4| Simplification

IMPORTANT FACTS ANDFORMULAE

L BODMAS Rule: This rule depicts the correct sequence in whích the operations are to be eecuted, so as to
ind out the value of a given expression.
Here, Bstands for "Bracket, '0 for 'of", "D for Division', 'M for 'Multipication,
S for Subtraction.
for Addition and
Thus, in simpliBying anexpression, first of all the brackets must be rermoved, strictly ín the order () and
After removing the brackets, we must use the following operations strictly in the order.
{) of (i) (ül) Multiplication (iv) Addition
Division (v) Subtractíon
LModulus of a Real Number: Modulus of a real number a is defined as
lal a, if a >>0
-a, if a<0
Thus, |5| = 5 and -5| = -(5) = 5.
IL Vimaculum (or Bar): When an expression contains Virmaculum, before applying the BODMAS rule, we
simplify the expression under the Virnaculum.
V. Some Important Formnulae:
() (a+ b = (a ++ 2ab) (i) (a - bý² = (a + b- 2ab)
(ii) (a +b) +(a b) = 2(4 + b) (iv) (a + b)² - (a - b = 4ab
(o) (e-b) = (a + b) (a - b) (vi) (a + by³ = a + b + 3abta + b)
(om) (a b = a -b-3ab{a - b) (viil)(a + b) = (a + b) (a? - ab + b)
() (a-6) =(a- b) (a + ab + )
() (a + b +c = +b2 + + 2(ab + bc + ca)
(zi) a +b + - 3abc = (a + b + c) (a' + b + c- ab - bc - ca)
V. For any two sets A and B, we have:
) n(A B) + nAn B) = n(A) A-8
() n{B A).+ n(A O B) = nB)
(t) nAUB) n(A - B) + nAn B} + n(B- A)
(tw) nlA UB) = n(A) + n(B) -nAnB).
 Tr I.
Note: Thus, xCboThus,Square
by
x.
1.

y
y
=
=2x2x2
¥8 Root:
The =
2, If
V4
Root: 5
V9
cube =3, x=

=2,
root V196
we
y,Square
of = say
/343 a 14.
IMPORTANT
given that
=7x7x7
2,
the
Vy number
square

=7 isx
FACTS
root
Roots
the
etc. of
number
yAND
is
and
whose FORMULAE
we
x
and
cube write,

is
x.
Jy Cube
We =
.
dernote

the Roots
cube

oot
 Ey
S
2.
body The ind peed
6
M
Whut budy pose
welght th
is
during
uwrig1t aurnay miati a
the of the cver
valur all of
slz siz
nf whoe
of the
bye?boys fulluwnz a
jny etain
i
IMPORTANT
etoned
iemhha iskanu
e
f
s EXAMPLES
SOLVED
mumbure, at
Ky
M
7 kanh Averagez FACTS

SM, nd
K AND
16 Z8I,
be 62,
45
oteysasFORMULAE
67
ky J 518,
ihawe
45 447,
ky 702,
and aty
43.

91 76. kmph.
ke
ecite,
(ank
What Then,
is te
the
ave
sers
9 Surds and Indices
IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
I. Laws of Indices:
(i) a
(iii) (a")y

(iv) (ab)" = a (v) (vi) a = 1

1. Surds: Let a be a rational number and n be apositive integer such that a" =Va is irrational. Then, Va is cale
a surd of order n.
I1. Laws of Surds:

() Va = 4" (i) Vab Vax vb (iif)

(iv) (Va)" =a (vi) (Va" = Vam

 Sol. Ex.
1. IV, I1. I.
(i )Example: that
LoRarithm:
5. Properties
Evaluate
() For
Mantissa: Exampie:
Instead first number. In given In Common
Case
Characteristic: Case The
Remember: 9. log,X= 7. 3. 1.
2= 100010
()
log,27 this this the
mantissa, Number significant
9.219346.583348.25
l logarithmI x8a) log, log, log,
case, : case, :
of When When
(x) X(xy) value
: Logarithms: = 8 1
(i) The - When yogg* =
of lf
log,3 1, the the
the log, log,
a x = 1 =
Logarithms: of a
log, we - the The of log, is
decimal digitcharacteristic
27 look
characteristic
2, number number a base (log, p log a
positive
etc. integral number X x
3 Characteristic of log alog x x) + log2 log1o to
log,3 through part wethe Logarithms is log,
is is not 8 10001 =
the
2 greater 3
= of write,
number less part
contains y base real
3. log,(G) | is is merntioned,
log the one than 1. one of 3 number,
than to a
SOLVED logarithm
EXAMPLES table. (one 1and less the is
more twO the m.
it logarithm
than
1. lo10.g 6. loga 4. loga 2. (iv) (ii) other
343 bar), 2 is parts, base it aogq 8.x
0.00125 Number
0.031250.6173 than is 3
negative. logo (.1)
of the 10
taken = than
297 a the namely ag
X 1=0 = 81
number bar),
(twoetc. number of are = = .01
number a
known as X log, a = and 1
number
characteristic 10. 1 log, =’ log2 81
’
of log a"
is log x
known Characteristic of digits as - =
is loga ) x,
(0.01)
log,0
(ii) zeros
calledcommon
01=
2
=
4 then
3 2 1 to y
as between and
the we
its its
mantissa.
left logarithms. write:
nantissa. characteristic.
the of
the m
decimal =
decimal log,

point x
logs128(iv) and
point
log,3= (: we
and
in say
the the
 11
VI.
V. ResultsIVon
. IIL. L,
If If 2 [Link]
A A annum.
Then:
per 2. anum,[Link]:
per expenditure istheexpenditure
If f
isthe If If Thus, Thus,
20%
hundredths,
Coneept
To
Value Value Population
Population a
is is a
certain
certain express
R% R% price price
of of on of
less more x%
the Depreciation:
the Population:Letthe of ofvalue
value
than n after a 100 Percentage:
written
20 as
than machine machine years commodity a commodity p p 100 x
a
B, n increases }% 5'fraction:
decreases as
then B, ago years
then n after Let
=25%;, 48% = xo. By
years
B
B the
= decreases increases byby IMPORTANT
We a
more
is
is ago
n
years present r1+population
P x%o, 0.6 100 48 certain
less 100)
RY 100 %, j0 = have,
R
than than = = by then then
by 5
25 12 percent,
3
value (100R)
- R%, x%=
of R%, (100 R)
+ decreased
increased etc.

308
A
by
A 100)
by
R
P
100 R ofa town
a R
then
R
then
|x100
Percentage
3 FACTS 100
we
(100R)
- (100R)
+ machine 100 x% the 100 x% the value mean
R R be value % AND
P increase reduction =
60%. that
100%. x 100%.x
now = =
be
P. (100 (100 FORMULAE
suppose
and it in many
Suppose it in - +
consumption consumption x)% x)% hundredths.
of of
p. p.
depreciates
increases
so so
as hus,
as
not not x
at at
the to percert
ratetheof to
decrease increase
rate
of
ncang
 XIII. VIIL
C.P. =
XV. XIV. X1. X K [Link]. GainIV. %

12|
weight,
actualthen If weight,
actualthen Ifa If sellerWhen If If Loss(S.P.)-
(CP)
Gain
according a a an an Loss: ProfitSelling Cost
trader trader trader
always article
a article
(100+
Gain %)
or [Link] or Price:
person (100 gain Price
as professes professes professes is is100 100 + is Gain100 x Gain: 1f
the incurs is The
sells sold sold Gain
C.P.
always less The
sign price
yo to a at at %) than S.P. price
to to
is loss two a XS.P. xC.P.
+
goodsselhils sell sell
Loss %
= loss gain a reckoned is at
similar
given [Link]
P., at
whích
gain.
ve
or Gain
Gain =
%
goods
his Gain %
=
hi
goods
s

by:
iteMs,
say, say,
of of
on
the MPORTANT
than an an
whích
ve. or
at
Common 35%, 35%, C.P. seller article

374
Loss

=
loss
100-y)
of
a

x%
profit
at
-(Error)
Value)
a(True

of
cost
price,
Error
at

Loss
10
one

gain
at
then then
a S.P.
=
S.P.
=
[Link]. = S.P.
VII. =

Loss
V. 1 . saíd the
Loss
is [Link]
., ic le

seller sold,
to
is
is
purchased,FACTS
ProfiLossatnd
x% but and % = have
10-yx100% uses
but
but uses Gain% say,
of 65% 135%
of
(100 (100-Loss %) = (C.P.)-
Loss100 X inCurred saidcalled is
is is AND
of - 100 100
uses
to itscalled
false %
false
false
weights,
x%, C.P.
and
C.P. Loss
%)
C.P. (S. P .)
have FORMULAE
its
weight S.P. x xC.P.
a
loss. selling
weight
the a cost
other profit price,
which then price,
which is or
at
is
loss
a abbreviabbrevi
ated ated
yo
less of
thanthe less o, [Link] as
than then C.P.
the tre
 13
Variation:VI. IIL) 11.
replaced
SupposeVIL IV.) 1.
n (i (iti) () Y)Ratio.()
Compounded () (if) Product [Link],
(iv) Here Ha:
Thus, Proportion: Kule: KX. In
Kalo:
operations, We The 4 the
Triplicate
Sub-duplicate
We Sub-triplicate DuplicateComparison Mean Third
Fourth b#cd, The
a and 45810 The ratio
say The
say conpounded b#
of ratio
a
container that that Proportional:
Proportional:
Proportional: means dmultiplícation
The ratio
the c:d are a
then ratio ratio 5 :
quantity x of we
equality 9 b, of
isx is ratio ratio
called
= represntswith 12 we two
inverselydirectiy of of Ratio: Product write,
contains ratio : call
of of (a: of (a Mean If lfextreme,
(b of 15 or quantities andb in
(a b) a b) : t:awo [Link] a
pure proportional c+d of We :ba a h::c:d as
proportonal : is : isthe :bc: ) of the
x
i isa3
b) (a b) (a² ratios Also,
liquid units
of
(componendo
dividendo)and
(1 b). : (Va
isratios
.
proportional
say
that
b:c,
extresses.

d, d).
=
(a while
and
called
ís 4
Proportion
antecedent
each
Ratio
and first
of MPORTANT
CONCEPTS
term
a
inliquid :b3 then then b6=2:3. :
the to b). : (4 (a and we
to
Y, b), : between
:
b) c proportiom terrn the
final from y, if (c is isd csay antesedent the
" x > are of & same
426
máxture whiich y d), (c calledcalled that
: called a 5,
=k ky (e d) and a the a, ratio
for the mequerit units,
: a b,
y tor some f) third
b rrsa C, by arnd
units sorne is is forth d the is
(ace are b, the
are constant proprtinal torns
Constant : ab.
proprtional in saIne
taken bdf). fractionad
3.
serd
proprt,
units
TOS-ZETO
out k
k and ter
and to
andwateby
r
we a to DUmber
we and a,
we
write, b,
b. c.
write,
does
x
I t
y
1
a
 P Ex, VHL
How
2.

many Distance
Sol,
1.
Distance traln A

travels
A's
speed: other
persons
ipeed Suppose
each Suppose
two H
VIH V. xm/sec
VI.
Supposedistance
then average
their
IV, [Link]/hr IL. =Speed
%ame is If
he
ratio
=I
18
travelled (utwo two peed a
uteS they
Bs relative
+ man of
Distance
Time
travelled men
v) men
B2.6 speed and n/s. A during covers the
complete 18 18
in arespeed are speeds1
does
in min
kmlhr.
1 moving km/hr m/sec Time =
nya 15 VbaNa, the start B moving= thecertain a b:or. IMPORTANT
How (u whole of
min. at A
5take b)H2.6
many
journeys
topposite
same
he
in - in
)
m/s. the journeydistance
and
Distance
Timeand
Distance
Speed

over
to |km 6)82.6 |[Link]
"5 metres
SOLVED in same
B
is
time
directions
a is at a
and direction b,: Distance FACTS
a will in 2xy x
km/hr then
50
nce opposite b
= it hours
20.65 travel at km/hr. the = AND
at (Speed
of respectively, m/s u and ratio
km
directions FORMULAE
400 in and m/s an
of x
m. = 15 and equal Time)
(20.65
20650 m. mninutes? the
if m/s v
he thern from m/s
v distance times
uns × respectively,
1000) two
respectively, taken
at points
m at
y by
and then km/ them
after their where hr.
to
Then, over
mlhr? ([Link], passu relai u>
te the
 and
Streams
and
Boats km/hr,
against
:then v time effective
is
current/streamcurrent
then
wídth,the no
direction and ís
v then:
is there
stream distance
of its
FORMULAE
the
km/hr, along
speed when
km/hr.
And, the the hours
b thestraight unaffected.J
of is both
downstream.
speed upstream km/hr,
u
at
metres) t is
AND metres in current
that
the km
u such
remains
FACTS and speed of x x the
called rate x width
width
Swimman
km/hr
km/hr
/hr
km/hr /hr of
the the
is km km (ofto theriverof rate
IMPORTANT
streamu and b) at taken
swaysstream
-a+ (a- stream the the km/hr.
b) water
is v) v) km/hr
water+ - cross Then,
the (u (u timestreama
2 1 2 still the across
= upstream to current.
along stilldownstream
a water stream
Rate
of cross
as

19
is in taken
in
downstream swim samethe directly
direction
boat still to because
wishes
the
time a
Speed can is
a Speed
called
upstream. in is
there
theswim
of Speed marn river is
the speed speed man This andcanwhen
water, a
thethe: increase
Suppose
the the Note manhours
Cross
In If and
If A
I. I. IH. IV. V.
 20 Problems on Trains
IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE

I. m/s=4x 18 km/hr.
. Time taken by a train of
length I
time taken by the train to cover I mnetres to pass a pole or a standing man or a signal post is equal o
IV. Time taken by a train of length l metres.
by the train to cover ( t b) metres. metres to pass a stationary object of length b metres is the time tae
V. Suppose two trains or two bodies are
then their relative speed = moving in the same direction at u m/s and vm/s, where u>
VI. Suppose two trains or two bodies are
(u-u) m/s.
noving in opposite directions at u m/s and v m/s,
relative speed = (u + v) m/s. then b
VII. If two trains of length a metres and b
metres are moving in opposite directions at u m/sand v
m/s, th
time taken by the trains to cross each other (a+b)
(u +u)Sec
VIII. If two trains of length ametres and b metres are
moving in the same directíon at u m/s and vm/s
the timne taken by the faster train to cross
the slower train = (a+ b) SeC,
IX. If two trains (or bodies) start at the same (u-v)
time from points A and B towards each other and after cros
they take a and b sec in reaching B and Arespectively, then A's
speed) : (B's speed) = (b:vuh

SOLVED EXAMPLES
K. 1. A100-m long train is running at the speed of 30
near the railway line. km/hr. Find the time taken by it to pass a man
5
Sol. Speed of the train =
= (30x2 25
18 m/sec=m/sec.
=
Distance moved in passing the standing man = 100 m.
100
Required time taken = 25 100 x-253 |sec = 12 sec.
3
 V. IV. IL L
(abreiated weond nit
Present
WorthPresent
= Ihen, When Amount When L,
Amount= When Afer Coneound n of
Amont When Amount When
unit sch tinme.
Let a
Amount rates interest interest interest specified
as
worth interest
PrincipaB becomesases, say
= CI.)
Interest:
are P tyorly
he
isPl(B1/+4) is P is
for
of = is period, amount
different
Pl+ compoundedcompoundedcompoundedcompounded = that the ot
1+
x 100 R 100 100 R
P, Sometimes
00 due Rate [Link]
hal-yeurty
the
R
100 x1+ 5
n for dtterence after
IMPORTANT =
years different
1+ 100 R% tor first
Annually Quarterly: Half-yearly: Annually:
R or tt
per the so
hence between quarterly
unit
annum, third happens
years, of
is
given 100 R3
but the unit time to
FACTS that
say time Time and settle
amountbecomes
by: Ro, the
is = the
in nAND and [Link]
R,o,
fraction, years. the
previous
the

Rz% FORMULAE moneyprincipal

and
say account.
for borrowed
for the
1st, 3É
the lender
2nd years. issecond
called
and agree
3rd the unit,
year Compound
the
respectively. amount
Interest
after
 then
uniformly,
sum.
the
or reckoned
Interest
Simple principal
is
the period
FORMULAE
called months. periodfro
certain
interest. years.
is
perioda
EXAMPLES
SOLVED
9
for the
for T
called
annum for cou
ANDcertainborrowed
=
is
Time
S.l.
100
x years.
8500. annum ot amoU
PxR
FACTSmoney and
a
per
=year isdepositedanum
for sum (p.a.) T=
and 16%3 per
6%73 365
4 100
out other's
IMPORTANT 16 =
years
1
37.50.-
lent aon
annum 3 3 4 days= per
at 4 is
using
interest S.I.
×
100PxT 680009 12 50 3 at %
p.a. money 13-%
or
per = 3000 73 100
borrowed T
and 25 4 1
for = = which
R'%
paidtheinterest. on p.a. on days p.a.
=6% 54 atst

22 interest X

If = PxRxT interest 25
money (S.I.): Rate 100
money % PxRxT 18) on
4
SJ.
x100RxT 50, >X3000 day
100
simple simple+31 Rand
3
P,
Interest sinple = The
TheExtra =Principal
= R |
Principal:called SI. P=
() 68000,
S.I.
=
+
(24 3000 -
Kemark
counte
is
Interest:
Simple the the = S.I.
()
is Let Find P= Find lme P=
it Then.
H. L. L Sol. 2. OL,
x
 Clocks
IMPORTANT FACTS
The face or dial of awatch is a circle whose circumference is divided into 60 equal parts,
called minute
spaces.
Acdock has two hands, the smaller one is called the hour hand or short hand while the larger one is called
the minute hand or long hand.
() n 60 minutes, the ninute hand gains 55 minutes on the hour hand.
(i) In every hour, both the hands coincide once.
(iif) The hands are in the same straight line when they are coincident or opposite to each other.
(io) When the two hands are at right angles, they are 15 minute spaces apart.
(u) When the hands are in opposite directions, they are 30 minute spaces apart.
(v) Ange traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360.
(vif) Angle traced by minute hand in 60 min. = 360".
Too Fast and Too Slow : If awatch or a clock indicates 8.15, when the correct time is 8, it is said to be 15
minutes too fast.
On the other hand, if it indicates 7.45, when the correct time5 is 8, it is said to be 15 minutes too slow.
Both the hands of a clock are tugether after every 65. min. So, if both the hands are meeting after an
11

interval less than b5

2 min,
min, the clock is running fast and if they meet after an interval greater than 65 13
the clock is rurning slow.
Interchange of Hands: Whenever the hands of the clock interchange positions (i.e., the minute hand takes
of minute hand), the sum of the angles traced
the placeof hour hand and the hour hand and takes the place
by hour hard and minute hand is 3.
Suppose this happens after x minutes. (6x)°.
Angie traced by miute hand in x min
(0.5xy.
Angle traced by hour hand in x min
65 13
5 minutes.
posithons after every 55
Thus, the hands of a clock intercharye 13

SOLVED EXAMPLES)
J.25,
the minute hand of aclock when the time is
betwern the hour hand And
41. Find the angle hnurhand in 12 hours
r
Angie traced by the
3hts 25 misn,, Ls.
Angle traced by it in
41
 Atlon which can
beKandom produce some
predictedExperiment:
in
advance,
An
experiment
is called a in well-defined outcomes is called an
which all possible
Examples of
Performing
(i) Rolling an a randomn
Random Experiment:experiment. outcomes are known and
the experiment
exact
(ii)
Tossing a unbiased
fair coin
dice ouiput cannot
(iii) Drawing a card
(iv) from a pack of
Picking up a ball of certain well-shuffled cards
Details: colour from a bag
(i) When we
(ii) A dice is athrow a coin, then either aHead
containing balls of different colours
When solid
we throw acube, having 6 faces, (H) or a Tail (1)
(iii) A pack of die, the
outcome marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 appears.
It has 13 cards has 52 cards.
cards of cach suit,
is the respectively.
number that appears on its
upper face.
Cards of spades and namely Spades,
Cards of hearts and clubs are black cards. Clubs, Hearts and
There are 4 diamonds are red
cards.
Diamonds.
honours of each
These are Aces, Kings, suit.
IIL. SampleThese are called face Queens and Jacks.
cards.
Space. Space: When we perform an experiment, then the set S
Examples
(i) In
of Sample
Spaces: of all
p0ssible outcomes is called the
(i) tossing a coin, S
Sample
if two coins
(iin In rolling are tossed,(H,thenT). S
IV. Event: Any a dice, we have, S =|1,{HH, 2, 3,
HI, TH, TT.
V. subset of asample 4, 5, 6.
Probability
Let S be the Occurrence of an space
of is called an
Event: event.
sample space and let E be an
P(E)"(E)
n (S)
event. Then,LS.
VI. Results on Probability:
() P(S) = 1 (i) 0
(iv) Fo any s P(E) < 1
P (AU events A and B, (iin P (6) = 0
B) =P (A) +P we have:
() If A denotes (B) -P (A B)
(not-A), then P(A) = 1-P (A)
 botn co-primes.
divisibie x the
by exceed1ng
divisibie divide
is not
number not and
is are sn<p
where
p
it 6
integer multipicand
given when and 1
4 greatest 567958
the cven since n!or
then pg, 978000.
24, by the -
100000
the
co-primes,
bå denoted
=
divisible as 56795232042.
= of
n. n.
6) defined of of
1000 right =609647500. n!
x n. values
(4 n, then: values
are factorial 567958x the of in
be by is Remainder
g 978 p
and
not divisible (x, = to number, values
evenoddnumber
p
need called bu = 567958)
= zeros
9754360000
816)
where
numbernot denoted 1)
Agorithm all all all
is -
umbers (100000
- + n 16 another
+ for for for prime
q, is xwhen<0
>0 xwhen (184Put
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