UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : PROFESOR MADYA [Link]. DR. NOR FAZLI BIN ADULL MANAN
Group : EMD4M6D2

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : TORSION TEST EXPERIMENT

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE
1 MUHAMMAD IRFAN NAQIUDDIN BIN TALIB 2023471992 IRFAN
2 MUHAMMAD IKMAL HALIMI BIN ISMAZI 2023867654 IKMAL
3 MUHAMMAD IRFAN HANIF BIN ZAWAYI 2023473686 HANIF
4 AHNAF BIN ABD NASRI 2023817186 AHNAF
5 MUHAMMAD IZHAR FIKRI BIN MOHD 2023695668 IZHAR
ADENAN

LABORATORY SESSION : 4/06/2024

(DATE)

REPORT SUBMISSION : 11/06/2024

(DATE)

*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this
submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic
msconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

1
 ABSTRACT
The experiment below illustrates the right approach for determining a material's shear modulus.
The experiment aimed to evaluate the torsion characteristics when subjected to pure torque
loading, identify the types of fracture surfaces under pure torque, and confirm the findings
against theoretical values. Mild steel samples were used in this experiment to show how
materials respond under testing circumstances. By measuring the applied torque concerning the
angle of twist, the shear modulus, shear stress at the limit of proportionality, and failure
conditions may be determined. We may deduce that elongation and compression are not the
only types of deformation. The idea of stress and strain can be expanded to include inclined
shearing or distortional effects. Torsion in solid mechanics refers to the twisting of an item
caused by applied torque. Torsion tests are conducted on materials to determine parameters
such as modulus of elasticity in shear, torsion yield strength, and modulus of rupture. It is
commonly used to evaluate brittle materials and may be tested in full-sized pieces such as
shafts, axles, and twist drills that are subjected to torsion loads in service.

2
 TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENT PAGE

ABSTRACT 2
LIST OF TABLES 4
LIST OF FIGURES 5
Chapter 1
1.0 Introduction 6

Chapter 2
2.0 Theory 7

Chapter 3 10
3.0 Methodology
3.1 Apparatus and equipment
3.2 Experimental procedure

Chapter 4 13
4.0 Results
MUHAMMAD IRFAN NAQIUDDIN BIN TALIB
MUHAMMAD IKMAL HALIMI BIN ISMAZI
MUHAMMAD IRFAN HANIF BIN ZAWAYI
AHNAF BIN ABD NASRI
MUHAMMAD IZHAR FIKRI BIN MOHD ADENAN

Chapter 5 16
5.0 Discussion
MUHAMMAD IRFAN NAQIUDDIN BIN TALIB
MUHAMMAD IKMAL HALIMI BIN ISMAZI
MUHAMMAD IRFAN HANIF BIN ZAWAYI
AHNAF BIN ABD NASRI
MUHAMMAD IZHAR FIKRI BIN MOHD ADENAN

Chapter 6 17
6.0 Conclusion
MUHAMMAD IRFAN NAQIUDDIN BIN TALIB
MUHAMMAD IKMAL HALIMI BIN ISMAZI
MUHAMMAD IRFAN HANIF BIN ZAWAYI
AHNAF BIN ABD NASRI
MUHAMMAD IZHAR FIKRI BIN MOHD ADENAN
References 40

3
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Initial Dimensions of Specimen (mm)

Table 2: Data of specimen
Table 3: List of sample calculations
Table 4: Initial Dimensions of Specimen (mm)
Table 5: Data of specimen
Table 6: List of sample calculations
Table 7: Result of Torsion Test experiment.
Table 8: Specimen’s dimension.
Table 9: Torsion test data.

4
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 : Introduction to Torsion 6

Figure 2 : Idea of Torsion 7
Figure 3 : Theory of torsion 8
Figure 4 : Torsion Test Machine 10
Figure 5 : Vernier Caliper 10
Figure 6 : Torque Meter 10
Figure 7 : Measure the specimen 11
Figure 8 : Mounted the specimen properly 11
Figure 9 : Take the reading 12
Figure 10 : Broken Specimen 12
Figure 11 : Graph of Torque vs Angle of twist of specimen 14
Figure 12 : Graph of Shear Stress Vs Shear Strain 14
Figure 13 : Graph of Torque vs Angle of twist of specimen 19
Figure 14 : Graph of Shear Stress Vs Shear Strain 19
Figure 15 : Mild Steel Specimen 24
Figure 16 : Graph of Torque vs Angle of twist of specimen 26
Figure 17 : Graph of Shear Stress Vs Shear Strain 26
Figure 18 : Graph of Torque vs Angle of twist of specimen 30
Figure 19 : Graph of Shear Stress Vs Shear Strain 30

5
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Torsional or twisting forces can cause stress inside a structure. Torsion is the loading
of a part that causes it to spin or twist. Torque, rotating moment, twisting moment, or couple
are all terms used to describe this type of load. Torsional deformation causes shearing stress
when a member is subjected to torque. Torsion is the term used for the twisting of a structural
member when it is acted upon by a Torque so that rotation is produced about the longitudinal
axis at on the end of the member with respect to each other. [1]

Figure 1: Introduction to Torsion

Torsion testing is a form of mechanical testing that assesses the characteristics of

materials or devices under stress from rotational movement. Torsion testing is classified into
two types: testing raw materials like metal wires or plastic tubing to determine properties like
shear strength and modulus, and functional testing of finished products subjected to torsion,
such as screws, pharmaceutical bottles, and sheathed cables. Torsion testing is commonly used
to determine mechanical parameters such as modulus of elasticity in shear, yield shear strength,
ultimate shear strength, modulus of rupture in shear, and ductility [2].

Many products and components are susceptible to torsional forces while operating. Torsion
testing is required when engineers want to modify or update the materials utilized in these
goods. For example, the metal used in car drive trains undergoes a complicated coupled loading
when in operation, with torsion being the primary component. An engineer designing a more
fuel-efficient car may need to modify the material of the driveshaft to minimise vehicle weight.
Torsional testing can assist the engineer in determining an acceptable material that will provide
the needed torsional strength while also contributing to the objective of lightweighting.

6
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 THEORY

To evaluate the relationship between internal torque and the stresses it causes in components
with circular and tubular cross-sections, the following assumptions must be made:
1. A plane segment of material perpendicular to the axis of a circular member stays in the
plane when torque is applied (this is not true for significant deformations).
2. The shearing stresses in a circular member subjected to torque change linearly from the
central axis.
3. Shearing stress and strain are negatively linked.

Torsion is defined in solid mechanics as the twisting of an object due to applied torque. The
measuring unit is newton meters (Nm). Torsion occurs when any shaft feels torque. Torque
loading causes one portion of a body to twist relative to another. When a member is subjected
to torque, it rotates around its transverse axis. The shaft might be stationary, such as a bolt or
screw, or rotating, like the drive shafts of motors, turbines, and engines. Any cross-section will
suffer shear stress as a result of the shaft's torque-induced twisting and rotation at one end
relative to the other. In engineering, shafts are commonly utilized to transfer electricity from
one location to another. Shear can cause failure on its own or in combination with stretching
or bending. As seen in Figure 1, the shaft, which is fixed at one end and free at the other, is
subjected to a torque, T. Filament distortion results from the creation of complementary shear
forces in the longitudinal planes [3].

Figure 2: Idea of Torsion

In Figure 3, consider a circularly cross-sectioned bar or shaft with torque Toperating at both
ends. In relation to the other end of the bar, one end will [Link] twist angle refers to the angle

7
at which a cross section twists. A longitudinal deformation at an angle along the shaft's length
is also produced.

Figure 3: Theory of torsion

A torque against angle of twist relationship can be used to calculate the modulus of rigidity or
shear modulus of the tested specimen:

𝑇 τ θ
= =𝐺
𝐽 𝑅 𝐿

Where:

𝑇 = Torque, Nm
𝐽 = Polar moment of area, m
τ = Shear stress, Nm
𝑅 = Radius of specimen, m
𝐺 = Modulus of rigidity, GPa
θ = Angle of twist, radians
L = Specimen gauge length, m

The outer surface of the material experiences the most shear stress, τ, which may be
calculated using the following formula:

TR θ
τ= = 𝐺𝑅
𝐽 𝐿

The following formula can be used to determine the shearing strain, γ, experienced over the
length of the shaft under test:
Rθ
γ=
𝐿

8
The other formulas that might involved in this experiment are as follows:

The angle of twist, θ :

TL
θ=
𝐽𝐺

Polar moment of area, 𝑚:

1
J = ( )𝜋𝑟4
2

Modulus of rigidity, 𝐺𝑃𝑎:

τ
𝐺=
γ

Furthermore, Hooke's law describes the link between the modulus of rigidity and modulus of
elasticity within the material's linear elastic range by relating the Poisson's ratio of the tested
material.

𝐸 = 2𝐺(1 + 𝑣)

Where:

𝑉 = Poisson’s ratio
E = Modulus of Elasticity

9
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT

Figure 4: Torsion Test Machine

Figure 5: Vernier Caliper

Figure 6: Torque Meter

10
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. The specimen’s diameter and length at various points using a vernier caliper.

Figure 7: Measure the specimen

2. Then, the specimen was fixed into the torsion machine by fastening one end of
the specimen to the torsion machine and the other connected to a torque
measurement device.

Figure 8: Mounted the specimen properly

3. The handwheel adjusted the specimen in a clockwise direction. It was

necessary to apply pre-loading on the sample.
4. Note that for each rotation of the handwheel, compensate the deformation on
the specimen by turning the handwheel of the compensation unit, until the dial
gauge return to its initial value (zero) and then read the torque from the display.
5. The data on the torque meter was taken.

11
 Figure 9: Take the reading

6. Then, steps 3-5 are repeated by increasing the value to two full rotations
continue and more until the specimen breaks.

Figure 10: Broken Specimen

12
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS
Name : MUHAMMAD IRFAN NAQIUDDIN BIN TALIB
Student ID : 2023471992

Table 1: Initial Dimensions of Specimen (mm)

Materials Length Diameter Area
Mild Steel 70.6 6.1 29.22

Table 2: Data of specimen

Handwheel Total Angle of Angle of Torque,T
Rotation (°) Handwheel Twist, ϴ Twist, ϴ (Nm)
Rotation (°) (rad) (°)
0 0 0 0 0
90 90 0.032 1.83 4.90
90 180 0.05 2.86 7.60
90 270 0.069 3.95 10.50
90 360 0.085 4.87 13.00
180 540 0.109 6.25 16.50
180 720 0.120 6.88 18.20
180 900 0.126 7.22 19.10
180 1080 0.129 7.39 19.60
360 1440 0.132 7.56 20.10
360 1800 0.135 7.73 20.50
360 2160 0.136 7.79 20.70
360 2520 0.136 7.79 20.70
1080 3600 0.135 7.73 20.50
1800 5400 0.135 7.73 20.50
1800 7200 0.135 7.73 20.50
1800 9000 0.136 7.79 20.70
1800 10800 0.137 7.85 20.80
1800 12600 0 0 0.0

13
 Torque Vs Angle of Twist
25

Torque (Nm) 20

15

10

0
0 [Link].[Link].[Link].[Link].797.85 0
Angle of twist (rad)

Figure 4: Graph of Torque vs Angle of twist of specimen

Shear Stress Vs Shear Strain

500
450
400
Shear Stress (Mpa)

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

Shear Strain

Figure 12: Graph of Shear Stress Vs Shear Strain

14
CALCULATIONS

Table 3: List of sample calculations

Formula Specimen

Moment of Area
1 1
J = ( )𝜋𝑟4 J = ( )𝜋𝑟4
2 2
1
J = ( )𝜋(0.00305)4
2
J = 1.359 x 10-10 m4
Shear Stress, τ (at Torque = 4.90Nm)
TR
τ=
𝐽
TR
τ=
𝐽 (4.90)(0.00305)
τ=
1.359 x 10 − 10
τ = 109.9 MPa
The angle of twist, θ
TL
θ=
TL 𝐽𝐺
θ=
𝐽𝐺 (4.90)(0.0706)
θ=
G = is constant which is 79 Gpa 1.359 x 10 − 10(79 G)
θ = 0.032
Shear Strain, γ
Rθ
γ=
Rθ 𝐿
γ= (0.00305)(0.032)
𝐿 γ=
0.0706
γ = 0.00138

15
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION
Name : MUHAMMAD IRFAN NAQIUDDIN BIN TALIB
Student ID : 2023471992

The results of the experiment shed light on a number of features of the steel's mechanical
behaviour under torsional stress, especially in relation to how it deforms and responds to
continuous stress delivery. Several measurements taken at various angles and torques show the
repeated applications of stress, which show how the material might respond to cycle loading
circumstances, which are typical in many engineering applications. Materials used in
machinery and buildings must withstand repeated stresses without failure. The modulus of
rigidity, G, indicates the steel sample's stiffness and ability to return to its original shape
following deformation. The fluctuating figures indicate that measurement accuracy may be
affected by setup or material abnormalities. However, they also demonstrate the material's
robustness to applied torques to a certain point [4].

Shear characteristics are important in understanding how materials react to forces that induce
sliding or deformation parallel to the force direction. These qualities are critical in many
engineering applications, especially in components that are subjected to torsional (twisting)
stresses. Key shear features include Shear modulus (G): Measures material stiffness in response
to shear stress. It aids in forecasting how much a material will deform under a particular shear
[Link] Shear Stress (τy) is the stress at which a material starts to deform plastically. It is
critical to ensure that components can withstand operational loads without permanent
deformation. Ultimate shear stress (τu) is the greatest stress a material can tolerate before
failure. This feature is critical for safety and dependability since it ensures that components do
not fail catastrophically in harsh situations.

When a specimen is exposed to torsion, a sequence of behavioral changes occur that may be
defined in different stages: Elastic deformation: During the early phase, the material behaves
elastically, which means it returns to its previous shape once the load is released.
A linear connection exists between the applied torque (T) and the angle of twist (θ). The slope
of this linear area determines the shear modulus (G). Yield Points: As the torque rises, the
material hits its yield point and begins to deform plastically. Non-linear Behaviour: After this

16
point, the relationship between torque and angle of twist becomes nonlinear. The material will
not revert to its normal form after the load is removed. Plastic Deformation: After yielding, the
material experiences plastic deformation. Even when the applied torque is increased slightly,
the deformation remains. Work Hardening: In some materials, this area may undergo work
hardening, in which the material becomes stronger and more resistant to additional
deformation. Ultimate Failure: The material achieves its ultimate shear stress (τu) and can no
longer resist added torque. Fracture: The material eventually breaks, usually as a shear fracture
along a plane perpendicular to the axis of torsion.

The fracture surface of a failed specimen subjected to torsion provides valuable information
about the failure mechanism and the material's properties. The type of fracture surface can be
broadly categorized into three types: brittle, ductile, and fatigue fractures. For brittle fracture,
Fracture surface is usually flat and perpendicular to the axis of the applied torque. he fracture
surface is smooth and has a shiny, granular appearance. It occurs when the material fails
suddenly without significant prior deformation. Common in materials with low ductility, such
as ceramics and some high-strength metals. Secondly is Ductile fracture, where fracture surface
is rough and irregular. It exhibits significant plastic deformation before failure. Common in
materials with high ductility, such as many metals and polymers.

CHAPTER SIX
6.0 CONCLUSION
Name : MUHAMMAD IRFAN NAQIUDDIN BIN TALIB
Student ID : 2023471992

The torsion test is an essential instrument in material science and engineering, providing
insight into how materials react to twisting stresses. Engineers may improve their knowledge
of properties like as shear strength, ductility, and elasticity by twisting samples under controlled
circumstances. This understanding is crucial for creating structures and components in several
domains. Torsion testing is used in mechanical engineering to ensure the strength of
components like shafts and gears against twisting forces during use. Torsion testing plays a
crucial role in material selection, design, and development in modern engineering and
technology.

17
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS
Name : MUHAMMAD IKMAL HALIMI BIN ISMAZI
Student ID : 2023867654

Table 4: Initial Dimensions of Specimen (mm)

Materials Length Diameter Area
Mild Steel 70.6 6.1 29.22

Table 5: Data of specimen

Handwheel Total Angle of Angle of Torque,T
Rotation (°) Handwheel Twist, ϴ Twist, ϴ (Nm)
Rotation (°) (rad) (°)
0 0 0 0 0
90 90 0.032 1.83 4.90
90 180 0.05 2.86 7.60
90 270 0.069 3.95 10.50
90 360 0.085 4.87 13.00
180 540 0.109 6.25 16.50
180 720 0.120 6.88 18.20
180 900 0.126 7.22 19.10
180 1080 0.129 7.39 19.60
360 1440 0.132 7.56 20.10
360 1800 0.135 7.73 20.50
360 2160 0.136 7.79 20.70
360 2520 0.136 7.79 20.70
1080 3600 0.135 7.73 20.50
1800 5400 0.135 7.73 20.50
1800 7200 0.135 7.73 20.50
1800 9000 0.136 7.79 20.70
1800 10800 0.137 7.85 20.80
1800 12600 0 0 0.0

18
 Torque Vs Angle of Twist
10000
9000
8000
7000
Torque (Nm)

6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1

10
15
20
25
0

4
5
6
7
8
9
0.25

0.75

1.5

2.5
0.5

Angle of twist (rad)

Figure 53: Graph of Torque vs Angle of twist of specimen

Shear Stress Vs Shear Strain

500
450
400
Shear Stress (Mpa)

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

Shear Strain

Figure 14: Graph of Shear Stress Vs Shear Strain

19
CALCULATIONS

Table 6: List of sample calculations

Formula Specimen

Moment of Area
1 1
J = ( )𝜋𝑟4 J = ( )𝜋𝑟4
2 2
1
J = ( )𝜋(0.00305)4
2
J = 1.359 x 10-10 m4
Shear Stress, τ (at Torque = 4.90Nm)
TR
τ=
𝐽
TR
τ=
𝐽 (4.90)(0.00305)
τ=
1.359 x 10 − 10
τ = 109.9 MPa
The angle of twist, θ
TL
θ=
TL 𝐽𝐺
θ=
𝐽𝐺 (4.90)(0.0706)
θ=
G = is constant which is 79 Gpa 1.359 x 10 − 10(79 G)
θ = 0.032
Shear Strain, γ
Rθ
γ=
Rθ 𝐿
γ= (0.00305)(0.032)
𝐿 γ=
0.0706
γ = 0.00138

20
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION
Name : MUHAMMAD IKMAL HALIMI BIN ISMAZI
Student ID : 2023867654

This experiment was set up to investigate the behaviour of the materials when subjected
to torque, which causes them to twist under the effect of a moment. This experiment yields
essential data, including maximum shear stress and polar moment of inertia. A material's
propensity for deformation is indicated by a low polar moment of inertia. Materials used in
machinery and buildings must endure repeated stresses without failing. The modulus of
rigidity, G, indicates the stiffness of the steel sample and its ability to return to its original shape
after deformation. The fluctuating figures suggest that measurement accuracy might be
influenced by setup or material inconsistencies.
Shear characteristics are essential for understanding how materials react to forces that
cause sliding or deformation parallel to the force direction. These properties are critical in many
engineering applications, particularly for components subjected to torsional (twisting) stresses.
The fracture surface of a failed specimen subjected to torsion reveals important
information about the failure mechanism and the material's properties. Fracture surfaces can
generally be categorized into three types which is brittle, ductile, and fatigue fractures. The
brittle fracture, the fracture surface is usually flat and perpendicular to the axis of the applied
torque. It is smooth with a shiny, granular appearance and occurs when the material fails
suddenly without significant prior deformation. This type of fracture is common in materials
with low ductility, such as ceramics and some high-strength metals. The ductile fracture, the
fracture surface is rough and irregular, showing significant plastic deformation before failure.
This type of fracture is common in materials with high ductility, such as many metals and
polymers. Fatigue fracture, though not explicitly mentioned, it is typically characterized by
striations or beach marks on the fracture surface, indicating progressive crack growth under
cyclic loading. This type of fracture occurs in materials subjected to repeated or fluctuating
stresses [5].

21
 At the end of the experiment, when the specimen fractured, the fractured specimen
produced a flat fractured surface. This flat fractured surface is classified as a brittle fracture.
There were several stages of the fracture process. One of them was the ultimate stress, when
the cross-sectional is beginning to have a decreasing pattern in a localised region. This case
happened as the slip plane occurred within the material as the smaller area can only carry an
ever-decreasing load. If specimens were receiving continuous load even when passing the
necking phase, then the fracture will occur. But in this experiment, there was no necking
observed during the experiment as it is a brittle material and there is no necking region in the
brittle material stress-strain graph in theory. There was no apparent plastic deformation that
takes place before it fractures. The specimen broke and fractured when it passes the ultimate
stress.

22
 CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CONCLUSION
Name : MUHAMMAD IKMAL HALIMI BIN ISMAZI
Student ID : 2023867654

In conclusion, this experiment's goals were achieved where it was to identify the torsion
characteristics under torque loading. For example, modulus of rigidity, G, maximum shear stress,
relationship between torque, T and angle of twist, ϴ and strain energy per unit volume up to
limit of proportionality. This study is important to engineer to understand the effect of torque
in application of design. Especially mechanical engineering that frequently deal with moving
element that require torque to move like shaft. For further study, it will be good to identify how
this material react with thermal force and which material will be good to use for high, low or
thermal fluctuation temperature.

23
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT

NAME : MUHAMMAD IRFAN HANIF BIN ZAWAYI

STUDENT ID :2023473686
L1

L2
Figure 15: Mild Steel Specimen

L1(mm) L2(mm) Diameter (mm) Area(m^2)

70.6 110.3 6.1 2.922(10^-5)

Sample calculation:
Polar Moment of Inertia, J: Strain energy,
𝜋 𝐿𝑇 2
𝐽 = 𝑐4 U=
2 2𝐽𝐺
𝜋 4.92 (0.0706)
𝐽 = (0.00305)4 U=
2 2(1.359 × 10−10 (79.3𝐺))
= 1.359 × 10−10 =0.0786

Maximum Shear Stress,

Angle of twist,

𝑇𝑐 𝑇𝐿
𝜏= ∅=
𝐽 𝐽𝐺
4.9(0.0706)
= 1.359×10−10 (79.3𝐺)
4.9(0.00305)
𝜏=
1.359 × 10−10 = 0.032

=109.97 MPa

24
 Shear Strain,

𝑐∅
𝛾=
𝐿

0.00305(0.032)
𝛾=
0.0706
𝛾 =1.382 x 10^-3

Table 7 Result of Torsion Test experiment.

Scale readings at the Total Angle of Angle of
Torque
worm gear input rotation Total Twist, ϴ Twist, ϴ ( Shear
(Nm)
(Rev) (deg) rotation(rad) (rad) deg) strain Shear stress
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.25 90 1.571 0.03210 1.838969 4.9 0.001387 109970566.6
0.5 180 3.142 0.04979 2.852279 7.6 0.002151 170566593.1
0.75 270 4.713 0.06879 3.940648 10.5 0.002972 235651214.1
1 360 6.284 0.08516 4.878898 13 0.003679 291758646.1
1.5 540 9.426 0.10809 6.192447 16.5 0.00467 370309050.8
2 720 12.568 0.11923 6.830457 18.2 0.005151 408462104.5
2.5 900 15.71 0.12513 7.168227 19.1 0.005406 428660780
3 1080 18.852 0.12840 7.355877 19.6 0.005547 439882266.4
4 1440 25.136 0.13168 7.543527 20.1 0.005689 451103752.8
5 1800 31.42 0.13430 7.693647 20.5 0.005802 460080941.9
6 2160 37.704 0.13561 7.768707 20.7 0.005858 464569536.4
7 2520 43.988 0.13561 7.768707 20.7 0.005858 464569536.4
10 3600 62.84 0.13430 7.693647 20.5 0.005802 460080941.9
15 5400 94.26 0.13430 7.693647 20.5 0.005802 460080941.9
20 7200 125.68 0.13430 7.693647 20.5 0.005802 460080941.9
25 9000 157.1 0.13561 7.768707 20.7 0.005858 464569536.4
30 10800 188.52 0.13626 7.806237 20.8 0.005887 466813833.7
35 12600 219.94 0.00000 0 0 0 0

25
 Figure 66: Graph torque vs angle of twist

Figure 17: Graph Shear stress vs Shear strain

26
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION

NAME : MUHAMMAD IRFAN HANIF BIN ZAWAYI

STUDENT ID :2023473686

Torsion testing involves the twisting of a sample along an axis and is a useful test for
acquiring information like torsional shear stress, maximum torque, shear modulus, and
breaking angle of a material or the interface between two materials. Torsional testing can help
the engineer in determining an appropriate material that will provide the needed torsional
strength while also contributing to the goal of lightweighting. Many final items are subjected
to torsional forces during operation.

For this experiment, it is critical to understand the shear characteristics and behavior of
the mild steel specimens in the torsion application. Because understanding shear characteristics
allows for better calculation of data like as shear stress and modulus of rigidity. Knowing the
behavior of mild steel will make it easier to comprehend the responses of the specimens in the
experiment. For example, we can learn about torsion failure patterns, such as how ductile
torsion failure causes a flat, transverse break with a smooth shear surface and micro void
formation in mild steel. The failure occurs along a plane perpendicular to the axis, in this plane
the principal stress will be [Link] the mild steel reach at the maximum torque, the
mild steel will break.

In running the experiment, there are two types of fractures that can be learned which is
brittle fracture and ductile fracture. Brittle fracture occurs when a crack grows with little or no
ductile deformation of the material surrounding the crack tip. Surface fractures in mild steel
are classified as ductile fractures. A ductile crack in a metal typically begins with an existing
flaw, such as a brittle inclusion within a grain, a precipitate at the grain boundary, or a void.
The stress ahead of the crack is not distributed uniformly. Instead, the stress in the area
immediately ahead of the fracture tip is significantly more than the nominal stress.

27
 CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CONCLUSION
NAME : MUHAMMAD IRFAN HANIF BIN ZAWAYI
STUDENT ID :2023473686

The torsion test experiment conducted provided valuable insights into the mechanical
behaviour of the material under tension. As torque increases, it also increases the angle of twist.
In observation for this experiment, the relationship between these two parameters is precisely
proportional. Due of mild steel's ductility, the fracture surface is ductile. This experiment
demonstrates the relevance of understanding shear properties and the behaviour of specimens
subjected to torsion applications.

28
4.0 RESULTS
NAME : AHNAF BIN ABD NASRI
STUDENT ID : 2023817186

Table 8: Specimen’s dimension.

Specimen Mild Steel
Length 70.6 mm
Diameter 6.1 mm
Area 29.22 mm2

Table 9: Torsion test data.

Angle of Twist Shear Stress
Rotation Torque (Nm) Shear Strain
(Degree) (MPa)
0.00 0.000 0 0 0.0000
0.25 1.845 4.9 110 0.0014
0.50 2.861 7.6 170 0.0022
0.75 3.953 10.5 235 0.0030
1.00 4.894 13 292 0.0037
1.50 6.212 16.5 370 0.0047
2.00 6.852 18.2 408 0.0052
2.50 7.191 19.1 428 0.0054
3.00 7.379 19.6 440 0.0056
4.00 7.568 20.1 451 0.0057
5.00 7.718 20.5 460 0.0058
6.00 7.793 20.7 464 0.0059
7.00 7.793 20.7 464 0.0059
10.00 7.718 20.5 460 0.0058
15.00 7.718 20.5 460 0.0058
20.00 7.831 20.8 466 0.0059
25.00 7.793 20.7 464 0.0059
30.00 7.831 20.8 466 0.0059

29
35.00 0.000 0 0 0

Torque (Nm) vs Angle of Twist (Degree)

25

20

15

10

Figure 18: Graph torque vs angle of twist.

Shear Stress (Mpa) vs Shear Strain

500
Mega

450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

Figure 19: Graph shear stress vs shear strain.

30
Sample Calculation
Polar moment of inertia:
𝜋 𝜋
𝐽 = 2 𝑐 4 = 2 (0.00305)4

𝐽 = 1.36 × 10−10

Maximum shear stress:

𝑇𝑐 (20.8)(0.00305)
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 466.47 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐽 1.36×10−10

Shear strain:
𝜏 𝑐∅
𝛾=𝐺= 𝐿
466.47×106
𝛾= = 5.9 × 10−3
79×109

Experimental value for Modulus of Rigidity:

𝑇𝐿 20.6(0.0706)
𝐺= = (1.36×10−10)(0.1367) = 78.23 × 109
𝐽∅

Theoretical value for Modulus of Rigidity:

Where: Gtheoretical for mild steel 79 GPa
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 79 𝐺𝑃𝑎−78.23 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100% =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 79 𝐺𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0.97%

Strain energy:
𝑇2 𝐿𝑇 2 (0.0706)(20.8)2
𝑈 = 2𝐾 = 2𝐽𝐺 = 2(1.36×10−10 )(78.23×109) = 1.44

31
5.0 DISCUSSION
NAME : AHNAF BIN ABD NASRI
STUDENT ID : 2023817186

The experiment's objectives were to determine the type of fracture surface and analyse
torsion properties under pure torque loading. The polar moment of inertia was determined
before utilizing the angle of twist formula to compute the modulus of rigidity. Convert the twist
angle to radians in order to use the formula. Based on the results, the torque was directly
proportional to angle of twist, but at 20.5 Nm of torque, the torque no longer increases
dramatically. This indicates the specimen entered plastic deformation phase where it no longer
able to return to its original form. The shear stress and shear strain had the same relationship.
The specimen reach failure at 20.8 Nm torque with 7.831o angle of twist.
In engineering, it was essential to understand shear characteristics and the behaviour of
materials under torsion in order to predict performance and assure safety. In order to build
structures that could endure complicated loading conditions, it was crucial to understand a
material's shear properties, which include shear modulus, strength, and strain [7]. To provide
understanding of failure state or fracture, torsion tests showed how materials distribute shear
stress, with the highest stress at the surface and the lowest stress down the axis [6]. Applications
in the automotive, aerospace, and civil engineering fields, where components are frequently
subjected to twisting forces need those understanding and data. Accurate shear property data
was essential for advanced materials and computational techniques like finite element analysis
to achieve optimal design and performance [8].
The fracture surface of failed specimens was ductile torsion failure. This type of failure
occurred when a ductile material, such as mild steel, was subjected to twisting forces, leading
to plastic deformation before fracturing. The fractured zone was slightly necking and lead to
cross sectional fractured surface with a flat aspect. The experimental value for modulus of
rigidity was 78.23 GPa and the percentage error compared to theoretical value was 0.97%. This
showed the data collected in this experiment was nearly accurate.

32
6.0 CONCLUSION
NAME : AHNAF BIN ABD NASRI
STUDENT ID : 2023817186

The experiment successfully determined the type of fracture surface and analysed the
torsion properties of a specimen under pure torque loading, revealing crucial insights into its
shear characteristics. The polar moment of inertia and the angle of twist in radians were used
to compute the modulus of rigidity, which was found to be 78.23 GPa with a 0.97% error from
the theoretical value, indicating high accuracy. The torque was directly proportional to the
angle of twist until 20.5 Nm, beyond which the specimen entered the plastic deformation phase,
failing at 20.8 Nm with a 7.831° angle of twist. The shear stress and strain exhibited a similar
relationship. The fracture surface confirmed ductile torsion failure, characterized by plastic
deformation and slight necking. These findings underscore the importance of understanding
shear properties and torsion behaviour for designing safe and efficient structures in engineering
fields like automotive, aerospace, and civil engineering.

33
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS
NAME : MUHAMMAD IZHAR FIKRI BON MOHD ADENAN

STUDENT ID : 2023695668
L1

L2
Figure Mild Steel Specimen

L1 (mm) L2 (mm) Diameter (mm) Area (m2)

70.6 110.3 6.1 2.922(10-5)

Sample calculation:
Polar Moment of Inertia, J: Strain energy,
𝜋 𝐿𝑇 2
𝐽 = 𝑐4 U=
2 2𝐽𝐺
𝜋 4.92 (0.0706)
𝐽 = (0.00305)4 U=
2 2(1.359 × 10−10 (79.3𝐺))
= 1.359 × 10−10 =0.0786

Maximum Shear Stress,

Angle of twist,

𝑇𝑐 𝑇𝐿
𝜏= ∅=
𝐽 𝐽𝐺
4.9(0.0706)
= 1.359×10−10 (79.3𝐺)
4.9(0.00305)
𝜏=
1.359 × 10−10 = 0.032

=109.97 MPa

34
 Shear Strain,

𝑐∅
𝛾=
𝐿

0.00305(0.032)
𝛾=
0.0706
𝛾 =1.382 x 10^-3

Table 1 Result of Torsion Test experiment.

Scale readings at the Total Angle of Angle of
Torque
worm gear input rotation Total Twist, ϴ Twist, ϴ ( Shear
(Nm)
(Rev) (deg) rotation(rad) (rad) deg) strain Shear stress
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.25 90 1.571 0.03210 1.838969 4.9 0.001387 109970566.6
0.5 180 3.142 0.04979 2.852279 7.6 0.002151 170566593.1
0.75 270 4.713 0.06879 3.940648 10.5 0.002972 235651214.1
1 360 6.284 0.08516 4.878898 13 0.003679 291758646.1
1.5 540 9.426 0.10809 6.192447 16.5 0.00467 370309050.8
2 720 12.568 0.11923 6.830457 18.2 0.005151 408462104.5
2.5 900 15.71 0.12513 7.168227 19.1 0.005406 428660780
3 1080 18.852 0.12840 7.355877 19.6 0.005547 439882266.4
4 1440 25.136 0.13168 7.543527 20.1 0.005689 451103752.8
5 1800 31.42 0.13430 7.693647 20.5 0.005802 460080941.9
6 2160 37.704 0.13561 7.768707 20.7 0.005858 464569536.4
7 2520 43.988 0.13561 7.768707 20.7 0.005858 464569536.4
10 3600 62.84 0.13430 7.693647 20.5 0.005802 460080941.9
15 5400 94.26 0.13430 7.693647 20.5 0.005802 460080941.9
20 7200 125.68 0.13430 7.693647 20.5 0.005802 460080941.9
25 9000 157.1 0.13561 7.768707 20.7 0.005858 464569536.4
30 10800 188.52 0.13626 7.806237 20.8 0.005887 466813833.7
35 12600 219.94 0.00000 0 0 0 0

35
 Figure 7 Graph torque vs angle of twist

Figure 8 Graph Shear stress vs Shear strain

36
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION
NAME : MUHAMMAD IZHAR FIKRI BIN MOHD ADENAN
STUDENT ID : 2023695668

Torsion testing is a helpful test for determining the breaking angle, maximum torque,
torsional shear stress, and shear modulus of a material or the interface between two materials.
It entails twisting a sample along an axis. Torsional testing can assist the engineer in selecting
a suitable material that will support lightweighting while still offering the required torsional
strength. We can determine a material's strength under twisting pressures by looking at test
results, such as how much it twists before breaking. By contrasting these findings with
theoretical expectations, one can increase confidence in the test's validity and refine the
experiment's predictions. While knowing this is crucial for creating extremely twisted parts,
we also need to be aware of the test's shortcomings, namely its inability to accurately represent
a wide range of forms and sizes. During operation, many final components are susceptible to
torsional forces.

It is essential to comprehend the mild steel specimens' shear properties and behavior in
the torsion application for this experiment. Because a better calculation of data such as the
modulus of rigidity and shear stress is made possible by an understanding of shear
characteristics. Understanding mild steel's behavior can help you better understand the
experiment's specimens' responses. For instance, we can study torsion failure patterns and how,
in mild steel, ductile torsion failure results in a flat, transverse break with a smooth shear
surface and the creation of tiny voids. The primary stress will be at its highest along a plane
that is perpendicular to the axis where the failure occurs. The mild steel will fracture when it
reaches its maximum torque.

Brittle and ductile fractures are the two types of fractures that can be learned about by
conducting the experiment. Brittle fracture occurs with minimal plastic deformation and is
characterized by a smooth, reflective fracture surface, rapid crack propagation, and high stress
concentration at the crack tip, typically in materials like ceramics and high-strength steels.
Conversely, ductile fracture involves significant plastic deformation, a rough and fibrous

37
fracture surface, slow crack propagation, and more uniformly distributed stress ahead of the
crack tip, common in materials like mild steel and aluminium. Ductile fractures begin at flaws
such as brittle inclusions or voids, where the material plastically deforms before the crack
advances, often resulting in a "cup-and-cone" appearance. Understanding these fracture
mechanisms is crucial for material selection and design under various stress conditions.

38
 CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CONCLUSION
NAME : MUHAMMAD IZHAR FIKRI BIN MOHD ADENAN
STUDENT ID : 2023695668

The experiment with the torsion test gave important information about the mechanical
behavior of the material under tension. Test accuracy is increased by comparing findings to
expectations derived from scientific calculations and theory. The angle of twist increases in
tandem with torque. The relationship between these two parameters in the experiment's
observation is exactly proportionate. The fracture surface is ductile because mild steel is
ductile. The significance of comprehending shear characteristics and the behavior of specimens
exposed to torsion applications is illustrated by this experiment. Engineering designs can be
made safer and more reliable for a variety of applications by improving our understanding of
material behavior under torsional loading situations.

39
REFERENCES

1. Leceister College, “Introduction to Torsion,” Introduction to Torsion, 2010, [Online].

Available: [Link]

2. Illinois Tool Works Inc., What is torsion testing?, [Link]

us/resources/test-types/torsion-test (accessed Jun. 10, 2024).

3. NUR FARHAYU ARIFFIN, “MECHANICS OF MATERIALS,” Universiti Malaysia

Pahang,[Link]
[Link] (accessed Jun. 10, 2024).

4. David Roylance, “Shear and torsion,” Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139,
[Link] (accessed Jun. 10, 2024).

5. Ductile Fracture and Brittle Fracture - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.).

[Link]. [Link]

fracture-and-brittle-fracture#:~:text=Brittle%20fracture%20means%20fracture%20of

6. Beer, F. P., Johnston, E. R., DeWolf, J. T., & Mazurek, D. F. (2015). Mechanics of

Materials (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

7. Callister, W. D., & Rethwisch, D. G. (2018). Materials Science and Engineering: An

Introduction (10th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

8. Jones, R. M. (1999). Mechanics of Composite Materials (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA:

Taylor & Francis.

40
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