INTERNSHIP REPORT

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN

MICROBIOLOGY

by

DHARSHINI

(REG NO:22MUMB1011)

at

VARUN HOSPITAL LAB

RASIPURAM.
(Duration: 20.05.2024 to 04.06.2024)

DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
MUTHAYAMMAL COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE
(AUTONOMOUS)
(An Autonomous Institution)
Affiliated to Periyar University, Salem-11.
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ grade, Recognized by UGC under Section 2(f) & 12(B)
,Rasipuram - 637 408, Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu.

May/June -2024
 MUTHAYAMMAL COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE (AUTONOMOUS)
(An Autonomous Institution)
Affiliated to Periyar University, Salem-11.
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ grade, Recognized by UGC under Section 2(f) & 12(B),
Rasipuram - 637 408, Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu.
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the “Internship report” submitted by DHARSHINI R ( Reg

no:22MUMB1011) is work done by her and submitted during 2024 – 2025 academic year, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE in
MICROBIOLOGY, at Varun Hospital Lab, Rasipuram.

Internship Coordinator (College) Head of the Department

Submitted for the viva- voce examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to [Link], Lab Technician,Varun
Hospital Lab, Rasipuram. as they permitted me to do an internship in their bank.

At first I bow to the Almighty for showering upon me his blessing to muster confidenceand
strength in bringing out my project work.
It is difficult to overstate my gratitude to my Class in-charge, Mrs. [Link],
[Link]., [Link]., Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Muthayammal College of Arts
and Science, Rasipuram With his enthusiasm, his inspiration and his great efforts to explain things
clearly and simply, he helped to made it easy.
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Thiru K.P. Ramaswamy, Chairman, Mr.
R. Muthuvel Ramaswamy, Secretary and Dr. R. Selva kumaran, [Link]., Ph.D., Director - Academics
& Dr. S.P. Vijeikumar, [Link]., Ph.D., Principal, Muthayammal College of Arts and Science,
Rasipuram for having offered me an opportunity to carry out my mini project in this institution and
also for their constant help and valuable support throughout my project work.
I thank Dr. A. Stella Baby, Vice Principal, Dr. M.N. Periyasamy, Dean Administration,
Muthayammal College of Arts and Science, Rasipuram for their encouragement that boosted me to
complete my work.
I am indebted to [Link], [Link]., [Link]., Ph.D., Head, Department of Microbiology,
Dr. S. Anbalagan, [Link]., [Link]., Ph.D., Dr. S. Shahitha, [Link]., [Link], Ph.D., Dr. K. Maghimaa,
[Link]., [Link]., Ph.D., Mrs. N. Sathyabama, [Link]., [Link]., & Dr.
M. Sankareswaran, [Link]., [Link]., Ph.D., Mrs.S. Vahitha Banu, [Link]., Dr. [Link], [Link].,Ph.D.,
Mrs, [Link], [Link]., [Link]., Assistant Professors, Department of Microbiology, Muthayammal
College of Arts and Science, Rasipuram for their timely help, encouragement, clarifying my doubts
and fruitful advice.
I express my special thanks to Dr. N. Sudhakar, Head, R&D, Muthayammal College ofArts
and Science, Rasipuram for his encouragement during my training.

I express my thanks to Mr. P. Ravi, Technical Staff, Department of Microbiology,

Muthayammal College of Arts and Science, Rasipuram for his timely help.
I express my special thanks to, all my friends who have always remained with me intimes of
need.

Last, but not the least I thank the almighty for his blessings throughout my training.

DHARSHINI R
 CONTENTS

[Link]: TITLE: PAGENO:

1-12
1. CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

4-13
2. HAEMATOLOGY
23-26
3. SEROLOGY
27-31
4. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
 OBJECTIVES

Learning Objectives/Internship Objectives

 Internships are generally thought of to be reserved for college students looking to

gain experience in a particular field. However, a wide array of people can benefit
from Training Internship in order to receive real world experience and develop
their skills.

 An objective for this position should emphasize the skills students already possess
in the area and their interest in learning more…

 Internships are utilized in a number of different career fields ,including

architecture,engineering,healthcare,economics,advertising,educationandmany
more.

 Internship is used to allow individuals to perform scientific research.

 Specificallydesignedtoallowpeopletogainfirst-handexperienceworking.

 Utilizing internships is a great way to build your resume and develop skills
that can be emphasized in students resume for future jobs.

 When they are applying for a Training Internship ,make sure to highlight
any special skills or talents.

 Internscanstandapartfromtherestoftheapplicantssothattheycanhavean improved
chance of landing the position.

1
 WEEKLY OVERVIEW OF INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES /WORK DIARY

DATE DAY NAMEOFTOPICS

LABEQUIPMENTS
20.05.2024 DAY1 BLOODCOLLECTIONTUBES
21.05.2024 DAY2 TESTTUBES,PIPETTE
22.05.2024 DAY3 MICROSCOPE

BIO–CHEMISTRY
23.05.2024 DAY4 GLUCOSE
24.05.2024 DAY5 LIPIDPROFILE
26.05.2024 DAY6 LIVERFUNCTIONTEST

SEROLOGY
27.05.2024 DAY7 WIDALTEST(SLIDETEST)METHOD
28.05.2024 DAY8 HIV–TRIDOTTEST,HCVCARDTEST
29.05.2024 DAY9 HBsAg–Hepatitis-B,VDRLCARDTEST
30.05.2024 DAY10 DENGUECARDTEST,MALARIA(MPCARD)TEST

HAEMATOLOGY
31.05.2024 DAY11 COMPLETEBLOODCOUNT(CBC)
01.06.2024 DAY12 BLOODGROUPING&RHTYPING
02.06.2024 DAY13 ERYTHROCYTESEDIMENTATIONRATE(ESR)

CLINICALPATHOLOGY
03.06.2024 DAY14 URINEANALYSIS

BIO-MEDICALWASTEMANAGEMENT
04.06.2024 DAY15 COLOURCODINGINSTRUCTIONFORSEGREGATION

2
 INTRODUCTION

My internship took place in the Varun Hospital in the department of lab medicine.

The laboratory is one of the best fully automated lab in Rasipuram lab is open for 24

hoursa day ,seven days a week for in patient and outpatient services. The clinical

laboratory services cover all clinical section :Haematology ,biochemistry,serology and

pathology.

I was trained in clinical biochemistry ,serology ,haematology and pathology section.

The section provided routine test of whole blood, serum, plasma, urine and other body

fluids. In this hospital, the laboratory technicians draw and collect the sample from the

patients in certain vaccum tube. Each patient sample is identified by the barcode which

contains the MRN(medical record number).

3
 LAB EQUIPMENTS
Medical laboratory equipment is any technological system or device used to
diagnose, treat, prevent or rehabilitate. Many breakthroughs in instruments and
appliances have made very intricate procedures possible with considerable accuracy.

DAY-1

BLOOD COLLECTION TUBE

PLAIN TUBE:(Red colour tube):

 The RED TUBE is Plain vacuum container. This is used for blood collection
and storage for biochemistry, immunology, serology, and test of various kinds
of microelements in a medical inspection.

 The plain vial for blood collection has good compatibility, able to match
with many biochemical, immunological, blood, and other analyzers'
transmission devices.

4
 K3 EDTA TUBE(Purple colour tube):

 It’s a tube coated with spray-dried K3EDTA on its inner wall. EDTA acts as
an anticoagulant, binding the calcium ions and interrupting the clotting of
the blood sample.

 EDTA is used for most hematology procedures, assessing complete blood

count, preparing EDTA plasma, whole blood collection and bone marrow
specimens.

ESR TUBE:(Black colour tube)

 A blood test called an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) gauges how

rapidly red blood cells, or erythrocytes, settle to the bottom ofa test tube
containing a blood sample.

 Red blood cells often settle fairly slowly. A higher-than-averagerate could be

a sign of internal inflammation. Inflammation is a normal aspect of your
immune system's response. It could be a response to an injury or infection.

GLUCOSE TEST TUBE:(Grey colour tube)

 Glucose tubes are primarily used for the collection and storage of blood
samples for glucose testing.

 Glucose levels in the blood can provide valuable information about a

person’s metabolic status, particularly in the diagnosis and management of
diabetes.

5
 PT,APT TUBE:(Blue colour tube)

 The primary application of light blue top tubes is forcoagulation [Link]

sodium citrate anticoagulant present in the tube prevents blood from clotting
by binding to calcium ions, thus maintaining the blood in its liquid form.

 PROTHROMBIN TIME(PT):

PT measures the time it takes for blood to clot. It evaluates the extrinsic
pathway of coagulation and is commonly used to monitor the effectiveness of
anticoagulant therapy (e.g., warfarin).

 ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME(APTT):

APTT assesses the intrinsic pathway of coagulation and is used to evaluate

factors involved in clot formation. It can help diagnose conditions like
hemophilia and monitor heparin therapy.

6
 DAY-2

TEST TUBES,PIPETTE

TEST TUBES:

A Test tube, also known as a culture tube or sample tube, is a common piece of
laboratory glassware consisting of a finger-like length of glass or clear plastic tubing, open
at the top and closed at the bottom.

PIPETTE:

A pipette (sometimes spelled as pipet) is a type of laboratory tool commonly used in

chemistry and biology to transport a measured volume of liquid, often as a media dispenser.
Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with differing levels of accuracy and
precision, from single piece glass pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic
pipettes.

7
DAY-3
BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE

A binocular microscope is any optical microscope with two eyepieces to

significantly ease viewing and cut down on eye strain.

Most microscopes old today are binocular microscopes though the interplay between
the two lenses can differ depending on the microscope type.
 BIO-CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION

Clinical biochemistry blood biochemistry test is a test with a blood

specimen that measures the concentration of certain chemicals in a blood sample (which may
include electrolytes, fats, proteins, glucose, etc.) . Blood chemistry tests provide important
information about how well your kidneys, liver and other organs are working.

DAY-4
NAME OF THE TEST
GLUCOSE

Glucose tubes are primarily used for the collection and storage of blood
samples for glucose testing.

 FASTING BLOOD SUGAR

 RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR

 POSTPRANDIAL BLOOD SUGAR

9
 Principle:

UV test enzymatic reference method with hexokinase .Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to
glucose-6-phosphate by ATP. Glucose + ATP Hexokinase G-6- P+ ADP Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase
oxidizes glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of NADP to gluconate-6-phosphate. The rate of NADPH formation
during the reaction is directly proportional to the glucose concentration and is measured photometrically.

Procedure:

Separate the serum or plasma sample from the test tube with the help of micro pipette. Take the sample in a cuvette.
Give the command to the analyzer and select the tests. Press ok. Then place the cuvette in the analyzer. Analyzer gives
result automatically.
Normal range of Glucose

Normal range of Glucose

Fasting: Postprandial: Random:

70-110 70-150 mg/dl 100-150

mg/dl mg/dl

Case study 1
Sample : 1

Age/sex : 45/female

Test Sample : Fasting plasma

Result obtained : 140 mg/dl

Interpretation: The blood glucose level in the patient is high which indicates hyperglycemia.

Case study 2

Sample : 2

Age/sex : 42/female

10
 Test sample : Random

Result obtained: 68 mg/dl

Interpretation: The blood glucose level in the patient is low which indicates hypoglycemia.

Clinical significance:Hyperglycemia:
 Diabetes mellitus
 Hyperactivity of thyroid, adrenal, pituitary gland.
 Overdose of insulin
 Hypo activity of thyroid, adrenal, or pituitary gland
 Glycogen storage disease in which there is deficiency of G-6-phosphate.
 DAY-5
LIPIDPROFILE
INTRODUCTION

Lipids and cholesterol are fat-like substances in your body .A

cholesterol (or lipid profile) test looks at the levels of cholesterol and other fats in your
blood.

A lipid profile blood test measures:

Total cholestral:

This is the total amount of cholesterol that's circulating in your

blood. Here's the formula for calculating it: HDL + LDL + 20% triglycerides = total
cholesterol. HDL level: HDL is high-density lipoprotein.

Here are the ranges for total cholesterol in adults: Normal: Less
than 200 mg/dL. Borderline high: 200 to 239 mg/dL. High: At or above 240 mg/dL.

HDL(High Density Lipoprotien):

HDL cholesterol, or "good" cholesterol, higher levels are better. High-

density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is known as the "good" cholesterol because it helps
remove other forms of cholesterol from your bloodstream. Higher levels of HDL cholesterol
are associated with a lower risk of heart disease.

Your HDL should be above 60. It's the helpful cholesterol. An HDL
above 60 offers you protection against heart disease.

LDL(Light Density Lipoprotien):

LDL stands for low-density lipoproteins. It is sometimes called

the "bad" cholesterol because a high LDL level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your
arteries. HDL stands for high-density lipoproteins.

These are the adult ranges for LDL cholesterol: Optimal: Less than
100 mg/dL (This is the goal for people with diabetes or heart disease.) Near optimal: 100
to129 mg/dL. Borderline high: 130 to 159 mg/dL.

11
 VLDL(Very Low Density Lipoprotein):

VLDL stands for very low density lipoprotein. Lipoproteins are

made up of cholesterol, triglycerides, and proteins. They move cholesterol, triglycerides,
and other lipids(fats)around the body. VLDL is one of the three main types of lipoproteins.
VLDL contains the highest amount of triglycerides.

Normal VLDL cholesterol level is 2 to 30 mg/dL. Normal value

ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the
meaning of your specific test results.

Phospholipids:

Phospholipids are compound lipids, consisting of phosphoric acids,

nitrogen base ,alcohol and fatty acids. These compound lipids are major components of the
cell membrane and also provide a fluid character to the membranes.

The phospho lipid test measures lecithin, sphingomyelin, and

phospholipids made of lecithin. Normal Ranges for Phospholipids in mg/dL: 16 years old
and older:150-250mg/[Link] of
16.

Triglycerides:

Triglycerides are a type of fat, called lipid , that circulate in your

blood. They are the most common type of fat in your body. Triglycerides come from foods,
especially butter, oils, and other fats you eat.

Triglyceride levels usually fall in to the following categories:

Healthy: Below 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) for adults; lower than 90 mg/dL for
children and teens (ages 10-19) Borderline high: Between 150 and 199 mg/dL. High:
Between 200 and 499 mg/dL.

12
 DAY-6
LIVER FUNCTION TEST

BILIRUBIN
Aim
Liver function tests (also called a liver panel)use a sample of your blood to measure several substances
made by your liver.

Principle:
Bilirubin reacts with diazo mixture & forms pink coloured complex. Which is measured
colourimetrically.

Contents of the kit:

1. Bilirubin - (Diazo B)
2. Bilirubin - (Diazo A)
3. Bilirubin – (Caffeine)Sample:Serum or Heparin plasma
Procedure:
Bichromatic method
Primary filter 546 nm & Secondary filter 630 nm.
Total Bilirubin:

1. 1-Bilirubin (Diazo B) 50

2. 2-Bilirubin (Diazo A) 50

3. Sample 50

4. Bilirubin (Caffeine) 1.0 ml

Direct Bilirubin:
1. 1-Bilirubin (Diazo B) 50

2. 2-Bilirubin (Di/azo A) 50

13
 3. Sample 50

4. Distilled water 1.0 ml

Mix. Carefully incubate at room temperature for 2 min & read the absorbance at540nm
&630nm against distilled water

Normal range:
Total bilirubin : 0.4 to 1.1 mg/dl
Direct bilirubin : 0.1 to 0.4 mg/dl

Case study 1
Sample 1

Age/sex : 45/female

Result obtained : 1.53mg/dl

Interpretation : Total Bilirubin level in patient‟s serum is high.

Clinical significance:
High levels of bilirubin in the blood may caused by:

 Some infections, such as an infected gallbladder.

 Diseases that cause liver damage, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or

mononucleosis.

 Diseases that cause blockage of the bile ducts, such as gallstones or cancelof
the pancreas.

14
 SEROLOGY
The examination of antibodies and other substances in the serum
(clearliquidpartoftheblood).Serologytestsareusedtolookforthepresenceofantibodies in the
blood that show whether a person has been exposed to a virus or other infectious agent.

DAY-7

WIDAL TEST (TYPHOID SLIDE TEST

A Widal test meaning is a serology blood test that helps detect

typhoid or enter in fever in the body. This test was first conducted in 1896 by Georges
Ferdinand Widal and was named after him.

The Widal test is an advanced way to check for antibodies that

your body makes against the salmonella bacteria that causes typhoid fever. It looks for O
and H antibodies in a patient’s sample blood (serum).

This test helps detect life-threatening illnesses like typhoid fever.

However, interpreting the Widal test is important to arrive at the correct results.

Principle:

Bacterial suspension which carry antigen will agglutinate on exposure to antibodies to Salmonella
organisms. Patients‟ suffering from enteric fever would possess antibodies in their sera which can react and
agglutinate serial doubling dilutions of killed, colored Salmonella antigens in a agglutination test.

 The main principle of widal test is that if homologous antibody is present in patients
serum, it will react with respective antigen in the reagent and gives visible clumping on
the test card and agglutination in the tube. The antigens used in the test are “H” and “O”
antigens of SalmonellaTyphi and “H” antigen of [Link]. The paratyphoid “O”
antigen are not employed as they cross react with typhoid “O” antigen due to the
sharingof factor 12. “O” antigen is a somatic antigen and “H” antigen is flagellar
antigen.
Procedure:

SLIDE TEST
1. Place one drop of positive control on one reaction circles of the slide.
2. Pipette one drop of Isotonic saline on the next reaction cirlcle. (-ve Control).
3. Pipette one drop of the patient serum tobe tested onto the remaining four reaction circles.
4. Add one drop of Widal TEST antigen suspension „H‟ to the first two reaction circles. (PC &
NC).
5. Add one drop each of „O‟, „H‟, „AH‟ and „BH‟ antigens to the remaining four reaction circles.
6. Mix contents of each circle uniformly over the entire circle with separate mixing sticks.
7. Rock the slide, gently back and forth and observe for agglutination microscopically within
one minute.

Clinical significance:

Agglutination is a positive test result and if the positive reaction is observed with 20 ul of test
sample, it indicates presence of clinically significant levels of the corresponding antibody in the
patient serum.
No agglutination is a negative test result and indicates absence of clinically significant levels
of the corresponding antibody in the patient serum.
DAY-8
HIV,HCV TEST

HIV (TRIDOT )TEST CARD

INTRODUCTION
This study evaluated the TRI-DOT Rapid HIV test for the
early detection of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection in comparison with a
fourth-generation ELISA.

HIV (Tridot) Test Immunoassay blood test use a sample of blood

from an individual to detect HIV infection. This is a sensitive and rapid diagnostic test used
to detect the HIV1 &2 antibodies in serum and blood using specific HIV-1 and HIV-2
antigens.

HCV TEST

A blood test, called an HCV antibody test, is used to find out if

someone has ever been infected with the hepatitisC virus. Hepatitis C is an inflammation of
the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus.

The virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, ranging in
severity from a mild illness to a serious, lifelong illness including liver cirrhosis and cancer.
DAY-9

HBsAg, VDRLTEST

HBsAg TEST

INTRODUCTION

The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test is used to detect the

presence of hepatitis B surface antigens in your blood

Hepatitis B surface Antigen, a protein on the surface of the

Hepatitis B virus, is found via a blood test known as an HBsAg test. An HBsAg positive
means that the patients are contagious and have a current or chronic Hepatitis B infection.

VDRL TEST

Venereal disease research laboratory test; Syphilis - VDRL. The

VDRL test is a screening test for syphilis. It measures substances (proteins), called
antibodies, which your body may produce if you have been infected with the bacteria that
cause syphilis.

The venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test is designed

to assess whether you have syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Syphilis is
caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. The bacterium infects by penetrating into
the lining of the mouth or genital area.
DAY-10

DENGUE ,MALARIA CARD TEST

DENGUE CARD TEST

INTRODUCTION

Dengue fever is a viral infection spread to people through bites

from infected mosquitos. It is mostly used for people who have symptoms related to dengue
fever and have recently traveled to an area where dengue infections are common.

Symptoms of dengue fever include a sudden high fever(104°F)

 Nausea and vomiting

 Rash
 Eye pain ,typically behind the eyes
 Headache
 Joint ,bone or muscle pain

antibody tests may be reported as positive or negative ,or may be

reported as an antibody titer with an interpretation of which type(s) of antibody (IgG or
IgM) ispresent.Ns1antibody also present
.
 MALARIA TEST CARD

Malaria is a serious disease caused by a parasite. Malaria

parasites are tiny single-celled life forms. They live and reproduce in the red blood cells of
humans. This destroys the red blood cells, which makes you sick.

In most cases, people get malaria when they are bitten by

mosquitos that are infected with the parasite
 HEMATOLOGY
DAY-1
INTRODUCTION

Hamatologyis the study of blood, blood components, and blood disorders it involves studying the
anatomy and physiology of blood cells and other cells that compressed blood like Red blood cells, White
blood cells, Platelets and hemoglobin.
 Analysis of blood concentration, structure and function of the cells and their precursors
in the bone marrow.
 Analysis of chemical constituents of plasma or serum intimately, linked blood cells
structure and function.
 Study of function of the platelets and proteins involved in blood coagulation.

NAME OF THE TEST:

1. Complete blood count (CBC)
2. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
3. Blood grouping

COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT

By hematology analyzer Hb, RBC, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC‟s ,Neutrophils,
Lymphocytes, eosinophils ,Monocytes, Basophils and Platelets we were performed. These all test
collectively aer called complete blood count or complete picture. These test was performed by the
whole blood which was not clotted . the CP test was performed by the hematology analyzer which
automatically sucked the blood and display result within one minute on the computer screen.
 TEST REFERENCE RANGE

Hb MALE :13.0-18.0
FEMALE :11.0- g/dl
16.0

RBC 4.0-5.0 Million/cumm

HCT 36.0-48.0

MCV 76-96 Fl

MCH 27.0-2.0 pg

MCHC 30.0-35.0 %

Neutrophils 50-81 %

Lymphocytes 14-44 %

Eosinophils
3.0-7.0 %

Monocytes 0.15-0.70 cell/cumm

Platelets 1.5-4.0 lakhs/cumm

 DAY-12

BLOOD GROUPING

Blood typing is a method to tell what type of blood you have. Blood
typing is done so you can safely donate your blood or receive a blood transfusion.

Principle:

It is an antigen-antibody reaction. Mainly there are 3 types of antisera for ABO and 1 antisera

for Rh D. These are specific antibodies, IgM type. If one type of antisera is mixed with red cells give

agglutination means the corresponding antigen is present on the RBC surfaces. with anti-A gives

agglutination with red cells means the group is A. When agglutination gives in anti-B RBC mixture then

B group. No reaction on A or B termed as O. If positive reaction on both A & B the group is AB. Rh

positive cells will agglutinate with anti-D antisera. Normally, tube test is done in bloofd banks. Reverse

test also done to conform the ABO group.

ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM

 Requirments:
 Antisera A
 Antisera B
 Antisera C
 Slides

Procedure:
 Place one drop of antisera A antisera B and antisera D on three different on a slide.
 And 1 drop of blood and mix with sterile stick.
 Observe for agglutination.

OBSERVATION

Monoclonal Monocloal Monoclonal Result

Antibodies A Antibodies B Antibodies D
Reaction Blood
group
Agglutination + - + A Positive

Agglutination + - - A Negative

Agglutination - + + B Positive

Agglutination - + - B Negative
Agglutination + + + AB Positive

Agglutination + + - AB Negative

Agglutination - - + O Positive

Agglutination - - - O Negative

CASESTUDY

Sample :1

Age/sex : 21/F

Test Sample : Whole blood Result

: O+ Ve
DAY-13

ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE(ESR)

An ESR test measures howfar red blood cells settle to the bottle of a
Test tube in1hour.

An erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a blood test that that

can show if you have inflammation in your body. Inflammation is your immune system's
response to injury, infection, and many types of conditions, including immune system
disorders, certain cancers, and blood disorders.
 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
A pathology test is the testing of body tissues or fluids such as
blood, urine, or faeces to determine the presence of a disease or to investigate it further.
Pathology is the study of disease, including its causes and progression.

DAY-14

SUGAR (GLUCOSE) TEST (“BENEDICT’S QUALITATIVE TEST”)

Principle:
Urine glucose reduces cupric ions present in the reagent to cuprous ion, Alkaline mediumis
provided to the reaction by sodium carbonate present in the reagent the original color change blue to
green, yellow, orange and red to concentration glucose.

Procedure of glucose:
1. Take 5ml of Benedict‟s reagent in the test tube.
2. Add 8 drops of urine.
3. Boil for 2 minute and allow cooling under tap water.

Observation & Result:

Blue clear : Negative

Green, no ppt : Trace

Green with ppt : +

Brown with cloudy : ++

Orange with cloudy : +++

Red with cloudy : ++++

DAY-15

BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

BMW management refers to completely removing all the hazardous and infectious
waste generated from hospital settings. The importance of waste treatment is to remove all
the pathogenic organisms by decontaminating the waste generated.

COLOUR CODING INSTRUCTION FOR SEGREGATION

Red colour:
 Plastic waste,
 IV set,
 Catheters Ryles's tubes,
 URO Bags,
 Blood Bags ,Blood set,
 Syringe without Needle.

YELLOWCOLOUR:

 Human anatomical Waste

 Blood stained solid waste
 Expired and discarded
 Chemical waste
 Discarded line
Green colour :

 General Waste,
 LeftoverFood,
 Papers,
 Needlecap.

Blue colour:

 Broken or discarded and

 Contaminated Glasses
 Vials &Ampoules ,Metalic bodyimplant

White colour:

 Needles ,blades ,Scalpels,

 Other contaminated sharp
 Object that may cause Puncture and cuts
CONCLUSION :

 Internships are gently thought of to be reserved for college looking to gain experience in a part
field. However, a wide may of people can benefit from training internship in order receive real world
experience and develop their skills.

 An objective for this position should emphasize the skills students already posses in the are and
their internet in learning more

 Utilizing internships is a great way to build your resume and develop skills that can be
emphasized in students resume for future jobs.

 When they are applying for a training internship ,make sure to highlight any special skills or learning
very well .