CHEMISTRY 12

Chapter 8

Acids, Bases, and pH

Solutions for Practice Problems
Student Textbook page 382

1. Problem
Name and write the formula of the conjugate base of each molecule or ion.
HCl
(a)
HCO3−
(b)
H2SO4
(c)
N2H5+
(d)

Solution
A conjugate base differs from the molecule or ion by having one less proton.
(a) chloride ion, Cl−
(b) carbonate ion, CO32−
(c) hydrogen sulfate ion, HSO4−
(d) hydrazine, N2H4

Check Your Solution

In each case, the conjugate base has one less proton than its acid.

2. Problem
Name and write the formula of the conjugate acid of each molecule or ion.
NO3−
(a)
OH−
(b)
H2O
(c)
HCO3−
(d)

Solution
A conjugate acid differs from the molecule or ion by having one more proton.
(a) nitric acid, HNO3
(b) water, H2O
(c) hydronium ion, H3O+
(d) carbonic acid, H2CO3

Check Your Solution

In each case, the conjugate acid has one more proton than its base.

3. Problem
Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs in each reaction.
(a) HS−(aq) + H2O() 
 H2S(aq) + OH−(aq)
(b) O (aq) + H2O() → 2OH−(aq)
2−

Solution
On the left side of the equation, the acid is the molecule or ion that donates a
proton. The base is the molecule or ion that accepts the proton. On the right side
of the equation, you can identify the conjugate acid and base by the difference of a
single proton from the base and acid on the left side.

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(a) base conjugate acid

HS (aq) + H2O() 
−
 H2S(aq) + OH−(aq)
acid conjugate base
The conjugate acid-base pairs are HS−/H2S and H2O/OH− .
(b) base conjugate acid
O2−(aq) + H2O() 
 2OH−(aq)
acid conjugate base
The conjugate acid-base pairs are O2−/OH− and H2O/OH− .
Check Your Solution
The conjugate acid-base pairs differ by one proton. The acid has one more proton
than its conjugate base.

4. Problem
Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs in each reaction.
(a) H2S(aq) + NH3(aq)  NH4+(aq) + HS−(aq)
(b) H2SO4(aq) + H2O()   H3O+(aq) + HSO4−(aq)
Solution
On the left side of the equation, the acid is the molecule or ion that donates a
proton. The base is the molecule or ion that accepts the proton. On the right side
of the equation, you can identify the conjugate acid and base by the difference of a
single proton from the base and acid on the left side.
(a) base conjugate acid
H2S(aq) + NH3(aq)  NH4+(aq) + HS−(aq)
acid conjugate base
The conjugate acid-base pairs are H2S/HS− and NH3/NH4+ .
(b) base conjugate acid
H2SO4(aq) + H2O()  H3O+(aq) + HSO4−(aq)
acid conjugate base
The conjugate acid-base pairs are H2SO4/HSO4− and H2O/H3O+ .
Check Your Solution
The conjugate acid-base pairs differ by one proton. The acid has one more proton
than its conjugate base.

Solutions for Practice Problems

Student Textbook page 386

5. Problem
Calculate the concentration of hydronium ions in each solution.
(a)4.5 mol/L HCl(aq)
(b)30.0 mL of 4.50 mol/L HBr(aq) diluted to 100.0 mL
(c)18.6 mL of 2.60 mol/L HClO4(aq) added to 24.8 mL of 1.92 mol/L NaOH(aq)
(d)17.9 mL of 0.175 mol/L HNO3(aq) added to 35.4 mL of 0.0160 mol/L Ca(OH)2(aq)
What Is Required?
You must calculate the [H3O+] in each solution.
(a)
What Is Given?
[HCl] = 4.5 mol/L
Solution
HCl is a strong acid. Therefore, [HCl] = [H3O+].
[H3O+] = 4.5 mol/L
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CHEMISTRY 12

Check Your Solution

The [H3O+] is equal to the concentration of a strong acid, provided it is not very
dilute.
(b)
What Is Given?
[HBr] = 4.50 mol/L and 30.0 mL is diluted to 100.0 mL
Solution
Calculate the concentration of HBr after dilution. HBr is a strong acid.
Therefore, [HBr] = [H3O+].
Amount of HBr = 4.50 mol/L × 0.0300 L
= 0.135 mol
After dilution, the volume is 0.100 L
[HBr] after dilution = 0.135 mol
0.100 L
= 1.35 mol/L
[H3O+] = 1.35 mol/L
Check Your Solution
The acid is diluted a little more than three times, so the concentration of the diluted
solution should be a little less than one-third the original concentration. The [H3O+]
is equal to the concentration of a strong acid, provided it is not very dilute.
(c)
What Is Given?
Volume of perchloric acid = 18.6 mL
[HClO4] = 2.60 mol/L
Volume of sodium hydroxide = 24.8 mL
[NaOH] = 1.92 mol/L
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
Step 2 Calculate the amount of each reactant using the following equation:
Amount (mol) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L)
Step 3 Determine the limiting reagent.
Step 4 The reagent in excess is a strong acid or base. Thus, the excess amount
results in the same amount of H3O+ or OH− .
Step 5 Calculate the concentration of the excess ion using the amount in excess and
the total volume of solution.
Act on Your Strategy
Step 1 HClO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaClO4(aq) + H2O()
Step 2 Amount of HClO4 = 2.60 mol/L × 0.0186 L = 0.04836 mol
Amount of NaOH = 1.92 mol/L × 0.0248 L = 0.04762 mol
Step 3 The reactants combine in a 1:1 ratio. The amount of NaOH is less, so this
reactant must be the limiting reactant.
Step 4 Amount of excess
HClO4 = 0.04836 mol − 0.04762 mol (carrying one more digit)
= 7.4 × 10−4 mol (again, carrying one more digit)
Therefore, the amount of H3O+(aq) = 7.4 × 10−4 mol
Step 5 Total volume of solution = 18.6 mL + 24.8 mL = 43.4 mL
−4
[H3O+] = 7.4 × 10
0.0434 L
= 0.017 mol/L
Thus, [H3O+] = 0.02 mol/L

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Check Your Solution

The chemical equation has a 1:1 ratio between reactants. The amount of acid is
greater than the amount of base, so the resulting solution should be acidic.
Subtracting the amount of base from the amount of acid gives an answer with one
decimal place. The final answer should have one significant digit.
(d)
What Is Given?
Volume of nitric acid = 17.9 mL
[HNO3] = 0.175 mol/L
Volume of calcium hydroxide = 35.4 mL
[Ca(OH)2] = 0.0160 mol/L
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
Step 2 Calculate the amount of each reactant using the following equation.
Amount (mol) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L)
Step 3 Determine the limiting reagent.
Step 4 The reagent in excess is a strong acid or base. Thus, the excess amount
results in the same amount of H3O+ or OH− .
Step 5 Calculate the concentration of the excess ion using the amount in excess and
the total volume of solution.
Act on Your Strategy
Step 1 2HNO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O()
Step 2 Amount of HNO3 = 0.175 mol/L × 0.0179 L = 0.003132 mol
Amount of Ca(OH)2 = 0.0160 mol/L × 0.0354 L = 0.000566 mol
Step 3 The reactants combine in a 2:1 ratio. The amount of HNO3 that will react
with 0.000566 mol of Ca(OH)2 is:
Amount HNO3 = 2 × 0.000566 mol = 0.00113 mol
The amount of acid is greater, therefore Ca(OH)2 must be the limiting
reactant.
Step 4 Amount of excess
HNO3 = 0.003132 − 0.00113 mol (carrying one more digit)
= 0.00200 mol
Therefore, the amount of H3O+(aq) is 0.00200 mol.
Step 5 Total volume of solution = 17.9 mL + 35.4 mL = 53.3 mL
[H3O+] = 0.00200 mol
0.0533 L
= 0.0375 mol/L
Check Your Solution
The chemical equation has a 2:1 ratio between reactants. The amount of acid is
greater than the amount of base that reacts, so the resulting solution should be acidic.

6. Problem
Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in each solution.
(a)3.1 mol/L KOH(aq)
(b)21.0 mL of 3.1 mol/L KOH diluted to 75.0 mL
(c)23.2 mL of 1.58 mol/L HCl(aq) added to 18.9 mL of 3.50 mol/L NaOH
(d)16.5 mL of 1.50 mol/L H2SO4(aq) added to 12.7 mL of 5.50 mol/L NaOH
What Is Required?
You must calculate [OH− ] in each solution.

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(a)
What Is Given?
[KOH] = 3.1 mol/L
Solution
KOH is a strong base. Therefore, [KOH] = [OH− ].
[OH−] = 3.1 mol/L
Check Your Solution
The [OH− ] is equal to the concentration of a strong base, provided it is not very
dilute.
(b)
What Is Given?
[KOH] = 3.1 mol/L
21.0 mL is diluted to 75.0 mL
Solution
Calculate the concentration of KOH after dilution. KOH is a strong base.
Therefore, [KOH] = [OH− ].
Amount of KOH = 3.1 mol/L × 0.0210 L = 0.0651 mol
After dilution, the volume is 0.0750 L.
[KOH] after dilution = 0.00651 mol
0.075 L
= 0.868 mol/L
[OH− ] = 0.87 mol/L
Check Your Solution
The [OH− ] is equal to the concentration of a strong base, provided it is not very
dilute. The base is diluted to almost a quarter the original concentration. Therefore,
the [OH− ] should be just greater than one-quarter the original concentration of the
base.
(c)
What Is Given?
Volume of hydrochloric acid = 23.2 mL
[HCl] = 1.58 mol/L
Volume of sodium hydroxide = 18.9 mL
[NaOH] = 3.50 mol/L
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
Step 2 Calculate the amount of each reactant using the following equation:
Amount (mol) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L)
Step 3 Determine the limiting reagent.
Step 4 The reagent in excess is a strong acid or base. Thus, the excess amount
results in the same amount of H3O+ or OH− .
Step 5 Calculate the concentration of the excess ion using the amount in excess and
the total volume of solution.
Act on Your Strategy
Step 1 HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O()
Step 2 Amount of HCl = 1.58 mol/L × 0.0232 L = 0.03666 mol
Amount of NaOH = 3.50 mol/L × 0.0189 L = 0.06615 mol
Step 3 The reactants combine in a 1:1 ratio. The amount of HCl is less, so this
reactant must be the limiting reactant.

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Step 4 Amount of excess NaOH = 0.06615 mol − 0.03666 mol

= 0.02949 mol (carrying one more digit)
Therefore, the amount of OH−(aq) is 0.02949 mol.
Step 5 Total volume of solution = 23.2 mL + 18.9 mL = 42.1 mL
[OH−] = 0.0249 mol
0.0421 L
= 0.700 mol/L
Check Your Solution
The chemical equation has a 1:1 ratio between reactants. The amount of base is
greater than the amount of acid, so the resulting solution should be basic.
(d)
What Is Given?
Volume of sulfuric acid = 16.5 mL
[H2SO4] = 1.50 mol/L
Volume of sodium hydroxide = 12.7 mL
[NaOH] = 5.50 mol/L
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
Step 2 Calculate the amount of each reactant using the following equation:
Amount (mol) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L)
Step 3 Determine the limiting reagent.
Step 4 The reagent in excess is a strong acid or base. Thus, the excess amount
results in the same amount of H3O+ or OH− .
Step 5 Calculate the concentration of the excess ion using the amount in excess and
the total volume of solution.
Act on Your Strategy
Step 1 H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O()
Step 2 Amount of H2SO4 = 1.50 mol/L × 0.0165 L = 0.02475 mol
Amount of NaOH = 5.50 mol/L × 0.0127 L = 0.06985 mol
Step 3 The reactants combine in a 1:2 ratio. The amount of NaOH that will react
with 0.02475 mol of H2SO4 is:
Amount of NaOH = 2 × 0.02475 = 0.0495 mol
The amount of base is greater, therefore H2SO4 must be the limiting
reactant.
Step 4 Amount of excess NaOH = 0.06985 − 0.0495 mol = 0.0204 mol
Therefore, the amount of OH−(aq) is 0.0204 mol.
Step 5 Total volume of solution = 16.5 mL + 12.7 mL = 29.2 mL
[OH−] = 0.204 mol
0.0292
= 0.699 mol/L
Check Your Solution
The chemical equation has a 1:2 ratio between reactants. The amount of base is
greater than the amount of acid that reacts, so the resulting solution should be basic.

7. Problem
Determine whether reacting each pair of solutions results in an acidic or basic
solution. Then calculate the concentration of the ion that causes the solution to be
acidic or basic. (Assume that the volumes in part (a) are additive. Assume that the
volumes in part (b) stay the same.)
(a) 31.9 mL of 2.75 mol/L HCl(aq) added to 125 mL of 0.0500 mol/L Mg(OH)2(aq)
(b) 4.87 g of NaOH(s) added to 80.0 mL of 3.50 mol/L HBr(aq)

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What Is Required?
You must determine the ion in excess and its concentration.
(a)
What Is Given?
Volume of hydrochloric acid = 31.9 mL
[HCl] = 2.75 mol/L
Volume of magnesium hydroxide = 125 mL
[Mg(OH)2] = 0.0500 mol/L
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
Step 2 Calculate the amount of each reactant using the following equation:
Amount (mol) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L)
Step 3 Determine the limiting reactant.
Step 4 The reactant in excess is a strong acid or base. Thus, the excess amount
results in the same amount of H3O+ or OH− .
Step 5 Calculate the concentration of the excess ion using the amount in excess and
the total volume of solution.
Act on Your Strategy
Step 1 2HCl(aq) + Mg(OH)2(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O()
Step 2 Amount of HCl = 2.75 mol/L × 0.0319 L = 0.08772 mol
Amount of Mg(OH)2 = 0.0500 mol/L × 0.125 L = 0.00625 mol
Step 3 The reactants combine in a 2:1 ratio. The amount of HCl that will react
with 0.00625 mol of Mg(OH)2 is:
Amount of HCl = 2 × 0.00625 = 0.0125 mol
The amount of acid is greater, therefore Mg(OH)2 must be the limiting
reactant.
Step 4 Amount of excess HCl = 0.08772 − 0.0125 mol = 0.0752 mol
Therefore, the amount of H3O+(aq) = 0.0752 mol
Step 5 Total volume of solution = 31.9 mL + 125 mL = 157 mL
[H3O+] = 0.0752 mol
0.157 L
= 0.479 mol/L
Check Your Solution
The chemical equation has a 2:1 ratio between reactants. The amount of acid is
greater than the amount of base that reacts, so the resulting solution should be acidic.
(b)
What Is Given?
Mass of sodium hydroxide = 4.87 g
Volume of hydrobromic acid = 80.0 mL
[HBr] = 3.50 mol/L
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
Step 2 Calculate the amount of each reactant using the following equations:
Mass (g)
Amount (mol) =
Molar mass (g/mol)
Amount (mol) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L)
Step 3 Determine the limiting reactant.
Step 4 The reactant in excess is a strong acid or base. Thus, the excess amount
results in the same amount of H3O+ or OH− .
Step 5 Calculate the concentration of the excess ion using the amount in excess and
the total volume of solution.

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Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 HBr(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaBr(aq) + H2O()
Step 2 Amount of HBr = 3.50 mol/L × 0.0800 L = 0.280 mol
Molar mass of NaOH = 40.0 g/mol
4.87 g
Amount of NaOH =
40.0 g/mol
= 0.1218 mol
Step 3 The reactants combine in a 1:1 ratio. The amount of acid is greater, therefore
NaOH must be the limiting reactant.
Step 4 Amount of excess HBr = 0.280 − 0.122 mol = 0.158 mol
Therefore, the amount of H3O+(aq) = 0.158 mol
Step 5 [H3O+] =
0.158 mol
0.0800 L
= 1.98 mol/L
Check Your Solution
The chemical equation has a 1:1 ratio between reactants. The amount of acid is
greater than the amount of base that reacts, so the resulting solution should be acidic.

8. Problem
2.75 g of MgO(s) is added to 70.0 mL of 2.40 mol/L HNO3(aq). Is the solution that
results from the reaction acidic or basic? What is the concentration of the ion that is
responsible for the character of the solution?
What Is Given?
Mass of magnesium oxide = 2.75 g
Volume of nitric acid = 70.0 mL
[HNO3 ] = 2.40 mol/L
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
Step 2 Calculate the amount of each reactant using the following equations:
Mass (g)
Amount (mol) =
Molar mass (g/mol)
Amount (mol) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L)
Step 3 Determine the limiting reactant.
Step 4 The reactant in excess is a strong acid or base. Thus, the excess amount
results in the same amount of H3O+ or OH− .
Step 5 Calculate the concentration of the excess ion using the amount in excess and
the total volume of solution.
Act on Your Strategy
Step 1 2HNO3(aq) + MgO(s) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + H2O()
Step 2 Amount of HNO3 = 2.40 mol/L × 0.0700 L = 0.168 mol
Molar mass of MgO = 40.3 g/mol
2.75 g
Amount of MgO =
40.3 g/mol
= 0.06824 mol
Step 3 The reactants combine in a 2:1 ratio. The amount of acid that will combine
with 0.06824 mol MgO is:
Amount of HNO3 = 2 × 0.06824 mol = 0.1365 mol
This is less than the amount of acid. Therefore, MgO is the limiting
reactant.
Step 4 Amount of excess HNO3 = 0.168 − 0.136 mol = 0.032 mol
(Note: the subtraction gives 3 decimal places, but only 2 significant digits.)
Therefore, the amount of H3O+(aq) is 0.032 mol.
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CHEMISTRY 12

Step 5 [H3O+] = 0.032 mol

0.0700 L
= 0.46 mol/L
Check Your Solution
The chemical equation has a 2:1 ratio between reactants. The amount of acid is
greater than the amount of base that reacts, so the resulting solution should be acidic.

Solutions For Practice Problems

Student Textbook page 390

9. Problem
Determine [H3O+ ] and [OH− ] in each solution.
(a) 0.45 mol/L hydrochloric acid
(b) 1.1 mol/L sodium hydroxide
Solution
You know that hydrochloric acid is a strong acid and sodium hydroxide is a strong
base. Since both dissociate completely in aqueous solutions, you can use their molar
concentrations to determine [H3O+ ] or [OH− ]. You can find the concentration of the
other ion using Kw , as shown below:
Kw = 1.0 × 10−14 = [H3O+][OH−]
(a) [HCl] = 0.45 mol/L, so [H3O+ ] = 0.45 mol/L
−14
[OH−] = 1.0 × 10 mol/L
0.45
= 2.2 × 10−14 mol/L
(b) [NaOH] = 1.1 mol/L
Therefore, [OH− ] = 1.1 mol/L
−14
[H3O+] = 1.0 × 10 mol/L
1.1
= 9.1 × 10−15 mol/L
Check Your Solution
Solution (a) is a strong acid. Therefore, [H3O+ ] should be greater than 1.0 × 10−7 ,
and [OH− ] should be less than 1.0 × 10−7 . For a solution of a strong base, as in (b),
[OH− ] should be greater than 1.0 × 10−7 , and [H3O+ ] should be less than
1.0 × 10−7 .

10. Problem
Determine [H3O+ ] and [OH− ] in each solution.
(a) 0.95 mol/L hydrobromic acid
(b) 0.012 mol/L calcium hydroxide
Solution
You know that hydrobromic acid is a strong acid and calcium hydroxide is a strong
base. Since both dissociate completely in aqueous solutions, you can use their molar
concentrations to determine [H3O+ ] or [OH− ]. You can find the concentration of the
other ion using Kw , as shown below:
Kw = 1.0 × 10−14 = [H3O+][OH−]
(a) [HBr] = 0.95 mol/L, so [H3O+ ] = 0.95 mol/L
−14
[OH−] = 1.0 × 10 mol/L
0.95
= 1.1 × 10−14 mol/L

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(b) [Ca(OH)2 ] = 0.12 mol/L

Each mole of Ca(OH)2 in solution forms two moles of OH− ions.
Therefore, [OH− ] = 2 × 0.012 mol/L = 0.024 mol/L
−14
[H3O+] = 1.0 × 10 mol/L
0.024
= 4.2 × 10−13 mol/L
Check Your Solution
Solution (a) is a strong acid. Therefore, [H3O+ ] should be greater than 1.0 × 10−7 ,
and [OH− ] should be less than 1.0 × 10−7 . For a solution of a strong base, as in (b),
[OH− ] should be greater than 1.0 × 10−7 , and [H3O+ ] should be less than
1.0 × 10−7 .

11. Problem
[OH− ] is 5.6 × 10−14 mol/L in a solution of hydrochloric acid. What is the molar
concentration of the HCl(aq) ?
Solution
You know [OH− ] = 5.6 × 10−14 mol/L. You can find [H3O+ ] using Kw as shown
below:
Kw = 1.0 × 10−14 = [H3O+][OH−]
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Therefore, [H3O+ ] = [HCl]
−14
[H3O+] = 1.0 × 10 −14 mol/L
5.6 × 10
= 0.18 mol/L
Therefore, [HCl] = 0.18 mol/L
Check Your Solution
For a solution with [OH− ] less than 1.0 × 10−7 , the [H3O+ ] must be greater than
1.0 × 10−7 .

12. Problem
[H3O+ ] is 1.7 × 10−14 in a solution of calcium hydroxide. What is the molar
concentration of the Ca(OH)2(aq) ?
Solution
You know [H3O+ ] = 1.7 × 10−14 mol/L. You can find [OH− ] using Kw , as shown
below:
Kw = 1.0 × 10−14 = [H3O+][OH−]
Calcium hydroxide is a strong base. Each mole of Ca(OH)2 forms two moles of
OH− ions. Therefore, [Ca(OH)2 ] = 1 × [OH− ]
−14
2
−
[OH ] = 1.0 × 10 mol/L
1.7 × 10−14
= 0.588 mol/L
Therefore, [Ca(OH)2 ] = 1 × 0.588 mol/L = 0.29 mol/L
2
Check Your Solution
For a solution with [H3O+ ] less than 1.0 × 10−7 , the [OH− ] must be greater than
1.0 × 10−7 .

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Solutions for Practice Problems

Student Textbook pages 392–393

13. Problem
[H3O+ ] of a sample of milk is found to be 3.98 × 10−7 mol/L. Is the milk acidic,
neutral, or basic? Calculate the pH and [OH− ] of the sample.
Solution
Compare [H3O+ ] in the milk with [H3O+ ] in neutral water.
[H3O+ ] = 3.98 × 10−7 mol/L, which is greater than 1.0 × 10−7 mol/L.
Therefore, the milk is acidic.
Use the equation pH = − log[H3O+] to find the pH.
pH = − log 3.98 × 10−7
= 6.400
Use the following equation to find the hydroxide ion concentration:
−14
[OH−] = 1.0 × 10 + mol/L
[H3O ]
−14
[OH−] = 1.0 × 10 mol/L
3.98 × 10−7
= 2.51 × 10−8 mol/L
Check Your Solution
The ion product is
[H3O+] × [OH−] = 3.98 × 10−7 × 2.51 × 10−8 = 9.99 × 10−15
This is equal to the value of Kw , 1.0 × 10−14, within the error introduced by
mathematical rounding.

14. Problem
A sample of household ammonia has a pH of 11.9. What is the pOH and [OH− ] of
the sample?
Solution
Use the following equation to find the pOH:
pH + pOH = 14.0
Then calculate [OH− ] using the following equation:
[OH− ] = 10−pOH
pOH = 14.0 − 11.9
= 2.1
[OH−] = 10−2.1
= 8 × 10−3 mol/L
Check Your Solution
The ammonia solution has pH greater than 7, and is therefore basic. The [OH− ] is
greater than 1 × 10−7 mol/L .

15. Problem
Phenol, C6H5OH, is used as a disinfectant. An aqueous solution of phenol was found
to have a pH of 4.72. Is phenol acidic, neutral, or basic? Calculate [H3O+ ], [OH− ],
and pOH of the solution.
Solution
Compare the pH of the solution with the pH of neutral water. pH = 4.72, which is
less than 7. Therefore, the solution is acidic.
Use the following equation to find the [H3O+ ]:

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CHEMISTRY 12

[H3O+ ] = 10−pH
[H3O+ ] = 10−4.72
= 1.9 × 10−5 mol/L
Use the following equation to find the hydroxide ion concentration:
−14
[OH−] = 1.0 × 10 + mol/L
[H3O ]
−14
[OH−] = 1.0 × 10 mol/L
1.9 × 10−5
= 5.3 × 10−10 mol/L
Calculate pOH using the following equation:
pOH = −log [OH− ]
pOH = −log 5.3 × 10−10
= 9.28
Check Your Solution
pH + pOH = 4.72 + 9.28 = 14.00

16. Problem
At normal body temperature, 37˚C, the value of Kw for water is 2.5 × 10−14.
Calculate [H3O+ ] and [OH− ] at this temperature. Is pure water at 37˚C acidic,
neutral, or basic?
Solution
H2O() + H2O()   H3O+(aq) + OH−(aq)
Therefore, [H3O ] = [OH− ]
+

Let x represent [H3O+ ].

Find the hydronium ion concentration using:
Kw = [H3O+ ][OH− ]
2.5 × 10−14 = x 2
x = ±1.6 × 10−7
The negative root is not physically possible.
Therefore, [H3O+ ] = [OH− ] = 1.6 × 10−7 mol/L
Check Your Solution
Kw is an equilibrium constant. Every equilibrium constant depends on temperature.
Since the water is pure, it must be neutral.

17. Problem
A sample of baking soda was dissolved in water and the pOH of the solution was
found to be 5.81 at 25˚C. Is the solution acidic, basic or neutral? Calculate the pH,
[H3O+ ], and [OH− ] of the solution.
Solution
Compare the pOH of the solution with the pOH of neutral water at 25˚C. The
pOH is 5.81, which is less than 7. Therefore, the solution is basic.
Use the following equation to find the pH:
pH + pOH = 14.00
pH = 14.00 − 5.81
= 8.19
[H3O+] = 10−pH
= 10−8.19
= 6.5 × 10−9 mol/L

Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH • MHR 138

CHEMISTRY 12

Use the following equation to find the hydroxide ion concentration:

−14
[OH−] = 1.0 × 10 + mol/L
[H3O ]
[OH−] = 1.0 × 10−14 mol/L
6.5 × 10−9
= 1.5 × 10−6 mol/L
Check Your Solution
[H3O+][OH−] = (6.5 × 10−9) × (1.5 × 10−6)
= 9.8 × 10−15
This is equal to the value of Kw , 1.0 × 10−14, within the error introduced by
mathematical rounding.

18. Problem
A chemist dissolved some AspirinTM in water. The chemist then measured the pH of
the solution and found it to be 2.73 at 25˚C. What are the [H3O+ ] and [OH− ] of
the solution?
Solution
Find the hydronium ion concentration using the following equation:
[H3O+] = 10−pH
[H3O+] = 10−2.73 = 1.9 × 10−3 mol/L
Use the following equation to find the hydroxide ion concentration:
−14
[OH−] = 1.0 × 10 + mol/L
[H3O ]
−14
[OH−] = 1.0 × 10 mol/L
1.9 × 10−3
= 5.3 × 10−12 mol/L
Check Your Solution
[H3O+][OH−] = (1.9 × 10−3) × (5.3 × 10−12)
= 1.0 × 10−14
This is equal to the value of Kw at 25˚C.

Solutions for Practice Problems

Student Textbook page 400

19. Problem
Calculate the pH of a sample of vinegar that contains 0.83 mol/L acetic acid. What is
the percent dissociation of the vinegar?
What Is Required?
You need to calculate the pH of the solution and the percent dissociation for acetic
acid.
What Is Given?
Initial [CH3COOH] = 0.83 mol/L
Acid dissociation constant for acetic acid (listed in Table 8.2):
Ka = 1.8 × 10−5
Plan Your Strategy
[CH3COOH]
Step 1 Check the value of to see whether or not the amount that
Ka
dissociates is negligible compared with the initial concentration of the acid.

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CHEMISTRY 12

Step 2 Write the equation for the dissociation equilibrium of acetic acid in water.
Then set up an ICE table.
Step 3 Write the equation for the acid dissociation constant. Substitute equilibrium
concentrations into the equilibrium expression. Solve the equilibrium
expression for x. If the amount that dissociates is not negligible compared
with the initial concentration of acid, you will need to solve a quadratic
equation.
Step 4 pH = − log[H3O+]
Step 5 Calculate the percent dissociation by expressing the fraction of molecules
that dissociate out of 100.
Act on Your Strategy
[CH3COOH] 0.83
Step 1 =
Ka 1.8 × 10−5
= 4.6 × 104
Since this value is greater than 500, the amount that dissociates can be
neglected compared to the initial concentration of the acid.
Step 2 Concentration (mol/L) CH3COOH(aq) + H2O() CH3COO−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Initial 0.83 0 ~0
Change −x +x +x
Equilibrium 0.83 − x ≈ 0.83 +x +x

[CH3COO−][H3O+]
Step 3 Ka =
[CH3COOH]
1.8 × 10−5 = (x)(x)
0.83

x = 1.49 × 10−5
= ±3.9 × 10−3
Only the positive root is chemically important.
Therefore, [H3O+] = 3.9 × 10−3 mol/L
Step 4 pH = − log 3.9 × 10−3
= 2.41
3.9 × 10−3 mol/L × 100
Step 5 Percent dissociation =
0.83 mol/L
= 0.47%
Check Your Solution
The pH indicates an acidic solution, as expected. Data given in the problem has
two significant digits, and the pH has two digits following the decimal place.
The assumption that x is negligible compared with the initial concentration is
valid because, using the rules for subtracting measured quantities,
0.83 − 3.9 × 10−3 = 0.83
Next, check the equilibrium values:
(3.9 × 10−3)2 = 1.8 × 10−5
0.83
This is equal to Ka.

20. Problem
In low doses, barbiturates act as sedatives. Barbiturates are made from barbituric acid,
a weak monoprotic acid that was first prepared by the German Chemist Adolph von
Baeyer in 1864. The formula of barbituric acid is C4H4N2O3 . A chemist prepares a
0.10 mol/L solution of barbituric acid. The chemist finds the pH of the solution to
be 2.50. What is the acid dissociation constant for barbituric acid? What percent of
its molecules dissociate?
Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH • MHR 140
CHEMISTRY 12

What Is Required?
You need to find Ka and the percent dissociation for barbituric acid.
What Is Given?
Initial [C4H4N2O3 ] = 0.10 mol/L
pH = 2.50
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Write the equation for the dissociation equilibrium of barbituric acid in
water. Then set up an ICE table.
Step 2 Write the equation for the acid dissociation constant. Substitute equilibrium
terms into the equation.
Step 3 Calculate [H3O+ ] using [H3O+ ] = 10−pH
Step 4 Use the stoichiometry of the equation and [H3O+ ] to substitute for the
unknown term, x, and calculate Ka.
Step 5 Calculate the percent dissociation by expressing the fraction of molecules
that dissociate out of 100.
Act on Your Strategy
Step 1 The equation for the dissociation equilibrium of propanoic acid in water is
given in the ICE table.
Concentration (mol/L) C4H4N2O3(aq) + H2O() C4H3N2O3−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Initial 0.10 0 ~0
Change −x +x +x

Equilibrium 0.10 − x x x

[C4H3N2O3−][H3O+]
Step 2 Ka =
[C4H4N2O3]
= (x)(x)
(0.10 − x)
Step 3 The value of x is equal to [H3O+ ] and [C4H3N2O3− ].
[H3O+] = 10−2.50
= 3.16 × 10−3 mol/L

Ka = (3.16 × 10−3)2
Step 4
0.10 − (3.16 × 10−3)
= 1.0 × 10−4
3.16 × 10−3 mol/L × 100
Step 5 Percent dissociation =
0.10 mol/L
= 3.2%
Check Your Solution
The value of Ka and the percent dissociation are reasonable for a weak acid.

21. Problem
A solution of hydrofluoric acid has a molar concentration of 0.0100 mol/L. What is
the pH of this solution?
What Is Required?
You need to calculate the pH of the solution.
What Is Given?
Initial [HF] = 0.0100 mol/L
The acid dissociation constant for hydrofluoric acid (listed in Table 8.2) is:
Ka = 6.6 × 10−4

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CHEMISTRY 12

Plan Your Strategy

[HF]
Step 1 Check the value of to see whether or not the amount that dissociates
Ka
is negligible compared with the initial concentration of the acid.
Step 2 Write the equation for the dissociation equilibrium of hydrofluoric acid in
water. Then set up an ICE table.
Step 3 Write the equation for the acid dissociation constant. Substitute equilibrium
concentrations into the equilibrium expression. Solve the equilibrium
expression for x. If the amount that dissociates is not negligible compared
with the initial concentration of acid, you will need to solve a quadratic
equation.
Step 4 Calculate the pH using pH = − log[H3O+].
Act on Your Strategy
Step 1
HF = 0.0100
Ka 6.6 × 10−4
= 152
Since this value is less than 500, the amount that dissociates cannot be
neglected compared to the initial concentration of the acid.
Step 2 Concentration (mol/L) HF(aq) + H2O() F−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Initial 0.0100 0 ~0
Change −x +x +x

Equilibrium 0.0100 − x x x

[F−][H3O+]
Step 3 Ka =
[HF]
6.6 × 10−4 = (x)(x)
0.0100 − x
This equation must be rearranged into a quadratic equation.
x 2 + (6.6 × 10−4)x − (6.6 × 10−6) = 0
Recall that a quadratic equation of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has the
solution
√
x = −b ± b2 − 4ac
2a √
−4
x = −6.6 × 10 ± 4.36 × 10−7 − 2.64 × 10−5
2
x = −2.92 × 10 and x = 2.26 × 10−3
−3

The value x = −2.92 × 10−3 is not physically possible. It would result in

negative concentrations of F−(aq) and H3O+ at equilibrium.
Therefore, [H3O+] = 2.26 × 10−3 mol/L
Step 4 pH = − log 2.26 × 10−3
= 2.65
Check Your Solution
The pH indicates an acidic solution, as expected. The value for Ka has two significant
digits, and the pH has two digits following the decimal place. Next, check the
equilibrium values:
(2.26 × 10−3)2 = 6.6 × 10−4
0.0100 − 2.26 × 10−3
This is equal to Ka.

Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH • MHR 142

CHEMISTRY 12

22. Problem
Hypochlorous acid, HOCl, is used as a bleach, and a germ-killer. A chemist finds
that 0.027% of hypochlorous acid molecules are dissociated in a 0.40 mol/L solution
of the acid. What is the value of Ka for the acid?
What Is Required?
You need to calculate the value of Ka for hypochlorous acid.
What Is Given?
You know that 0.027% of HOCl molecules dissociate in a 0.40 mol/L solution.
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Calculate [H3O+ ] using the following equation:
[H3O+]
Percent dissociation = × 100
[HOCl]
Step 2 Write the equation for the dissociation equilibrium of hypochlorous acid in
water. Then set up an ICE table.
Step 3 Write the equation for the acid dissociation constant. Substitute equilibrium
terms into the equation and calculate Ka.
Act on Your Strategy
[H3O+]
Step 1 0.027 = × 100
0.40
Therefore, [H3O+] = 1.08 × 10−4
= [OCl−]
Step 2 Concentration (mol/L) HOCl(aq) + H2O() OCl−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Equilibrium (0.40 − 1.08 × 10−4) ≈ 0.40 1.08 × 10−4 1.08 × 10−4

[OCl−][H3O+]
Step 3 Ka =
[HOCl]
= (1.08 × 10−4)2
0.40
= 2.9 × 10−8
Check Your Solution
The value of Ka is reasonable for a weak acid.

23. Problem
The word “butter” comes from the Greek butyros. Butanoic acid (common name:
butyric acid) gives rancid butter its distinctive odour. Calculate the pH of a
1.00 × 10−2 mol/L solution of butanoic acid (Ka = 1.51 × 10−5 ).
What Is Required?
You need to calculate the pH of the solution.
What Is Given?
Initial [CH3CH2CH2COOH] = 1.00 × 10−2 mol/L
The acid dissociation constant for butanoic acid is 1.51 × 10−5 .
Plan Your Strategy
Butanoic acid is monoprotic, with the formula CH3CH2CH2COOH.
Step 1 Check the value of [CH3CH2CH Ka
2COOH]
to see whether or not the amount
that dissociates is negligible compared with the initial concentration of the
acid.
Step 2 Write the equation for the dissociation equilibrium of butanoic acid in water.
Then set up an ICE table.

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CHEMISTRY 12

Step 3 Write the equation for the acid dissociation constant. Substitute equilibrium
concentrations into the equilibrium expression. Solve the equilibrium
expression for x.
Step 4 Use the equation pH = − log[H3O+].
Act on Your Strategy
−2
= 1.00 × 10−5
[CH3CH2CH2COOH]
Step 1
Ka 1.51 × 10
= 662
Since this value is greater than 500, the amount that dissociates can be
neglected compared to the initial concentration of the acid.
Step 2 Concentration (mol/L) CH3CH2CH2COOH(aq) + H2O() CH3CH2CH2COO−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
−2
Initial 1.00 × 10 0 ~0
Change −x +x +x

Equilibrium 1.00 × 10−2 − x ≈ x x

1.00 × 10−2

[CH3CH2CH2COO−][H3O+]
Step 3 Ka =
[CH3CH2CH2COOH]
−5
1.51 × 10 = (x)(x)
1.00 × 10−2
√
x = 1.51 × 10−7
x = −3.89 × 10−4 and x = 3.89 × 10−4
The value x = −3.89 × 10−4 is not physically possible. It would result in
negative concentrations of CH3CH2CH2COO−(aq) and H3O+ at
equilibrium.
Therefore, [H3O+] = 3.89 × 10−4 mol/L
Step 4 pH = − log 3.89 × 10−4
= 3.411
Check Your Solution
The given data has three significant digits, and the pH has three digits following the
decimal place. The assumption that the amount of acid that dissociates can be
neglected is valid because:
1.00 × 10−2 − 3.89 × 10−4 = 9.61 × 10−3
The error introduced by the assumption is 4 × 10−4 , or 4%. This is less than the
typical experimental error in Ka values, which is 5%. Next, check the equilibrium
values:
(3.98 × 10−4)2 = 1.51 × 10−5
1.00 × 10−2
This is equal to Ka.

24. Problem
Caproic acid, C5H11COOH, occurs naturally in coconut and palm oil. It is a weak
monoprotic acid, with Ka = 1.3 × 10−5 . A certain aqueous solution of caproic acid
has pH = 2.94. How much acid was dissolved to make 100 mL of this solution?
What Is Required?
You need to calculate how much caproic acid was dissolved to make 100 mL of
solution.
What Is Given?
The acid dissociation constant for caproic acid is 1.3 × 10−5 .
pH = 2.94

Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH • MHR 144

CHEMISTRY 12

Plan Your Strategy

Step 1 Calculate [H3O+ ] using the equation [H3O+ ] = 10−pH .
Step 2 Write the equation for the dissociation equilibrium of caproic acid in water.
Then show the equilibrium concentration below each chemical.
Step 3 Write the equation for the acid dissociation constant. Substitute equilibrium
concentrations into the equilibrium expression. Solve the equilibrium
expression for [C5H11COOH].
Step 4 Calculate the amount of caproic acid dissolved in 100 mL of solution using
the following equation:
C H COOH (mol)
[C5H11COOH] = 5 11
Volume (L)
Step 5 Calculate the mass of caproic acid using the following equation:
Mass (g)
Amount (mol) =
Molar mass (g/mol)
Act on Your Strategy
Step 1 [H3O+] = 10−2.94
= 1.15 × 10−3 mol/L
Step 2 Concentration (mol/L) C5H11COOH(aq) + H2O() C5H11COO−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Equilibrium [C5H11COOH] − 1.15 × 10−3 1.15 × 10−3
1.15 × 10−3 ≈
[C5H11COOH]

[C5H11COO−][H3O+]
Step 3 Ka =
[C5H11COOH]
−3 2
1.3 × 10−5 = (1.15 × 10 )
[C5H11COOH]
Therefore, [C5H11COOH] = 0.102 mol/L
C H COOH (mol)
Step 4 0.102 mol/L = 5 11
0.100 L
Therefore, the amount of C5H11COOH (mol) = 1.02 × 10−2 mol
Step 5 Molar mass of C5H11COOH (mol) = 116 g/mol
Mass (g)
1.02 × 10−2 mol =
116 g/mol
Therefore, mass = 1.2 g
Check Your Solution
The data given in the problem has two significant digits, and the final answer has two
significant digits.

Solutions for Practice Problems

Student Textbook pages 402–403

25. Problem
Carbonated beverages contain a solution of carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is also
important in forming the ions that are present in blood.
CO2(aq) + H2O()  H2CO3(aq)
H2CO3(aq) + H2O()   HCO3−(aq) + H3O+(aq) Ka1 = 4.5 × 10−7
HCO3−(aq) + H2O()   CO32−(aq) + H3O+(aq) Ka2 = 4.7 × 10−11
Calculate the pH of a solution of 5.0 × 10−4 mol/L carbonic acid. What is [CO32−]
in the solution?

Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH • MHR 145

CHEMISTRY 12

What Is Required?
You need to find pH and [CO32−].
What Is Given?
You know that [H2CO3 ] is 5.0 × 10−4 mol/L. From data tables, you can find
Ka1 = 4.5 × 10−7 and Ka2 = 4.7 × 10−11 .
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Determine whether or not the dissociation of H2CO3 is negligible,
compared with the initial concentration.
Step 2 Write the equation for the dissociation equilibrium of carbonic acid in water.
Then set up an ICE table.
Step 3 Write the dissociation equation for Ka1 .
Step 4 Solve the equation for x.
Step 5 Calculate the pH of the solution using the equation pH = − log[H3O+].
Step 6 Use the equation [CO32−] = Ka2 .
Act on Your Strategy
−4
= 5.0 × 10−7
[H2CO3]
Step 1
Ka1 4.5 × 10
= 1.1 × 103
Therefore, the amount that dissociates is probably negligible compared with
5.0 × 10−4 .
Step 2 Concentration (mol/L) H2CO3(aq) + H2O() HCO3−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Initial 5.0 × 10−4 0 ~0
Change −x +x +x
−4
Equilibrium 5.0 × 10 −x≈ x x
5.0 × 10−4

[HCO3−][H3O+]
Step 3 Ka1 =
[H2CO3]
Step 4 4.5 × 10−7 = (x)(x) −4
5.0 × 10

x = 2.25 × 10−10
x = +1.5 × 10−5 or x = −1.5 × 10−5
The negative root is not chemically possible.
Therefore, [H3O+] = 1.5 × 10−5 mol/L
Step 5 pH = − log 1.5 × 10−5
= 4.82
Step 6 [CO32−] = Ka2
Therefore, [CO32−] = 4.7 × 10−11 mol/L
Check Your Solution
The first dissociation of carbonic acid determines [H3O+ ], because the second
dissociation is much weaker. The assumption that the amount of carbonic acid
that dissociates is negligible is valid because:
5.0 × 10−4 − 1.5 × 10−5 = 4.85 × 10−4 (an error of only 3%)
Check the value of Ka1 :
−5 2
Ka1 = (1.5 × 10 −4)
5.0 × 10
= 4.5 × 10−7
This is equal to the value of Ka1 for carbonic acid.

Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH • MHR 146

CHEMISTRY 12

26. Problem
Adipic acid is a diprotic acid that is used to manufacture nylon. Its formula can be
abbreviated to H2Ad. The acid dissociation constants for adipic acid are
Ka1 = 3.9 × 10−5 and Ka2 = 3.87 × 10−6 . What is the pH of a 0.085 mol/L solution
of adipic acid?
What Is Required?
You need to find the pH of the solution.
What Is Given?
You know that [H2Ad] = 0.085 mol/L. You are given Ka1 = 3.9 × 10−5 and
Ka2 = 3.87 × 10−6 .
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Determine whether or not the dissociation of H2Ad is negligible, compared
with the initial concentration.
Step 2 Write the equation for the dissociation equilibrium of adipic acid in water.
Then set up an ICE table.
Step 3 Write the dissociation equation for Ka1 and solve the equation for x.
Step 4 Calculate the pH of the solution using pH = − log[H3O+].
Act on Your Strategy
Step 1
[H2Ad] = 0.085
Ka1 3.9 × 10−5
= 2.2 × 103
Therefore, the amount that dissociates is probably negligible compared with
0.085.
Step 2 Concentration (mol/L) H2Ad(aq) + H2O() HAd−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Initial 0.085 0 ~0
Change −x +x +x
Equilibrium 0.085 − x ≈ 0.085 x x

[HAd−][H3O+]
Step 3 Ka1 =
[H2Ad]
−5
3.9 × 10 = (x)(x)
0.085

x = 3.32 × 10−6
x = +1.82 × 10−3 or x = −1.82 × 10−3
Only the positive root is chemically possible, therefore
[H3O+] = 1.8 × 10−3 mol/L.
Step 4 pH = − log 1.8 × 10−3
= 2.74
Check Your Solution
The first dissociation of adipic acid determines [H3O+ ], because the second dissocia-
tion is much weaker. The assumption that the amount of adipic acid that dissociates
is negligible is valid because:
0.085 − 1.8 × 10−3 = 0.083 (an error of less than 3%)
The data given in the problem has two significant digits, and the pH has two digits
after the decimal. Check the value of Ka1 :
−3 2
Ka1 = (1.8 × 10 )
0.085
= 3.8 × 10−5
This is equal to the value of Ka1 for adipic acid, within rounding errors.

Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH • MHR 147

CHEMISTRY 12

27. Problem
Hydrosulfuric acid, H2S(aq) , is a weak diprotic acid that is sometimes used in
analytical work. It is used to precipitate metal sulfides, which tend to be very
insoluble. Calculate the pH and [HS−(aq)] of a 7.5 × 10−3 mol/L solution.
What Is Required?
You need to find pH and [HS−].
What Is Given?
You know that [H2S] = 7.5 × 10−3 mol/L. Look in Appendix E, on page 597, to find
Ka1 = 8.9 × 10−8 .
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Determine whether or not the dissociation of H2S is negligible, compared
with the initial concentration.
Step 2 Write the equation for the dissociation equilibrium of hydrosulfuric acid in
water. Then set up an ICE table.
Step 3 Write the dissociation equation for Ka1 and solve the equation for x.
Step 4 Calculate the pH of the solution using pH = − log[H3O+].
Act on Your Strategy
[H2S] = 7.5 × 10−3
Step 1
Ka1 8.9 × 10−8
= 8.4 × 104
Therefore, the amount that dissociates is negligible compared with
7.5 × 10−3 .
Step 2 Concentration (mol/L) H2S(aq) + H2O() HS−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Initial 7.5 × 10−3 0 ~0
Change −x +x +x

Equilibrium 7.5 × 10−3 − x ≈ x x

−3
7.5 × 10

[HS−][H3O+]
Step 3 Ka1 =
[H2S]
8.9 × 10 =−8 (x)(x)
√ 7.5 × 10−3
x = 6.68 × 10−10
x = +2.6 × 10−5 or x = −2.6 × 10−5
The negative root is not chemically possible.
Therefore, [H3O+] = [HS−] = 2.6 × 10−5 mol/L
Step 4 pH = − log 2.6 × 10−5
= 4.59
Check Your Solution
The first dissociation of hydrosulfuric acid determines [H3O+], because the second
dissociation is much weaker. The assumption that the amount of hydrosulfuric acid
that dissociates is negligible is valid because, using the rules for subtracting numbers:
7.5 × 10−3 − 2.6 × 10−5 = 7.5 × 10−3
Check the value of Ka1 :
−5 2
Ka1 = (2.6 × 10 −3)
7.5 × 10
= 9.0 × 10−8
This is equal to the value of Ka1 for hydrosulfuric acid, within the error introduced
by mathematical rounding.

Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH • MHR 148

CHEMISTRY 12

28. Problem
What is the value of Ka when water acts as a Brønsted-Lowry acid? Write the
expression for Ka if water acts as a diprotic acid.
What Is Required?
You need to find the value of Ka for water. Then write the expression for Ka2
for water.
What Is Given?
Kw = 1.0 × 10−14
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Write the equation for the dissociation equilibrium of water.
Step 2 Write the dissociation equation for Ka1 . Find the value, using
Kw = 1.0 × 10−14 .
Step 3 Write the equation for the dissociation equilibrium of OH−(aq).
Step 4 Write the dissociation equation for Ka2 .
Act on Your Strategy
Step 1 H2O() + H2O()   H3O+(aq) + OH−(aq)
Step 2 This is a heterogeneous equilibrium, and the concentration of pure liquids
are always included in the value for the equilibrium constant.
Ka1 = [H3O+] [OH−] = Kw
Therefore, Ka for water = 1.0 × 10−14 at 25˚C
Step 3 OH−(aq) + H2O()   H3O+(aq) + O2−(aq)
[O2−][H3O+]
Step 4 Ka2 =
[OH−]
Check Your Solution
The value for Ka1 indicates a weak acid. The expression for Ka2 has product concen-
tration terms in the numerator, and reactant concentration terms in the denominator.

Solutions for Practice Problems

Student Textbook page 407

29. Problem
An aqueous solution of household ammonia has a molar concentration of
0.105 mol/L. Calculate the pH of the solution.
What Is Required?
You need to find the pH of the solution.
What Is Given?
From Table 8.3, Kb = 1.8 × 10−5
Concentration of ammonia solution = 0.105 mol/L
Plan Your Strategy
[NH3]
Step 1 Check the value of to see if the amount that dissociates can be
Kb
neglected compared to the initial [NH3].
Step 2 Write the equation for the equilibrium reaction of ammonia in water. Then
set up an ICE table.
Step 3 Write the equation for the base dissociation constant. Substitute equilibrium
terms into the equation and solve for x.
Step 4 Use the following equations:
pOH = − log[OH−]
pH = 14.00 − pOH

Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH • MHR 149

CHEMISTRY 12

Act on Your Strategy

Step 1
0.105 = 5.8 × 104
1.8 × 10−5
Since this value is greater than 500, the amount that dissociates can be
neglected compared to the initial concentration of ammonia.
Step 2 Concentration (mol/L) NH3(aq) + H2O() NH4+(aq) + OH−(aq)

Initial 0.105 0 ~0
Change −x +x +x
Equilibrium 0.105 − x ≈ 0.105 x x

+ −
Step 3 Kb = [NH4 ][OH ]
[NH3]
2
−5
1.8 × 10 = x
0.105

x = 1.89 × 10−6
x = ±1.37 × 10−3
The negative root is not reasonable.
Therefore, x = 1.37 × 10−3 mol/L = [OH−]
Step 5 pOH = − log 1.37 × 10−3
= 2.86
pH = 14.00 − 2.86
= 11.14
Check Your Solution
The pH of the solution is greater than 7, as expected for a basic solution.

30. Problem
Hydrazine, N2H4 , has been used as a rocket fuel. The concentration of an aqueous
solution of hydrazine is 5.9 × 10−2 mol/L. Calculate the pH of the solution.
What Is Required?
You need to find the pH of the solution.
What Is Given?
From Table 8.3, Kb = 1.7 × 10−6 .
[N2H4] = 5.9 × 10−2 mol/L
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Check the value of [NK2H4] to see if the amount that dissociates can be
b
neglected compared to the initial [N2H4].
Step 2 Write the equation for the equilibrium reaction of hydrazine in water.
Then set up an ICE table.
Step 3 Write the equation for the base dissociation constant. Substitute equilibrium
terms into the equation and solve for x.
Step 4 Use the following equations:
pOH = − log[OH−]
pH = 14.00 − pOH
Act on Your Strategy
5.9 × 10−2 = 3.5 × 104
Step 1
1.7 × 10−6
Since this value is greater than 500, the amount that dissociates can be
neglected compared to the initial concentration of hydrazine.

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CHEMISTRY 12

Step 2 Concentration (mol/L) N2H4(aq) + H2O() N2H5+(aq) + OH−(aq)

Initial 5.9 × 10−2 0 ~0

Change −x +x +x
Equilibrium 5.9 × 10−2 − x ≈ x x
5.9 × 10−2

[N2H5+][OH−]
Step 3 Kb =
[N2H4]
−6
1.7 × 10 = x2
5.9 × 10−2
√
x = 1.00 × 10−7
x = ±3.17 × 10−4
The negative root is not reasonable.
Therefore, x = 3.17 × 10−4 mol/L = [OH−]
Step 5 pOH = − log 3.17 × 10−4
= 3.50
pH = 14.00 − 3.50
= 10.50
Check Your Solution
The pH of the solution is greater than 7, as expected for a basic solution.

31. Problem
Morphine, C17H19NO3 , is a naturally occurring base that is used to control pain.
A 4.5 × 10−3 mol/L solution has a pH of 9.93. Calculate Kb for morphine.
What Is Required?
You need to find Kb .
What Is Given?
[C17H19NO3] = 4.5 × 10−3 mol/L
pH = 9.93
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Write the equation for the equilibrium reaction of morphine in water. Then
set up an ICE table.
Step 2 Write the equation for the base dissociation constant. Substitute equilibrium
terms into the equation.
Step 3 Use the equation pOH = 14.00 − pH .
Step 4 Use the equation [OH−] = 10−pOH .
Step 5 Substitute for x into the equilibrium equation. Calculate the value of Kb .

Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Concentration (mol/L) C17H19NO3(aq) + H2O() C17H19NO3H+(aq) + OH−(aq)

Initial 4.5 × 10−3 0 ~0

Change −x +x +x
−3
Equilibrium 4.5 × 10 −x x x

[C17H19NO3H+][OH−]
Step 2 Kb =
[C17H19NO3]
= (x)(x)
(4.5 × 10−3 − x)
Step 3 pOH = 14.00 − 9.93 = 4.07

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CHEMISTRY 12

Step 4 [OH−] = 10−4.07

= 8.5 × 10−5 mol/L
Step 5 4.5 × 10−3 − 8.5 × 10−5 = 4.4 × 10−3
−5 2
Kb = (8.5 × 10 −3)
4.4 × 10
= 1.6 × 10−6

Check Your Solution

The value for Kb is reasonable for a weak organic base. The final answer has two
significant digits, consistent with the two decimal places in the given pH.

32. Problem
Methylamine, CH3NH2 , is a fishy-smelling gas at room temperature. It is used to
manufacture several prescription drugs, including methamphetamine. Calculate
[OH−] and pOH of a 0.25 mol/L aqueous solution.
What Is Required?
You need to find [OH−] and the pOH of the solution.
What Is Given?
From Table 8.3, Kb = 4.4 × 10−4
[CH3NH2] = 0.25 mol/L
Plan Your Strategy
[CH3NH2]
Step 1 Check the value of to see if the amount that dissociates can
Kb
be neglected compared to the initial [CH3NH2].
Step 2 Write the equation for the equilibrium reaction of methylamine in water.
Then set up an ICE table.
Step 3 Write the equation for the base dissociation constant. Substitute equilibrium
terms into the equation and solve for x.
Step 4 Use the equation pOH = − log[OH−].

Act on Your Strategy

Step 1
0.25 = 568
4.4 × 10−4
Since this value is greater than 500, the amount that dissociates can probably
be neglected compared to the initial concentration of methylamine.
Step 2 Concentration (mol/L) CH3NH2(aq) + H2O() CH3NH3+(aq) + OH−(aq)

Initial 0.25 0 ~0
Change −x +x +x
Equilibrium 0.25 − x ≈ 0.25 x x

[CH3NH3+][OH−]
Step 3 Kb =
[CH3NH2]
2
4.4 × 10−4 = x
0.25
√
x = 1.1 × 10−4
x = ±1.0 × 10−2
The negative root is not reasonable.
Therefore, x = 1.0 × 10−2 mol/L = [OH−]
Step 4 pOH = − log 1.0 × 10−2
= 1.98

Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH • MHR 152

CHEMISTRY 12

Check Your Solution

The pOH of the solution is less than 7, as expected for a basic solution.

33. Problem
At room temperature, trimethylamine, (CH3)3N, is a gas with a strong ammonia-like
odour. Calculate [OH−] and the percent of trimethylamine molecules that react with
water in a 0.22 mol/L aqueous solution.
What Is Required?
You need to find [OH−] and the percent dissociation.
What Is Given?
From Table 8.3, Kb = 6.5 × 10−5
[(CH3)3N] = 0.22 mol/L
Plan Your Strategy
[(CH3)3N]
Step 1 Check the value of to see if the amount that dissociates can
Kb
be neglected compared to the initial [(CH3)3N].
Step 2 Write the equation for the equilibrium reaction of trimethylamine in water.
Then set up an ICE table.
Step 3 Write the equation for the base dissociation constant. Substitute equilibrium
terms into the equation and solve for x.
Step 4 Calculate the percent of molecules that dissociated.
Act on Your Strategy
Step 1
0.22 = 3.4 × 103
6.5 × 10−5
Since this value is greater than 500, the amount that dissociates can be
neglected compared to the initial concentration of trimethylamine.
Step 2 Concentration (mol/L) (CH3)3N(aq) + H2O() (CH3)3NH+(aq) + OH−(aq)
Initial 0.22 0 ~0
Change −x +x +x
Equilibrium 0.22 − x ≈ 0.22 x x

[(CH3)3NH+][OH−]
Step 3 Kb =
[(CH3)3N]
2
−5
6.5 × 10 = x
0.22

x = 1.43 × 10−5
x = ±3.8 × 10−3
The negative root is not reasonable.
Therefore, [OH−] = 3.8 × 10−3 mol/L
3.8 × 10−3 × 100
Step 4 Percent dissociation =
0.22
= 1.7%
Check Your Solution
The [OH−] of the solution is greater than 1.0 × 10−7 , as expected for a basic
solution. The percent dissociation is small, consistent with trimethylamine being
a weak base.

34. Problem
An aqueous solution of ammonia has a pH of 10.85. What is the concentration
of the solution?

Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH • MHR 153

CHEMISTRY 12

What Is Required?
You need to find [NH3].
What Is Given?
You know the pH of the solution is 10.85. Kb for aqueous ammonia = 1.8 × 10−5 .
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Calculate [OH−] using the following equations:
pOH = 14.00 − pH
[OH−] = 10−pOH
Step 2 Write the equation for the equilibrium reaction of ammonia in water. Then
write down the equilibrium concentrations.
Step 3 Write the equation for the base dissociation constant. Substitute equilibrium
terms into the equation and solve for [NH3].
Act on Your Strategy
pOH = 14.00 − 10.85
= 3.15
[OH−] = 10−3.15
= 7.1 × 10−4 mol/L
Step 2 Concentration (mol/L) NH3(aq) + H2O() NH4+(aq) + OH−(aq)
Equilibrium [NH3] − 7.1 × 10−4 ≈ [NH3] 7.1 × 10−4 7.1 × 10−4

+ −
Step 3 Kb = [NH4 ][OH ]
[NH3]
−4 2
1.8 × 10−5 = (7.1 × 10 )
[NH3]
Therefore, [NH3] = 2.8 × 10−2 mol/L
Check Your Solution
The assumption that the amount of NH3 that dissociates is negligible compared
with the initial concentration is valid because:
2.8 × 10−2 − 7.1 × 10−4 = 2.7 × 10−2 (an error of 4%)
Check the equilibrium values:
(7.1 × 10−4)2 = 1.8 × 10−5
2.8 × 10−2
This is equal to Ka for aqueous ammonia.

Solutions for Practice Problems

Student Textbook page 409

35. Problem
Use the table of Ka values in Appendix E to list the conjugate bases of the following
acids in order of increasing base strength: formic acid, HCOOH; hydrofluoric acid,
HF(aq) ; benzoic acid, C6H5COOH; phenol, C6H5OH.
What Is Required?
You need to determine the Kb values for each conjugate base and interpret the values.
What Is Given?
formic acid, HCOOH Ka = 1.8 × 10−4
hydrofluoric acid, HF(aq) Ka = 6.3 × 10−4
benzoic acid, C6H5COOH Ka = 6.3 × 10−5
phenol, C6H5OH Ka = 1.0 × 10−10
Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH • MHR 154
CHEMISTRY 12

Plan Your Strategy

Calculate Kb for each acid, using the equation KaKb = Kw.
Act on Your Strategy
KaKb = Kw
Kb = Kw
Ka
1.0 × 10−14
For formic acid, Kb for HCOO−(aq) =
1.8 × 10−4
= 5.6 × 10−11
Similarly, for the other conjugate bases:
Kb for F−(aq) = 1.6 × 10−11
Kb for C6H5COO− = 1.6 × 10−10
Kb for C6H5O− = 1.0 × 10−4
Check Your Solution
The order of increasing Kb values is the order of increasing conjugate base strength.
Therefore, F− < HCOO− < C6H5COO− < C6H5O−

36. Problem
Kb for ammonia, NH3, is 1.8 × 10−5 . Kb for trimethylamine, (CH3)3N,
is 6.5 × 10−5 . Which is the stronger acid, NH4+ or (CH3)3NH+ ?
What Is Required?
You need to find the Ka values for NH4+ and (CH3)3NH+ . Then determine which is
the stronger acid.
What Is Given?
For NH3, Kb = 1.8 × 10−5
For (CH3)3N, Kb = 6.5 × 10−5
Plan Your Strategy
Determine Ka for each acid.
Act on Your Strategy
Ka = Kw
Kb
−14
Ka for NH4+(aq) = 1.0 × 10 −5
1.8 × 10
= 5.6 × 10−10
−14
Ka for (CH3)3NH+(aq) = 1.0 × 10 −5
6.5 × 10
= 1.5 × 10−10
Check Your Solution
Ka for NH4+(aq) is greater than Ka for (CH3)3NH+(aq) . Therefore, NH4+(aq) is the
stronger acid.

37. Problem
Sodium benzoate is used as a food preservative. Calculate the pH of a 1.0 mol/L
aqueous solution of sodium benzoate. (Only the benzoate ion affects the pH of
the solution.)
What Is Required?
You need to calculate the pH.
What Is Given?
From Appendix E, Ka for benzoic acid = 6.3 × 10−5
[C6H5COO−] = 1.0 mol/L

Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH • MHR 155

CHEMISTRY 12

Plan Your Strategy

Step 1 Find Kb using the relationship KaKb = Kw.
Step 2 Determine whether or not the dissociation of the benzoate ions is negligible
compared with its initial concentration.
Step 3 Write the chemical equation for the benzoate ion acting as a base. Then set
up an ICE table.
Step 4 Write the dissociation equation for Kb and substitute equilibrium values.
Solve the equation for x.
Step 5 Calculate [H3O+] using the following equation:
Kw = [H3O+] [OH−]
Step 6 Calculate pH from the following equation:
pH = − log[H3O+]
Act on Your Strategy
K 1.0 × 10−14
Step 1 Kb = w =
Ka 1.6 × 10−5
Kb for C6H5COO− = 1.6 × 10−10
[C6H5COO−] 1.0
Step 2 =
Kb 1.6 × 10−10
= 6.2 × 109
This is much greater than 500. Therefore, x can be neglected compared to
the initial concentration.
Step 3 Concentration (mol/L) C6H5COO−(aq) + H2O() C6H5COOH(aq) + OH−(aq)
Initial 1.0 0 ~0

Change −x +x +x

Equilibrium 1.0 − x ≈ 1.0 x x

[C6H5COOH][OH−]
Step 4 Kb =
[C6H5COO−]
1.6 × 10−10 = (x)(x)
√1.0
x = 1.6 × 10−10
x = ±1.3 × 10−5
Only the positive root is chemically possible.
Therefore, [OH−] = 1.3 × 10−5 mol/L
1.0 × 10−14
Step 5 [H3O+] =
1.3 × 10−5
= 7.7 × 10−10 mol/L
Step 6 pH = − log 7.7 × 10−10
= 9.11
Check Your Solution
The solution is weakly basic. The benzoate ion is a very weak base, so the answer
is reasonable.

38. Problem
The hydrogen sulfite ion, HSO3− , is amphoteric. Write chemical equations to show
how it acts first as an acid and then as a base.
What Is Required?
One equation is required, which shows the hydrogen sulfite ion acting as an acid. A
second equation is required, which shows the hydrogen sulfite ion acting as a base.

Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH • MHR 156

CHEMISTRY 12

What Is Given?
The formula of the hydrogen sulfite ion is HSO3− .
Plan Your Strategy
Write out the chemical equations.
Act on Your Strategy
As an acid,
HSO3−(aq) + H2O()  SO32−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
As a base,
HSO3−(aq) + H2O() 
 H2SO3(aq) + OH−(aq)
Check Your Solution
The acid-base conjugate pairs differ by one proton.

Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH • MHR 157