VR....
Had + S + p.p...., S + would/could/might + have + p.p.....
1. 此句型為假設語氣的倒裝句，通常出現在書面、演講或文學作品中。
2. 與現在事實相反的假設語氣改寫步驟為：
(1) 省略if，將be動詞were移至句首。
• If I were rich, I would buy a fancy car.

→ Were I rich, I would buy a fancy car.

(2) 若動詞為一般動詞則無法形成倒裝句。
3. 與過去事實相反的假設語氣改寫步驟為：省略if，將助動詞had移至句首。
• If I had finished the homework, I wouldn’t have been scolded by the teacher.

→ Had I finished the homework, I wouldn’t have been scolded by the teacher.

167