Readings in Philippine
History with Indigenous
People Studies
Grading Rubric:
a. MIDTERM b. FINAL TERM
Midterm Exam 30% Final Exam 30%
Performance Output 40% Performance Output 40%
Attendance 10% Attendance 10%
Quiz 10% Quiz 10%
Class Participation 10% Class Participation 10%
Midterm Grade 100% Tentative Total 100%
Midterm Grade 50%
Tentative Final Grade 50%
Final Grade 100%
Module no. 1
Meaning and Relevance
of History
Learning Objectives
After studying this module, you should be able to:
a. Define history and understand the relevance of history in
our present time.
b. Use historical method in analyzing the past events.
c. Explain the relevance of History.
d. Determine the Sources of Historical Data
e. Explain how important Criticism in writing the Historical
Data.
f. Understand the topic with mastery.
-isderived from the Greek word Historia, which means
learning by inquiry.
- According to Aristotle, history is the systematic
accounting of set of natural phenomena, that is, taking
consideration the chronological arrangement of the account.
There are theories constructed by historians in
investigating History.
A. Factual History - This presents the readers plain and basic
information. It answers the questions what, when, where,
and who.
B. Speculative History – It goes beyond facts because it is
concerned about the reasons on why the events happened.
This theory answers the question why and how.
Question:
Does History has its limitation?
Yes or no?
History as the Subjective Process of re-creation
Because of the incomplete evidence, historians strive to
restore the total past of mankind.
History becomes only that part of the human past which can
be meaningfully reconstructed from the available records and
from inferences regarding their setting.
Therefore, historians aim for Verisimilitude:
Truth, Authenticity, and Plausibility.
Historical records therefore should contain
verisimilitude.
Historical Method and Historiography
Historical Method is the process of Critically examining and analyzing the
records and survivals of the past. While, Historiography is the imaginative
reconstruction of the past from the data derived. By this, historians’ endeavor to
reconstruct as much of the past of mankind.
The most important element of Historical Method is called as Historical
Analysis.
There are four steps of Historical analysis:
A. Select the subject to investigate
B. Collect probable sources
C. Examine the Sources genuinely
D. Extract credible particulars.
Why study History?
Does it Benefit our present time?
Historical data
- is the data collected about past events and circumstances that
pertains to a particular subject.
- These are sourced from artifacts that have been left by the past.
- This are also the materials from which the historians construct
meaning.
There are two types of Sources in History.
A. Written Sources – Are sources that usually in written form. It
has three categories
a. Narrative or Literature – These sources are chronicles or tracts
presented in a narrative form, it tells a story or narrates the story of the
events.
b. Diplomatic Sources – are understood to be those
documents/records of an existing legal situation or create a new one. This
source is also called as legal documents.
c. Social Documents – this are information pertatining to economic,
social, political or judicial significance.
B. Non-Written Sources – Sources that are not in written form.
a. Material Evidence – this is also known as archeological evidence.
These artifacts can tell a great deal about the ways of life people in the
past, and their culture. E.g swords, relics, bones, etc.
b. Oral Evidence – sources that are transmitted orally. Eg. Tales, folk
songs, interviews. Etc.
There are two general kinds of
. Historical sources
A. Primary Sources – are original sources, the first-hand
information.
- The first-hand account of an event or period that are usually
written or made during/close to the event or period.
Eg. Diaries, journals, maps, speeches, etc.
There are two general kinds of
Historical sources
B. Secondary Sources – Are materials made by people long
after the events being described had taken place to provide
valuable interpretations of historical events.
- These are interpreted information also known as second hand
information. Eg. Research papers, Articles, Editorials, etc.
Historical Criticism
- to ascertain the authenticity and reliability of primary
sources to be used in crafting a narrative, a historian needs
to employ two levels of historical criticism, namely
external criticism and internal criticism.
a. External criticism – answers concerns and questions
pertinent to the authenticity of a historical source by
identifying who composed the historical material, locating
when and where the historical material was produced, and
establishing the material’s evidential value.
B. Internal criticism – deals with the credibility and
reliability of the content of a given historical source.
- It focuses on understanding the substances and message
that the historical material wants to convey by examining
how the author framed the intent and meaning of a
composed material.