Advanced Java JDBC Programming Notes

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Introduction to JDBC
JDBC Database Fundamentals
JDBC Driver Architecture
Connection Setup and Queries
Advanced ResultSet Techniques
Batch Updates and Transactions
Servlets in Java
Session Management in Java
JavaServer Pages (JSP) Overview
Model-View-Controller (MVC) Structure
Reflection in Java

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dev

Adv. Java By Venkatesh Mansani sir

Author of this notes : TheCodingSam ( Click Here to see Portfolio )

JDBC
1) JDBC:
JDBC stands for java database connectivity.
JDBC is a specification for developing database applications by using Java programming
language.

Database Application:
An application that communicates with a database is known as database application.

Application:
An application is a program in which we interact with on the desktop.

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Database:
A database is a software and it is an organized collection of data.

Data organized in a database in the form of tables.

Each table contains fields & records.

⇒Application is called frontend whereas database is called backend.

List of database software:

1. Oracle
2. MySQL
3. DB2
4. Derby
5. FoxPro
6. Visual FoxPro
7. MS SQL server
8. DBase
9. Sybase
10. MS-Access , …etc.

Database software contains two parts:

1. Database Application (example:SQL prompt)
2. Database (example: Oracle)

⇒ Applications are communicating with databases by using SQL.

⇒SQL stands for Structured Query Language and it is used by applications to communicate
with databases.

Application is also called client and database is also called server.

⇒ A client is a software that sends the request to a server to get the response.
⇒ A server is a software that receives a request from the client, processes the request,
constructs the response & sends the response back to a client.

Driver:
A driver is a software and it is used to connect applications and databases.
⇒ Drivers are developed by first party vendors, second part vendors, & third party vendors.
Example:

In the above example, Sun Microsystems is a first party vendor, oracle corporation is a second
party vendor, other than Sun Microsystems and oracle corporation is a third party vendor.
⇒ There are two categories of drivers.
1) ODBC drivers
2) JDBC drivers

ODBC drivers existed before java technology.

⇒ There are many ODBC drivers.
⇒ ODBC stands for Open DataBase Connectivity

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Java instructions ODBC drivers cannot understand because ODBC drivers existed before Java.
(That compatibility was not there.)
⇒ To solve the above problem JDBC drivers were introduced.
There are four types of JDBC Drivers :
1) Type -1 Driver (JDBC ODBC Bridge Driver)
2) Type -2 Driver (JDBC Native API Driver)
3) Type -3 Driver (JDBC Network Protocol Driver)
4) Type -4 Driver (JDBC 100% Pure Java Driver)
There are two ways to connect Java Application & Database.
1) By using JDBC drivers & ODBC drivers.
2) By using only JDBC drivers.

Note:
All JDBC drivers are classes in Java.

Specification:
It is a set of rules & guidelines that are used to develop applications & environments.

⇒ JDBC specification used by vendors to develop drivers.

JDBC specification used by Java programmers to develop database applications.

Type -1 Driver (JDBC ODBC Bridge Driver)

Driver class name :
[Link]

Driver Location:
C:/Program Files/Java/jdk-1.7/lib

Note : Type 1 Driver removed from JDK 1.8 onwards.

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⇒ Type 1 JDBC drivers developed by Sun Microsystems.
⇒ Type 1 JDBC drivers developed in "C" Language.
⇒ Type 1 Driver Architecture:

⇒ Type -1 Driver Functionality:

It converts Java instruction into ODBC understandable format.
Or it converts Java calls into odbc calls.
⇒ Type -1 Driver Advantages:
1) Only one driver that supports all odbc enabled databases.
⇒ Type -1 Driver Disadvantages:
1) Performance overhead since Java calls should go through via JDBC & ODBC drivers.
2) Database client software needs to be installed on every system.
3) Platform dependent.

Type -2 Driver (JDBC Native API Driver):

⇒ It is also called Partly Java Partly Native Driver or Partial Java Driver.
⇒ Type -2 Drivers developed in Java language and Native languages (c,c++).
Type -2 Driver Architecture:

Type -2 JDBC Driver Functionality:

It converts Java calls into native calls.
Type -2 JDBC Driver Class Name for Oracle Database:
[Link]
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Q Install Oracle 11G Express Edition Q

Driver Location:
ojdbc6_g.jar file in Oracle 11G Express Edition.
JAR (Java Archive) file Location:
C:/oraclexe/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/server/jdbc/lib
Driver vendor:
Oracle Corporation
Steps To develop database application:
1) Loading a specific jdbc driver
2) Establishing a connection
3) Performing the task
4) Closing a connection

JDBC API:
JDBC API is a Java API that can access any kind of tabular data & data especially stored in
RDBMS (Relational database Management system)
⇒ Java library is called Java API because it is an interface between application and
programming language.
JDBC API Contains the following packages:
1) [Link] package
2) [Link] package
3) [Link] package
[Link] package:

URL (uniform resource locator) to access database by using type 2 driver:

jdbc:oracle:oci8:@service-id

To get service I'd , use the following sql query at sql prompt:
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SQL> select*from global_name;
Steps to load driver & get connection:
/* Program to established a connection between java application
and oracle database by using Type 2 JDBC driver... */
import [Link].*;
public class DriverConnectionDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {
Class c = [Link]("[Link]");
[Link]("Driver Loaded Successfully");
Connection con =
[Link]("jdbc:oracle:oci8:@xe","sam","tiger");
[Link]("Connection Established Successfully");
} catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {
[Link]();
}
}
}

⇒There are two ways to set the classpath to access jdbc driver class:
1) Temporary classpath
2) Permanent classpath

Note : if the classpath variable already present then select the classpath
variable & click on Edit button , click on New button type the following ->

Type 2 Driver Advantages;

1) It is a little faster as compared to type 1 driver.
Type 2 Driver Disadvantages:
1) Separate driver required for every database.
2) All databases do not have type 2 drivers.
3) Database software needs to be installed on the same computer.

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4) It is platform dependent.

Type 3 Driver (JDBC NETWORK PROTOCOL DRIVER):

It is also called JDBC Net Pure Java Driver (or) Middleware Driver.

Type 3 Driver Architecture;

Type 3 Driver Functionality:

It passes the java instructions from the local system to the middleware system.
Type 3 Driver Advantages:
1) Java Calls are database independent from local system to middleware
system.
2) Database not needed on the same computer.
3) It is platform independent.

Type 3 Driver Disadvantages:

1) Extra layer added in this architecture(i.e. Middleware system)
Note : Type 3 drivers were developed in Java language only.

Type 4 JDBC DRIVER (JDBC 100% Pure Java Driver)

⇒ It is also called Thin Driver or JDBC Native Protocol Driver.
Type 4 Driver Architecture:

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Type 4 Driver Functionality:

⇒ It passes the java instructions directly to a database.

Type 4 Driver Advantages:

1) It is the highest performance driver as compared to all other drivers.
2) Database not needed on the same system.
3) It is a platform independent.

Type 4 Driver Disadvantages:

1) Separate driver needed for every database.

Type 4 JDBC Driver Class Name for Oracle Database:

[Link]
URL (uniform resource locator):
jdbc:oracle:thin:@domain-name:port-number:service-id

⇒There are two types of addressing system:

1) Letter Addressing System (Domain Naming System(DNS))
2) Number Addressing System (Internet Protocol Address (IP address))
⇒Standalone system domain name is localhost and IP address is [Link]
⇒Local area network IP addresses are [Link] to [Link]

⇒ if the database software is installed on the same computer then use localhost
as a domain name otherwise use computer name as a domain name.
Port number :
It is used to identify the service.
⇒Port numbers range from 0 to 65535.
⇒Reserved port numbers range from 0 to 1023.
⇒Free port numbers range from 1024 to 65535.

● HTTP Port Number is 80

● FTP Port Number is 21
● Telnet Port Number is 23

⇒To view port number open [Link] file from the following location:

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⇒To get service-id use the following sql query at the SQL prompt:

/* Program to established a connection between java application

and oracle database by using Type 4 JDBC driver... */
import [Link].*;
public class DriverConnectionType4Demo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {
Class c = [Link]("[Link]");
[Link]("Driver Loaded Successfully");
Connection con =
[Link]("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","sam","tiger");
[Link]("Connection Established Successfully");
} catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {
[Link]();
}
}
}

⇒ There are 3 statements in JDBC that are used to send SQL & PL/SQL
statements to the database to get the data from the database.
1) Statement interface
2) PreparedStatement interface
3) CallableStatement interface
Note : all JDBC interfaces are implemented in driver software by the driver
vendor.
Statement interface :
It is used to execute static SQL queries.

PreparedStatement interface :
It is used to execute dynamic SQL queries.

CallableStatement interface:
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It is used to execute PL/SQL programs.

execute() method:
⇒it is suitable to execute DDL queries.
⇒ DDL stands for data definition language.
Example : create , alter , drop, etc…

executeUpdate() method;
⇒ it is suitable to execute DML queries.
⇒ DML stands for data manipulation language
Example : insert, update, delete, …etc
executeQuery() method;
⇒ it is suitable to execute DQL queries.
⇒ DQL stands for data query language.
Example: select

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⇒ Java code executed under Java Runtime Environment (JRE) & SQL code
executed under Database Environment

ResultSet:
A result set is an object that encapsulates a set of rows from a database.
ResultSet is generated based on sql query.
⇒ whenever ResultSet is generated then ResultSet pointer or cursor points
before the first record.

Metadata:
It means data about data.
ResultSetMetaData:
It means data about ResultSet.
DatabaseMetaData:
It means data about databases.

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ECLIPSE:
Eclipse is an IDE (integrated development environment) for developing
applications by using Java programming language & other's programming
language like c,c++,perl,...etc
⇒IDE contains compiler, interpreter, debugger, editors, plugins,...etc.
⇒ A plugin is a software component that can be used to extend the functionality
of an IDE.
⇒ Eclipse IDE software developed by Eclipse foundation and released in 2001.
⇒ Eclipse IDE software developed in Java Language.
⇒ There are two Eclipse software for Java.
1) Eclipse for Java
2) Eclipse for JavaEE
⇒ Eclipse for Java supports JavaSE applications only.
⇒ Eclipse for javaEE supports both javaSE & JavaEE applications.
⇒ Eclipse's official website is Here Eclipse .
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⇒ To start Eclipse:
Double click on Eclipse icon from the following folder 9
Select the workspace by click on browse button (Eclipse stores your projects in a

9
folder is called workspace)
⇒Default workspace is

⇒click on launch button

Perspective:
A perspective is a layout of views & editors.
There are many perspectives:
1) Java perspective
2) JavaEE perspective
3) JPA (Java perspective API) perspective
4) XML (eXtensible Markup Language) perspective, …etc
To write core java programs , JDBC program & reflection API programs use java
perspective.
To write Servlets, Servlet Listeners , Filters & JSP programs , use JavaEE
perspective.
To open perspective:
1) Click on window menu
2) Click on perspective
3) Click on open perspective
4) Click other
5) Click select the perspective.
6) Click on open button
To close perspective:
1) Right click on perspective icon at top right corner
2) Click on close.
To right JDBC program in Eclipse:
1) Open Java perspective
2) Click on file menu
3) Click on new
4) Click on Java project
5) Type project name (example : jdbc)
6) Click on next button
7) Click on finish button
8) Click on the don't create button.
9) Right click on jdbc in a package explorer
10) Click on new button
11) Click on class
12) Type class name (example: ConnectionDemo)
13) Select main() method
14) Click on finish button
15) Write the program in the editor.
To add JAR (java archive) files:
1) Right click on jdbc in a package explorer
2) Click on build path
3) Click on configure build path
4) Select the classpath under libraries tab
5) Click on add external jars button
6) Select the jar file (example : ojdbc6_g.jar file.
7) Click on open button
8) Click on apply & close button
To run the above applications:
1) Right click on [Link] under jdbc project
2) Click on run as
3) Click on Java application

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Eclipse shortcut keys:

1) Ctrl+w = close current editor(window)
2) Ctrl+shift+w = close all editors (windows)
3) Ctrl+s = save current program
4) Ctrl+shift+s = save all programs
5) Ctrl+shift+o = Organize import/delete statements.
6) Ctrl+shift+f = Format the text
7) Alt+shift+z (select the text) = to add try catch block
8) sysout (Ctrl+spaceBar) = to write [Link]();
9) Ctrl+shift+L = to display shortcut keys list

PreparedStatement interface:
It is used to execute dynamic SQL queries.
Example:
1) insert into student values (?,?,?);
2) update student set marks=? Where rollno = ?;
3) delete from student where rollno =?;
If we use these types of queries with PreparedStatement interface only one time
compiled and many times executed.

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To add command line arguments in Eclipse :

1) Right click on [Link] in package explorer.
2) Click on run as
3) Click on run configuration
4) Click on arguments tab
5) Type agreements in program Arguments box (example:9 iii 45)
6) Click on apply button
7) Click on run button

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ResultSet Enhancement:
ResultSet Enhancements divided into two categories:
1) ResultSet Types
2) Concurrency Types

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ResultSet Types:
There are three types of ResultSet.
1) public static final int TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY;
2) public static final int TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE;
3) public static final int TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE;
The above 3 ResultSet Types are static members (variables) in the ResultSet
interface.
Concurrency Types:
There are two types of concurrency control on ResultSet.
1) public static final int CONCUR_READ_ONLY;
2) public static final int CONCUR_UPDATABLE;

ResultSet Types:
A ResultSet is an object that encapsulates a set of rows from a database.
ResultSet is generated based on sql query.
Whenever ResultSet is generated then ResultSet pointer/cursor points before the
first record.

1) TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY:
It is introduced in JDBC 1.0 version only
It supports only forward direction to iterate records in a ResultSet.
It does not support absolute & relative positions.
It is a default result set type.
2) TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVR:
It is introduced in JDBC 2.0 version.
It supports both forward & backward
directions to iterate records in ResultSet.
It supports both absolute & relative position in a ResultSet.
It will not show changes made by others in a Distributed Database Management
System (DDBMS).

3) TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE:
It is introduced in JDBC 2.0 version.
It supports both forward & backward
directions to iterate records in ResultSet.
It supports both absolute & relative position in a ResultSet.
It will show changes made by others in a Distributed Database Management
System (DDBMS).

In the above example, client 1 update the data in the database then immediately
if it will be shown in client 2 because ResultSet type is SENSITIVE and it will not
be shown in client 3 because ResultSet type is INSENSITIVE.

1) CONCUR_READ_ONLY:
It allows only read operation concurrently.
2) CONCUR_UPDATABLE:
It allows all operations concurrently.
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By using ResultSet Enhancements feature we can do the following operations on

ResultSet:
1. Moving a cursor in a scrollable ResultSet.
2. Updating records with methods.
3. Inserting records with methods.
4. Deleting records with methods.

1) Moving a cursor in a scrollable ResultSet:

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2) Updating records with methods:

3) Inserting records with methods:

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4) Deleting records with methods:

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Batch Updates:
This features introduced in JDBC 2.0 version to execute more than one SQL
query at a time.
It is also called as Batch Processing.
This feature used to reduce the network traffic.

Advanced Data Types:

1) BLOB
2) CLOB

A. BLOB :
BLOB stands for Binary Large Object.
It can be used to store/retrieve large amount of binary data as a single entity
in/from database.
It supports all types of data (text, image, graphics, animation, audio, video,... etc.)
It is mapped into [Link] interface in Java language.

B. CLOB:
CLOB stands for Character Large Object.
It can be used to store/retrieve large amount of Character data as a single entity
in/from database.
It supports text only.
It is mapped into [Link] interface in Java language.

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RowSets:
A RowSets is an object that encapsulates set of rows from database.
RowSets is generated based on sql query.
Whenever RowSet in generated then RowSet pointer/cursor points to before first
record.
There are five RowSets:
1) JdbcRowSet
2) CachedRowSet
3) WebRowSet
4) FilteredRowSet
5) JoinRowSet
The above all RowSets are interfaces in [Link] package.
Differences between ResultSet & RowSets:

ResultSet RowSets
A ResultSet is non serializable object All RowSets are serializable objects.
ResultSet is connected object JdbcRowSet is a connected object
and remaining RowSets are

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disconnected objects.
ResultSet is not a Java bean All RowSets are Java beans.
In other to get ResultSet we need In other to get RowSet we need
connection interface, DriverManager RowSet implemention class only.
class & Statement interface.

Serialization:
It is a process of converting an object into a series of bits.
In Java, object must be serializable to do the following operations.
1) Writing an object into a file.
2) Reading an object from a file
3) Writing an object to a network.
4) Reading an object from a network.
Class must implements [Link] interface to make serializable object.

[Link] interfaces is called as marker interface, tag interface or empty

interface because no members in this interface.

Connected object:
It means the object always been connected to a database.
Java Bean:
A Java bean is a reusable software component.
A Java class is set to be Java bean if it is follows the following rules:
1) Class must be public.
2) Class must implements [Link] interface.
3) Class must be in a package.
4) Class must contain public default constructor.
5) Instance variables of a class must be private. (Instance variables are
called property)
6) Each & every property must contain setter & getter Methods.
7) All setter & getter Methods must be public.

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There are five RowSets:

● JdbcRowSet
● CachedRowSet
● WebRowSet
● FilteredRowSet
● JoinRowSet
The above all RowSet are interfaces see implemented by database vendors.
Oracle corporation implemented the above interfaces in the following classes:
1) OracleJDBCRowSet
2) OracleCachedRowSet
3) OracleWebRowSet
4) OracleFilteredRowSet
5) OracleJoinRowSet

The above RowSet implemention classes are the part of [Link]

package
⇒ [Link] package is a part of ojdbc6_g.jar & ojdc8_g.jar file in Oracle
software.
⇒ The hierarchy of RowSet implemention classes:

JDBCRowSet:
It is a serializable object.
It is a Connected object.
It is a Java bean.
In other to get JDBCRowSet, we require JDBCRowSet implemention class
(OracleJDBCRowSet) only.
Explainer Program here :

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CachedRowSet:
It is a serializable object.
It is a disconnected object.
It is a Java bean.
In other to get CachedRowSet, we require CachedRowSet implemention class
(OracleCachedRowSet) only.
Explainer Program here :

WebRowSet:
It is a serializable object.
It is a disconnected object.
It is a Java bean.
It allows to write WebRowSet data to xml file.
Generated XML file can be used in web applications.
(XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language).
In other to get WebRowSet, we require WebRowSet implementation class
(OracleWebRowSet) only.

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Explainer Program here :

FilteredRowSet :
It is a serializable object.
It is a disconnected object.
It is a Java bean.
It allows filtering operations on RowSet data.
In other to get FilteredRowSet, we require FilteredRowSet implemention class
(OracleFilteredRowSet) only.

JoinRowSet :
It is a serializable object.
It is a disconnected object.
It is a Java bean.
It allows to join two or more RowSets data.
In other to get JoinRowSet, we require JoinRowSet implemention class
(OracleJoinRowSet) only.

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import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class EnterDataToDBByScanner {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Scanner s = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter Roll Number: ");
int rollno = [Link]();
[Link]("Enter Name: ");
String name = [Link]();
[Link]("Enter Marks: ");
int marks = [Link]();
[Link]("[Link]");
Connection con =
[Link]("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe", "sam",
"tiger");
[Link](false);
PreparedStatement ps = [Link]("insert into student
values(?,?,?)");
[Link](1, rollno);
[Link](2, name);
[Link](3, marks);
[Link]();
[Link]("Enter Save/Cancel to Commit : ");
String option = [Link]();
if ([Link]("Save")) {
[Link]();
} else if ([Link]("Cancel")) {
[Link]();
} else {
[Link]("Invalid options !!! ");
}
[Link]("One record inserted successfully");
}
}

Transaction Management in JDBC:

One transaction can have one or more operations.
To manage transaction manually , we use the following methods of
[Link] interface.

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//Program to demonstrate Savepoint

import [Link].*;
public class EnterDataToDB {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
[Link]("[Link]");
Connection con =
[Link]("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe", "sam",
"tiger");
Statement stmt = [Link]();
[Link](false);
Savepoint s = [Link]();
[Link]("update student set marks = 50 where
rollno=7");
[Link](s);
[Link]("delete from student where rollno=8");
[Link]();
}
}

Note: A save point is a logical position in a transaction Management.

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SERVLETS
SERVLETS:
Servlets is a specification for developing web applications with Java programming language.

Web Application:
A Web application is a Distributed application which runs on browser & server.

Distributed Application :
An application that is installed on one computer & runs on many computers is called as
distributed application.

There are two types of web application:

1) Static web application
2) Dynamic web application

1. Static web application:

A Web application that is already prepared and placed in server is known as static web
application.
Static web applications are common to all users.
Static web application resides in server & runs in browser.
There server sends the program to browser whenever request comes to static web application
Static web applications can be developed by using html, css, javascript, VB script, Applets, …
etc.
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.
VB Script stands for Visual Basic Script.
Applets are Java program.
2. Dynamic Web Application:
A Web application that is prepared dynamically whenever request comes to a server is known
as dynamic web application.
Dynamic web application are specific to users.
Dynamic web application resides in server & runs in server only.
The server executes the program & sends the output to a browser whenever request comes to a
dynamic web application.
Dynamic web applications can be developed by using Servlets, JSP, Struts , JSF, Spring MVC ,
ASP , ASP .Net ,....etc.
JSP stands for Java Server Pages.
JSF stands for Java Server Faces.
MVC stands for Model View Controller.
ASP stands for Active Server Pages.
Servlets , JSP, Struts, JSF & Spring MVC are Java programs.

Browser:
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A browser is a software that executes web pages containing text, image, graphics, animation,
audio and, video, …etc.
Browser is called as web client.

List of Web Browsers:

1) Internet Explorer
2) Google Chrome
3) Mozilla Firefox
4) Mosaic
5) New Planet
6) Netscape Navigator
7) Opera
8) Microsoft Edge
9) Hot Java
10) Cyber Dog
11) America Online
12) Win Web
13) Mac web
14) Lynx
15) Eye Browse, …etc.

Server:
A server is a software which recieves request from the client, process the request, constructs
the response & sends the response back to a client.
There are two types of servers:
1) Web servers
2) Application servers
1. Web servers:
A server is a server which contains only web container.

List of web servers :

1) Tomcat web server
2) iPlanet web server
3) Java Web server
4) Resin web server
5) Pramathi web server
6) Personal web server
7) Jetty web server , ….etc.
2. Application servers:
An application server is a server which contains both web container & EJB container.
EJB stands for Enterprise Java Beans.

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List of application servers:

1) Weblogic application server
2) Web sphere application server
3) JBoss Application server(wildfly application server)
4) Sun one application server
5) Glass fish application server, …etc.
Servlet runs under web container.
Web container is a part of web server & application server.
Servlets specification used by vendors to develop web containers.
Servlets specification used by Java programmers to develop web applications.

CGI (Common Gateway Interface) Vs Servlets:

CGI Servlets
CGI is a specification for developing web Servlets specification for developing web
applications with c, c++, Perl, …etc. applications with Java programming
language.
CGI based web server creates a new process Servlets based web server creates a new
for every request. process for very first request only.
(Remaining requests are handled by child
process).

Applets vs Servlets :

Applets Servlets
An applet is a Java program that resides in A servlets is a Java program that resides in
server & runs in browser. server & runs in server only.
Applets are used to extend the functionality of Servlets are used to extend the functionality
browser. of server.
Applets do not have main() method because Servlets do not have main() method because
applet runs in browser. Servlet runs in server.
Applet has a life cycle methods to run in Servlets has a life cycle methods to run in
browser. server.
Life cycle methods of an Applets: Life cycle methods of a Servlet:

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init() method called by browser whenever an init() method called by Web container
applet is opened. whenever first request comes to a Servlet.
start() method called by browser whenever service() method called by Web container for
applet is opened and activated. every request.
paint() method called by browser whenever destroy() method called by Web container
applet is opened and activated. whenever servlets instance is removed from
web container.
stop() method called by browser whenever Servlet instance is removed from web
applet is deactivated and closed. container Whenever web application is
undeployed or server shuts down.
destroy() method called by browser whenever
an applet is closed.
The above life cycle methods are the part of The above life cycle methods are the part of
[Link] class. [Link] interface
Every applet must extends [Link] Every servlets must implements
class to derive life cycle methods. [Link] interface to derive life
cycle methods.
Every Applet class must be public because it Every Servlet class must be public because it
should be accessible to browser to create an it should be accessible to web container to
object to call life cycle methods. create an object to call life cycle methods.

Declaration rules to a source file (.java file) :

1) A source file can have only one public class.
2) A source file can have any number of non public classes.
3) If the sources file contains public class then file name must be match with public class
name.
4) If the source file does not contain any public class then no Naming restrictions to a file
name.
Servlets API:
SERVLETS API is a Java API that can be used to develop web applications with Java
programming language.
1) [Link] package (or) [Link] package
2) [Link] package (or) [Link] package
⇒ upto Tomcat 9 → javax
⇒ Tomcat 10 onwards → Jakarta
[Link] package (or) [Link] package:

Classes Interfaces
GenericServlet Servlet
ServletInputStream ServletRequest
ServletOutputStream ServletResponse
ServletException ServletConfig
UnavailableException ServletContext
RequestDispatcher
SingleThreadModel

2. [Link] package (or) [Link] package:

Classes Interfaces
HttpServlet HttpServletRequest
Cookie HttpServletResponse
HttpSession

Servlets API is a part of [Link] file in Tomcat server.

Steps to download Tomcat Web Server :

1) Open the browser
2) Open Google
3) Type Tomcat download in search bar
4) Click on the following Hyper link tomcat or direct download for windows Tomcat 10
5) Click on Tomcat 10 hyperlink under download section Tomcat 10
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6) Click on 32/64-bit Windows Service Installer hyperlink

Setting class path to access API :

1) Open file explorer
2) Right click on this PC
3) Click on properties
4) Click on advanced system settings
5) Click on advanced tab
6) Click on Environment Variable button
7) Select the classpath variable under user variables
8) Click on edit button
9) Click on new button
10) Type the following
C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 10.0\lib\[Link]
11) Click on ok button. Done.

[Link]
public abstract void init(ServletConfig) throws ServletException;
public abstract ServletConfig getServletConfig();
public abstract void service(ServletRequest, ServletResponse) throws
ServletException, IOException;
public abstract [Link] getServletInfo();
public abstract void destroy();

Steps to develop web application:

1) Create and compile web application source code(Servlet Program)
2) Write deployment descriptor([Link])
3) Create a WAR (Web ARchive) file.

Web application folder 9

4) Deploy a WAR file on server.
structure:

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jar:
It is a jdk tool and it is used to create JAR (Java Archive) files, WAR(Web Archive) files ,
EAR(Enterprise Archive) files & RAR (Resource Archive) files.
To start Tomcat Web Server:
1) Open the following folder
C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 10.0\bin
2) Double click on [Link] icon
To open Tomcat Homepage:
1) Open the browser
2) Type the following in address bar
[Link]

To deploy a WAR file on server:

1) Click on manager app button.
2) Type username (ex-admin)
3) Type password (ex-admin)
4) Click on sign in button
5) Scholl down
6) click on choose file button
7) Select the WAR file ([Link]) from firstapp folder
8) Click on open button
9) Click on deploy button
To run the above Tomcat application:
1) Open the browser
2) Type the following in address bar
[Link]
Deployment location in a Tomcat Web Server:
C:/Program Files/Apache Software Foundation/Tomcat 10.0/webapps

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http:
HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
It transfer hyper text.
Hyper text means HTML text.
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.
This Protocol used by browser & server to communicate on the web.
localhost:
It is called domain name.
If the server is installed on same computer then use localhost as a domain name.
If the server is installed on other computer then use computer name as a domain name.
8082:
It is a port number and it is used to identify the service.
Tomcat server default port number is 8080.
To change the port number of Tomcat Web Server:
1) Open [Link] file from the following location:
C:/Program Files/Apache Software Foundation/Tomcat 10.0/conf
2) Change the port number 8080 to 8082 in the following link where <Connector port =
"8080" ……/>
[Link]:
It is called as configuration file and it is used to configure servlets, listeners, filters, JSPs,
welcome files, initialization parameters , context parameter, ….etc.

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In the above application servlet code executed in server, html code transferred to browser &
*html code executed in browser.
To configure Tomcat Web Server in eclipse:
1) Open JavaEE perspective.
2) Click on servers view
3) Right click in a servers view.
4) Click on new.
5) Click on server
6) Expand Apache
7) Select Tomcat v10.0 server
8) Click on next button
9) Select Tomcat installation directory by clicking on browse button.
Example: C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 10.0
10) Click on select folder button.
11) Click on next button
12) Click on finish button.
To check port numbers:
1) Double click on Tomcat v10.0 server at localhost in a Servers view.
2) Tomcat admin port number must be 8005.
3) HTTP/1.1 pretty number be 1024 to 65535 (example :8082)
Note : default port number is 8080

To start Tomcat server:

1) Right click on Tomcat v10.0 servers at localhost in a server view.
2) Click on start.
To stop Tomcat server:
1) Right click on Tomcat v10.0 servers at localhost in a server view.
2) click on stop.
To create a Web application folder structure :
1) Click on file menu
2) Click on new
3) Click on Dynamic web project.
4) Type project name (ex - first)
5) Click on next button
6) Again click on next button.
7) Select generate [Link] deployment descriptor check box.
8) Click on finish button.
To write servlet program:
1) Write click on first in a project explorer.
2) Click on new
3) Click on servlet
4) Type package name (ex-first)
5) Type class name(ex-FirstServlet)
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6) Type super class [Link]
7) Click on next button
8) Select /FirstServlet in URL mappings box to change.
9) Click on edit button
10) Type /test in Pattern box
11) Click on ok button
12) Click on next button
13) Select [Link] interface in interfaces box.
14) Click on remove button
15) Click on finish button.
16) Write the code in editor
Example :
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("welcome to servlets");
To run the above application:
1) Right click on first in a Project explorer
2) Click on run as
3) Click on run on server
4) Click on save button
5) Expand localhost
6) Then select Tomcat v10.0 server.
7) Click on next button
8) Click on finish button
9) Type /test (url-pattern) in address bar.
To change the browser:
1) Click on window menu
2) Click on web browser
3) Click on internal web browser or choose your browser.
To add [Link] in Eclipse:
1) Right click on first in a Project Explorer
2) Click on Buildpath
3) Click on Configure Build Path
4) Click on Libraries tab
5) Click on Classpath
6) Click on add External JARs button
7) Select [Link] file from the following location:
C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 10.0\lib
8) Click on open button
9) Click on apply button
10) Click on apply and close button .

The above classes are introduced in JDK 1.8 version in 2014.

package basics;
import [Link].*;
import [Link];

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import [Link].*;
public class TimeServlet extends GenericServlet {
public void service(ServletRequest request,
ServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
LocalTime lt = [Link]();
int h = [Link]();
int m = [Link]();
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=red text=yellow><h1>");
[Link]("Present Time: " + h + ":" + m);
[Link]("</h1></body></html>");
}
}

package basics;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class CounterServlet extends GenericServlet {
int count;
public void service(ServletRequest request,
ServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
count++;
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=yellow text=blue><h1>");
[Link]("This page has been accessed "+count+" times");
[Link]("</h1></body></html>");
}
}

Program ⅘ copy Ø from pc..

//program to demonstrate ServletOutputStream class

package basics;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class ImageServlet extends GenericServlet
{
public void service(ServletRequest request ,
ServletResponse response)throws ServletException, IOException
{
ServletOutputStream sos = [Link]();
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("C:/[Link]"); //it
opens a file for reading
int n = [Link](); //it returns file size
byte[] b = new byte[n]; //it allocates the memory in a ram
[Link](b); //it will read image from file
[Link](b); //it passes image to a browser
}
}

MIME types:
MIME stands for multipurpose internet mail extensions.
These types are used by browsers & servers to identify the content.
List of MIME types:
1) "text/html"
2) "text/xml"
3) "text/pdf"
4) "application/ms-word"
5) "application/[Link]-excel"
6) "image/jpg"
7) "image/bmp" ….etc.
⇒ Default MIME type is "text/html"
⇒ to change the MIME type use setContentType() method of [Link]
interface.

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//program to demonstrate MIME type

package basics;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class MIMEServlet extends GenericServlet
{
public void service(ServletRequest request ,
ServletResponse response)throws ServletException, IOException
{
[Link]("application/msword");
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("Welcome.......");
}
}

Annotations :
Annotations are meta tags that are used to pass some additional information to web container
about servlets, listeners & filters.
All annotations begins with @symbols.
The following annotations are used in servlets:
1) @WebServlet
2) @WebListener
3) @WebFilter
The above all annotations are in [Link] package.

//program to demonstrate @WebServlet Annotation

package demo;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
@WebServlet("/test")
public class DemoServlet extends GenericServlet
{
public void service(ServletRequest request ,
ServletResponse response)throws ServletException, IOException
{
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=blue text=yellow><h1>");
[Link]("Welcome.......");
[Link]("</h1></body></html>");
}
}

In the above example @WebServlet annotation informs the following to web container.
"/test" is a url-pattern of DemoServlet.

[Link] file name of this given program

<html>
<head>
<title>Registration</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor=green text=yellow>
<center>
<h1><u>Registration Form</u></h1>
<form method=POST action=reg>
First Name <input type=text name=fname><br>
Last Name <input type=text name=Lname><br>
Username <input type=text name=uname><br>
Password <input type=password name=pword><br><br>
<input type=submit><input type=reset>
</form>
</center>
</body>
</html>

In HTML, default Functionality available for submit & reset buttons only.
The value of action structure is executed whenever submit button is clicked.
All fields data erased whenever reset button is clicked.

[Link] file name of this given program

<html>
<head>
<title>Login</title>

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</head>
<body bgcolor=green text=yellow>
<center>
<h1><u>Login Form</u></h1>
<form method=POST action=login>
Username <input type=text name=uname><br>
Password <input type=password name=pword><br><br>
<input type=submit><input type=reset>
</form>
</center>
</body>
</html>

GET vs POST:

GET POST
It includes the request parameter in a request It includes the request parameters in a
header in a packet. request body in a packet.

In this approach request parameter are In this approach request parameter are not
displayed in address bar. displayed.
Here size of the data is limited Here size of the data is not limited.
It is not suitable for uploading files It is suitable for uploading files also.
It is little bit fast as compared to POST It is little bit slow as compared to GET
method. method.
Use this method if the data is not confidential Use this method if the data is confidential

To handle http methods , [Link] introduced.

There are three ways to write servlet programs:

1) By implementing [Link] interface.
2) By extending [Link] class.
3) By extending [Link] class
doGet() method:
It handles GET type requests only.
doPost() method:

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It handles POST type requests only.
service() method:
It handles both GET & POST type requests.

⇒ To handle only GET type requests override doGet() method.

⇒ To handle only POST type requests override doPost() method.
⇒ To handle both GET & POST requests and if the task is same then, override non life
cycle service() method.
⇒ To handle both GET & POST requests and if the task is different then override both
doGet() & doPost() methods:

Create table in oracle first to add values dynamically from html forms…
create table uinfo (fname varchar2(12),lname varchar2(12),uname
varchar2(12),pword varchar2(12));

[Link]
package login;

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;

public class RegServlet extends HttpServlet {

Connection con;

public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {

try {
[Link]("[Link]");
con =
[Link]("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:orcl",
"sam", "oracle");
} catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {
[Link]();
}
}

public void destroy() {

try {
[Link]();
} catch (SQLException e) {

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[Link]();
}
}

protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,

HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
try {
String s1 = [Link]("fname");
String s2 = [Link]("lname");
String s3 = [Link]("uname");
String s4 = [Link]("pword");
PreparedStatement pstmt = [Link]("insert into
uinfo values(?,?,?,?)");
[Link](1, s1);
[Link](2, s2);
[Link](3, s3);
[Link](4, s4);
[Link]();
} catch (SQLException e) {
[Link]();
}
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=green text=yellow>");
[Link]("<h1>You Have Registered Successfully</h1>");
[Link]("<a href=[Link]>Login</a>");
[Link]("</body></html>");
}
}

[Link]
package login;

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;

public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {

Connection con;

public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {

try {
[Link]("[Link]");
[Link] =
[Link]("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:orcl",
"sam", "oracle");
} catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {
[Link]();
}
}

public void destroy() {

try {
[Link]();
} catch (SQLException e) {
[Link]();
}
}

protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,

HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {

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try {
String s1 = [Link]("uname");
String s2 = [Link]("pword");
PreparedStatement pstmt = [Link]("select *
from uinfo where uname=? and pword=?");
[Link](1, s1);
[Link](2, s2);
ResultSet rs = [Link]();
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=cyan text=blue><h1>");
if ([Link]()) {
[Link]("welcome : " + s1);
} else {
[Link]("invalid username or password");
}
[Link]("</h1></body></html>");
} catch (SQLException e) {
[Link]();
}
}
}
Before executing the above application copy ojdbc6_g.jar or ohdbc8_g.jar file into tomcat lib
folder.

There object creation order by Web container:

1) ServletContext
2) User defined Servlet
3) ServletConfig
4) ServletRequest & ServletResponse
⇒ ServletContext is created by Web container whenever web application is deployed on server.
⇒ User defined servlet object is created by Web container for very first request only.
⇒ ServletConfig is created by Web container whenever init() method is called.
⇒ ServletRequest & ServletResponse created by Web container for every request.
⇒ ServletRequest & ServletResponse created by Web container whenever service() method is
called.

User defined servlet object is created by Web container to call lifecycle methods.
ServletRequest is used to get the request parameters from html page.
ServletResponse is used to create byte stream, character stream & it is also used to set the
MIME type.
ServletConfig :
It is used to get the initialisation parameters from [Link]
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initialisation parameters:
initialisation parameters are specific to servlet.
initialisation parameters are used to initialise the servlet.
To configure initialisation parameters we use <init-param> , <param-name> & <param-value>
tags in [Link]
Example :

<web-app>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>LoginServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>[Link]</servlet-class>

<init-param>
<param-name>driver</param-name>
<param-value>[Link]</param-value>
</init-param>
<init-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe</param-value>
</init-param>
<init-param>
<param-name>username</param-name>
<param-value>system</param-value>
</init-param>
<init-param>
<param-name>password</param-name>
<param-value>manager</param-value>
</init-param>

</servlet>
</web-app>

To get the above initialisation parameters from [Link] , we use the following method of
ServletConfig interface.

Example :
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {
try {
String s1 = [Link]("driver");
String s2 = [Link]("url");
String s3 = [Link]("username");
String s4 = [Link]("password");
[Link](s1);
[Link] = [Link](s2, s3, s4);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {
[Link]();
}
}
Context Parameters:
Context Parameters are common to all servlets in a war file.
Context Parameters are used to initialise servlet.
To configure context parameters, we use <context-param>,<param-name> & <param-value>
tags in [Link]

[Link] file for applying context parameter for all servlet…

</welcome-file-list>

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<context-param>
<param-name>driver</param-name>
<param-value>[Link]</param-value>
</context-param>
<context-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:orcl</param-value>
</context-param>
<context-param>
<param-name>username</param-name>
<param-value>sam</param-value>
</context-param>
<context-param>
<param-name>password</param-name>
<param-value>oracle</param-value>
</context-param>

The above context parameters can be retrieved from [Link] by using getInitParameter()
method of [Link] interface.

Example :
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {
try {
ServletContext sc = [Link]();
String s1 = [Link]("driver");
String s2 = [Link]("url");
String s3 = [Link]("username");
String s4 = [Link]("password");
[Link](s1);
con = [Link](s2, s3, s4);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {
[Link]();
}
}

Initialization Parameters Context Parameters

Initialization parameters are used to initialize Initialization parameters are used to initialize
servlet. servlet.
Initialization parameters are specific to servlet Context parameters are common to all
servlets in a war file.
To configure Initialization parameters, we use To configure context parameters, we use
<init-param>, <param-name>,<param-value> <context-param>, <param-name>,<param-
tags in [Link] value> tags in [Link]
To retrieve initialization parameters from To retrieve context parameters from [Link]
[Link] , we use getInitParameter() method , we use getInitParameter() method of
of ServletConfig interface. ServletContext interface.

ServletConfig ServletContext
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ServletConfig ServletContext
It is an interface in [Link] package. It is also an interface in [Link]
package.
It is created by Web container whenever init() It is created by Web container whenever web
method is called. application is deployed on server.
Web container creates ServletConfig one per Web container creates ServletConfig one per
servlet web application (.war file)
It is used to retrieve initialization parameters It is used to retrieve context parameters from
from [Link] [Link]

Servlet Forwarding :
Forwarding request & response of one servlet to another servlet is called as servlet forwarding.

The main advantage of servlet forwarding is modularity.

Servlet Including :
Including request & response of one servlet into another servlet is called as server including.

The main advantage of servlet Including is reusablity.

In this program we are going to use servlet (including & forwarding) methods…

[Link] file changes for including & forwarding servlet uses…

if ([Link]()) {
RequestDispatcher rd =
[Link]("/welcome");
[Link](request,response);
} else {

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[Link]("<font color=yellow> Invalid
Username/Password </font>");
RequestDispatcher rd =
[Link]("/[Link]");
[Link](request, response);
}

[Link] a new file

package login1;
import [Link].*;
import [Link];
import [Link].*;
public class WelcomeServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
String s = [Link]("uname");
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=yellow text=red><center><h1>");
[Link]("welcome: "+s);
[Link]("</h1></center></body></html>");
}
}

Forwarding Including
Forwarding request & response of one servlet Including request & response of one servlet
to another servlet is called as servlet into another servlet is called as servlet
forwarding. including.
The main advantage of servlet forwarding is The main advantage of servlet including is
modularity. reusability.
In servlet forwarding web container creates In servlet including also web container
only one pair of request & response. creates only one pair of request & response.

In servlet forwarding <url-pattern> is not In servlet including also <url-patter> is not

changed changed.

Forward statement must be the last statement Include statements can be anywhere in a
in a task code. task code.

Forwarding supports to forward servlet to Including supports to include servlet in a

servlet , servlet to jsp & servlet to html. servlet, jsp in a servlet & html in a servlet.

Forwarding works within the server only. Including also works within the server only.
Servlet Redirecting :
Passing control from one servlet to another servlet is called as servlet redirecting.
In servlet redirecting , web container instructs the browser to execute next url.

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[Link] file changes required to run redirect method.

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException
{...same as above...}

Forwarding Redirecting
Forwarding one servlet to another servlet is Passing control from one servlet to another
called as servlet forwarding. servlet is called as servlet redirecting.
In servlet forwarding, server implicitly In servlet redirecting, server instructs the
passes the request & response from one browser to execute next url.
servlet to another servlet.
In servlet forwarding both data & control In servlet redirecting only control passed to
passed to next servlet. next servlet.
In servlet forwarding only one pair of request In servlet redirecting separate pair of request &
& response created by Web container. response created by Web container for every
servlets.

In servlet forwarding <url-pattern> is not In servlet redirecting <url-pattern> is changed.

changed.
Forwarding supports to forward servlet to Redirecting supports to redirect servlet to
servlet , html & JSP. servlet, html , JSP, asp , [Link], php, …etc.
Forwarding works with in the server only. Redirecting works with in the server & between
two different servers also.
Session Tracking :
A session is a time period between login & logout.
A session Tracking is a mechanism that servlets use to maintain client state information about a
series of requests from the same user across some time period.
Client state information can be username, password, examination I'd, account number,
shopping items … etc.
Session Tracking mechanism is important in servlets to recognise client because http protocol is
a stateless protocol and it does not maintain state information.
There are four session Tracking methods:
1) Cookies

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2) Url Rewriting
3) Http session
4) Hidden form fields.
Cookies :
A cookie is a piece of information stored at client side to maintain client state information.

[Link]

Note : By default cookies are vanished whenever browser window is closed.

[Link] file create for java servlet Book Project

package cookie;

import [Link].*;
import [Link];
import [Link].*;
public class SetCookie extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

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String s1= [Link]("book1");
String s2= [Link]("book2");
String s3= [Link]("book3");
if(s1!=null) {
Cookie c1= new Cookie("book1",s1);
[Link](c1);
}
if(s2!=null) {
Cookie c2= new Cookie("book2",s2);
[Link](c2);
}
if(s3!=null) {
Cookie c3= new Cookie("book3",s3);
[Link](c3);
}
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=yellow text=blue><center>");
[Link]("<h1>Your Books are Added to Cart</h1>");
[Link]("<a href=get>Next</a>");
[Link]("</center></body></html>");
}
}

[Link] file create for java servlet Book Project

package cookie;
import [Link].*;
import [Link];
import [Link].*;
public class GetCookie extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=green text=yellow><center>");
[Link]("<h1><u>Your Selected Books: </u></h1>");
Cookie[] c1=[Link]();
for (Cookie c2 : c1) {
[Link]([Link]()+"<br>");
}
[Link]("</center></body></html>");
}
}

Note: In the above example cookies vanish whenever the browser window is closed.
Use the setMaxAge() method to set the time interval.

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equals() method is String class compares the contents of String objects where as == operator
compares hash codes.
equals() method of Object class compares hash codes.

Url Rewriting:
In this session tracking method , client state information(data) appended to URL.

[Link] file create for html page Book URL Project

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</form>
</body>
</html>

[Link] file create for java servlet Book URL Project

package url;

import [Link].*;
import [Link];
import [Link].*;
public class SetUrl extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
String s1= [Link]("book1");
String s2= [Link]("book2");
String s3= [Link]("book3");
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=yellow text=blue><center>");
[Link]("<h1>Your Books are Added to Cart</h1>");
[Link]("<a href=get?
book1="+s1+"&book2="+s2+"&book3="+s3+">Next</a>");
[Link]("</center></body></html>");
}
}

[Link] file create for java servlet Book URL Project

package url;

import [Link].*;
import [Link];
import [Link].*;
public class GetUrl extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
String s1= [Link]("book1");
String s2= [Link]("book2");
String s3= [Link]("book3");
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=green text=yellow><center>");
[Link]("<h1><u>Your Selected Books: </u></h1>");
if(![Link]("null"))
[Link](s1+"<br>");
if(![Link]("null"))
[Link](s2+"<br>");
if(![Link]("null"))
[Link](s3+"<br>");
[Link]("</center></body></html>");
}
}

Cookies Url Rewriting

In this session tracking method client state In this session tracking method client state
information stored in browser memory. information appended to URL.
here client state information not displayed. Here client state information displayed in
address bar.
It allows String type data only It is allows String type data only.
Here size of the data is limited. Here also size of the data is limited.
Cookies are not secure because cookies can Url Rewriting not secure because here client
be viewed by user through browser settings state information displayed in address bar.
option.

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Here it is possible to set the time interval by Here it is not possible to set the time interval.
using setMaxAge() method of Cookie class.
This session tracking method fails if the This session tracking method always works.
cookies are disabled.
Http sessions:
In this session tracking method client state information stored at server side.
In this session tracking method session id created by Web container & passed to client system
to identify the client.
To maintain session id there are two ways.
1) By using cookies.
2) By using url Rewriting.
This session tracking method can be implemented in two ways:
1) Http session with cookies
2) Http session with URL Rewriting
Http session with cookies:
In this session tracking method client state information stored at server side.
Here session id created by Web container, passed to client system & stored in cookie variable at
client side.

[Link]
Methods:
public abstract long getCreationTime();
public abstract String getId();
public abstract long getLastAccessedTime();
public abstract void setMaxInactiveInterval(int);
==> it is used to set the time interval in seconds.
public abstract int getMaxInactiveInterval();
public abstract Object getAttribute(String);
==> it is used to get the session variable value.
public abstract void setAttribute(String, Object);
==> it is used to create session variable with name & value pair.
public abstract void removeAttribute(String);
==> it is used to remove session variable
public abstract void invalidate();
==> it is used to vanish the session id
Note : By default sessions vanish after 30 minutes in a tomcat server.

[Link] file for session1 project

package session1;

import [Link].*;
import [Link];

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import [Link];
import [Link].*;
public class DemoServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
HttpSession hs = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=green text=white><h1>");
[Link]("Session Id : "+[Link]()+"<br>");
[Link]("Creation Time: "+new Date([Link]())+"
<br>");
[Link]("Last Access time:
"+new Date([Link]())+"<br>");
[Link]("Time Interval: "+[Link]()+"
Seconds <br>");
[Link]("</h1></body></html>");
}
}

[Link] file for session2 project

package session2;

import [Link].*;
import [Link];
import [Link].*;
public class SetSession extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
String s1 = [Link]("book1");
String s2 = [Link]("book2");
String s3 = [Link]("book3");
HttpSession hs = [Link]();
[Link]("book1", s1);
[Link]("book2", s2);
[Link]("book3", s3);
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=cyan text=blue><center>");
[Link]("<h1>Your books are added to Cart: </h1>");
[Link]("<a href=get>Next</a>");
[Link]("</center></body></html>");
}
}

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[Link] file for session2 project

package session2;

import [Link].*;
import [Link];
import [Link].*;
public class GetSession extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
HttpSession hs = [Link]();
String s1= (String)[Link]("book1");
String s2= (String)[Link]("book2");
String s3= (String)[Link]("book3");
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=red text=yellow>");
[Link]("<h1>Selected books: </h1>");
if(s1!=null)
[Link](s1+"<br>");
if(s2!=null)
[Link](s2+"<br>");
if(s3!=null)
[Link](s3+"<br>");
[Link]("</body></html>");
}
}

⇒ In the above example, session id created by web container, passed to client system
and stored in cookie variable at client side.

Http Sessions with URL Rewriting:

In this session tracking method client state information is stored at server side.
In this session tracking method session id created by web container and appended to url.

[Link]
Method:
public abstract String encodeURL(String);
⇒ it is used to append a session id to url.

[Link] same as above program only 2 lines change done.

package session2;

import [Link].*;
import [Link];
import [Link].*;
public class SetSession extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
String s1 = [Link]("book1");
String s2 = [Link]("book2");
String s3 = [Link]("book3");
HttpSession hs = [Link]();
[Link]("book1", s1);
[Link]("book2", s2);
[Link]("book3", s3);
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=cyan text=blue><center>");
[Link]("<h1>Your books are added to Cart: </h1>");
String s =[Link]("get");
[Link]("<a href="+s+">Next</a>");
[Link]("</center></body></html>");
}
}

Http session with cookies Http session with URL Rewriting

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In this session tracking method, In this session tracking method,

session id created by web session id created by web container
container, passed to client system and appended to url.
& stored in cookie variable at
client side.

This session tracking method fails This session tracking method always
if the cookies are disabled. works.

Cookies Sessions
A cookies is a piece of A session is a piece of information
information stored at client side stored at server side to maintain
to maintain client state client state information.
information.
In this session tracking method, In this session tracking method ,
session id not created. session id created by web
container.
It supports string type data only. It supports all types of data.

Here size of the data is limited Here size of the data is not
limited.
Cookies are not secure because Sessions are secure because stored
stored at client side. at server side.
By default cookies are vanished By default sessions are vanished
whenever browser window is closed after 30 minutes in a tomcat server

Here it is possible to set the Here also it is possible to set the

time interval by using setMaxAge() time interval by using
method of Cookie class. setMaxInactiveInterval() method of
HttpSession interface.

Hidden form fields:

In this session tracking method client state information stored in hidden
fields.
It is very easy to implement because it requires html code only.
It supports String type data only
Here also the size of the data is limited.
It is also not secure because hidden fields can be viewed by user through
view page source code.
Here it is not possible to set the time interval.
Here always form submission is required.

[Link] file for hidden form field hff project

package hff;

import [Link].*;
import [Link];

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import [Link].*;
public class SetFields extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
String s1= [Link]("book1");
String s2= [Link]("book2");
String s3= [Link]("book3");
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=yellow text=blue><center>");
[Link]("<form action=get>");
[Link]("<input type=hidden name=book1 value="+s1+">");
[Link]("<input type=hidden name=book2 value="+s2+">");
[Link]("<input type=hidden name=book3 value="+s3+">");
[Link]("<h1>Your books are added to cart: </h1>");
[Link]("<input type=submit value=next>");
[Link]("</form></center></body></html>");
}
}

[Link] file for hidden form fields hff project

package hff;

import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class GetFields extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
String s1= [Link]("book1");
String s2= [Link]("book2");
String s3= [Link]("book3");
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=red text=white><center>");
[Link]("<h1><u>Your Selected Books: </u></h1>");
if(![Link]("null"))
[Link](s1+"<br>");
if(![Link]("null"))
[Link](s2+"<br>");
if(![Link]("null"))
[Link](s3+"<br>");
[Link]("</center></body></html>");
}
}

[Link]
Methods:
public abstract HttpSession getSession(boolean);
public abstract HttpSession getSession();

HttpSession hs1 = [Link](true);

or
HttpSession hs2 = [Link]();
==> The above true statements returns current session if the session already exist
otherwise creates a new session & returns.
HttpSession hs3 = [Link](false);
==> The above statements returns current session if the session already exist otherwise
it returns null.

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Here the WAR file name is called context path and <url-pattern> of a
servlet is called servlet path.
The above uri is called the absolute path.

Here /test is a relative path to a context path.

Here /first/test is a relative path to a server path.
Here [Link] is a absolute path.
[Link]:
It is called as configuration file and it is used to configure servlets,
listeners, filters, JSPs , initialization parameters, context parameters ,
welcome files, etc…
> there are 3 ways to configure servlet:
1. Exact Match
2. Directory Match
3. Extension Match
Exact Match:

Directory Match:

Extension Match:

To configure welcome file(default file) in [Link]:

<web-app>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>[Link]</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
================

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================
</web-app>|

To configure <load-on-startup> tag in [Link] :

<web-app>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>[Link]</servlet-class>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
============
============
</web-app>
It indicates a web container to create an object of LoginServlet and call
init() method whenever a web application is deployed on the server…
Note: Here servlets are loaded in ascending order.
Note: negative numbers & zero are not considered.

Servlet Listeners

Servlet Listeners:
⇒Servlet listeners are interfaces that contain event handlers(methods) to handle events
(classes) which are generated by a web container.

List of servlet listeners:

1) [Link]
2) [Link]
3) [Link]
4) [Link] ,,,,etc.

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[Link]
Methods:
public default void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent);
public default void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent);
The above event handlers (method) handle ServletContextEvent.

ServletContextEvent is generated by a web container whenever ServletContext is

created & destroyed…

ServletContext is created by a web container whenever a web application is deployed

on a server.

ServletContext is destroyed by a web container whenever a web application is

undeployed from the server.

[Link] in scl package (servlet context listener) for servlet listener 1st program

package scl;

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class MyListener implements ServletContextListener {
Connection con;
public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent sce) {
try {
[Link]("[Link]");
con =
[Link]("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:orcl",
"sam", "oracle");
ServletContext sc = [Link]();
[Link]("oracle", con);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {
[Link]();
}
}
public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent sce) {
try {
[Link]();
} catch (SQLException e) {
[Link]();
}
}
}

M S l tj i l k ( l t t t li t )f l t li t 1 t
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[Link] in scl package (servlet context listener) for servlet listener 1st program

package scl;

import [Link].*;
import [Link];
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext sc = [Link]();
Connection con =(Connection)[Link]("oracle");
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=cyan text=red><center> <h1>");
[Link]("Connection Object Obtained Successfully");
[Link]("</h1><center></body></html>");
}
}

The following series of actions will be done by Web container whenever a web application is
deployed on server.
1) ServletContext is created.
2) ServletContectEvent is generated.
3) ServletContectEvent is passed to contextInitialized() method.
4) contextInitialized() method body is executed (Connection Established & Connection
object placed in ServletContext memory).
The following series of actions will be done by Web container whenever a web application is
undeployed from server.
1) ServletContext is destroyed.
2) ServletContectEvent is generated.
3) ServletContectEvent is passed to contextDestroyed() method.
4) contextDestroyed() method body executed (Connection Closed).

ServletContextAttributeListener:

It contains the following event handlers(method) to handle ServletContextAttributeEvent which

is generated by a web container.
[Link]
Methods:
public default void attributeAdded(ServletContextAttributeEvent);
public default void attributeRemoved(ServletContextAttributeEvent);
public default void attributeReplaced(ServletContextAttributeEvent);

ServletContextAttributeEvent:

It is generated by a web container whenever an attribute is added to ServletContext, attribute is

removed from ServletContext & attribute is replaced in a ServletContext.

HttpSessionListener:

It contains the following event handlers(methods) to handle HttpSessionEvent, which is

generated by a web container.
public default void sessionCreated(HttpSessionEvent);
public default void sessionDestroyed(HttpSessionEvent);

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HttpSessionEvent:

it is generated by a web container whenever a session is created & destroyed.

HttpSessionAttributeListener:

It contains the following event handlers(method) to handle HttpSessionBindingEvent which is

generated by a web container.

[Link]
Methods:
public default void attributeAdded(HttpSessionBindingEvent);
public default void attributeRemoved(HttpSessionBindingEvent);
public default void attributeReplaced(HttpSessionBindingEvent);

HttpSessionBindingEvent:

It is generated by a web container whenever an attribute is added to session, attribute is

removed from session & attribute is replaced in a session.

[Link] in hsl package (Http Session Listener)

package hsl;

import [Link].*;
public class MyListener implements HttpSessionListener {
int count = 0;
public void sessionCreated(HttpSessionEvent hse) {
count++;
HttpSession hs = [Link]();
[Link]("users", count);
}
public void sessionDestroyed(HttpSessionEvent hse) {
count--;
HttpSession hs = [Link]();
[Link]("users", count);
}
}

[Link] in hsl package (Http Session Listener)

package hsl;

import [Link].*;
import [Link];
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;

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public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
HttpSession hs = [Link]();
[Link](30); //30sec
int count =(Integer)[Link]("users");
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=cyan text=red><center> <h1>");
[Link]("At present "+count+" users are accessing server");
[Link]("</h1><center></body></html>");
}
}

In the above example, a session is created by a web container whenever the getSession()
method of HttpServletRequest is called and the session is destroyed after a time interval.(1
minute).
The following series of actions done by web container whenever session is created:
1) HttpSessionEvent is generated.
2) HttpSessionEvent is passed to sessionCreated() method.
3) sessionCreated() method is called.
4) sessionCreated() method body is executed.
The following series of action done by web container whenever session is destroyed:
1) HttpSessionEvent is generated.
2) HttpSessionEvent is passed to sessionDestroyed() method.
3) sessionDestroyed() method is called.
4) sessionDestroyed() method body is executed.

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Filters
FILTERS
⇒ A filter is an object that can be declaratively inserted in a container process.
⇒ Filter provides the only mechanism by which we can plugin code between request &
response.
⇒ Servlet supports static dispatching whereas filter supports dynamic dispatching.

Filter same as servlet.

Filters do not have a main() method because the filter runs on the server.
Filter contains life cycle methods to run on the server.

Life cycle methods of a Filter:

1. init()
2. doFilter()
3. destroy()

init() method is called by the web container whenever the first request comes to a filter.
doFilter() method is called by the web container for every request.
destroy() method is called by the web container whenever the filter instance is removed from the
web Page 1 of 2 container.
Filter instance is removed from web application, is undeployed or server shuts down.

The above life cycle methods are the part of [Link] interface.

[Link]
Methods:
public default void init(FilterConfig) throws ServletException;
public abstract void doFilter(ServletRequest, ServletResponse,
FilterChain) throws IOException ,ServletException;
public default void destroy();

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[Link]
Methods:
public void doFilter(ServletRequest, ServletResponse, FilterChain)
throws IOException ,ServletException;
protected void doFilter(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse,
FilterChain) throws IOException ,ServletException;

Every filter must implement [Link] interface to derive life cycle methods.
Every filter class must be public because it should be accessible to web containers to create an
object to call life cycle methods.
Use HttpFilter to utilize http specific services & common services.

[Link] file for filter project.

package filter;

import [Link].*;
import [Link];
import [Link].*;
public class WelcomeServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=yellow text=red><center>");
[Link]("<h1>welcome...</h1>");
[Link]("</center><body><html>");
}
}

[Link] file for filter project.

package filter;

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link];
public class LoginFilter extends HttpFilter implements Filter {
Connection con;
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public void destroy() {
try {
[Link]();
} catch (Exception e) {
[Link]();
}
}
public void doFilter(ServletRequest request,
ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) {
try {
String s1 = [Link]("uname");
String s2 = [Link]("pword");
PreparedStatement pstmt = [Link]("select *
from uinfo where uname=? and pword=?");
[Link](1, s1);
[Link](2, s2);
ResultSet rs = [Link]();
if ([Link]()) {
[Link](request, response);
} else {
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=red text=yellow><h1>");
[Link]("invalid username/password");
[Link]("</h1><body><html>");
}
} catch (SQLException | IOException | ServletException e) {
[Link]();
}

}
public void init(FilterConfig fConfig) throws ServletException {
try {
[Link]("[Link]");
con =
[Link]("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:orcl",
"sam", "oracle");
} catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {
[Link]();
}
}
}

[Link] file for filter project…

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</filter-mapping>
</web-app>

[Link] file for count project for count homepage

package count;

import [Link];
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class CounterFilter extends HttpFilter implements Filter {
int count=0;
public void doFilter(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) throws IOException,
ServletException {
count++;

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ServletContext sc = [Link]();
[Link]("views", count);
[Link](request, response);
}
}

[Link] file for count project for count homepage

package count;

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class CounterServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException, ServletException {
ServletContext sc = [Link]();
int count =(Integer)[Link]("views");
PrintWriter pw = [Link]();
[Link]("<html><body bgcolor=yellow text=red><h1>");
[Link]("The homepage has been accessed " + count + "
times.");
[Link]("</h1></body></html>");
}
}

JSP
JSP
⇒JSP stands for Java Server Page.
⇒ JSP is a specification for developing web applications with the Java programming language.
⇒ Java Server Pages renamed as Jakarta Server Pages.

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JSP Engine is a piece of software that converts JSP into Servlet.

JSP Engine is a part of the server only.

JSP Architecture:

There are three phases in JSP architecture:

1) Conversion
2) Compilation
3) Execution

Conversion done by JSP engine

Compilation done by Java Compiler.
Execution done by Java Runtime Environment.
JSP Engine name is Jasper in a tomcat server.
Servlet Container(Web container) is Catalina in a Tomcat Server.

JSP Elements:

JSP elements are used to write JSP Programs.

JSP elements are divided into 3 categories.

1. Scripting Elements.
2. Directives
3. Actions

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Scripting Elements:

There are four Scripting Elements and used to write basic JSP Programs.
1. Scriptlets
2. Declarations
3. Expressions
4. Comments

Scriptlets:

Declarations:

Expressions:

Comments:

JSP Implicit Object References.:

1. out ⇒ is an object reference of ⇒ JspWriter

2. request ⇒ is an object reference of ⇒ HttpServletRequest
3. response ⇒ is an object reference of ⇒ HttpServletResponse
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4. config ⇒ is an object reference of ⇒ ServletConfig
5. application ⇒ is an object reference of ⇒ ServletContext
6. session ⇒ is an object reference of ⇒ HttpSession
7. page ⇒ is an object reference of ⇒ Object
8. pageContext ⇒ is an object reference of ⇒ PageContext
9. exception ⇒ is an object reference of ⇒ Throwable

[Link] file

<% [Link]("Welcome to JSP"); %>

JSP Deployment Location:

C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation/Tomcat 10.0lwebappslROOT

Converted Servlet Location:

C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat

10.0/work/Catalina/localhost/ROOT/org/apache/jsp

[Link] file

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JSP to Servlet:

Declarations:

Scriptlets:

Expressions:

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[Link] file for checking time in eclipse jsp project

[Link] file for checking views on website its in jsp project

<html>
<body bgcolor=blue text=yellow>
<h1>
<%! int count=0; %>
This page has been accessed <%= ++count %> times
</h1>
</body>
</html>

[Link] file for printing table on website its in jsp project

l i ht l fil f l i f i ht l it i j j t
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[Link] file for login form in html its in jsp project

<html>
<body bgcolor=yellow text=red>
<center>
<h1><u>Login Form</u></h1>
<form action="[Link]">
Username <input type=text name=uname><br>
Password <input type=password name=pword><br><br>
<input type=submit><input type=reset>
</form>
</center>
</body>
</html>

Directives:

There are 3 directives in JSP:

1. Include Directive
2. Page Directive
3. Taglib Directive

Include Directive:

Attributes:
1) file= ”......” //html file or jsp file only.

[Link] file for include directive its in jsp project

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<%@ include file="[Link]" %>
<%@ include file="[Link]" %>
</body>
</html>

Page Directive:

1. language

2. import

3. buffer

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4. autoFlush

@The above buffer & autoFlush attributes are used to manage buffer memory efficiently.

5. errorPage

It is used to specify an error page url.

6. isErrorPage

It is used to specify whether is it task page or error page.

In the above example [Link] program executed whenever exception occurs in a [Link].

[Link] file for arithmetic divide program in jsp project

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e o jsp e o a t et c d de p og a jsp p oject

7. contentType

It is used to specify the mime type.

Default mime type is “text/html”

[Link] file for mime type its in jsp project

<%@ page contentType="application/msword" %>

<% [Link]("welcome to jsp"); %>

[Link] file for mime type its in jsp project

<%@ page contentType="application/[Link]-excel" %>

<% [Link]("welcome to jsp"); %>

8. isELIgnored

This statement indicates a web container to ignore JSP Expression Language in a JSP.

9. session

This statement indicates web containers that do not create sessions for this application.
It does not allow access to implicit session objects in this application.

[Link] file for session its in jsp project

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<%= "Session Creation Time: "+new Date([Link]()) %>
<br>
<%= "Session Last Accessed Time: "+new Date(session.
getLastAccessedTime ()) %><br>
<%= "Default Time Interval: " +[Link]()+"
Seconds" %>
</h1>
</body>
</html>

JSP Elements

10. isThreadSafe

⇒ By default all servlets & JSPs are multithreaded.

⇒ If we set false to this attribute then the converted servlet implements
[Link] interface.

⇒ If the servlet class implements [Link] interface then the web

container allows access to this servlet one thread at a time.

⇒ [Link] interface is a marker interface , tag interface, or empty

interface, because there are no members in this interface.

TagLib Directive :

The above taglib directive required to include tag library while using JSTL
JSTL stands for JSP Standard Tag Library.

Actions or JSP Actions :

There are 9 JSP actions:

1) <jsp:forward>
2) <jsp:include>
3) <jsp:useBean>
4) <jsp:setProperty>
5) <jsp:getProperty>
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6) <jsp:plugin>
7) <jsp:fallback>
8) <jsp:params>
9) <jsp:param>

1. <jsp:forward>
It is used to forward the request & response of one JSP to another JSP.
It is equivalent to servlet forwarding.

[Link] file for calculator program in jsp

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body bgcolor=green text=yellow><center>
<h1><u>Arithmetic Application</u></h1>
<form action=[Link]>
First Number <input type=text name=first><br>
Second Number <input type=text name=second><br><br>
<input type=submit name=operation value=addition>
<input type=submit name=operation value=subtraction>
<input type=submit name=operation value=multiplication>
<input type=submit name=operation value=division>
</form>
</center>
</body>
</html>

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%><jsp:forward page="[Link]"/><%
%>
</body>
</html>

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2. <jsp:include>
It is used to include the request & response of one jsp into another jsp

It is equivalent to servlet including.

[Link] file for including jsp to another jsp it’s in jsp project.

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<center><h1><u><font color=red>
<% [Link]("JSP Tutorial"); %>
</font></u></h1></center>
</body>
</html>

[Link] file for including jsp to another jsp it’s in jsp project.

[Link] file for including jsp to another jsp it’s in jsp project.

[Link] file for including jsp to another jsp it’s in jsp project.

<html>
<body bgcolor=yellow text=green>
<jsp:include page="[Link]"/>
<h1><u>JSTL:</u></h1>
<% [Link]("JSTL stands for Java server pages Standard Tag Library.
It is introduced in JSP 2.0 version to simplify the JSP."); %>
<jsp:include page="[Link]"/>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT ::

Difference between Include Directive & Include Action:

Include Directive Include Action

It includes the file at page translation time. It includes the file at page request time.
It includes the file content. It includes the request & response
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It supports to include html in a jsp & jsp in a It supports to include servlet in a jsp, jsp in a
jsp. jsp & html in a jsp.
It is not equal to servlet including. It is equal to servlet including.

Converted Servlet Life Cycle Methods:

1) jspInit() method
2) _jspService() Method
3) jspDestroy() method

jspInit() method:

Is is called by web container whenever first request comes to a JSP.

This method belongs to [Link] interface.
This method can be overridden by programmer because this method not overridden by web
container.

_jspService() Method:

It is called by web container for every request.

This method belongs to [Link] interface.
This method cannot be overridden by programmer because it is already overridden by web
container.
To write a code in this method, use scriptlet

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jspDestroy() method:

It is called by the web container whenever a converted servlet instance is removed from the web
container.
Converted servlet instances are removed whenever a web application is undeployed or server
shuts down.
This method belongs to [Link] interface.
This method can be overridden by a programmer because this method is not overridden by web
container.

[Link] file its in jsp project.

<html>
<body bgcolor=green text=yellow>
<%@ page import="[Link].*"%>
<%!Connection con;

public void jspInit() {

try {
[Link]("[Link]");
con =
[Link]("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:orcl",
"sam", "oracle");
} catch (Exception e) {
[Link](e);
}
}%>
<table border=10>
<%
Statement stmt = [Link]();
ResultSet rs = [Link]("select * from student");
while ([Link]()) {
[Link]("<tr><td>" + [Link]("rollno") + "</td>");
[Link]("<td>" + [Link]("name") + "</td>");
[Link]("<td>" + [Link]("marks") + "</td></tr>");
}
%>
</table>
<%!public void jspDestroy() {
try {
[Link]();
} catch (Exception e) {
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[Link](e);
}
}%>
</body>
</html>

JSP using Java Beans:

A Java Bean is a reusable software component.

A Java class is said to be Java Bean if it is follows the following rules:
1) Class must be public
2) Class must implements [Link] interface
3) Class must be in a package
4) Class must contain public default constructor
5) All instance variables must be private. Instance variables are called properties.
6) Each and every property must contain setter & getter methods.
7) All setter & getter methods must be public.

Java bean examples:

Package demo;
Import [Link]*;
public class MessageBean implements Serializable{
private String message;
void setMessage(String message){
[Link]=message;
}
public String getMessage(){
return message;
}
}
The following actions are used to access a Java Bean in a JSP
1) <jsp:useBean>
2) <jsp:setProperty>
3) <jsp:getProperty>

<jsp:useBean> :

It is used to create an object to a Java Bean class.

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<jsp:setProperty> :

It is used to call setter methods of a Java bean.

<jsp:getProperty> :

It is used to call getter methods of a Java Bean.

[Link] file for MessageBean program its in jsp project

<html><body bgcolor=yellow text=red><h1>

<jsp:useBean id="mb" class="[Link]" />
<jsp:setProperty name="mb" property="message" value="welcome" />
<jsp:getProperty name="mb" property="message"/>
</h1></body></html>

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<jsp:plugin> :

It is used to include an applet in a jsp.

<jso:fallback> :

It is used to display user-friendly error messages.

This message is displayed whenever the browser is unable to load an applet.

This action must be used in <jsp:plugin> action only.

<jsp:params> :

It allows to rewrite <jsp:param> actions.

This action also must be used in <jsp:plugin> action only.

<jsp:param> :

It is used to specify the parameter name with value.

This action must be used in <jsp:params> action only.

The above parameter can be retrieved in applet by using

getParameter() method of [Link] class.

JSP EL:
● JSP EL stands for Java Server Pages Expression Language.
● JSP EL was introduced with JSTL in the JSP 2.0 version to simplify the JSP.
● JSTL stands for JSP Standard Tag Library.
● Both JSP EL & JSTL are used to simplify the JSP.
● JSP EL can be used independently and it can also be used with JSTL.
● By using JSP EL & JSTL in a JSP, JSP becomes a 100% tag based application.
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● Expression can be replaced with JSP EL to make JSP as 100% tag based application.
● Scriptlets & Declarations can be replaced with JSTL to make JSP as a 100% tag based
application.
● The pattern that identifies JSP Expression Language is ${...}
● By default JSP EL is enabled.
● To disable JSP EL in a JSP, use the following.
< % @ page isELIgnored=”true” % >

Operator Meaning
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ or div Division
% or mod Modulo Division
< or lt Less than
> or gt Greater than
<= or le Less than or equal to
>= or ge Greater than or equal to
== or eq Equals to
!= or ne Not equals to
&& or and Logical AND
|| or or Logical OR
! or not Logical NOT

[Link] file for JSP EL program its in jsp project.

<html><body bgcolor=red text=yellow><h1>

${ 5+2 }<br>
${ 5-2 }<br>
${ 5*2 }<br>
${ 5 div 2 }<br>
${ 5 mod 2 }<br>
${ 5 lt 2 }<br>
${ 5 ne 2 }<br>
</h1></body></html>

JSP EL Implicit Object References:

1. pageScope
2. requestScope
3. sessionScope
4. applicationScope
5. param
6. initParam
7. Cookie

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pageScope:

It is use to get the values of page scope attributes:

requestScope:

It is used to get the values of request scope attributes.

sessionScope:

It is used to get the values of session scope attributes.

applicationScope:

It is used to get the values of application scope attributes.

[Link]:
Fields(Variables):
1) public static final int PAGE_SCOPE;
2) public static final int REQUEST_SCOPE;
3) public static final int SESSION_SCOPE;
4) public static final int APPLICATION_SCOPE;

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In the above example, platform1 can be accessed in [Link] only because its scope is page
scope , platform2 can be accessed in [Link] & [Link] because its scope is request
scope, platform3 can be accessed in [Link], [Link], & [Link] because its scope is
session scope and platform can be accessed in all pages in a .war file.

param:

It is used to get the request parameter values.

initParam:

It is used to get the initialization parameter values.

cookie:

It is used to get the value of a cookie.

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JSTL:

Core Tags:

1. <c:out>
2. <c:set>
3. <c:remove>
4. <c:if>
5. <c:choose>
6. <c:when>
7. <c:otherwise>
8. <c:forEach>
9. <c:forTokens>
10. <c:redirect>

In order to use the above tag, we must include the following taglib directive in a JSP.

<c:out>:

● It is used to display output messages.

[Link] file in jstl project

<c:out value="Welcome to JSTL" />

</h1>
</body>
</html>

<c:set>

● It is used to store the value in a variable

<c:remove>

● It is used to remove the value from a variable.

[Link] file in jstl project

<html>

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<body bgcolor=green text=yellow>
<h1>
<%@ taglib uri="[Link] prefix="c"%>
<c:set var="a" value="10" />
<c:out value="${a}" />

<c:remove var="a" />

<c:out value="${a}" />
</h1>
</body>
</html>

<c:if>

● It is used to express the condition.

[Link] file in jstl project

</c:if>
</h1>
</body>
</html>

<c:choose>

<c:when>

<c:otherwise>

● The above 3 tags are equivalent to if else if… else statement & switch statement.

</c:choose>
</h1>
</body>
</html>

<c:forEach> :

● It is equivalent to for loop & enhanced for loop.

[Link] file in jstl project

<c:forEach var="i" begin="1" end="10" step="1">

<c:out value="${i}" />
<br>
</c:forEach>
</h1>
</body>
</html>

<c:forTokens> :

● It is used to iterate token by token from a given string.

● It is equivalent to the StringTokenizer class.
[Link] file in jstl project

<c:out value="${s}" />

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<c:redirect>

It is used to pass the control to the next jsp.

It is equivalent to servlet redirecting.

[Link] file in jstl project

<%@ taglib uri="[Link] prefix="c"%>

<c:redirect url="[Link]" />

SQL Tags:

1. <sql:setDataSource>
2. <sql:update>
3. <sql:query>
In order to use the above tags we must include the following taglib directive in a JSP.

<sql:setDataSource> :

It is used to establish the connection between JSP & database.

[Link] file in jstl project

<sql:update>

It is used to execute non select sql queries.

[Link] file in jstl project

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<sql:setDataSource var="con" driver="[Link]"

url="jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:orcl" user="sam"
password="oracle" />
<c:out value="Connection Established Successfully" /><br>
<sql:update dataSource="${con}" sql="insert into student
values(5,'eee',91)" />
<c:out value="One Record inserted Successfully" />

</h1>
</body>
</html>

<sql:query>

It is used to execute select queries.

[Link] file in jstl project

<sql:setDataSource var="con" driver="[Link]"

url="jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:orcl" user="sam"
password="oracle" />
<c:out value="Connection Established Successfully" />
<br>
<sql:query var="rs" dataSource="${con}" sql="select * from
student" />
<c:forEach var="record" items="${[Link]}">
<tr>
<td><c:out value="${[Link]}" /></td>
<td><c:out value="${[Link]}" /></td>
<td><c:out value="${[Link]}" /></td>

</tr>
</c:forEach>
</table>
</body>
</html>

MVC
MVC stands for model view controller.
MVC architecture used to separate presentation logic, business logic, data access logic & data.
It is a convenient way to manage & update web application by using MVC architecture.
Here Model is a Java Bean, View is a JSP & Controller is a Servlet.

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MVC Architecture:

[Link] file in mvc project

package mvc;

import [Link];
import [Link].*;
import [Link];
import [Link].*;
@WebServlet("/result")
public class ResultServlet extends HttpServlet {

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protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
String s = [Link]("hno");
int h = [Link](s);
ResultDAO rdao = new ResultDAO();
ResultBean rb = [Link](h);
[Link]("result", rb);
RequestDispatcher rd =
[Link]("/[Link]");
[Link](request, response);
}
}

[Link] file in mvc project

package mvc;

import [Link].*;
public class ResultDAO {
ResultBean getResult(int hno) {
ResultBean rb=null;
try {
[Link]("[Link]");
Connection con=
[Link]("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:orcl","sam","oracle");
PreparedStatement pstmt = [Link]("select * from results
where hno=?");
[Link](1, hno);
ResultSet rs= [Link]();
rb= new ResultBean();
if([Link]()) {
[Link]([Link]("hno"));
[Link]([Link]("name"));
[Link]([Link]("c"));
[Link]([Link]("cpp"));
[Link]([Link]("java"));
}
} catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {
[Link]();
}
return rb;
}
}

[Link] file in mvc project

package mvc;

public class ResultBean {

int hno;
String name;
int c;
int cpp;
int java;
public int getHno() {
return hno;
}
public void setHno(int hno) {
[Link] = hno;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
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public void setName(String name) {
[Link] = name;
}
public int getC() {
return c;
}
public void setC(int c) {
this.c = c;
}
public int getCpp() {
return cpp;
}
public void setCpp(int cpp) {
[Link] = cpp;
}
public int getJava() {
return java;
}
public void setJava(int java) {
[Link] = java;
}
}

Oracle table to show info for mvc project (table name is results)

create table results(hno int,name varchar2(12),c int,cpp int,java int);

insert into results values(1001,'aaa',73,55,81);
insert into results values(1002,'bbb',93,46,88);
insert into results values(1003,'ccc',65,88,92);

In the above examples, [Link] & [Link] contains presentation logic, [Link]
contains controlling logic, [Link] contains data access logic & [Link]
contains data whatever is retrieved from the database.

Advantages of MVC:

1) Easy to maintain
2) Easy to update

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3) Rapid application development
4) Parallel development

Jdbc servlet javabean jsp

Reflection API
●It is used to analyze the structure of a class or interface.
●It is also used to get the variables (fields), methods & constructors of specified classes.
●It is also used to analyze methods, constructors & variables (fields).
●Reflection API used to develop Integrated Development Environments , debuggers &
javap tools.
[Link] package:
Classes:
1) Field
2) Method
3) Constructor

[Link]
Methods:
public static Class forName(String) throws ClassNotFoundException;
public Field[] getFields() throws SecurityException;
public Method[] getMethods() throws SecurityException;
public Constructor[] getConstructors() throws SecurityException

⇒ The above 3 methods are used to get the members of the current class & members of super
classes.

public Field[] getDeclaredFields0 throws SecurityException;

public Method[] getDeclaredMethods() throws SecurityException;
public Constructor[] getDeclaredConstructors() throws SecurityException;

⇒ The above 3 methods are used to get the members of current class only.

[Link] file for reflection topic

//Program to get list of methods of a specified class

import [Link].*;
class Demo{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
Class c=[Link](args(0));
Method[] m=[Link]();
for(Method m2 : m)
{
[Link](m2);
}
}catch (Exception e){
[Link](e);
}
}
}

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***Advanced Java Preparation/Reference

1) Notes
2) Sun/Oracle JavaEE Tutorials
3) Core Servlets & JSPs
4) SCWCD/OCWCD Books

***Core Java Preparation/Reference

1) Notes
2) Java Complete Reference
3) Head First Java
4) SCJP By Kathy Sierra

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Common questions

Session tracking methods used to maintain client state information include Cookies, URL Rewriting, HttpSession, and Hidden Form Fields. Cookies store client state information in the client's browser, allowing limited String type data and losing information if cookies are disabled. URL Rewriting appends data to the URL, making it visible in the address bar and also limited to String data. HttpSession stores state information server-side, creating a session ID maintained either through cookies or URL rewriting. This method can maintain information across multiple requests and session IDs are managed by the web container. Hidden Form Fields involve embedding data within HTML forms but are only viable when interacting with form submissions, thereby limiting their versatility to user-triggered actions .

Servlet forwarding and redirecting differ primarily in how they handle requests and responses. In servlet forwarding, the server implicitly passes the request and response from one servlet to another within the same server. This process does not change the <url-pattern>, and only one pair of request and response is maintained by the web container. Conversely, in servlet redirecting, the server instructs the browser to execute a new URL. This causes a change in the <url-pattern> and creates a separate pair of request and response for each redirected servlet. Additionally, forwarding supports servlet-to-servlet, HTML, and JSP transitions while redirecting can work within the server and between different servers, supporting a wider range of transitions, including ASP, ASP.NET, and PHP .

HTTP sessions with cookies and URL rewriting differ fundamentally in where and how the session ID is stored and maintained. In HTTP sessions with cookies, the session ID is stored on the client side within a cookie variable, assuming the browser's setting supports cookie storage. This method provides persistence across browser sessions as long as the cookies are valid. URL Rewriting, however, appends the session ID directly to URLs during the client's navigation, displaying the session ID visibly in the browser's address bar. While URL Rewriting works even when cookies are disabled, it requires changes to all URLs to preserve session state and does not persist beyond the current browser session. Additionally, URL Rewriting may expose session details more readily than cookies, imposing potential security concerns .

To configure a Tomcat Web Server in Eclipse, open the JavaEE perspective, navigate to the 'Servers' view, right-click to select 'New' and choose 'Server'. Choose 'Apache > Tomcat v10.0 Server', click 'Next', browse to select the Tomcat installation directory, and finish the setup by clicking 'Next' and 'Finish'. To change Tomcat's default port number, locate the 'server.xml' file (found in 'C:/Program Files/Apache Software Foundation/Tomcat 10.0/conf'), and modify the port number by adjusting the <Connector port> attribute from '8080' to a new port such as '8082'. Save the changes to apply the new configuration .

To configure servlets within a Tomcat Server through Eclipse, begin by ensuring your current perspective is set to JavaEE. In the 'Servers' view, add a new server by right-clicking and choosing 'New', selecting 'Server', and then 'Apache Tomcat v10.0'. Follow the prompts to set the installation directory and finish the setup. For each servlet, configure it in the 'web.xml' of your web application by adding servlet and servlet-mapping elements to define the servlet’s name and URL patterns it handles. This configuration is essential as it enables the Tomcat server to manage requests properly and direct them to the appropriate servlets based on the URL patterns specified. It sets the groundwork for robust Java web applications by allowing servlets to be mapped, managed, and invoked effectively within the Tomcat environment .

The PreparedStatement interface offers significant improvements over standard Statement objects by allowing the execution of parameterized queries, which enhances performance and security. PreparedStatement compiles the SQL query once and executes it numerous times with different parameters, reducing parsing time and resource utilization during repeated executions. This approach minimizes SQL injection risks by enabling the SQL engine to distinguish between code and data, ensuring that data inputs cannot alter query semantics. Moreover, using PreparedStatement results in less server-side recompilation and can optimize query execution plans due to the predictability of parameterized inputs .

To add an external JAR file to a project in Eclipse, right-click on the project in the Package Explorer, select 'Build Path', and then 'Configure Build Path'. Navigate to the 'Libraries' tab and click 'Add External JARs'. Browse to the location of the JAR file, for instance, 'ojdbc6_g.jar', select it, and click 'Open'. Apply and close the configurations. Including external JAR files is crucial for JDBC programming as they often contain necessary classes and interfaces needed to establish database connections and execute SQL statements. Without these JAR files, the Java application would lack the required dependencies to interact with a database .

Creating and managing a session with the HttpSession interface in Java servlets involves the following steps: In the servlet, retrieve or create a session object using 'HttpSession session = request.getSession();'. Use 'session.setAttribute(String, Object)' to store user-specific data, allowing state tracking across requests. Configure session expiration using 'session.setMaxInactiveInterval(int)' to define how long a session should stay active. During user interactions, retrieve session attributes using 'session.getAttribute(String)', and if needed, remove them with 'session.removeAttribute(String)'. To end the session, use 'session.invalidate()', which removes the session and its attributes. This mechanism is critical for applications requiring user identity persistence, such as shopping carts or login sessions, and it helps ensure that user data is consistently accessible throughout their session .

The web.xml configuration file fundamentally influences a servlet's behavior by defining its deployment descriptor, which includes servlet mapping, initialization parameters, context parameters, and more. It plays a pivotal role in specifying servlet names, the URL patterns they respond to, and the sequence of filters applied. For example, it configures which servlets handle certain requests through <servlet-mapping> tags and can dictate initialization parameters necessary for the servlet's operational logic. Additionally, web.xml allows the configuration of error pages, security constraints, and session timeout settings, contributing significantly to a web application's structural and behavioral attributes .

To write and run a JDBC program in Eclipse using the Java perspective, follow these steps: Open the Java perspective by selecting 'Window', then 'Perspective', and 'Open Perspective'. Create a new Java project by navigating to 'File', 'New', 'Java Project', and entering a project name, such as 'jdbc'. Finish the setup by clicking 'Next', then 'Finish', and choosing 'Don't Create'. In the package explorer, right-click on the project 'jdbc', select 'New', 'Class', and input a class name, for example, 'ConnectionDemo'. Include the main() method and click 'Finish' to proceed. Write your JDBC program in the editor. To add necessary JAR files, right-click on the project, choose 'Build Path', then 'Configure Build Path', go to the 'Libraries' tab, click 'Add External JARs', select the needed JAR files like 'ojdbc6_g.jar', and click 'Open', followed by 'Apply & Close'. Finally, to run the application, right-click on 'ConnectionDemo.java', select 'Run As', and choose 'Java Application' .

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Adv. Java By Venkatesh Mansani sir
Author of this notes :

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Database:
A database is a software and it is an organized

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Java instructions ODBC drivers cannot understand because O

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⇒ Type 1 JDBC drivers developed by Sun Microsystems.
⇒ Typ

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QInstall Oracle 11G Express EditionQ
Driver Location:
ojdb

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SQL> select*from global_name;
Steps to load driver & get c

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4) It is platform dependent.
Type 3 Driver (JDBC NETWORK P

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Type 4 Driver Functionality:
⇒ It passes the java instruct

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⇒To get service-id use the following sql query at the SQL

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It is used to execute PL/SQL programs.
execute() method:

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