CHAPTER 1

MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDING

Everything in this universe is made up of material called matter.

● Matter – Anything which occupies space and has mass is called Matter. Matter has both mass and
volume.

Scientists have evolved two types of classification of matter based on their physical and chemical nature.
● Physical Nature of matter
1. Matter is made up of particles.
2. The particles of matter are very small.

Activity to show that matter is made up of particles.

Aim - To show that matter is made up of particles. (demonstration)
Material – 100ml Beakers - 2, liquid ink OR potassium permanganate
Procedure – 1. Take 50ml of water in two beakers. Place gently a drop of liquid ink on the
surface of water. Observe spreading of the colour. After sometime, the solution
becomes uniformly light-blue.
2. Place a small crystal of potassium permanganate in other beaker. Pour water gently
along the wall. Let it stand undisturbed. After some time, the whole solution
becomes uniformly purple.
Conclusion - Potassium permanganate, ink get spread uniformly in water. The matter in
Potassium permanganate / ink gets broken down into smaller particles to spread in
the water.

● Characteristics of particles of matter

1. Particles of matter have space between them.
2. Particles of matter are continuously [Link] they poses kinetic energy.
3. Particles of matter attract each other.

The force of attraction between the particles in any matter is called intermolecular force or force of cohesion.
The intermolecular force or force of cohesion between the particles tends to bring them closer to each other,
where as motion of the particles tends to move them away from each other.
Thus the physical state of any matter depends upon the net effect of these two factors.

● Diffusion – The intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called diffusion.
 Diffusion gets faster when temperature is raised, because on heating the kinetic energy of the particles
increase.
● States of matter
Matter can exist in three states. These are solids, liquids and gaseous state.

o Properties of solids
1. Solids are rigid and incompressible.
A sponge can be compressed easily because it has small pores in it. Air is trapped in these pores. When
sponge is pressed, air is expelled out and it gets compressed.
Porous solids – The solids which trap a lot of air in the pores are called porous solids.
Ex. Clay, soil, sponge
2. A solid has a definite shape and volume.
Sugar and salt are solids because the shape of each individual crystal remains unchanged.
3. Solids in general have higher density.
Because the particles in solids are packed tightly due to strong intermolecular forces.
Density- Density is described as mass per unit volume. Its unit is g/cm3
4. In solids intermolecular forces are strong.
These particles, however, can rotate and /or vibrate about their mean positions.
5. Diffusion of a solid into another solid is extremely low.
6. Solids have high melting point.
7. The particles are closely packed.

o Properties of liquids
1. Liquids have no definite shape.
Liquids take the shape of the container because the constituent particles can move, over short
distances, slip and slide past each other and readjust their positions.
2. A liquid has definite volume.
The intermolecular forces are strong enough to hold the particles together.
3. Liquids have lower density than solids.
Particles are packed loosely.
4. The intermolecular forces are weaker than those in solids.
5. Liquids are slightly more compressible than solids.
Intermolecular space between the particles is greater.
6. Liquids diffuse more easily than solids.
The particles have greater kinetic energy.
7. Liquids flow from higher level to lower level.

o Properties of gases
1. Gases have no definite shape and fixed volume.
a. Gases fill the entire space available to them because the intermolecular forces are
negligible and there is more space between the particles.
2. Gases are highly compressible.
a. Due to high compressibility, a large volume of any gas can be compressed into a cylinder
of small volume, and transported easily.
3. Gases have very low densities.
a. Because there is a lot of intermolecular space between the particles.
4. Gases diffuse into each other rapidly.
a. Kinetic energy of the particles is more and large space between the particles.
5. Gases exert pressure on the walls of the container.
The particles in gases move in all directions at very high speeds. The particles in gases colloid with
each other and with the walls of the container. When these particles strike the wall, they exert force
on it.

To show that gases are more compressible than liquids

Aim - To show that gases are more compressible than liquids.
Materials - Syringe -2, rubber cork
required
Procedure - Insert the nozzle of each syringe into a rubber cork
Pull out the piston from both the syringes.
Fill one of the syringes with water. Let the other have air inside it.
Insert pistons in both the syringes.
Try to push the pistons into both syringes with almost equal force.
Observation - The piston can be easily pushed inside the syringe that contained air.
The piston in the syringe filled with water cannot be pushed inside.
Conclusion - 1. Gases are highly compressible. 2. Liquids are less compressible
 Plasma state- There is more matter in plasma than other states. Plasma can occur when matter is heated to
very high temperature. At such high temperature one or more electrons are freed from the attraction of the
nucleus. The matter in the plasma state is a collection of free highly energetic and highly excited,
electrically charged particles. Such an ionized gas with equal number of positive and negative charges are
called plasma.
olids iquids es
ires the shape
definite of the No definite shape
container
me Definite Definite Ndefinite volume
ressibility Not compressible least maximum
y Don’t flow flow maximum
ty maximum average least
molecular space least average maximum
molecular force maximum average least
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ic energy of the
Least average maximum
particles

Rigidity – Tendency to oppose any change in its shape upon application of force is called its rigidity.
Compressibility – Tendency to get squeezed (decreasing its volume) under an applied force.
Kinetic Energy- The energy possessed by an object due to its motion.

● Change of state
Change of a substance from one physical state to another is called change of state.
The physical state of any substance at room temperature is considered its common form.
The common form of water is liquid.

The physical state of any matter can be brought about

1. By changing temperature 2. By changing pressure
3. By changing temperature and pressure both
On increasing temperature of solids, the K.E of the particles increases and particles start vibrating with
greater speed. The energy supplied by heat overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles and the
particles start moving freely.
Melting point – The lowest temperature at which a solid gets converted into liquid at atmospheric pressure.
The process of melting is called fusion.

Latent heat of fusion – The amount of heat energy that is required to change 1Kg of a solid into liquid at
its melting point.
Boiling point - The temperature at which liquid gets converted to gas at atmospheric pressure.

Latent heat of vaporization - The amount of heat energy that is required to change 1Kg of liquid into
vapour at its boiling point.

Why does temperature remain constant during melting and boiling?

The heat supplied to a substance is used up in changing the state by overcoming the intermolecular forces,
and therefore, it does not show up as a rise in the temperature.

Sublimation - The process by which a solid, on heating, gets converted into vapour without
passing through the liquid state or vice versa is called sublimation.
Eg. Camphor, dry ice, iodine crystals, ammonium chloride, naphthalene balls

Effect of change of pressure-

Applying pressure and reducing temperature can liquefy gases.

● Convert the following temperatures to celsius scale.

1. Kelvin to Celcius - Temp in Kelvin – 273
2. Celcius to Kelvin - Temp in Celcius + 273
 ● Evaporation- The process in which a liquid changes into its vapour at any temperature before its boiling
point is called evaporation.

Factors affecting evaporation-

1. Temperature – The rate of evaporation increases with a rise in temperature. Evaporation is faster
on a hot summer day than in winter or on a cloudy day.
2. Surface area- The rate of evaporation increases when it is spread over a larger area.
3. Humidity – When the humidity is less, evaporation is faster.
Humidity – The quantity of water vapour present in one unit volume of the air.
4. Wind speed- With an increase in the speed of the air, the moist air is replaced by dry wind. This
results in faster evaporation.
5. Nature of the liquid – The liquids in which the intermolecular forces are weak, evaporate faster.
Ex. Petrol, ether, alcohol, chloroform evaporate faster than water.

● Why does evaporation causes cooling?

A liquid absorbs heat during evaporation. This heat may be provided by the liquid itself or by the
[Link] the evaporating liquid takes required heat from the other parts of the liquid, the rest
of the liquid cools down. On the other hand, if the liquid takes heat from the surrounding, it causes
cooling of the surrounding.

● Why do we feel relief under a fan when we perspire?

The air from the fan causes rapid evaporation of sweat. During evaporation, the sweat takes away latent
heat of vapourisation from the body. As a result, we feel relief under a fan.

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