REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Pubic bone
-The main function of the pubis is to support and protect the urinary and sexual organs,
including the bladder, uterus (womb), ovaries, prostate glands, and testes (testicles).

Ductus deferens
-The ductus deferens, also known as the vas deferens, is a thick-walled tube within the male
reproductive system. Its primary function is to transport sperm cells from the epididymis, where
sperm are stored prior to ejaculation, to the ejaculatory ducts.

Penis
-The penis is a complex external organ used to urinate and for sex and reproduction in people
who are born biologically male. The sexual function of the penis can be described as two stages:
erection and ejaculation.

Spongy urethra
-The urethra is a thin tube that connects to the bladder. The urethra’s main responsibility is to
let urine pass from the bladder out of the body.

Seminal vesicle
-The seminal vesicles are a pair of glands along the back of the bladder base in men and are
part of the male genital system. Their main function is to produce a fluid that makes up semen,
which is released during ejaculation.

Bladder
-The bladder is the organ that holds urine until it is ready to be released and then helps to expel
it from the body. The bladder is a triangle-shaped, hollow organ.

Prostate gland
- The prostate is an important gland located between the penis and bladder. It sits just to the
front of the rectum. The urethra, which carries urine from the bladder out of the body, runs
through the center of this walnut-sized organ.
Epididymis
- The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that transports sperm from the testes to the vas deferens.
Testis

- The testes have two primary functions. The first is to produce testosterone. A hormone that is
responsible for secondary male characteristics. The second function of the testes is to produce
sperm.

Scrotum
- The scrotum is the sac of skin and other tissues that holds the testicles outside of the pelvis. Its
primary function is to protect the testicles, or testes, and allow them to stay cooler than core body
temperature.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Fallopian tube/Uterine tubes

-The primary function of the fallopian tubes is to transport eggs from the ovary to the uterus.
They are important parts of the female reproductive system. Fertilization normally happens in the
fallopian tubes.

Uterus
-The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the pelvis
between the bladder and rectum of individuals who are assigned female at birth. This pear-
shaped organ plays a role in menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth.

Fundus
-The fundus is a dome-shaped section at the top of the stomach. It does not usually store food
unless the stomach is full. The fundus stores any gas that is a byproduct of digestion.
Fimbria
-Fimbriae tubae project from the end of the fallopian tubes. They are lined with cilia, or hair-
like structures, that guide the egg to the uterus. From there, the egg is either fertilized or shed
during the menstrual cycle.

Endometrium
-The endometrium is the tissue that lines the uterus, or womb—the pear-shaped organ that
houses a fetus. This mucous membrane thickens in anticipation of a possible pregnancy. If a
fertilized egg is implanted, the lining stays in place. If not, the endometrium thins and sheds as a
menstrual period.

Myometrium
-The myometrium is a thick muscular layer that is continuous with the muscular layer of
the uterus and vagina. It is the thickest layer of the uterine wall. All three layers of the
myometrium work together during uterine contraction to expel the contents of the uterine lumen.

Vagina
-vagina is a stretchy, muscular canal that’s an important part of your reproductive anatomy. It
enables you to experience sexual pleasure, channels period blood outside of your body, and plays
a role in both pregnancy and childbirth.

Cervix
-The cervix is the lower portion (or the "neck") of the uterus. It is approximately 1 inch long
and 1 inch wide and opens into the vagina. The cervix functions as the entrance for sperm to
enter the uterus. During menstruation, the cervix opens slightly to allow menstrual blood to flow
out of the uterus.
Ovary
-Ovaries are a pair of glands (approximately the size and shape of an almond) in the female
reproductive system where eggs are stored and estrogen is manufactured. They are held in place
by several ligaments on either side of the uterus.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PITUITARY GLAND ANG HYPOTHALAMUS

Pituitary gland
-The pituitary gland (hypophysis), is the master gland of the endocrine system. It is an ovoid-
shaped structure. The main function of the pituitary gland is to produce hormones that regulate
many vital functions and processes, such as metabolism, growth, sexual maturation, reproduction,
blood pressure and many other vital physical functions and processes.

Hypothalamus
-The hypothalamus is a paired structure that forms part of the diencephalon. The hypothalamus
is the principal visceral control center of the brain and mediates a broad range of functions via its
connections with the endocrine.

Neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus

-Neurosecretory cell, a type of neuron, or nerve cell, whose function is to translate neural
signals into chemical stimuli. Such cells produce secretions called neurohormones that travel
along the neuron axon.

Anterior pituitary
-The anterior pituitary is the front lobe of your pituitary gland, which is a small, pea-sized
gland located at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus. Your pituitary gland is a part
of your endocrine system and controls the function of several other endocrine glands.

Posterior pituitary
 -Posterior pituitary is one of two lobes that make up your pituitary gland, which is a small,
pea-sized endocrine gland located at the base of your brain. Your posterior pituitary’s main
functions are to store and release the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone).

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

-Thyroid hormone is the hormone that controls your body’s metabolism, the process in which
your body transforms the food you eat into energy.

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a hormone your pituitary gland releases that triggers
your adrenal glands to release cortisol, the “stress hormone.”

Prolactin (PRL)
-Prolactin is a hormone that’s responsible for lactation, certain breast tissue development and
milk production. Higher-than-normal levels of prolactin in your blood can cause certain
symptoms, such as irregular periods, infertility and erectile dysfunction.

Growth hormone (GH)

-Growth hormone (GH) is a natural hormone your pituitary gland releases that promotes
growth in children, helps maintain normal body structure in adults and plays a role in metabolism
in both children and adults.

Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

-The gonadotropins are peptide hormones that regulate ovarian and testicular function and are
essential for normal growth, sexual development and reproduction.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is also called Vasopressin. It is a naturally occurring hormone
that helps in controlling various physical processes and several life-threatening conditions,
including bleeding abnormalities and septic shocks.

Oxytocin
-Oxytocin is a natural hormone that stimulates uterine contractions in childbirth and lactation
after childbirth. It also affects aspects of human behavior and the male and female reproductive
systems.

THYROID GLAND
Thyroid gland
-thyroid is an important endocrine gland that makes and releases certain hormones. Your
thyroid's main job is to control your metabolism — how your body uses energy. Sometimes,
your thyroid doesn’t work properly.

Thyroid cartilage
-The thyroid cartilage is a firm and resilient structure, composed entirely of hyaline cartilage,
which serves to protect and support the vocal cords.

Left and right lobe

-Their function is to synthesize thyroid hormone. They are able to have wide-spanning effects
that affect nearly all of the tissues in the body with the help of the endocrine passageway.

Isthmus
-The isthmus is a bridge of tissues that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland, located on
either side of the windpipe at the front of the neck.

Trachea
-The trachea is a hollow, tube-like structure that runs from the larynx, or voice box, to the
bronchi — the two passageways that connect the trachea to the lungs.

PARATHYROID GLAND

Parathyroid gland
-The main job of your parathyroid glands is to release parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Sometimes, your parathyroid gland can release too little PTH, which results in low amounts of
calcium in your blood (hypocalcemia), or too much PTH, resulting in high amounts of calcium in
your blood (hypercalcemia).

ADRENAL GLANDS

Adrenal gland
-Adrenal glands are endocrine glands located on top of your kidneys. They produce many
important hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone and adrenaline. The adrenal hormones help
regulate several bodily functions including metabolism, blood pressure and your body's response
to stress.

PANCREAS

Bile duct
-The common bile duct is a small, tube-like structure. Its physiological role is to carry bile
from the gallbladder and empty it into the upper part of the duodenum.

Duodenum
-The duodenum is largely responsible for the breakdown of food in the small intestine, using
enzymes.

Ductal cells
 -It forms the epithelial lining of the branched tubes that deliver enzymes produced by
pancreatic acinar cells into the duodenum. In addition, these cells secrete bicarbonate that
neutralizes stomach acidity.

Acinar cells
-The workhorse of the exocrine pancreas—its primary responsibility is the production, storage
and regulated secretion of the large amounts of enzymes necessary for the proper digestion and
absorption of food.

Islet of Langerhans
-The islets of Langerhans contain alpha, beta, and delta cells that produce glucagon, insulin,
and somatostatin, respectively.

Pancreatic acinus
-It usually stops the production of insulin and glucagon after the sugar in the blood is broken
down or transferred to the cells in the body for respiration so that you don't have an excess of
insulin or glucagon in the blood, which could cause hypoglycemia or hyperglucagonemia.

PP cells
-It is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas. It regulates pancreatic
secretion activities, and also impacts liver glycogen storage and gastrointestinal secretion.

Delta cell
-The delta cells produce somatostatin, a strong inhibitor of somatotropin, insulin, and
glucagon; its role in metabolic regulation is not yet clear.

Alpha cells
-produce an opposing hormone, glucagon, which releases glucose from the liver and fatty
acids from fat tissue.

Beta cells
-produces insulin, the major hormone in the regulation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein
metabolism. Insulin is crucial in several metabolic processes.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

BRAIN
Frontal lobe
-It allows you to talk, move, reason out, plan and solve problems.
Temporal lobe
-It allows you to hear and recognize different sounds.
Parietal lobe
-It helps you distinguish sensations such as touch, pain, pressure and temperature.
Occipital lobe
-It is the visual presentation center.

Cerebrum
-Cerebrum is the part of your brain that starts and manages conscious thoughts; meaning,
things that you actively think about or do.

Thalamus
 -Thalamus is your body’s information relay station. All information from your body’s senses
(except smell) must be processed through your thalamus before being sent to your brain’s
cerebral cortex for interpretation.

Hypothalamus
-It is a structure deep in your brain, acts as your body’s smart control coordinating center. Its
main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis.

Pons
-This system controls the body's "automatic" functions, or things you do without thinking of,
like breathing and digesting.

Medulla oblongata
-The medulla oblongata plays a critical role in transmitting signals between the spinal cord and
the higher parts of the brain and in controlling autonomic activities, such as heartbeat and
respiration.

Cerebellum
-It is a small part of your brain located at the bottom of this organ near the back of your head.
It processes and regulates signals between other parts of your brain and body, and is involved in
coordinating functions of your body (for example, walking).

Cerebral cortex
-It plays a key role in memory, thinking, learning, reasoning, problem-solving, emotions,
consciousness and functions related to your senses.

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Spinal cord
-It is a part of the central nervous system. This long structure runs down the center of your
back and it mediates between the brain and the peripheral nerves.
Cervical plexus
-The cervical plexus is a group of nerves located in the neck. It is one of the most complex
structures in the body, providing sensory and motor nerve supply to parts of the neck, upper
back, and arms.

Cervical enlargement
-The cervical enlargement is responsible for the increased mobility of your neck and head.
Brachial plexus
-It contains the nerves that, with only a few exceptions, are responsible for sensation (sensory
function) and movement (motor function) of the arms, hands, and fingers.

Intercostal nerve
-The intercostal nerves are mixed nerves, carrying motor and sensory fibers. Their main
function is to provide segmental supply to the structures of the thoracic wall and abdominal wall.

Lumbosacral enlargement
-The lumbar enlargement (or lumbosacral enlargement) is a widened area of the spinal cord
that gives attachment to the nerves which supply the lower limbs.

Conus medullaris
-The conus medullaris and cauda equina give rise to spinal nerves that provide all motor and
sensory innervation to the lower limbs, pelvis and perineum as well as parasympathetic
innervation to the pelvic viscera.

Lumbar plexus
-The lumbar plexus is network of fibers that supplies the skin and musculature of the lower limb.
Cauda equina
-Its primary function is to send and receive messages between the lower limbs, and the pelvic
organs, which consists of the bladder, the rectum and the internal genital organs.

Sacral plexus
-The sacral plexus is a network of nerves emerging from the lower part of the spine. These
nerves provide motor control to and receive sensory information from most of the pelvis and
leg.
 Science
portfolio
(Reproductive, Endocrine, and Nervous system)

Submitted by: Jazmine Manalo