DECONSTRUCTIONS OF HOW

NATIONS CONSTRUCT SECURITY

Concept of Internal and External Security 0 00:15:00
Internal Security
• Internal security is the act of maintaining peace within a sovereign state's or other self-governing
territory's borders, usually through respecting national law and defending against internal security
threats.
• In general terms, internal security means the threat within the country. For Example, the Naxalite
movement is a threat that India faces within the country.
• The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is the Nodal Ministry to mitigate the internal security threats and
manage the internal security in the country. For this, there are various established institutional
mechanisms in place to manage the internal security within the country.

External Security:
• The external security threat is one, which we witness from outside. The threats come from the
neighbours and beyond. Here the word "beyond" refers to an extended neighbourhood or even
beyond that.
► Extended neighbourhood refers to countries that do not have a land boundary with India directly
but are in some way or the other very close to countries with land boundaries with India. As a result
of development in these countries, there can be some impact on the security of India.
► For Example, the development in Central Asia has security implications for India because if the
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of security threat in Central Asia might spill over to India.
(/) ► Similarly, just next to Central Asia is another important extended neighbourhood of ours is
Afghanistan. India always wants a stable and peaceful Afghanistan, as the developments in
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• But other countries in the neighbourhood are amicable and accommodating in nature; they respect
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 The maintenance of internal security is the sole The maintenance of external security is the sole
responsibility of the state police, supported by responsibility of the armed forces/army.
central police forces and agencies.

The matter of internal security falls under the The matter of external security falls under the
purview of the Ministry of Home Affairs. purview of the Ministry of Defence.

To tac kle internal security issues requires To tac kle external security issues requires
unconventional warfare skills. conventional warfare skills.

Police efforts for internal security maintenance may Human rights issues are generally neglected while
lead to issues of human rights violation as it often fighting a war against a foreign country.
involves a war against our own citizens.

Concept of National Security 0 00:24:25

• Every country has a set of beliefs, values and ways of life, but inhabiting people are bound to be
heterogeneous, so they are regulated through the principle of Common Minimum Programme, which
forms the belief system of the country.
• In the context of national security, it is that belief system that binds together the different people of the
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country. The two belief systems that bind us together are harmony and tolerance. 0:
• Through this belief system, we have cultivated the value of democracy, where diverse interests can ::::,
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co-exist peacefully. So, the concept of National security combines the protection of territories and (/)
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• National security can best be defined as a nation's possession of control of its sovereignty and destiny. 0::
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others, using methods short of war, to do something. (/)
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Traditional and Non-traditional Security Threats 0 00:37:10
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Traditional Threats:
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Moreover, the advancement of information technology has also increased the potential of non­ 0
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Non-traditional Threat: 0::
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• It includes all those threats that occur from non-military means-for Example, misuse of the (/)
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 states together and their security.
• Health, For Example, the Covid-19 led to the nationwide shutdown and forced people to migrate. At
the same time, the country is struggling with vaccine resistance; people are reluctant to take vaccines
because of the misinformation that floated and made people believe that it is not good for them.
• Tackling the non-traditional security threat is more complex and challenging than handling
traditional security threats, which may require only one strategy. On the other hand, non-traditional
security requires multiple strategies to counter it.
• The adversary country prefers to wage non-traditional security threats because it requires more
resources to tackle them, which drains the country.

Multiple Fronts of War 0 00:50:40

• When India got Independence in 1947, the people of India had a belief system, value system and a way
of life. The people of India believed in democracy and peaceful coexistence.
• But our adversary tried to threaten this immediately after the Independence. Pakistan created trouble
for India in Kashmir.
• Although India was able to use military means and successfully mitigated this threat, Pakistan
emerged as a hostile and ever-threatening state for India. Hence, the managers of Indian security
understood that Pakistan is a war front.
► War front means the area from where a crisis may occur or hostilities may arise, so for us one front
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Pakistan gave us as our neighbour compelled India to prepare for one front war.
(/) • After a few years of India's Independence, China had emerged as another threat for India. Although
India always tried to remain peaceful with China, but this peace did not last very long, and in 1962 India
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• It became imminently clear that China is another front, and India decided to prepare itself for a two­
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(/) • There is a border issue with China that is unresolved. This border issue has created a lot of conflicts
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• The front war is not the only threat that India faces today. China and Pakistan are also trying to go a
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little beyond and are trying to do two things: On the one hand China because of its capability, is
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0 In the 1960s, China and Pakistan also started deepening their ties, and it became very clear that China
and Pakistan combinedly constituted the two-front threat for India.
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 due to differences of opinion, which can be resolved through talks built over consensus.
• The strategy to resolve the differences of opinion is through diplomatic dialogue, where the two sides
come up with a mutual consensus acceptable to both parties.
• But in certain situations, mutual consensus may not happen, and due to such failure, tension may
prevail. The tension may be a conducive condition for violence. The violence that may occur is non­
deliberate and accidental in nature.
• For Example, the differences of opinion between India and China about borders, where both the
countries for about a decade tried to come to a consensus but they failed.
• As a result of which tension prevailed between the two countries, which ultimately manifested itself
into the 1962 conflict, after which, again, these countries resorted to talking, similar is the condition of
India with Pakistan.

War:
• In war, one country deliberately attacks the sovereignty of another country. The objective is to
deliberately hurt another country which is an intentional act and not accidental as in the case of
conflict. For Example, India's war with Pakistan in 1947-48, 1965, and 1971.
• In the current scenario, India is threatened from multiple fronts. Pakistan is one front, and China is
another.
• Pakistan with its capability in intelligence undertaking hybrid wars.
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Hybrid war: ::::,
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• A hybrid war is a non-military war where the opponent resorts to various means. For Example, (/)
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► Disinformation campaign, where the information is disseminated in a way that truth is made to be (/)
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perceived as non-true. For Example, we all know the role of police to maintain law and order in 0
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society, but a disinformation campaign may state that police are made for suppression which may (/)
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hamper the belief system of the people against the police. 0
► Economic manipulation, like printing and pumping of fake currencies into India to strangulate the
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Concept of Sabotage and Subversion 0 01:21:46 �
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 • It is the end goal and the strategy through which a country destroys another country through
subversion.
Subversion:
• Subversion is the means to attain sabotage.
• It includes the strategies to attack and assault on the belief system of a country on a regular basis. E.g.,
hybrid war.

Militancy: 0 01:27:21
• It is defined as any unstable area affected by prolonged violence which could be combative or
offensive in nature.
• E.g Punjab experienced militancy in the 1980s, disturbance in the Northeastern part of the country,
and conflict in the Chhattisgarh Jharkhand belt.
• Militancy is a general term used to define the disturbance created due to violence, but it does not
define the nature of violence or mention the factors behind it.

Insurgency:
• It is essentially a rebellion against the political organization when the ethnic communities feel that
they are not properly represented, which give rise to violence.
• In an insurgency, the condition is created for violence where the objective is to undertake
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(/) influence of the external factor and may later act as a threat to its parent country.

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• Extremism means the adoption of extreme political, social, and religious ideas, which undermines
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0 Fault line: 0 01:46:05

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• It is a political cleavage exploited by adversaries. Here the criticism of the government may expose
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a::: Narratives: 0 01:54:30
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 influential segments of society or anyone who has the capability to influence the people.
• It was started by the western countries in modern times during the cold war period, specifically the US.
• For Example, the US made the world believe that Communism is anti-people and capitalism is pro­
people who only flourishes in democracy and popularizes the idea in the world.

Conventional and Sub-conventional Doctrines

Conventional War:
• Conventional war is always a war in which one state fights another state with the use of military
force. In short, it is military to military confrontation.
• There are situations when one state is not able to win in military confrontation it resorts to different
means like:
► Support for non-state actors to a proxy war.
► Develop capabilities other than military capabilities like nuclear capabilities, which act as a shield.

Sub-conventional War:
• In such a war, the state has to develop responses at the security level, and such responses should be
below the threshold level to instigate nuclear retaliation.
• In short, the retaliation by the state shall be in a way that is above peaceful coexistence but below the
potential of war.
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 II TERRORISM
Definition � 00:01:00
There is no concrete definition of terrorism globally. Many western countries tried and attempted to define
terrorism as linked to a particular religion which was not accepted by the international communities. This
way of looking at terrorism is conceptually wrong as no religion advocates terrorism.

Also, the United Nations (UN) does not have a particular definition of terrorism, although it tries to prevent
terrorism in a different aspect.

India and Terrorism:

• In India, the Union Ministry of Home Affairs, the Ministry of Defence, and various other agencies
working under these ministries are responsible for fighting terrorism.
• The agencies have a working level definition of terrorism. This definition is used to prepare a doctrine
and clarity to approach and prevent terrorism.
• The definition of terrorism in India is a group or organisation or an individual who uses violence to gain
any political goal or ideological goal.
• For example, the use of non-state actors like Lashkar-e-Taiba by Pakistan to occupy Kashmir.
Ideologically they have also been supporting homegrown terrorism in India like Indian Mujahideen.

Scholars View on Terrorism:

• According to the sociological school of thought, the issues present in the society like marginalisation
and depreciation causes frustration and anxiety, which manifest in the form of violence and, ultimately
terrorism.
• For Example, France is a developed country in Europe, which is now a victim of terrorism. During the
industrial revolution, France colonised many African countries and brought African people there. As a
result, the African people settled in France, and now the descendants of these people are demanding
equal rights in the country, which is being opposed by the local French natives. This led to the
marginalisation of the African people, who now resumed lone wolf terrorist activity. This explains a
sociological fault line present in French society.
• Another example, Bhutan, a Himalayan country, took a few developmental projects that impacted the
environment and, ultimately, people complained about the unhappiness regarding this development.
The Bhutan government took note of it and formulated the concept of the Gross National Happiness
(GNH) Index. This stated that the state (Bhutan) would support and encourage only those
developmental activities that promote happiness among its people. This shows how the
marginalisation of the people was nipped in the bud (suppress or destroy something at the early stage).
As a result of this, the people of Bhutan are living happily and never resorted to violence.
� • On the other side, marginalisation, depreciation, and frustration are very much present in Indian
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Types of Terrorism: 0 00:17:15
There are mainly three types of terrorism which are state-sponsored terrorism, state terrorism and
international terrorism.

State-Sponsored terrorism
Suppose country A has a war with country B and country A always gets defeated. Now, country A
understands that country B has a superior conventional military. But at the same time, it is still holding the
ambition to defeat country B. In the backdrop of this, country A decides to go for indirect war with country B.
Now for indirect war, Country A creates a proxy group or non-state actors. This proxy group will create fronts
and overground workers to undertake proxy war against B. This implies that country A is sponsoring
terrorism acts in country B. This is known as state-sponsored terrorism.

Over Ground Workers(OGW):

• Overground workers (OGWs) are persons who provide logistical assistance, finance, accommodation,
and other supports to militants or terrorists in their insurgency movements.
• These are the people of country B (as mentioned above example) who are marginalised and deprived
and are used by A.
• The proxy group of country A recruits these marginalised people. The proxy group tries to convince the
marginalised people that they have been discriminated against continuously, and the solution to it is
with a proxy group.
• Once these marginalised people are convinced, they start supporting country A in various ways.

• Proxy Group Logistics: It is the first step in the recruitment process where the ground worker is
given the arms consignment to keep it safe.

• Proxy Group Financing: It is the next step where the ground worker tries to convince the people
to do charity for the proxy war. Slowly this process is seen as a struggle for liberation.

• Over Groundwork Worker: They are sent to radicalise people and motivate them to pick up their
arms. So basically, they act as a motivational speaker.

• The overground workers' perception and sentiments training among the Aawam motivate those
marginalised general public but do not sympathise with the proxy group. �
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 • In short, country A created proxy groups (PGs) which in turn created front organisations ( FO) and Over
Ground Workers (OGW). They all together form the Competitive Terrorism Industry (CTI).

Functions of a front organisation

• Front organisations are used for the creation of radicalisation. They are of two types:
► Short term front organisations focus more on the instant radicalisation of the people.
► Long term front organisations establish a presence in the society to mobilise people on
humanitarian ground, political ground and then radicalise them for terrorist activity.

Implying this {Front organisation) theory in India:

• Pakistan has fought many wars against India from 1947 to 1971 and has always lost to India. Pakistan
understood that in direct war with India, it would always be defeated due to India's superior
conventional military. So, it resorted to a proxy war.
• In the meanwhile, from 1979-1989, Pakistan got engaged in Afghanistan on the instructions of the
United States (US) to counter the presence of the then United States of Soviet Russia (USSR) in
Afghanistan.
• The people of Afghanistan were not happy with the presence of the USSR in their territory, and taking
advantage of the situation, they were radicalised by Saudi Arabia and Pakistan by stating that their
religion was in danger in the communist hand. This led to the creation of the Mujahideen, which was
financed and supported by the US.
• They fought and ousted the USSR from Afghanistan. But their hope of forming the government in
Afghanistan was belied by the US withdrawal. Taking advantage of the situation, Pakistan started
creating a proxy group in Jammu and Kashmir.
• In 1989, Pakistan created the first proxy group named Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) . Later on, in 1992,
different proxy groups were created by Pakistan like Harkat ul Ansar, Hizbul Mujahideen, Al- Umar
Mujahideen, Allah tigers.
• However, Pakistan tried to balance the Lashkar-e-Taiba and these proxy groups by creating
competition among them for achieving the same target.
• In 2000 Jaish -e- Muhammad was created. In 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament was done by Jaish -
e- Muhammad, and it was the first time that a non-state actor moved beyond Kashmir.
• The whole idea of creating these many proxy groups by Pakistan was to create competition to check
and balance each other.
• The aim behind creating multiple groups is to increase the pressure on Indian security and squeeze
India financially.

� India's response to threats

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 interrogated. The information derived from such interrogation was given to the authorities concerned
with foreign affairs or diplomats, which then was used to marginalise Pakistan internationally.
• Consequently, Pakistan was isolated globally and exposed as a state sponsoring terrorism. In these
scenarios, Pakistan understood that sending terrorists is indeed a risky activity.
• In 2001, the US invaded Afghanistan, and there was a war against terrorism globally. In 2002 Pakistan
shifted their strategy; Pakistan asked Marginalized and Deprived MID to create a political wing called
Jamaat-Ud-Dawa( JUD) and use it to radicalise Indian people. JUD was to create a front organisation in
India and a proxy group.
• Jamaat-Ud-Dawa( JUD) sent its members to India to find if there were any Indian radical groups. They
found a group named SIMI (Student Islamic Movement of India).
• SIMI was created in 1977 and was initially a peaceful organisation aimed to fight for Muslim rights in
India. But over the period of time, they were radicalised and even went to the extent of stating that they
would launch Jihad against India. Ultimately in 2001, the group was banned by India. Later, this
organisation became a short-term front for ISi/JUD.
• In addition to it a new long-term front was created named Khair-e-Umat trust. It was created for the
long-term radicalisation of the people. They were presented as a humanitarian group. This group tries
to develop the people's trust by providing emergency needs and education in madrasa.
• In 2005 the energy of already radicalised people was channelised into forming Indian Mujahideen.
Indian Mujahideen consisted of the Indian people undertaking the terrorist activity. This created edge
for Pakistan as India cannot complain in the UN against Pakistan sponsored radicalised Indian people
committing terrorist activity.
• Now Pakistan has reversed the complaint that the Indian people who are committing terrorist activity
are dissatisfied with Indian democracy.
• Pakistan many times tried to prove that Indian democracy is weak and is not able to bring the different
sections of its people together. People started questioning the credentials of India.
• Pakistan again started focusing on Jammu and Kashmir Jaish-e-Mohammed, Lashkar-e-Taiba and
Hurriyat took it for granted. Due to which the separatist group started breaking.
• The long-term front organisation created by ISi earlier was channelised into the creation of a new
organisation called Popular Front of India.
• Through these many organisations, Pakistan tried creating different layers to reach the Indian
Mujahideen and Popular Front of India and took advantage of plausible deniability. Possible deniability,
in this proving sponsorship, becomes difficult, which makes counterattack from India difficult.

India's Institutional Structure to Tackle terrorism � 02:11:00

• The Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) gather the information of Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish -e
Mohammed, ISi etc., externally and share it with the body called Special Cell at the state police level. �
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 about the long-term front created.
• The Special Cells act as a nodal point at the state level for the IB and RAW.

• Research and Analysis Wing (RAW): The Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) is India's premier
intelligence agency. Raw was established to satisfy the need for increased intelligence that was
identified during the 1962 Sino-Indian Border War and during the lndo-Pakistani War of 1965.
RAW was created in 1968 to handle India's external intelligence affairs.
• Intelligence Bureau: The Intelligence Bureau (IB) is India's domestic intelligence, internal security
and counter-intelligence agency.

India's Doctrines to Tackle Terrorism:

Doctrines to Tackle
Terrorism

Good Grievance
Malayan Doctrine Counter Proxy War
Doctrine

• Malayan Doctrine: It was the Doctrine used by the Britishers to conquer the Malayan Peninsula, but
after independence, it was adjusted to suit the Indian situation.
► Here 5 Agencies are involved Army, Military Intelligence, NSG, RAW and IB.
► First, they identify the terrorist affected area and try to locate the front organisation, prepare a
terrorism map. The map prepared by the military intelligence is handed over to the Army and NSG.
They together do Counter-Terrorism operations.
► When the area becomes free of OGW's (Over Ground Workers) , it is handed over to political
executives who promote participatory democracy.
► Lastly, the IB keeps a check that no OGW is reviving.

• Good Grievance Doctrine: Here, the sole agency is Intelligence Bureau. IB infiltrates sensitive
communal areas. They live in this area and try to gather information about the possible riot. Riots are
basically the result of certain grievances; the Intelligence Bureau identifies these grievances and hands
� over these to the political executive to resolve them.
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 proxy group in the adversary state by sympathising with its ideology or providing monetary support.
State Terrorism: 0 02:32:20
In-state terrorism, the state uses the instrument of national power ( army and police) to suppress its own
people. Misuse of power by Hitler to kill juice in Germany, China acts in the Xinxiang province are an example
of state terrorism.

International Terrorism: 0 02:36:14

International terrorism is a phenomenon where the enmity of two countries manifests on the land of third
country. For Example Iran-Israel conflict manifested in New Delhi in 2012 where an Israel diplomat was
killed by Iranian. This made India a victim of international terrorism.
It is important to note that India is a victim of all three types of terrorism i.e., state-sponsored terrorism, state
terrorism and international terrorism.

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Previous Year's Questions

• The scourage o+ terrorism is a grave challenge to national security. What solutions do you
suggest to curb the growing menace? What are the major sources o+ terrorist funding? ( 2016)
• Terrorism is emerging as a competitive industry over the last +ew decades. Analyse the above
statement (2016)

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 IJ VARIOUS SECURITY FORCES AND
T HEIR MANDATES
Types of Security Forces 0 00:01:00
• Direct Service: In the direct service, the members of the security forces (like BSF, CISF, CRPF, etc. ) are
directly recruited through open competitive examinations.
• Pooled Service: In the pooled service, the members of the security forces are recruited from different
services which are already serving in various forces, no open competitive exam for pooled service
recruitment. It is also called deputation forces, for example, Special Protection Group, NSG, RAW etc.

Classification of Forces: 0 00:06:22

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� • CTO: Counter Terror Operation

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• Classified forces mean that they exist in a covert manner which implies that the Government of India
a::: will never expose such kinds of agencies in the country.
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 • These classified forces' budget, manpower, and technical equipment never be disclosed.
• For example, Defence Intelligence Agency (DIU), Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) and Special Frontier
Force (SFF).

Intelligence Bureau 00:13:32

• Intelligence Bureau (IB) was created by the Britishers after independence in 1947. IB was given
the responsibility of domestic Intelligence as well as external Intelligence; in this sense, it had a
dual role.

• Later in 1968, due to certain geopolitical changes, IB was divided, and external intelligence work
was given away to a newly created body RAW (Research and analysis wing).

• After work division, the Intelligence Bureau focussed only on domestic intelligence work and
provide inputs to the different agencies when required.

Armed Forces 00:16:07

The armed forces of India constituted three services, namely the Army, Navy and Air force.

• Army serves the country on land and has its own Intelligence Agency called Military �
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Maritime theatre.
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exigencies. ::::,
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was to ensure the coordination of the three services of defence. And also to establish a blueprint
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on distributing assets converted to each theatre. So, theaterisation is all about integration. u
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14
 • For example, earlier, there was a Western Command to counter the threat from Pakistan,
which was mainly dominated by the Army, but with the changing strategy of Pakistan, which
now uses Tanzeems to threaten India, a western theatre is created where the air force holds
the most important command followed by Navy and Army.
• Eastern theatre, which was earlier an Eastern command. The Army is given prime importance
here because of the physiography of Ladakh (plateau )and Arunachal Pradesh. Swift army is
supported by the air force logistics, and Navy assets are completely free to be used somewhere
else.
• Indian Ocean theatre is a prominent route for trade. The threat in the sea lane of communication
here may threaten our Security. The Navy holds the importance.

Paramilitary Forces 0 00:32:07

The paramilitary forces were created to assist the armed forces and provide auxiliary support to them. They
are as follows:
Indian Coast Guard (ICG):
• The United Nations Convention of Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 deals with regulating global
water and divides the global water into the following categories:
► Internal water, which falls within the boundary of the country.
► Territorial water, which is measured from the coastal line up to 12 nautical miles. It was within the
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ii: sovereignty of the country.
:::::>
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► Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) that extends from 24 to 200 nautical miles and falls partially under
:::::>
a::: the sovereignty of the country. It is where the Navy of the country's deployed. Any intelligence
regarding illegal activities is shared by ICG to the Navy and MAR POL.
z
0
u ► High sea/ International water, a no zone of sovereignty.
(/) • All the coastal states in the country have a department to manage the territorial water called MARPOL
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0 (Marine police).
► Indian Coast Guard is deployed here to gather Intelligence from the official community about the
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illegal activities. They are also called the friends of the fishermen community. Indian Coast Guard is
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0 a buffer force that provides Intelligence and assistance to the Navy.
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0 Special Frontier Force (SFF)
(/)
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0 • In 1950, the CIA and 1B came together to train Tibetans from the Mustang region of Tibet. These
were also called the resistance fighters. Their motive was to tackle China if any resistance
:::::>
a::: happened in Tibet.
1-
(/)
z •
0 In 1959 during the Tibetan uprising, the Dalai Lama came to India safely with the help of these
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UJ resistance fighters.
C

15
 • In 1962 during the lndo-China conflict, the Government of India created a special force called
Special Frontier Force.

• The members of the Special Frontier Force were majorly Tibetan in origin, and their objective
was purely China-centric. They were created to carry out covert operations in China.

• In 1968 they were transferred under the control of RAW.

• When they are deployed to the China border, the command is given to the Army.

• In RAW, the term SFF is not used frequently rather;, the term Establishment 22 is used. The head
is an Officer of the Army at the rank of Lieutenant General or Major General on deputation to
RAW.

Assam Rifles
• Assam Rifles is the oldest paramilitary force. It was created by the British to tackle the tribes in the
Northeast and spread Christianity.
• The headquarter of Assam Rifles is in Shillong, and mostly the locals are recruited in this force.
• After the independence, it became a paramilitary force, and its objective was to assist the Army in
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suppressing insurgency in northeast India. 0:
• It is a very specialized force in counter-insurgency operation headed by an army officer of the rank of ::::,
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Lieutenant General. (/)

• The Assam Rifle comes under the dual control of the Ministry of Home Affairs and Ministry of
1-
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Defence. The administrative function is under the Ministry of Home Affairs, and the operational 0::
1-
function is under the Ministry of Defence. (/)
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• The dual control of Assam Rifles often creates conflict, and there was a talk about having a unified 0
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control. However, in 2019 the Government of India has proposed to merge Assam Rifles with the lndo (/)
z
Tibetan Border Police Force (ITBP) , but the Army has rejected the proposal citing the reasons that both 0
Assam Rifles and ITBP has expertise in distinct areas.
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Central Armed Police Force(CAPF)
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• Central Armed Police Force is a central police organization created with the objective of assisting 0
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every force, be it armed forces, Paramilitary forces, Central agency intelligence, state police or any LI..
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other force. It basically acts as an auxiliary force. (/)

• Various forces that come under CAPF:

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► CISF( Central Industrial Security Force): It provides Security to the public installations. The
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Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has the power to decide which installation is to be entitled as a 0::
1-
public installation. An example includes nuclear power plants, government printing press, (/)
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government buildings, government offices etc. In some cases, it may also render to VIP security. 0
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After 2000 the airport was brought under the control of the CISF. But there are certain airports w
0

16
 going to their locations that are under the control of different agencies. For example, Amritsar
airport under the Military Intelligence Control, Jammu Airport under the control of Intelligence
Bureau, etc.
► CRPF( Central Reserve Police Force): It undertakes counter-insurgency operations. It also
undertakes Naxalite operations. It assists the Army and works closely with the Counterinsurgency
Force of the Army called Rashtriya Rifles.
► BSF (Border Security Force): BSF is deployed at the India-Bangladesh border and is also deployed
at the India-Pakistan border. 'G-Branch' is the intelligence unit of BSF.
► IT BP (lndo-Tibetan Border Police): It provides Security at the Western Sector of Line of Actual
Control (LAC).
► SSB (Sashastra Seema Bal): It is deployed at lndo Nepal and lndo Bhutan border.

Special Protection Group (SPG)

• SPG was created for the Security of the Indian Prime Minister after the assassination of the former
Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi.

• The personnel of SPG are recruited from RAW, Military Intelligence and IB and hence it is called as
Intelligence dominated force.
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ii: • There has been a recent amendment in 2019. According to which the SPG protection is provided
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(/) • NSG is the elite Counter-Terrorism Force. It acts whenever the contingency arises.
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0 • NSG deal only when there is a major terrorist attack on the country. The power to call NSG lies with the
Ministry of Home Affairs.
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0 Railway Protection Force (RPF)
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u. • Railway infrastructure is owned by the union, but they are present in the state. The centre has its own
0
(/) special force to protect these Railways infrastructure.
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0 RPF takes assistance from the GRP (Government Railway Police) of each state.

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a::: National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
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0 tackling disaster situations.
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C NDRF also works on post-disaster relief. They are also trained to tackle nuclear, radiological disasters.

17
Various Central Agencies 0 01:33:41
• National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB): NCRB acts as an inter-state crime repository. It comes
under the Ministry of Home Affairs and shares data with other states.
• Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB): It forces liquor prohibition, and Narcotic drugs and psychotropic
substances act 1985. It comes under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
• National Investigation Agency (NIA): Earlier, police used to investigate terrorist activities, but it was
difficult for them to deal with threats from an external entity, mainly Pakistan, which created a
jurisdiction problem for them. NIA was created after the 26 /1 1/ 2008 Mumbai attack.
► The NIA Court was created to assist and investigate the offence and safeguard the officers and the
prospective terrorist from the public eye and the adversaries.
► The central government has the power to appoint the judge of the NIA Court and dissolve it when
the Court has served its purpose.
► The NIA Act provided a list of Schedule offences, and NIA has the power to investigate only these
offences.
► Apart from investigating terrorist activities, it also investigates the case of trafficking radicalization
and counterfeit currency.

Intelligence Agencies 0 01:46:06

There are three steps to which an intelligence agency's functions.
• �
Step 1 (Gathering): It relates to the gathering of information through various tools. 0:
► HU MINT means human Intelligence, and the information is gathered by a handling agent. ::::,
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► GEOINT means geospatial Intelligence; the information is gathered through satellites. (/)
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newspapers magazines, books etc 0::
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• Step 2 (Processing): It involves the process of codebreaking of the given information. It is done by the (/)
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transposition experts/ CIPHERS. 0
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• Step 3 (Action): It takes on the process intelligence, which can be covid operation largely with the (/)
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objective of neutralizing the adversary sources. 0

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18
 Economic Intelligence Agencies
• The economic intelligence agencies are created with the objective of the prevention of money
laundering and the prevention of Benami transactions.
• They include the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (ORI), Directorate of Economic Intelligence (DEi)
and Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) .
Internal and External Security Intelligence Agencies
• Intelligence Bureau (1B): Intelligence Bureau was created by the Britishers after independence in
1947. IB was given the responsibility of domestic Intelligence as well as external Intelligence; in this
sense, it had a dual role. Later in 1968, IB was divided, and external intelligence work was given away
to a newly created body RAW (right analytical wing).
• Research and Analysis Wing (RAW): RAW is responsible for providing external intelligence
information.

How do these Agencies engage with one another?

• Defence Intelligence Agency is the database of all the defence agencies.

• NATGRID National intelligence grid is a super database of the government.
• Each agency appoints its NAO( NATGRID Access officers) as officers to access the information
from the national intelligence grid.
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19
 RO LE O F EXTERNAL STATE AN D N O N -STATE ACTO RS
I N CREATI N G C HALLE N G ES TO I NTERNAL SECU RITY

• India-Pakistan Conflict ( 1947-48): States like Pakistan have created non-state actors to wage war
against India. After independence in 1947, Pakistan perceived Jammu and Kashmir as an unfinished
task, thereby attacking it to snatch it from India. This was the first War of India- Pakistan (1947-48).
► Due to the international intervention of the United Nations, the first war eventually concluded with
the ceasefire line created between India and Pakistan over Jammu and Kashmir.
� ► This war was very decisive as now India understood that Pakistan would not accept it as a peaceful
i:i:
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w • India-China Conflict (1962)
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• India-Pakistan Conflict (1965)
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successfully retaliate against China. The reasons were:
w • Inadequate modernisation of Indian military.
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• After independence, India had the objective to have peace and resolve eve ry Conflict through
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0::: dialogues. So, the need for a huge aggressive military was not felt.
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z • India also wanted to contribute to world peace through Non-Alignment Movement (NAM); that's
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• From 1963, India silently started the modernisation of its military. A Defence military was
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� ► Consideration of Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri as a weak leader.
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Therefore, Pakistan tried to exploit the weak situation of India and attacked it. In response, India retaliated
z aggressively, which shocked Pakistan (as they had no idea that India was silently modernising its military) . It
0:::
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• This 1965 attack by Pakistan paved the way for the creation of R & AW.
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0 • The 1965 war made India realise that Pakistan's adventure ove r Kashmir would continue to happen.
0:::

20
 • In the backdrop of this, Intelligence Bureau was bifurcated in 1968. And in the same year, R&AW was
created with a task to manage Pakistan.
• The members of RAW started exploring the fault lines of Pakistan and exploited these lines.

Differences between West Pakistan and East Pakistan:

• The power centre in West Pakistan. �
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These problems aggravated when West Pakistan imposed Urdu language on East Pakistan. z
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(People perceive language very close to their heart and their identity). The people of East Pakistan wanted
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Bengali to be the administrative language but West Pakistan stated that being a part of Muslim country,
Urdu would be its administrative language. Due to this, East Pakistanis felt very frustrated. �
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From 1968, RAW began to formulate and work on the fault lines in East Pakistan. The fault lines were given z
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as below: -'
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From 1969 onwards, India gave a lot of covert support to the separatist political groups in East Pakistan.
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East Pakistan. Being the nerve centre, West Pakistan did not allow the East Pakistani elected leaders to LU
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come up and suppress them. 0
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21
 • As a result, in 1971, West Pakistan launched Operation Searchlight to identify the separatist groups
in East Pakistan. Therefore, many people from East Pakistan migrated to India and created a refugee
crisis in the country.
• Pakistan began to sense that India was supporting these people, so they launched a pre-emptive
attack on India on the western border in 1971.
� • In response, India retaliated and opened the war on the eastern front where there was a refugee
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w ► India captured 92000 West Pakistani soldiers and declared them as prisoners of war.
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► India supported the independent Regime of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in East Pakistan, which
z resulted in the creation of Bangladesh in 197 1.
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• At the same time in 1970's, India with the Afghanistan regime started supporting the Baloch rebels
w and independence of Balochistan.
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US-Pakistan-Sino ties post-197 1: 0 00:22:58
<( • The United States got upset with Pakistan losing its Eastern front because the US was using Pakistan
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(.!) as their base during the cold war period.
z • At the same time, the Indian government declared that the creation of independent Bangladesh was a
w very high day for the Indian military.
0:::
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z highly modernised Indian military is a threat.
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0::: • Thus, post-1971, the United States became busy ensuring the survival of Pakistan. The objective of
the US was to simply make and sustain its presence in Asia so that the pendulum did not shift
<( towards Russia during the cold war era.
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� • For this, the US decided to do the following things so that the Indian military does not threaten the
� survival of Pakistan.
z ► Improving the US-China Ties:
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z o US-China relations were opened up. Both countries became friends. In 1978, China, under the
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w o At the same time, China understood one more thing that engaging with the United States would
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► The US deepened their ties with Pakistan to ensure its survival.
z ► Along with the above steps, the US decided to divert the attention of the Indian Army to ensure the
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o With the military and the financial support from the United States, Pakistan accentuated the

0::: already existing fault line, which resulted in demand for Khalistan.

22
 o Therefore, a part of the Indian military was deployed on the western front (in Punjab) to tackle
this Khalistan Movement.
o Now the US, along with China, started creating problems for India in the North East.
• In the North-East, the fault line existed in the form of the tribal groups and their leaders.
■ US-supplied arms and ammunition to China to train these tribal groups and their leaders in
guerrilla warfare in the Yunan province of China, and they were asked to create secessionism �
ii:
in North-East India. :::::>
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With this in the 1970s, India started witnessing secessionist terrorism in North East. LU
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■ This, too, diverted the attention and resources of the Indian military on the North-Eastern -'
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Geographically, the Indian military was fighting at the two extreme fronts of the country. And with this
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Military Doctrine of India: 0 00:37:44
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convinced peacefully through talks. But over a period of time, India realised that the other party did not (.!)

believe in peace talks.

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tackle them there.
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• In 1998, both India and Pakistan became nuclear states. Pakistan was convinced that it could not fight <X:
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not cross the Nuclear red line (below the nuclear threshold). This will be done by identifying those spots z
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terrorist launch pads. In this case, Pakistan cannot accept such activities from the Indian side; �
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23
 LINE OF CONTRO L AND ITS
C HA LLENGES
Accession of Jammu and Kashmir: 0 00:00:20
• Jammu and Kashmir was a princely state and under the Britishers' control during colonial rule. After
independence in 1947, Jammu and Kashmir was given three choices; either join India/ Pakistan or
remain independent. Then the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, Hari Singh, wanted to remain independent.
He was the Hindu ruler ruling the Muslim majority area.

Hari Singh wanted to remain independent because;

• If he joined Pakistan, a Muslim-dominated state, and he himself was a Hindu ruler, his power would be
taken away.
• If he joined India based on the principle of democracy, he feared that his power would be taken away.

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l!)
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• On the other hand, Pakistan claimed that since J&K was a Muslim majority area, it should automatically
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c:: for that, they had to sign a standstill agreement with that particular dominion they wanted to join. This
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u
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0 • The signing of the standstill agreement would require preparatory work, and through the instrument of
LU
z instruction princely state would finally accede to that Dominion.
:::i

24
 • Pakistan started pressurising Hari Singh to join it, stating that the population of Jammu and Kashmir is
a Muslim majority. At that time, Hari Singh realised that his Muslim majority subjects were not very
happy with him. There is a possibility of revolt. If the revolt happens, people will favour joining Pakistan.
So he temporarily engaged and signed a standstill agreement with Pakistan.

• After signing the standstill agreement, Pakistan started pressurising Hari Singh to join Pakistan
quickly. But Hari Singh demanded more time as he was also negotiating with India, that the
government would strip him of the power if he joined this dominion.

• India responded by stating that whether Hari Singh joins India or not, the value of democracy would
prevail, and there would be no monarchy. Meanwhile, Pakistan started pressurising Hari Singh by
sending irregular jihadis and army officers. The role of these jihadis was very clear, to create violence in
Kashmir by killing people, terrorising them, and occupying the territory.

• While these irregular army was telling and occupying the territory, they were on the verge of reaching
Srinagar, where Hari Singh lived. Under this threat, Hari Singh tried reaching Jawahar Lal Nehru and
requested help. Nehru responded by stating that since you are not part of India and have signed a
standstill agreement with Pakistan, we cannot help you. We can only help you when Jammu and
Kashmir become part of India. Nehru also proposed that if Hari Singh signs the agreement, India will
send its army to repulse these irregular jihadis.

• Now Hari Singh had no option to safeguard his territory from Pakistan; therefore, he signed an
instrument of accession with India. Through this, Kashmir formally acceded to India.

Ceasefire line/Line of Control (LOC): (!, 00:14:50

• The Indian army was sent to Jammu & Kashmir in November 1947 to remove these irregular armies
(/)
and reoccupy the lands occupied by them. While dealing with these irregular armies, the Indian army
w
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found out that they had some Pakistan military officers, which directly attacked India sovereignty. This
z
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resulted in the first war between India and Pakistan. ...I
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• By the end of 1948, some parts occupied by irregular army was reoccupied by the Indian army, but
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some parts still remained with Pakistan. Pakistan was not able to occupy the entire Kashmir, and India 0
could not reoccupy the whole Kashmir by repulsing them.
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dialogues is first to maintain the status quo. To maintain the status quo, India's stated that till the time 0
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dialogue does not resolve the issue, Pakistan and India would remain in their present position and LL
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would not transgress each others territory. To which Pakistan agreed and by 1949, Kashmir became a w
dispute between India and Pakistan.
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25
 • India stated that Kashmir is formally part of India as Hari Singh signed an instrument of accession with
India. Any presence of Pakistan on the soil of Kashmir is illegal.

• Pakistan wrote down their argument similar to India, claiming that Kashmir is part of Pakistan and
India has occupied it forcefully. They also added that Kashmir has a Muslim majority that automatically
becomes a part of Pakistan.

• In 1949, the two parties signed the Karachi Agreement in this backdrop. Under this agreement it was
stated that they would maintain Status quo on the ground. To maintain the status quo, a line was
created called a ceasefire line. This ceasefire line was a temporary line and would not be crossed by
both countries until the dispute is not resolved. Immediately after the ceasefire line was created,
Pakistan deployed its army there and India retaliated by deploying its own army.

• Now this ceasefire line has become militarised. Ideally, the ceasefire line is created in the disputed area
and should be demilitarised to create a conducive condition for talks that resolve the issue with
dialogues. Both the parties wanted to go to the United Nations (UN) for its mediation to have a
consensus over this temporary line to reach a permanent solution.

• For many years dialogue happened between the two parties, but there was no result. In 1971 a war
between India and Pakistan happened. India defeated Pakistan, and the Shimla agreement was signed in
1972.

Shimla Agreement (1972):

• United Nations will no longer play the mediator role; now, the issue will be solved bilaterally.
• Word ceasefire line would be replaced by the more realistic term Line of Control (LOC) .

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Un, te d Nations Ce as e fire lme replaced by
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26
Pakistan Border: 0 00:30: 1 2
Four different terminologies involved.
1. 1B stands for International Border.
2. W B stands for working border or working boundary
3. CFL/ LOC stand Ceasefire line/ Line of Control.
4. AGCL stands Actual 1, rn 1 i n cl Pn�iti n n I i n P

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• The Punjab boundary ends and has boundary with Jammu and Kashmir; there is a small line called
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working boundary (W B). A working boundary is that part of the border, which is the boundary of 0
Jammu and Kashmir but directly touches Pakistan. The working boundary ends in Kashmir, and the line
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• The part where LOC ends is followed by NZ 9842, a military peak, then Indira col. The distance LL
0
between the NZ9842 and Indira col is called AGPL. Out of four boundaries with Pakistan, three lie w
within Kashmir.
z
:::i

27
 Forces deployed at the border between India-Pakistan:
• On the international border between India and Pakistan, BSF is deployed on the Indian side, Pakistan
Rangers are deployed on the Pakistan side.
• The Indian army is deployed on the Indian side on the working border, and the Pakistan army is
deployed on the Pakistan side.
• On the LOC Indian Army on Indian side and the Pakistan army on the Pakistan side is deployed.
• On the AGPL Indian Army on the Indian side and the Pakistan army on the Pakistan side is deployed.
• Army at the border implies that the frontal control of the border lies with the army. They try to ensure to
counter the threat that may arise from the border itself.

International border:
Any border is called as, an International border when it fulfils the following characteristics:
• Border, which is permanently settled.
• Clearly demarcated
• Has no territorial dispute.

V)
LU
l!)
z
LU
...I
...I
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u
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C Example: France and Switzerland, Switzerland and Italy full fill all these three criteria.
z The boundary between India and Pakistan lying from Gujarat, Rajasthan and Punjab fulfils these three
<(
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0
criteria; therefore, it is the international border. This line is also called as Red Cliff line.
c::
z
1-

0 India categorises this International border with Pakistan in three sectors;

u •
LL Gujarat sector
0
LU
• Rajasthan sector
z • Punjab sector
:::i

28
Dividing the international border into the sector makes the deployment of the forces on the border easier for
India.
Challenges between India- Pakistan border:
A. Challenges at International border:
• Gujarat sector: It has marshy land in the south and dry land in the rest of the sector. The terrorists
advantage this topography and smuggle arms.
• Rajasthan Sector: There is a complete dry land area and desert in the Rajasthan sector. Owing to the
given topography, this area is used for human trafficking.
• Punjab sector: It is a population-dense area. People have their houses very close to the boundary. (/)
These household also has farms extending across the border. BSF allows these farmers to go across
w
l!)

the Pakistan border to cultivate their farmland at a particular period and then come back. Both the
z
w
...I
parties, India and Pakistan, agrees to it mutually. ...I
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u
• But because Punjab sector area is densely populated, it is used for drug trafficking. At the same time,
�
Pakistan has been randomly using the Punjab sector to dump the arms supply. The origin of drug 0
trafficking goes back to the origin of Afghan Jihad.
z
<(
...I
0
• In 1979 when USSR invaded Afghanistan, the United States (US) decided to counter Afghanistan
0::
1-
z
through the Mujahideen campaign. So at that time, ISi of Pakistan played the frontal role in helping the 0
u
Mujahid to execute their action. While in the process US was pumping money, Inter-Services LL
0
Intelligence (ISi) got more opportunities to create money. At that time, opium cultivation was w
happening in Afghanistan, in which ISi also participated. They develop their relationship with the tribal
z
:::i

29
 lords.
• By the time the Mujahideen campaign was over in 1988 and the Geneva accord was signed, leading to
the Soviet withdrawal, most of the ISi officers got involved in drug trafficking.

• US have to put pressure on the ISi to eliminate drug trafficking. In the early 1990s, the chief of ISi had to
suspend more than 50% of its officer due to drug trafficking.

• After this, drug trafficking became illegal in Pakistan. It became an offence to do drug trafficking, so
most IAS officers started channelling this drug to the Punjab area.

• By 1995-96 the Punjab problem was entirely solved by India's government, then ISi opened a new
front of drug trafficking in Punjab. This started supporting subversion through drug trafficking.

• Another point to remember is when the green revolution happened in 1960, Punjab was the Pioneer
state and the farmers earned a lot of money which they invested in land purchasing assets and going
abroad. But after the 1990s, there was stagnation in agrarian reform and globalisation, and many
restrictions were imposed on mobility internationally. This resulted in the decline of the migration from
Punjab to foreign countries, especially Canada.

• Combined frustration of stagnation and restriction on immigration impacted the youth. Youth became
vulnerable, and ISi trapped this vulnerability and started channelising this youth towards drug
trafficking. This made the youth of Punjab drug addicts, and this method is called subversion through
other means.

• BSF on the Indian side and Pakistan Rangers on the Pakistan side undertake contingency specific firing
whenever the challenges arise. Contingency specific firing means, whenever the contingency arises
V)
LU
l!) like human trafficking, drug trafficking, BSF and Rangers undertake fire. Military term for contingency
z
LU specific filing is called as an eyeball to eyeball confrontation. Eyeball to eyeball confrontation is the
...I
...I primary challenge at the international border.
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B. Challenges at Working Border:
�
C A border is called a working border, when any boundary between two states within the country. Example
z Punjab and Haryana have a working border.
<(
...I
0
c::
Why is the 'working border' term used in the lndo Pak border?
z
1-

0 • It is very surprising to know that the working border term is used by Pakistan and not by India. Pakistan says
u
LL that Jammu and Kashmir is part of Pakistan then in that case, part of Kashmir that is touching the Pakistan
0
LU border cannot be the international border. Because they believe that Kashmir is one province of Pakistan
z touching the border of another province of Pakistan, it cannot be called an international border.
:::i

30
 • India does not call it as a working border rather; we refer to it as an international border. India holds a
position that Singh Hari Singh signed the instrument of accession with India; every part of Kashmir is a
legal part of India. In that case, if Kashmir has a border with Pakistan, it is an international border.
• To summarise, Pakistan claims four types of the border with India i.e. 1B, W B, LOC and AGPL on the
other hand, India maintains three types of border with Pakistan i.e. lB, LOC and AGPL.

Line of Control (LOC):

• The first and foremost thing to remember is that LOC is not a boundary line between India and
Pakistan. It is the line that divides Kashmir into two parts.
• Evolution of line of control; when India became independent in 1947, Jammu and Kashmir was a
princely state under the Maharaja Hari Singh. Hari Singh wanted to remain independent, but it was not
acceptable to both countries because of its geopolitical location. Kashmir was Gateway to Central
Asia. It was also the gateway to China and further Mongolia.

?> Previous Year's Questions

The. banning o.f Jammat-e.-lslami in Jammv and Kashmir brought in to .focus the. roe. o.f overground
workers (OGWs) in assisting terrorist organizations. Examine. the. role. played by OGWs in assisting
terrorist organizations in insurgency [Link].d [Link]. Discuss measures to neutralize. the. [Link].
o.f OGWs (201�)

(/)
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w
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0
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LL
0
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31
 m ORGANISE D CRIME

• When two or more people come together to form a group and get involved in illegal activities to
generate illegal profit, it is called organised crime.
• The objective of organised crime is profit generation by carrying out illegal activities.
• These individuals or groups use the activities that are prohibited by law to generate profits and then
further invest in the illegal activities creating a vicious circle.

Characteristics/Features of Organized Crime 0 00:03:17

• Structure - Organised crime groups have a relatively simple structure. It is fluidic in nature and
operates in a particular area for a particular purpose.
• Continuity - It means that even when the member of an organisation is captured or killed, the group
continues to function. It means that the presence or absence of the leader of the group does not alter
the function of the group.
• Membership - To acquire the membership of the organised crime prerequisite of the skill of
undertaking the illegal activities is mandatory. This also includes the mindset required to carry out
these activities. In the cases specific to India, it has been seen that the membership is especially given
to caste, ethnicity, religion and the member of the common village, also known as the common origin
from where a member may come from.

IJ.J
�
i:i:
u
Cl
IJ.J Difference between commonly used terms:
(/)
• When a group present at the local level carries out illegal activities, they are called Criminal Gangs.
z
<( • When organised crime is carried out at the state level or in different districts of the state, it is called
(!)
c::: Mafia.
0

32
 • When organised crimes cross the state's boundary and are carried out in different states with their
linkages are termed as the Underworld. When the Mafia of one state crosses its boundary and
establishes its linkage with the other Mafia of another state, they are also collectively called
Underworld. Underworld becomes a larger perspective base option.
• When the Mafia carries organised crime throughout different countries or transnational boundaries, it
is called Criminal Syndicate.

Evolution of Organized Crime in India: 0 00:11:07

The origin of organised crime in India started since independence, especially in Mumbai. People came here
from different states to work. But it became difficult for the uneducated class to get jobs; therefore, some
people resorted to easy money. They started looting the passengers travelling through Bombay.
• In 1960's this looting activity slowly developed into local gangs. A lot of criminal gangs started
operating in the city of Bombay.
w
• Often different criminal gangs started fighting with each other, which resulted in bloodshed. The local �
i:i:
police found it difficult to deal with these criminal gangs, so they started taking help externally from u
people who were local goons themselves. C
w
(/)
• One such very famous example is Dawood Ibrahim. He initially helped police to eliminate these local z
gangs but only with the larger objective of replacing them and controlling their area. Dawood Ibrahim <
(!)
soon became a headache for the Mumbai police, and when his suppression happened, he shifted his a:
0

33
 base of operation to Dubai. At the same time, the domestic affairs of India were going through too
many issues one after the another, like the Khalistan issue followed by the Sri Lankan Tamil issue and
then with the demolition of Babri Masjid in 1992-93 rift was created on communal lines.
• The ISi of Pakistan tried to exploit this communal rift. With the help of Dawood Ibrahim, they planned
and executed the Mumbai attack in 1993. The Muslim community of India started criticising the action
of Dawood. This prompted the Indian government to negotiate an extradition treaty with the UAE and
Saudi Arabia, which built pressure on the ISi as they feared their exposure. So they immediately shifted
Dawood Ibrahim from Dubai to Karachi.

Observation from the event:

• It was the first time that the profit generated by organised crime groups through illegal activities had
been used for financing terrorist activity in the form of the Mumbai attack.
• Another such example is the Taliban which gave its drugs money to Al Qaeda to execute the 9/11
attacks.

Note: The trajectory of organised crime that started from looting passengers culminated in financing
terror activities.

Relationship of organised crime with terrorism: 0 00:30:56

1. Definition aspect:
• Organised crime:
► The purpose and the focus of organised crime are to generate profit through illegal activities. It
does not have any ideology or political goals to achieve the only end is profit.
► It tries to minimise the violence. Violence only occurs when organised criminal groups try to expand
their area of influence.
• Terrorism:
► The objective of terrorist activity is to create violence to achieve a political or ideological goal.

2. Nexus:
• Organised crime:
► It favours building nexus with the objective of avoiding police and the law to carry out its illegal
IJ.J
� activities.
i:i:
u ► Nexus is built with the officials, police and politicians of the state that together provide a patronage
Cl
IJ.J network.
(/)
z • Terrorism:
<( ► Terrorists believe in no nexus building as they always want to have an element of surprise in order
(!)
c::: to achieve their end. The nexus building has the danger of exposure to the plan.
0

34
3. Media:
• Organised crime:
► Members of an organised crime stay away from the media as it gives them an opportunity to
secretly conceptualise and execute their plan to generate illegal profit.
• Terrorism:
► Terrorists crave for media attention.
► The terrorist group want sensationalisation of their act. Higher the sensationalisation, the higher
the possibility of installing terror in the people's minds.

4. Regime (economic aspect):

• Organised crime:
► They favour flourishing economies as it provides for generating more illegal money.
► Examples include Russia, South Africa, and India, where intense organised crime is due to a
progressive economy.
• Terrorism:
► The terrorist group favours the regime destruction and wants a weak regime primarily because
they utilise this vacuum in the state to conceptualise their terrorist act. They favour lawlessness.
► For e.g., in a country like Syria, where there is no stable government, organised crime will never be
found. But this will be a breeding ground only for the terrorist group.
► Another example is the Taliban, which is making inroads toward governing structure in
Afghanistan. As the regime in Afghanistan is not all-inclusive, is not democratic and has not come
up with the consent of the people, it can provide fertile land for terrorist activities to breed.

Tackling organised crime in India: 0 00:44:00

1. Legal Architecture:
• The legal architecture includes IPC, CRPC. However, the provision mentioned under these codes is to
tackle crime and are not organised crime specific.
• Due to this, some states have developed their own laws for tackling organised crime. For example,
Maharashtra has developed the Maharashtra control of the organised crime act (MCOCA); similarly,
Karnataka, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh have come up with their own control organised crime act. In
addition to controlling organised crime, UP has an Anti Goonda act as well.
2. Institutions:
• At the national level:
w
► Intelligence Bureau, CBI, Directorate of Revenue Intelligence and Directorate of economic �
i:i:
intelligence. u
• At the state level: C
w
(/)
► Special Cyber Cell to prevent cybercrime. z
► ATS is an Anti-terror squad that helps to bring down the nexus building of organised crime. <
(!)
► Special Cell, which undertakes Information sharing at IB and RAW levels. a:
0

35
 ► Special Task Force
• International level:
► Interpol, headquartered in Lyon in France. From India, CBI is given the task to represent it at the
Interpol level.
► For example - If a person has a charge sheet against him in India and in case he gets located outside
Indian territory by Indian Intelligence, then CBI will present the charge sheet to the Interpol, which
will then issue notice to the country of his location and ask the country to coordinate with India.
There are different colours to the notice of charge sheet issued to the person.
► This route is not frequently used because countries prefer to communicate bilaterally rather than
internationalising.
Suggestion:
• India should have its own law at the national level to tackle organised crime in the country.

0
Previous Year's Questions

lndias India's proximit!:J to two of the world's biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her
internal securit!:J concerns. Explain the linkages between drug [Link] and other illicit activities
such as gunrunning. mone!:J laundering and human [Link]. What countermeasures should be
taken to prevent the same? (2018)

t?
0
Previous Year's Questions

Mone!:J laundering poses a serious securit!:J threat to a countr!:J'S economic sovereignt!:J. What is its
significance .for India and what steps are required to be taken to control this menace? (2013)

IJ.J
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0

36
 LI N KAG ES B ETWE E N D EVE LO P M E NT
AN D EXTRE M I S M
Extremism: 0 00:00:52
• It means that a person holds a certain view and develops rigidity about these views, and tries to
enforce these rigid views on others through violence.
Linkage between Extremism and Development:
• There are certain developmental practices that have been imposed on the people without their
consent, which have isolated and alienated them to the extent that they have developed certain rigid
views and adopted violence to enforce that.

Basic fundamentals: 0 00:03:13

The Naxalite problem in India has evolved over three phases. It is represented by the people affected by
certain development practices, which has led to the conceptualisation of their rigid views over certain
ideologies.

Different ideologies: 0 00:05:04

Karl Marx

• Marx wrote that the power relationships between capitalists and workers were inherently
exploitative and would inevitably create class conflict.

• In this conflict, a revolt will be generated, and the working class would overthrow the capitalist
and establish power exercised by the working group.

� • Marx stated that there would be a revolution in society by the workers who are exploited by the
(/)
capitalist.
w
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• Therefore the existence of industrialisation in society is a prerequisite for such a revolution.

C
z
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1- Lenin
z
w
� • Lenin was the first person to apply Marx's idea in practice. He modified Marx's idea to suit the
a..
demand and condition of Russia. Lenin stated that the revolution would happen in a pre­
w industrial society which would lead to industrialisation.
>w
• Lenin modified the idea of Marx and stated that revolution would happen in the pre-industrial
z
w
w society but by the urban people.

1-
w • Revolution would be brought by urban people through channelising the energy into forming a
al political party.
(/)
w
l?
• The political party would further bring change in the nature of the society to the extent that
z society will embark upon industrialisation.
:::i

38
Therefore, Leninism= Marxism + Vanguard political party (they are used to channelise the energy of urban
people). In 1917 the Russian Revolution happened.

Mao

• He was the leader of China, who stated that there would be a revolution in the pre-Industrial
society, which would lead the path to industrialisation.

• Agents of the Revolution would be rural masses/peasants.

People in India:
• People in India tried to replicate what Mao did in China. They were inspired by the idea of revolution by
the rural masses/ peasants. These people are sometimes called as Maoists.
• The Government of India does not call them Maoists. They are also called as Naxalite sometimes
because of the Naxalbari incident that happened in Bengal.
• They are officially termed as Left Wing Extremists because they are inspired by the leftist ideology
and try to implement it through violence.

Origin of Left Wing Extremism in India: 0 00:20:25

Phase I:
• The failure of Land Reforms was the primary reason for the evolution of the first phase of Extremism in
India. In this context, the history of land in India must be understood.

:E
History of land in India: c.n
• Since ancient India, the land was owned by the community. Rulers changed over a period of time; they w
0:
acted as a protector of the land and collected revenue. But they never altered land relationships.
w
• However, with the coming of the foreign rulers and especially Mughals, the relationship of land Cl
gradually changed. Initially, Mughals controlled a small area, and therefore the king was able to collect z
<(
the revenue himself. But as the territories of the empire expanded, it became difficult to collect revenue, 1-
z
w
so to facilitate it, Land Revenue Bureaucracy was created. :E
• Over a period of time, the land revenue bureaucrats were made hereditary to ensure a sustained
Q.
source of revenue. As a result, Mughal sustained their hold over the country for many centuries till w
>w
1907, the death of Aurangzeb. The later Mughals were weak and changed frequently. As a result,
Cl
these land revenue bureaucrats stopped sharing the revenue with the king, though they collected it. z
w
This subsequently resulted in the decline of the Mughal Empire. w
• At the same time, there was also a parallel rise of the British. After the Battle of Plassey and Buxar, 1-
w
Britishers got the Diwani right to collect revenue, in addition to administration functions. For the co
c.n
collection of revenue, they created a new group of people called Zamindars, who was given the w
ownership of land provided they paid fixed revenue to the Britishers on time. With this, community
ownership of land was taken away, and people got frustrated due to the oppression by the Zamindar, z
:::i

39
 which resulted in the 1857 revolt. The Revolt was suppressed by the British, and after introspection,
they found out that people considered Britishers to be exploitative and anti-people.
• Now to change the perception of the people, the Britishers tried to bring welfare to the natives, but
language was the barrier. In order to eliminate this barrier, they supported the creation of the
Congress, whose members were Indian but educated in English. For the initial few years, it was
dominated by the moderates who put the grievances of the people in the front of the Britishers, and
later extremists came into power they pressurised the British with their demands. When the British
found out that the Congress which they created with the intention to be used by them was now acting
for the people, they devised a new strategy to counter Congress. Muslim League was created in 1906
to counter the Congress and was given an equal platform by providing a separate electorate. Now
again, with the advent of Mahatma Gandhi and the issue of Khilafat, Hindu-Muslim got united. This
again ruined the plan of the British.
• Finally, in order to keep check and balance over the rising power of both the Muslim League and Congress,
different sections of society were given importance; one such was the zamindari class. They got rewarded
for their loyalty in the 1930s during the Round Table Conference and were given political power.
• After independence in 1947, these zamindars, who were very few in number, occupied a large portion
of the land. Now the government understood that land redistribution is required for which Land
Reforms were initiated.

How did land Reform lead to Extremism? CJ 00:51:52

• The process of Land Reforms took place at two levels;

� ► Land Reform happened at the state level

(/)
► And through the legislative process, which included two legislation;
w a) Estate Acquisition Act 1953
a::
b) Land Reforms Act 1955

C • The entire process of Land Reforms would be executed at the state level.
z • At the state level, the execution will take place at the subdivision level, which will come under the
<(
1- supervision of SOM and another at the district level, which will come under the supervision of O M.
z
w • The process of Land Reforms would start with the officer coming under the jurisdiction of SDM,
�
a.. specially Patwari. Patwari would measure the land of the people and maintain a record of land and
w send it to SDM. Further, SDM will verify the land record and sign it.
>w • The Land Ceiling Act was passed to equalise the distribution of land. In simpler terms, the ceilings on
z
w
landholdings referred to legally stipulating the maximum size beyond which no individual farmer or
w farm household could hold any land.
1- • SDM will now impose the State Acquisition Act whereby the surplus estate will be acquired and will
w
al fall under the jurisdiction of the government.
(/)
w • After the land has been acquired the DM will execute the Land Reform Act to redistribute the land
l?
among the poor. The entire process had several checks and balances between DM, SDM and Patwari
z to ensure their proper functioning.
:::i

40
Land reforms in Bengal Bihar and Orissa:
• Bengal: the communist government was in power in Bengal, which welcomed land reform as a
positive step to uplift the poor masses. At the same time, they also assumed that the redistribution of
land among the poor would widen their political mass base. As a result, when land reform was initiated
in 1955, it proved to be successful in Bengal initially.
• Bihar and Orissa: land reform here failed because of the rampant corruption and malpractices.
Zamindars could easily bribe Patwari and get land records turned into their favour. As a result of which
there was no surplus land to redistribute among the poor. This also had a spillover effect on Bengal.
• By 1958 land Reforms failed in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The failure led to rising social tension.

Grievance redressal by the Communist Party of India (CPI):

• In 1959 CPI started Kisan Sabha in different localities of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and a leader was
appointed in each locality who was to be a member of CPI. The people's grievance about land reform
was listed and finally sent to CPl's Member of Parliament.
• While all these things were happening, the India-China conflict broke out in 1962.
• This conflict created a debate in the CPI party. A small section of CPI wanted to show solidarity with
China for being a communist in ideology. But a large section of CPI wanted to support India. The
debate went on but did not reach a consensus. The war ended, but the ideological differences in CPI
continued, which resulted in its split in 1964.
• The split of 1964 created two parties Communist Party of India and the Communist Party of lndia­
Marxist(pro-China).
• After the split, both the parties continued the Kisan Sabha peacefully until 1965, where the meeting of
:E
Kisan Sabha in Siliguri was under the leadership of Charu Majumdar. Here in the meeting, Charu c.n
instigated people by stating that the redressal of grievances through Parliament is the sheer wastage w
0:
of time. The land has been taken away forcefully, so they shall snatch it using force. This idea spread
w
like wildfire, and on March 3rd 1967 hundred members of CPI-M armed with lathis in Naxalbari village Cl
of Bengal took charge of forceful snatching. z
<(
• They identified the Zamindars, killed them, destroyed their land records and redistributed it among the poor. 1-
z
w
• The nation shook with this incident, and it was criticised all over. The only person to appreciate it was
:E
Mao from China. He stated what happened in naxalbari is the Peal of Spring Thunder and will create a
Q.
road for the Red Revolution in India. w
•
>w
Charu Majumdar was boosted with this appreciation from Mao, and he tried to replicate such incidents
Cl
all over India. But at the same time, CPI Marxist was criticised, although very few members of the party z
w
were involved in instigating violence. Seeing this, in December 1967, CPI-M called for a meeting in w
Madurai where Charu Majumdar was criticised for his ideological disease. In January 1968, Charu 1-
w
Majumdar and his followers quit the party and called for the All India Coordinated Committee for co
c.n
Communist Revolution(AICCCR). w
• On April 22nd 1969, the new party CPI-ML (Marxist-Leninist) was created on the birth anniversary of
Lenin. This started the first phase of Extremism in India.
z
:::i

41
 CPI-ML:
• They started propaganda, armed struggle and disinformation campaigns against their adversaries.
They stated that they would undertake the annihilation of class enemies.
• They identified 4 class enemies:
► Police
► Land revenue officials
► Zamindars and
► Moneylenders
• They were classified as enemies of poor people. The CPl- (ML) members started the annihilation of
these class enemies.
• They used conventional tools to fight these enemies, which included the weapons that were readily
available to the farmers and that were used in cultivation. Secondly, the use of conventional tools did
not require special training.
• The tactics of guerrilla warfare were utilised in fighting these class enemies. The members of CPI (ML)
located the target, killed them and ran back to the jungles and hid there. After the violence, a separate
group of CPl-(ML) would come out to do propaganda and disinformation campaigns at the micro-level.
Through this strategy, they expanded their presence and reached up to Andhra Pradesh.
• From May 1969, they started launching the movement from Andhra Pradesh from a place called
Srikakulam. However, the movement was not very planned, and by December 1st 1969, it was
suppressed by police.
• After the failure from Srikakulam, CPI (ML) in January 1970 expanded its operation to the urban area,
where it met with a weak response and was suppressed by police.
� • In 1972, Mazumdar was arrested, and in July of the same year, he died in police custody. This marked
(/)
the end of the first phase of left-wing Extremism in India as the movement was left leaderless.
w
a::
Phase II:
C • In December 1972, after a few months of the void created by the death of the Majumdar, a new leader
z
<( named Sitaramaiya picked up the thread of the movement and started the second phase of left-wing
1-
z
w
Extremism in India.
� • Sitaramaiya added a new dimension to the movement.
a..
► He increased the definition of the class enemy by including civil servants in the list. This was a
w strategic move as through the abduction of civil servants, and they could bargain with the state to
>w
either release their prisoners or grant money.
z
w
► He also resorted to the destruction of government property like government buses, railway lines,
w communication towers, etc.
1- ► Creation of a frontal organisation for the purpose of propaganda on a regular basis. These frontal
w
al organisations were nameless which existed separately but were supported by the party.
(/)
w • The second phase of Left Wing Extremism in India was more violent than the first phase. In 2001
l?
Sitaramaiya got killed in one of the police operations, and this ended the second phase of left-wing
z Extremism in India.
:::i

42
Phase Ill:
• The third phase of left-wing Extremism in India was started in 2002-2003 by the leader named
Ganpati. He revived the party by the name of CPI-Maoist.
• The definition of the class enemy was further broadened and now included politicians. There were
attempts to assassinate the politicians many times.
• The creation of Compact Revolutionary Zones (CRZ), was called liberated areas. The members of CPI
Maoist run their own parallel government today. These are the deep tribal pockets in our country
where the government is unable to reach and provide basic services.
• They included in their violence the destruction of trains, conveys, police and ambush at police posts.
• The third phase of left-wing extremism is more violent than its predecessors and is currently present
in the country.

Government lookout and response on Left-wing Extremism: 0 02:02:20

• Initially, the government perceived it as a law and order problem and retaliated against violence
through counter-violence.
• But by 2002, they started looking at this problem not only as a problem of law and order but as the
problem of Development Deficit.
• The government formulated a narrative stating that these people are deprived of access to the fruits of
developmental activities. They also lack grievance redressal mechanisms and therefore are turning
towards extremism to get their basic necessities fulfilled.
• In 2003 CM conference under the leadership of the Prime Minister was organised, where they
developed the strategy of Development cum Security centric strategy. It aimed to undertake
developmental activities while dealing with law and order problems simultaneously. :E
c.n
• Under the banner of the developmental activities government undertook many programs:
► Civic action program, where security forces were encouraged to interact with the people, provide
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them with the mechanism of grievance redressal and at the same time help people with the basic
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► Road requirement plan was an initiative to develop roads to provide connectivity of villages to the
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• There has to be a dialogue between the government and the extremists to ascertain what they want. c.n
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43
 ?>
0
Previous Year's Questions

Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) is showing a downward trend. but still aUects many parts of the
country. Briefly explain the Government of India's approach to counter the challenges posed by
LWE. (2018)
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0
Previous Year's Questions

What are the determinants of left-wing extremism in the Eastern part of India? What strategy
should the Government of India. civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the
threat in the aUected areas? (2020)

?)
0
Previous Year's Questions

The persisting drives of the government for development of large industries in backward areas
have resulted in isolating the tribal population and the farmers who face multiple displacements
� with Malkangiri and naxalbari foci. discuss the corrective strategies needed to win the left wing
(/)
� extremism (LWE) doctrine aUected citizens back into the mainstream of social and economic
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Previous Year's Questions
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C growth of Left Wing extremism. (2013)
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44
 m
History:
I N D IA- BAN G LAD ES H BO RD E R
MANAG E M E NT
0 00:00:10
• During the British time, Bengal was divided into East Bengal and West Bengal. The two very important
rulers of this place were Raja of Cooch Berar and Maharaja of Rangpur. They had the tradition of
playing chess. While playing the game, they put certain patches of land as a stake in-game. These
patches of land were called Chitmahal.
• Chitmahal was an inhabited land, and often people remained doubtful and confused over their
rulership. After every chess game, the land was transferred from one ruler to another, and this process
was very frequent.
• At the time of Independence, Radcliff was given the task to divide the Bengal area into West Bengal,
which was part of India and East Bengal as part of Pakistan. In a hurry to finish the task, Radcliff
completed the task arbitrarily and without precision.
• Instead of finding out the original owner of the Chitmahal, he randomly drew lines that divided even
the single unit of Chitmahal into two. For example, If a person's house was in one part of Chitmahal and
his farmland in another part, then a single Chitmahal got divided between two countries.
• After independence, people complained to the head of the government in both countries and put their
grievances before them.

Finally, in 1958 the Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Feroz Khan Noon, the Prime minister
of Pakistan, made an agreement called the Nehru -Noon Agreement.

Nehru -Noon Agreement:

• Under this agreement, it was decided to;
► Rename the Chitmahal to Enclave.
► The agreement was concluded only on Dahagram, Angarpur and East Berubari. Dahargam and
1- Angpur were given to India, while East Berubari was given to Pakistan.
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a::: In 1971 India Pakistan war took place, and East Pakistan converted into a new nation named Bangladesh.
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<( • It began with the identification of the Enclaves, and it was found that 1 1 1 Indian Enclaves were in
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46
 was required. The Bangladesh parliament immediately ratified it. However, it was not ratified by the
India because of the following reasons:
► 1974-75 witnessed political instability in the country. So the matter could not be picked up.
► Even when political stability was established in the country, other issues clouded this matter, for
e.g. Punjab issue and Sri Lanka issue.
► Another very important reason was that the political setup of India at that time was such that if the
matter was taken to Parliament, there was doubt whether the Parliament would approve it or reject
it as it involved the transfer of territory.
► Moreover, the wishes of the people living in that area were not ascertained. If, in any case, the
Parliament rectifies it, and if the people living in that area reject the transfer, it would be a big
national embarrassment for India.
• Once again, in the 1990s -2000, political instability put the matter on the back burner.
• In 2011 the government decided to resolve the issue which had been pending since 1974. The
governments of both the countries got together and signed the protocol to the lndira-Mujib Pact, also
called the Land Boundary Agreement.

Note: Protocols are international agreements whose contents are open to amendment, which means they
are flexible agreements.

Why was the protocol signed?

• People living on these Enclaves were very frustrated not only because of the uncertainty in which they
lived for many decades but also because they lacked documents for the International travels. They 1-
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lacked their national identity.
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• The protocol was signed to ascertain the wishes of the people. India and Bangladesh sent their team w
on the ground to know the wishes of the people. People immediately supported the transfer. z
• Finally, in 2016 the Land Boundary Agreement was executed. <t
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• A fresh boundary was to be demarcated. With the help of technology, a precise ground border was c::
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47
 Long-term solution:
• Complete fencing of the border must be ensured.
• Intensive patrolling on the border is required.
• The use of technology at rugged terrain, installation of CCTV cameras and smart fencing can help
mitigate the challenges at the border.

7?
0
Previous Year's Questions

Analyse. internal security threats and trans border crimes along Myanmar. Bangladesh and Pakistan
borders including Line. o+ Control (loC). Also discuss the. role. played by various security +orce.s in this
regard. (2020)

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48
 r.11 INDIA -MYANMAR BOR DER
� MANA GEMENT
Introduction: 0 00:00:10

• I n d i a h a s land and ma riti me bou ndary with Mya n m a r. Th is bou n d a ry h a s ce rta i n c h a l l e n ges
to deal with , especi a l ly the l a n d bou n d a ry. The mariti me boundary between the two
cou ntries is one of the safer boundaries, where c h a n ces of pi racy a re n eg l ig i b l e . Most of the
th reats a re near the land border; the ch a l l e nges a rise h e re beca use of the te rra i n as we l l as
the h i sto ry of the a re a .

History:
• E a r l i e r, th e re was no ba rrier between the North - Eastern region of I ndia and B u rma. The
reg i o n was i n h a b ited by s m a l l tri b a l g ro u ps who were a uto n o m o u s i n n atu re, and they
coexisted tog eth e r. It was i n iti a l ly o n e a re a , a n d th e re was free m ove m e nt of the peo p l e .
• B ut with the i nterference o f t h e B ritish, the a rtificial bou ndary was delineated . Afte r t h e
l n d o - B u rm a wa r, fa m i l i a l t i e s between the tri b a l g ro u ps g ot d isru pted . N ow B u rm a was
co n s i d e red co m p l ete ly sepa rate fro m the N o rth - Easte rn reg i o n of I n d i a .
• A s I n d i a a n d B u rm a we re deco l o n ized fro m t h e B riti s h e rs, t h e creatio n o f n ew n atio n s fu rth e r
a d d e d t o the a rtifici a l d ivi s i o n .
• The d ivision t h a t too k p l ace did not pay much respect t o t h e eth nic and fa m i l i a l ties o f t h e
tri b a l peo p l e . This led t o the fu rth e r d ivision o f the tri b a l g ro u ps l i ke Ass a m ese, N a g a s i n
d iffe re nt states. It m e a n s t h e post- co l o n i a l states that we re created fu rth e r a ccentu ated the
a rtifici a l d ivis i o n s l ea d i n g to the a l i e n atio n of the peo p l e .
• It is a l so i m po rta nt to n ote that the peo p l e l ivi n g i n the a rea we re tri b a l s fo r whom the l a n d a n d
t h e e nvi ro n ment w a s sacre d . T h e p rocess o f s e p a rati o n a n d a l ie n ati o n o f t h e peo p l e , which
sta rted fro m the B riti s h ti m e , created a fa u lt line i n the N o rth East w h i c h a dve rsa ries tried to
exp l o it.

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• It was fe lt that s i n ce fa m i l i a l ties b ro ke d own , w h i c h m a d e the tri b a l peo p l e vu l n e ra b l e to m o re
<� a dve rsa ries, it was needed n ot on ly to p reve nt them fro m b e i n g vu l n e ra b l e but a l so to re p a i r
0:: th e i r fa m i ly ties.
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• A m o n g two d ivisions the fi rst d ivision w a s m o re c h a l l e n g i n g a s t h e m ove m e nt betwee n the

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two cou ntries i s n ot as free a s a m ove m e nt with i n the cou ntry. For exa m p l e , a person l ivi n g in
� N a g a l a n d h avi n g fa m i l i a l ties i n Aru n a c h a l ca n easily trave l , but the same is n ot the case when
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oz the fa m i l i a l ties exp a n d ove r the bord e r of B u rm a .

50
In order to mitigate these problems, various steps were taken by the government of India, which are as
follows;

• Functional Military Regime (Free Movement Regime)

► Under this regime, those tribals who have familial relationships across the border are allowed to
travel without visas up to 16 km in each other's territory that is India and Myanmar.
► It is done with the objective of solving the issue of artificial destruction of familial ties and this can
have a cooling effect on the people who are vulnerable and may collaborate with insurgents.
• Land boundary-crossing agreement 2018
► The agreement was signed with the objective of designating a military check post at the border
through which people can cross over the border.
► This added two more crossing points with the aim to enlarge the movement of the people.

Challenges at the border: 0 00:22:36

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a false narrative that the Indian government is not going to accept the tribals as a common identity. <(
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tendencies which has created the insurgency problem. �I

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51
 • Arms smuggling
► Functional military regime where people are given free 16 km travel across the border to strengthen
the ties. The same passage is uti l i zed by the adversaries to undertake the arms smuggling.
• D rugs smuggling
► The location of Myanmar is very close to Golden Triangle which is famous for drugs and the fault
lines that are present between India and Myanmar border provides safe passage to the insurgents
to smuggle drugs.

(I 0
Previous Year's Questions
The. North-East region of India has [Link] infested with insurgency for a very long time.. Analyze. the.
major reasons for survival of armed insurgency in this region. (2017)

ti 0
Previous Year's Questions
The. cross-border movement. of insurgents is only one. of the. several security challenges facing the.
policing of the. border in North-East India. Examine. the. various challenges currently emanating
across the. India-Myanmar border. Also. discuss the. steps to [Link] the. challenges. (201,)

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How far are. India's internal security challenges linked with border management. particularly in
view of the. long porous borders with most countries of South Asia and Myanmar? (2013)

52
 Em RO HINGYA ISSUE
Background: 0 00:00:10
• During British rule, Assam was ruled by the Ahom Kingdom. The English had the intention to acquire
Assam, and they were looking for the opportunity. This opportunity was provided when after several
hundred years of ruling, the Ahom dynasty slowly started to decline.
• At this stage, Burma also wanted to capture Assam, and hence, the Anglo-Burmese war broke out.
The British adopted the policy of gunboat diplomacy.
• Gunboat diplomacy was a strategy whereby a boat loaded with guns that were superior to the Burma
Navy entered the Bay of Bengal and forced the opponent to act in the same way as the English desired.
In the Anglo- Burmese war, the British stood victorious.

Why did the British want the territory of Assam?

• The British wanted the territory of Assam for Oil exploration and tea plantations. British were
interested in the plantation and took Indians all over the world especially as plantation labour.
• Similarly British took Muslim labour from East Bengal (now Bangladesh) to Burma. During colonial
times, Assam touched the northern border of Burma, where these Muslim plantation workers settled in
Rakhine state.

Background of Rohingya: 0 00:00:40

• There are mountains in the Rakhine state called Arkan Yoma. The three generations of the Muslim
labourers settled here. Both India and Burma become independent during the third generation of
Rohingyas who lived in the Rakhine state area.
• The Muslim settlers living in the Arakan Yoma region were called Rohangs in the Burmese language,
and every Muslim living in that area would individually be called Rohingya.
• Since the Britishers took these people as workers from East Bengal therefore originally, these
Rohingya were outsiders in Myanmar.

Note: Although the Rohingyas are outsiders, at the same time, if closely analysed, even the native
Burmese are outsiders. Anthropologically they are the people from lndo- Gangetic areas and
Kashtriyas in class who slowly shifted to Burma.

Myanmar stand over Rohingya

• State's policy with outsiders depends upon the prerogative of the state itself, and ultimately every
state tries to give more privileges to the native inhabitants.
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=> The constitutional order 1982
(/)
(/) • The Burmese constitutional order of 1982 declared Rohingya Muslims as stateless people and were
not recognised as citizens of Burma.
Counter currents
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0 Burma is a Buddhist state, as the Buddhist community who were living in Arakan state were not very
0::

54
 happy because of the presence of the Muslims in the Arakan Yoma region of the country. The
constitutional order of 1982 boosted their stand on Rohingya.

The Kway Lwin and 969 Movement

• Kway Lwin was the Buddhist preacher who started the 969 Movement, where 969 stands for
Buddha, Buddha's virtue and Buddhist community.
• He started the movement with the objective of Muslim conversion into Buddhism. Through this, he
aimed to propagate the Buddha and his virtues.
• It was a peaceful movement whose gradual aim was to convert Rohingya into Buddhism.
• However, Muslims with this kind of movement felt insecure, and in order to protect themselves from
the onslaught of the Buddhists, they started a counter-movement - 786 movement.

Rohingya countercurrent of 786 movement 0 00:19:30

• The objective of the movement was to protect the Rohingya from Buddhist conversion.
• The Islam uses Abjada system of numerals, in which the number 786 hold a very pious connotation.
It is also written in the beginning of the Holy Quran.
• The number 786 denotes" Bismillah Al-Rahman al-Rahim" which means may God be merciful to you
and bestow peace upon you.
• The 786 movement was a leaderless movement. It was the initiative to counter the 969 movement.
Under this movement, Muslims started to write the number 786 on their properties like shops, houses,
vehicles etc.
• The writing of the number 786 was more symbolic in nature and was used to mark the presence of
Muslims and Islam in the area.

Buddhist interpretation of 786 movement:

• Buddhist were not aware of the importance of the number 786 and did not know that it was written in
the Holy Quran.
• They presumed its meaning very differently they added the number 7+8+6=21, and derived the
conclusion that 2 1 resembles the 2 1st century and the presence of 786 everywhere on the properties
of the Muslim resembles that the 21st century is going to be dominated by Islam.

The factors that added fuel to the fire were as follows:

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• A number of thesis and theories were produced in the west, like Clash of Civilisation which stated that ::::)
(/)
21st century would witness the Clash between Christianity and Islam. These thesis were available all (/)

over the world. This generated more insecurity among the Buddhists of Burma.
• 9/11 attack in 2001, which was planned and executed by Al-Qaeda had a cumulative effect on the
Buddhist mindset in Burma. ::r:
0
c::

55
 • All these events started making sense to them, so insecurity rose among the Buddhists, which resulted
in clashes between Buddhists and Muslims. Following this, a small Exodus of Muslims started from the
area.

The Espionage Angle: 0 00:36:00

Background:
• The objective of Myanmar was to get rid of the Muslims from the country so the Myanmar Army
contacted the ISi of Pakistan. The ISi agreed to help and promise that these Muslims would leave
Arakanyoma provided that the migration would take place in the North-Eastern region of India and
Bangladesh. Through this process, ISi tried to achieve two objectives;
► The objective was to create social disturbances in the Northeast because the demographic profile
would change.
► It was used as a tool to cause tension between India and Bangladesh.
• For this, the Myanmar Army, ISi and Chinese Ministry of State Security came together and
conceptualised the program called Operation Pin code.
► The objective of the operation pin code was to destabilise India's Northeast region and convert
them into many republics.
► To plan and execute the operation pin code ISi deputed officers Brigadier Ashfaq and Major
Salamat.

Harakha al Yasin and Aqa Mui- Mujahedeen:

• Brigadier Ashfaq and major Salamat founded two organisations named Harakha al yasin and Aqa
Mui- Mujahedeen in the Rakhine region. They've also deputed a person with the name of Hafiz Tohar,
who is ex Lashkar-e-Taiba asset and was given to ISi by Hafiz Saeed.
• Now these two groups of ISi in Myanmar mobilise the Rohingya to their camp. The weapons to these
camps were provided by the Chinese, and Rohingya were given weapons training. When these
Muslims mobilised under Hafiz Tohar, they were supplied with weapons to attack the Myanmar Army,
and the Myanmar Army would counter-attack on the Rohingya.
• Now when the Myanmar Army would counter-attack on the Rohingya, the ISi would ask them to leave
the region and migrate to India and Bangladesh.
• At the same time, when these people would migrate, ISi would launch information warfare. They
would create such narrative that makes Rohingya appear as victims of suppression that would give
UJ them sympathy around the world. Moreover, India and Bangladesh would come under pressure to
=>
(/) keep them (principle of non-refoulement).
(/)
• But in reality, those people who are leaving the Arakan Yoma region are not the victims, rather they are
trained militants of Harakh- al- Yasin and Aqa -al - Mujahideen and later, these people in India would
:::c be used for the purpose of subversion.
0
0::

56
 • Therefore the government claims that these people are a security threat because these people are not
victims but trained militants.

Note: Chinese are quiet on the matter of Rohingya.

Threat Mitigation Strategies: 0 00:47:52

Surgical strike operation:
• India and Myanmar have deep defence understanding. They both agree that if there are Militants and
Insurgents, they shall not be allowed to exploit the territory of each other against each other.
• The Army of both countries is on the agreement that they would undertake surgical strike operations,
also called pinpoint surgical strikes.

Operation of Hot Pursuit:

• These a re a l so s u rg ica l stri ke operati o n s , but they orig inate i n the sea.
• The n avy of cou ntries h a s the rig ht to stri ke at the pi rates i n the sea to e n s u re the safe
passage of the vessels. And th is i s te rmed as a n operati o n of H ot P u rs u it.
• B ut ove r a period of ti m e , the operati o n of H ot P u rs u it h a s been used to destroy the
l a u nch pad of insurgents o n the l a n d .
• The te rm operati o n of H ot P u rs u it i s a n u m b re l l a te rm u n d e r which operati o n of
s u rg i c a l Stri ke co mes.

The NTRO role in managing the border:

• NTRO stands for National Technical Research Organisation.
• They provide a lot of information through satellites on the border. The satellite images are used by the
forces of the two countries to carry out operations on the two sides of the border.

Issues:
Troops deployment issue:
• The border between India and Myanmar is guarded by the Indian Army's Assam Rifles (Oldest
Paramilitary Force). Assam Rifles are deployed at the zero line border which is exactly near the border.
But due to the difficult terrain in that area, the deployment remains 10 km away from the actual zero
line border. Due to the 16 km free movement of the people on both sides of the border, it gives the w
insurgents the opportunity to penetrate into the territory up to 10 km without any Security Check Post. ::::)
(/)
(/)

Solution
• Zero line defence strategy - Space needs to be created at zero line border for Assam Rifles to be
::r:
deployed here. In case if it is not possible, then the use of technology is highly needed to defend the 0
c::

57
 territory from the insurgents.

1 Previous Year's Questions

The terms 'Hot Pursuit' and 'Surgical Strikes' are [Link] used in [Link] with armed [Link]
against terrorist. [Link]. Discuss the strategic impact o-f such [Link]. (2016)

Previous Year's Questions

How illegal [Link] migration does pose a threat to India's security? Discuss the strategies to
curb this. bring out the .[Link] which give impetus to such migration. (201lt)

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58
 !'n INDO -C HINA BOR DER
� MANA GEMENT
Introduction 0 00:00:10
The boundary between India and China is a natural boundary, which means that it comprises geographical
features, namely mountains, plateaus, valleys and riverine. Even today, the lndo- Chinese border is
unfenced and extends up to 4076 km.

Historical background:
• From ancient to medieval times, the boundary between the two countries remained open, which
means it was not guarded by any Army. The reason was, none of the people tried to cross because of
the high altitudinal barrier this location presented.
• The problem began with the British colonization of India. At the conjunction of the lndo- China
border, there lies the autonomous Kingdom of Tibet. Though Tibet was an autonomous nation, not
paying any allegiance to the Chinese king, it was under the shadow/ influence of China.
• The Chinese Governor by the title of Ambans was present in Tibet. The relation between Tibet and
China was of Guru- Shishya, where Guru was Tibet and Shishya was China.
• Britishers wanted to have trade with Tibet, but the Ambans present in the region resisted it. They had
the perception that if the British entered Tibet, they would gradually try to expand their influence in
China. The Chinese dynasty ruling at that time was very inward-looking. They are characterized by
the Middle Kingdom. So overall, the British met with resistance here.
• The British had the perception about this event that since there are no clear demarcated boundaries
between India and China, the Chinese were a little confused over the matter and resisted the English
attempt to trade with Tibet.
• For this reason British put several efforts to define the boundary line through Johnson line 1865, John
Ardagh line 1896, Macartney - Mcdonald line 1899 in finally MacMohan line in 19 12- 1913
• But all the attempts by the British met with failure for the simple reason- different perceptions of
British and Chinese on the matter.

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1- lndo China border conflict 0 00:12:45
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ended in 1949. The end of the civil war in China gave birth to the People's Republic of China in 1949.
z • Soon after the civil war ended, both the countries had a dialogue about the demarcation of the border.
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Ill dialogues happened over the issue, but consensus could not be built, which led to the rise in the
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::t • This rising insecurity resulted in the lndo- China conflict 1962 at the border. The point to note here is
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0 that it was conflict and not war because;
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60
 a) it was unintentional and accidental in nature.
b) soon after the conflict, both the parties resorted to dialogues.
• After the 1962 conflict, China unilaterally declared a ceasefire and stated that in order to prevent
future conflict, it would stay 20 km away from the line of actual control (LAC).
• However, India has never used the term LAC for the lndo- China border and only uses the term
border. This is because there has been no agreement on where the actual border lies.

Division of border 0 00:21:00

• The border is 4076 km long, is divided into three sectors. Nepal and Bhutan lie in between the
border.
• Western Sector: It is in Jammu and Kashmir. From the Indian side, it is guarded by IT BP, and from
China side, it is guarded by the Chinese People's Liberation Army.
• Central/ Middle sector: It starts from Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand till Nepal. From the Indian
side, it is guarded by the lndo-Tibetan Border Police Force (IT BP), and from the Chinese side, it is
guarded by the Chinese People Liberation Army.
• Eastern sector: This sector includes Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. On the Indian side, it is guarded
by the lndo-Tibetan Border Police Force, and from China, it is guarded by the Chinese People's
Liberation Army.

I ndia - China
Division of B order

Western Sector Central Sector Eastern Sector

(Jammu and (Himachal Pradesh � (Sikkim and
Kashmir) and Uttarakhand) runachal Pradesh
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Issues at the border �
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Western Sector 0 00:24:10 <(
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depending upon their idea of the border. In the process, they used the technique of the Tell and Trail C
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• In the Tell and Trail method, while patrolling by IT BP, they leave behind bread, bidi, biscuit and stone <(
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as a symbol for the Army of the other side when they come to patrol and vice versa. I
• But the problem with these trails (Simply undemarcated borders are resulting in border standoff) is
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61
 means the patrolling team of both sides come at the same time and at the same place to do the
patrolling, which results in a face off.

INDO- CHINA BORDER DEFENCE COOPERATION AGREEMENT 2013

• In order to mitigate this challenge lndo- China Border Defence Cooperation Agreement was signed
in 20 13. Under this agreement, the tell and trial method was given away. From now on, patrolling
team's chief would call and inform the other team's chief about their presence in the area. This was
done to enhance the predictability.

Eastern sector 0 00:29:30

• In the Eastern sector, the threat of the problem is not cartographic aggression. (Cartography is itself
related to mapping or science related to map making) This involves printing a map by China that
shows Arunachal Pradesh as a part of it and which is later circulated into the Indian media house.
Then the Indian government summons the Chinese Embassy and raises their objection about it. The
Chinese Ambassador would convey this to the Chinese government then they would remove
Arunachal Pradesh from the Chinese map. The purpose of doing this entire process by the Chinese is
to build psychological pressure on India, which India has become used to.

Note: the central sector remains largely peaceful with no issue.

1 Previous Year's Questions

Border management is a complex task due to di++icult terrain and hostile relations with some
countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies .for [Link] border management. (2016) __J

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62
 !'l:t l N DO- N EPAL BO RD ER
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Border construct
Historical perspective: 0 oo:00:37
• After consolidating their power in India, the British chose to cover the fringes of India. They followed
the policy of Ring Fence to safeguard their territories in the country. So Nepal became an inseparable
part of this policy. In Nepal, the ruling dynasty Newari was declining, and slowly Gorkhas began to
become popular. Gorkhas were the indigenous people to Nepal and were very fierce and agile fighters.
Because of the existence of the weak centre in Nepal, it became easier for the British to capture Nepal.

Following conditions paved the way for capturing Nepal:

• Presence of wea k centre i n

Nepa l

• Buffer state between I n d i a

a n d China

• Best suited to the Policy of

Ring Fence

Considering all the factors, there was Anglo Nepal war i n 1815 - 1816. The Britishers defeated the Nepal
Army, but at the same time, they witnessed very strong resistance from Gorkhas. British were m oved by the
valour of the Gorkhas and rewarded them by recruiting them into the Army. A special and new Regiment was
created for them named Gorkha Regiment.

Though the Britishers defeated Nepal in the war but did not fully capture it for the following reasons:
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64
 • First, they met with very strong resistance by Gorkhas, which made them think inward.
• Nepal was not an imminent threat to British Empire in India.
• English intended to create a buffer zone between India and China and prevent Nepal from drifting
towards China.

English allowed autonomy to Nepal but under the shadow of colonialism and signed the Treaty of Sagauli
(1816) after the end of the war.

Treaty of Sagauli: 0 00:09:34

• Treaty of Sugauli was signed between the British Indian Government and Nepal.
• Demarcation of boundary: It stated that the western boundary between India and Nepal would be
west of the Kali River which was mentioned under article V of the Treaty.
• Both parties agreed to maintain the open border, which was always present between India and Nepal
since ancient times because of the cultural congruity between the two countries.

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without Visa. However, movement occurs only through designated check posts and not from anywhere Ill
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• The Treaty was undertaken for the categorisation of the border coordinates. In simple terms, it was �I

meant to establish and measure the extent of borderline. <(

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65
 Post-Independence Border:
• After India became independent, a Treaty of Peace and Friendship was signed between India and
Nepal in 1950.

Diplomatic relation :
• Under the Treaty of Peace and Friendship, it was decided to maintain diplomatic relations between the
two countries.

Open border:
• Both the countries also agreed to maintain the open border even after Independence. This provided a
diplomatic edge by maintaining cultural congruity. But at the same time, it became an area of security
threat too. It is because our adversaries can exploit the open border.

Creation of ERM paradigm:

ERM
Pa ra d ig m

E m p l oym e nt Res i d e n ce M ove m e nt

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c::: treatment. It means that the citizens of both countries can move freely between the countries. The
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the individual of employment, residence and movement (ERM). This implies that Indians in Nepal and
LU Nepali in India get national treatment privileges.
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<l: • Under the employment category of national treatment, people also get employment opportunities in
oz certain public offices.

66
Border demarcation and challenges: 0 00:22:02

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Border P i l l a rs N at u ra l Calamities I m pact E n c roa c h m ent

• Border pillars: There is no fencing on the lndo Nepal border. The borders are marked by the
construction of a series of Pillars.
• Natural calamity impact: Since these pillars were created way back in 1947, most of them got
destroyed due to natural calamities like floods, earthquakes, heavy rain etc.
• Encroachment: The destruction of pillars has created the problem of encroachment by the citizens of
both sides of the country.

Mitigation strategies: 0 00:25:51

• The Joint Technical Level Boundary Commission 198 1: It was appointed to identify those places on
the border where the players have gone missing using the satellite technology.
• Strip map report 2007: The report provided the indication of missing pillars through the strip map.
However, India successfully identified the missing pillars but was not successful in reconstructing 1-
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them because of the issue of encroachment that happened. And even when the reconstruction process
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started, it was met with resistance and litigation, so it could not be done. w

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Border challenges: The open border provides the diplomatic edge and remains the probable security threat. �
The adversaries have exploited these channels for the following purposes; 0::
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• Economic subversion: The ISi of Pakistan has utilised this route for pumping fake currencies in India. 0::
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• Sabotage strategy: It involves the infiltration of the terrorist using this open border into India. Example Ill
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several times for this Sabotage. z
• Criminality and extradition: Under the open border, there is also a problem of criminals committing
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crimes in their country and running to another country for refuge. And since both the countries do not
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67
 absence of an extradition treaty is the snatching operation where the country's intelligence locate the
criminals, abduct them and present them before the court. Example Yasin Bhatkal was caught through
the snatching operation of IB and RAW.

Kalapani issue and Map Machination: 0 00:35:09

Background
• Under Article 5 of the Treaty of Sugauli, it was ascertained that the Nepali King and his successors
would relinquish their claim over the west of the Kali River. In other words, the west of the Kali River
would be treated as a part of British India (which was subsequently to become the part of independent
India), and east of the river would lie the Nepali Kingdom.
• Britishers sent the team of surveyors under the W.J Webb to find the origin of the Kali river. He
carefully undertook the process of identification by talking to local Bayansis people. He finally
communicated to the British that the origin of the Kali river lies in Lipulekh. But before this final result,
the British published the Treaty of Sagauli without a map. On the face of it was agreed that the origin of
the Kali River would be Lipulekh. But Nepalese rejected this origin and stated that the origin of Kali lies
somewhere else and not Lipulekh.

Reason for the rejection:

Kali River is formed by the merger of three streams Limpiyadhura, Kalapani and Lipulekh.
The Nepalese argue that the origin of the Kali River lies in the Limpiyadhura, which lies on the westernmost
part among the three streams, whereas lipulekh lies on the easternmost side.
If Limpiyadhura is considered to be the origin of Kali, then the area between the tri-junction of the River
would go to Nepal as per Article 5 of the Treaty of Sagauli. But it is currently under India as for now, lipulekh is
considered as the origin of Kali as per the Treaty of Sagauli.

Sledgehammer tactics:
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• I nte rvention of Resea rch a n d Ana lysis Wing
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68
• India Map post -abrogation of Article 370: India, after the abrogation of Article 370, published a new
map in 2019; in this map, the boundary of India with Nepal is shown as lipulekh (that was concluded
under the Treaty of Sagauli )to which Nepal resisted.
• Road from Dharchula to Lipulekh: In 2020, India constructed a road from Dharchula to Lipulekh with
the objective to facilitate the movement of the pilgrims to Mansarovar. Again Nepal objected, claiming
that the road that passes through the Lipulekh is a part of Nepal.
• Nepali amendment of the Constitution and Schedule 3: After the amendment of the Constitution,
Nepal published a new map showing Limpiyadhura as a border between India and Nepal (under the
patronage and protection of China).
• India noted the amendment and intervention of RAW: India never resisted the new map published
by Nepal; it just noted it, and the intervention of R&AW started, and finally KP Oli (the man who was
behind this event ) was replaced by the new Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba, and since then the
matter has been cooled down.

1 Previous Year's Questions

Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some
countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management. (201(,)

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69
Ell CYBER SECURITY PART - I
Topics to be covered under cyber security: 0 00:00:10
• Basics of cyber security
• Role of social media
• Role of communication networks as a threat to India

Background:
• Since ancient times warfare has been a part of society. Initially, the weapons used were comparatively
crude made of stone and later, with the discovery of metals, metals got fused with stone.
• In the medieval period, with the expansion of territories, there was a parallel rise in warfare technology.
From gradual development from stone, metals, bows and arrows, there was the invention of
gunpowder.
• The invention of new technology always boosts the confidence and the power of the king and even
today, the invention of new technological development gives a sense of security and power to the
country.
• With the changing nature of time, new technologies began to develop in the Modern era. There was
the development of tanks and aeroplanes.
• With the coming of the tanks, the Land Warfare Doctrine changed with a greater possibility of having
control over the enemy.
• But at the same time, it needs to be understood that the tanks have their limitations and can only be
used where topography favours them and not elsewhere. For example, in the context of India­
Pakistan, India shares a large land boundary near Gujarat, Rajasthan and Punjab, where surprisingly,
Pakistan has never opened a war front because it knows the superiority of Indian tanks over Pakistan.
So Pakistan opens front in Kashmir where they enjoy the topographical edge and this way they play
a very calculative game by denying the opportunity to win the war. Similarly, in the case of lndo- China,
China enjoys a topographical edge in Ladakh where it knows that the tank from the Indian side cannot
be used; as a result, we often see standoffs there.
• With the limited utility of tanks, more emphasis is given to the development of airpower. The
investment in air power has a more strategic return.

Figure: Evolution of weapons of warfare

70
 • In the two World Wars, there was high use of tanks and airplanes. In the first World War, more
importance was given to tanks which shifted towards airplanes in World War II. This marked the world
drift towards airpower.
• India is now investing more in acquiring airpower. It is investing in dealing with high-class aircraft from
countries like the US, France and Russia.
• But at the same time, it does not mean that India is denying the development of tanks and giving the
opportunity of tank superiority to Pakistan. India has its own strategy - Cold Start Doctrine to deal
with this type of threat from Pakistan.

Advancement in warfare after World War II: 0 00:20:09

• Just before World War 11, in the 1930s and after the end of the war the technology was drifting away
from tanks and airplanes and started to shift towards new dimensions.
• These dimensions were: CBRN
► C stands for Chemical warfare
► B stands for Biological warfare
► R stands for Radiological warfare
► N stands for Nuclear warfare

Chemica l B i o log i ca ll
Wa rfa re Wa rfa re

Ra d i o l og i ca l N ucllea r
Wa rfa re Wa rfa re

• With these new dimensions in Warfare Technology, there was a need to test its utility. So the countries
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either started using it on their warfront or created a war front for its use.
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• For example, at the end of World War II, even when Japan surrendered to America, America dropped
two nuclear bombs, one in Nagasaki and another in Hiroshima, causing the destruction of mankind. ii:
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• Even today, the US is not able to explain the rationale behind such a drastic step. Still, no consensus can u
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be built on what provoked or motivated the US to take such a destructive step. l/)

• Similarly, the US tested their chemical warfare in Vietnam. They used Agent Orange, where the
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generations suffer from deformities till today.

71
Advancement in the cold war period:
• During the cold war period, the world came to the brink of nuclear war with the Cuban missile crisis.
But fortunately, it did not turn into nuclear war or World War lll.
• The USA and USSR understood that since both the countries are in possession of nuclear technology,
it is not feasible to be engaged in war. They further resorted to diplomacy and entered into the Control
Mechanism signing different treaties like PT BT, NPT and CT BT.
• During the cold war period, superpowers developed CBRN capabilities in war.
• At the end of the cold war, World entered into the post-cold war period.

Advancement in warfare during post cold war: � 00:32:28

• After the end of the cold war, the USA emerged as the sole superpower, and the USSR disintegrated
into the Russian Federation.
USA (United States of America)
• They perceived the end of the Cold War period as their victory and did the following:
► Demonstrated military powers
► They also spearheaded the spread of economic power.
• In order to maintain its hegemony at the global level, the USA started not only asserting their military
power but also spearheading globalisation.
• America shared its economic wealth globally to maintain its superpower status.
• With the support of America, globalisation got a push, and the ideological boundaries of the world
were broken down. The world got more connected and United.
• The US took advantage of this by virtue of its economic strength and promoted and propagated the
use of Information Technology around the world.

Russia
• After the cold war, USSR disintegrated and formed the Russian Federation.
• Russia was precisely aware that it did not have the adequate resources to counter its adversaries. So it
resorted to a technique that the USA could not contemplate at that time.
• Russia started exploring the possible vulnerabilities in Information and Communication Technology
where they can cause damage to America. This proved to be a cost-effective method.
• In the meantime, Russia got the Chinese as an Ally for the same purpose. The Chinese went to
America to study and understand the functioning of ICT, came back to China and then tried to find the
vulnerabilities in it. In this, Russian too joined hands.
• Together they got such an edge over finding out and exploiting the vulnerabilities of I CT that can wreck
damage anywhere. Example Chip famine of 202 1, where there was a sudden complete blackout that
disrupted the semiconductor chips manufacturing industry in the US.

Consequence:
• Since the end of the cold war, the world has witnessed globalisation and the rise in the use of ICT. But

72
 at the same time, the world has also witnessed the exploitation of vulnerabilities of ICT.
• Today cyberspace has become an integral part of life where everyone feels connected with the box of
technology in hand. At the same time this ICT makes humans vulnerable to the sense of deprivation if
they are left without technology.
• The ICT has also been used in the world for scams, fraud radicalisation and behavioural change.

Steps:
• While there are steps present to prevent economic vulnerability but yet there is a need to take steps to
prevent vulnerability of human behaviour change. These vulnerabilities of ICT manifest in the form of
cybercrime, cyberwar, cyber terrorism and manipulation.

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73
 Ell CYB E R S E C U RITY - PART I I

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has not only become an indispensable part of our life but
has also created many vulnerabilities. In this backdrop, we will try to understand how ICT fault lines are
created.

ICT fault lines: 0 00:00:32

These fault lines exist at the level of;
• Cyber crime
• Cyber war
• Cyber terrorism and

•
• Cyber manipulation

•
•
'

Many countries have developed their Information Warfare which Russia started, then China and then the
US. They were created to exploit any possible vulnerability present in ICT.
• With this, the dimension of warfare has evolved. Earlier the country's perceived warfare to be three
dimensional - land, air and water.
• During the cold war era, this dimension expanded to space. When different countries launched their
satellites into space that was meant for civil use, but it also had covert military intention behind it.
• And with the expansion of ICT the cyberspace is also seen as yet another possible warfront by
certain countries.
• For example, for the US, warfare has now become a 5-dimensional concept that includes land, air,
water, space and cyberspace. Moreover, the US states that any attack on these five would be
considered an attack on US sovereignty where it holds the right to retaliate militarily.
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India's stand:
(/) • India majorly recognises the three-dimensional concept of warfare which is on land, water and air,
UJ mainly because of the kind of adversaries we have and the kind of threat that they provide to the
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country.

74
 • Also, because of the geographical location, India has this three-dimensional warfare that becomes
more eminent.
• But it does not mean that India has not recognised space or cyber threats or its possible vulnerabilities.
In fact the cyberspace of India has been threatened before. But in spite of all these vulnerabilities, India
does not officially recognise space and cyberspace threats as a warfront.

Cyberspace: 0 00:06:16
• Broadly speaking, it means the use of Technology where two people are connected.

Criminal groups:
• When two or more than two people carry out illegal activity to generate profit that manifests online is
called a criminal group.

Cyber crimes: 0 00:13:25

• Cybercrime is the use of cyberspace by organised crime groups for the generation of illegal profit.

• Cyber identity theft:

► It is a cyber crime where the objective is to steal the Identity of an individual and misuse the
Identity for the illegal activities online.
► For eg - At the corner of the boarding pass of a plane, there lies a barcode that has all the identity
information about the persons holding it. After the journey ends, most people are likely to throw
away their boarding pass, which encapsulates their Identity. This boarding pass is likely to be
picked up by cybercriminals, and the personal information is stolen from the person, which is later
used for cybercrime.

• Cyber financial frauds:

► It is a unique way of cybercrime, where the person is tempted with prize money and is asked to fill
in certain details, including bank account details. In the excitement to get the money, many become
victims of cyber financial frauds where their money from the bank gets withdrawn.

• Cyber scams:
► Cyber scams are rising in the country due to the proliferation of social media.
► Social media has become less of a social platform and more of a marketing platform with the buyer
and the seller exchanging goods and services.
► The problem with the social marketing platform is that it lacks the authenticity of the product. ii:
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► Example - use of taglines like instant fairness cream, pills for instant weight loss etc. In order to l/)

make the product more authentic, they use words that present the exclusiveness of the product like
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herbal, natural, ayurvedic and replacing the word cream with serum and many more.

75
 ► At the same time, these platforms lack transparency when it comes to selling of the product for
example, terms and conditions on the product are mentioned in such a way that it is not feasible to
read it.
► Additionally and importantly, there is a lack of grievance redressal mechanism for such frauds
online.

• Cyberstalking:
► It means the use of cyberspace/social media to stalk someone and harass them. This sometimes can
even go to the extent of people committing suicide because of such harassment.

• PUPs (Potentially Unwanted Programs):

► These types of unwanted programs are created by cybercriminals to hack the data of the individual
and store the data in the Data Bank. Finally, these data are used to access Darknet.
► Darknet is a vast space outside the regulatory sphere.
► Since it was outside the arena of the regulation, people using Dark Night with their own Identity are
likely to be caught by the government. So in order to avoid being caught, cybercriminals design PUP
to steal data and manipulate them at the back and change the algorithm to access the Darknet. In
this way it becomes difficult for the government to identify and locate such individuals.

• Cyber war: CJ 00:39:00

► It is defined as an attempt by the adversary to exploit the critical information architecture of the
State.
► The term adversary implies a state actor (working through the mechanism of plausible deniability)
or a non-state actor supported by the State.
► In Cyber War, the target is always a state.
► In Cyber War, the war is not waged against the Army of the country or the people rather, it is
aimed to steal the classified information of the State.
► There are two ways to exploit the sensitive information architecture of the State;
o Cyber exploitation/ Cyber espionage
o Cyber attack/ sabotage

• Cyber espionage:
► Cyber espionage means an attempt by the adversary to intrude into the communication system
and steal the sensitive information architecture
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department is provided by BSNL, which is a public sector undertaking to communicate among the
(/) members within the department. It is managed by officers of signal intelligence of the Army.
UJ ► In 2015, an ISi member disguised himself as the officer of the signal intelligence and entered the
al
headquarters of Defence. From there, he made a call to the senior software engineer of the BSNL,

76
 who was responsible for managing the Telecom. The disguised ISi member stated he is witnessing
certain disturbances in the software, to which the engineer responded by asking him to send mail
with the software code, and he would provide new software code. When the ISi agent sent mail, it
contained malicious software which was inbuilt in the mail to attack and steal sensitive information.
Within 24 hour the malicious virus was able to spread throughout the BSNL communication in
India.
► Such kind of activity is an act of intrusion where the objective was to steal the information by
intercepting the communication.
► Example Pegasus software

• Cyber sabotage: <!, 00:55:40

► It is defined as an attempt of the adversary to destroy/ to cripple the critical information
architecture of the State.
► Example, Israel's sabotage on Iranian nuclear facility.

• Background:
► The Middle East comprises countries of Iran, Israel and Saudi Arabia. During the cold war period
the balance of power was maintained as all were American Allies.
► But two events in 1979 disturbed the balance;
o Afghanistan crisis
o Iranian revolution where Iran became anti-American.
► America responded to this changing nature of Iran by using Iraq as its proxy to have war with Iran.
Iraq under Saddam Husain received funds and military aid to bleed Iran. The war started in 1980
and continued for eight years and ended in 1988. In the end, American withdrew their aid from Iraq
and the war was inconclusive.
► Now Iran understood that it has become vulnerable by being anti-American and America can use
any time the other states like Israel or Saudi Arabia to instigate war against it.
► So in order to check this tendency, Iran wanted to develop nuclear power. They sought
assistance from Germany, Japan and Russia for nuclear aid for the Civil purpose. But they covertly
diverted it for military purposes.
► Finally, in 2005 Iranian president Mohammed Ahamdnijad invited the World media to Arak and
Fordo facilities, two places. Here they showcased their military nuclear weapon.
► This event again changed the balance of power in the Middle East; as of now, only Israel in the
Middle East had nuclear capability, but now Iran also possessed it.
► Israel saw this act of Iran as a threat; therefore, they decided to do cyber sabotage on Iran. ii:
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► The members of the Israeli Intelligence Agency Mossad did a covert operation u
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► They entered the nuclear facility of Iran, where uranium enrichment was done for military purposes. l/)

Here they installed Malware which resulted in the malfunctioning of the system. To repair this, Iran
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sought the help of Germany, from where they bought this machine. The company which supplied

77
 the Machines sent that team of Engineers to Iran (who were actually in disguise Mossad agents);
they repaired the machine but installed a Malware Stuxnet. This caused the machine to
malfunction again after 2 months. This entire process repeatedly continued from 2006 to 2010.
► Now Iran sought help from Indian scientists who reported that these facilities were compromised
beyond repair. In short, Iran witnessed cyber sabotage destroyed through Malware.

Note: In this context India has been the victim of cyber espionage but has failed to add cyberspace as
another dimension of warfare.

• Cyber terrorism: 0 01:18:55

► It is defined as the use of cyberspace by the terrorist group for propaganda and disinformation
campaigns.
► For example- 1515, the terrorist group which is at the forefront of using cyberspace to spread
propaganda and disinformation campaigns as well as used it for recruitment.
► This terrorist group identify the affected area where the marginalised people exist. They bombard
the social media of this audience with graphic images of violence on a regular basis, designed in
such a way that impacts the neural impulse of the person.
► The graphic images are fake, doctored images showing that the people of a specific religion are
being targeted and harmed.
► The objective is to ensure that the member receiving these images on a regular basis is instilled
with a sense of insecurity.
► Now when the terrorist group succeed in this propoganda then they replace the graphic images by
video of violence. This video is fake and designed in such a way that shows a member of a particular
religion is being harmed by the member of another religion or by the security forces. The idea is to
provoke the marginalised people.
► The images and videos are backed by fake messages like "religion is in danger."
► Once the people are provoked, they search for the solution which is provided by the terrorist group
that is to pick up the arms and fight to protect your religion.
► And in this way, when people pick up arms and commit violence, the terrorist group hence succeeds
by engaging in Lone Wolf Violence.

Protection strategies/Institution:
Central Monitoring System:
• The central monitoring system monitors the radical content being published on social media platforms.
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ii: If CMS finds any such content, it immediately alerts the ATS (Anti Terrorist Squad) and ST F (Special
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• In the deradicalisation centre, the convict is made to meet a group of mixed religious leaders,

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 psychologists and intelligence officers.
• The narrative is created in such a way to have the positive idea of religion and undo the neural
impulse created on the mind of the person.
• And after all this process of deradicalisation campaign, the person is integrated into the society.
• After the person is integrated into society, the Intelligence Officer keeps watching on the person so
that the person does not get radicalised again.

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Previous Year's Questions

Discuss [Link] types o.f cybercrimes and measures required to be taken to .fight the menace.
(2020)

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Previous Year's Questions

Data security has assumed significant importance in the digitized world due to rising cyber·crimes.
The Justice B. N. Srikrishna Committee Report addresses issues related to data security. What. in
your view. are the strengths and weaknesses o.f the Report relating to the protection o.f personal
data in cyberspace? (2018)

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0
Previous Year's Questions

Discuss the potential threats o.f Cyber attack and the security .framework to prevent it. (2017)

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Previous Year's Questions

Use o.f the internet and social media by non-state actors .for subversive activities is a major
security concern. How have these been misused in the recent past? Suggest [Link] guidelines to
curb the above threat. (2016) ii:
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Previous Year's Questions

Considering the threats cyberspace poses .for the country. India needs a "Digital Armed Force· to
prevent crimes. Critically evaluate the National Cyber Security Policy. 2013 outlining the challenges
perceived in its e++ective implementation. (2015)

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