Logic gate (AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR and
XNOR)
Basic logic gates
There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and
XNOR.
AND | OR | XOR | NOT | NAND | NOR | XNOR
The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called "false" and 1 is called
"true," the gate acts in the same way as the logical "and" operator. The
following illustration and table show the circuit symbol and logic
combinations for an AND gate. (In the symbol, the input terminals are at left
and the output terminal is at right.) The output is "true" when both inputs are
"true." Otherwise, the output is "false." In other words, the output is 1 only
when both inputs one AND two are 1.
AND gate
Input 1 Input 2 Output
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
The OR gate gets its name from the fact that it behaves after the fashion of
the logical inclusive "or." The output is "true" if either or both of the inputs
are "true." If both inputs are "false," then the output is "false." In other words,
for the output to be 1, at least input one OR two must be 1.
OR gate
Input 1 Input 2 Output
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
The XOR ( exclusive-OR ) gate acts in the same way as the logical
"either/or." The output is "true" if either, but not both, of the inputs are "true."
The output is "false" if both inputs are "false" or if both inputs are "true."
Another way of looking at this circuit is to observe that the output is 1 if the
inputs are different, but 0 if the inputs are the same.
XOR gate
Input Input
Output
1 2
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
A logical inverter, sometimes called a NOT gate to differentiate it from other
types of electronic inverter devices, has only one input. It reverses the logic
state. If the input is 1, then the output is 0. If the input is 0, then the output is
1.
Inverter or NOT gate
Input Output
1 0
0 1
The NAND gate operates as an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It acts in
the manner of the logical operation "and" followed by negation. The output is
"false" if both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is "true."
NAND gate
Input 1 Input 2 Output
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
The NOR gate is a combination OR gate followed by an inverter. Its output is
"true" if both inputs are "false." Otherwise, the output is "false."
NOR gate
Input 1 Input 2 Output
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a combination XOR gate followed by an
inverter. Its output is "true" if the inputs are the same, and "false" if the inputs
are different.
XNOR gate
Input Outpu
Input 2
1 t
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
There are three modes of transmission, namely: simplex, half duplex, and full
duplex. The transmission mode defines the direction of signal flow between
two connected devices.
The primary difference between three modes of transmission is that in
a simplex mode of transmission the communication is unidirectional, or one-
way; whereas in the half duplex mode of transmission the communication is
two-directional, but the channel is interchangeably used by both of the
connected devices. On the other hand, in the full duplex mode of
transmission, the communication is bi-directional or two-way, and the
channel is used by both of the connected devices simultaneously.
Comparison Chart
Basis for
Simplex Half Duplex Full Duplex
Comparison
Direction of Two-directional, Two-directional,
Unidirectional
Communication one at a time simultaneously
Sender can send Sender can send and
Sender can only
Send / Receive and receive data, receive data
send data
but one a time simultaneously
Worst performing
Better than Best performing mode of
Performance mode of
Simplex transmission
transmission
Keyboard and
Example Walkie-talkie Telephone
monitor
Simplex
In simplex transmission mode, the communication between sender and
receiver occurs in only one direction. The sender can only send the data, and
the receiver can only receive the data. The receiver cannot reply to the
sender.
Simplex transmission can be thought of as a one-way road in which the
traffic travels only in one direction—no vehicle coming from the opposite
direction is allowed to drive through.
To take a keyboard / monitor relationship as an example, the keyboard can
only send the input to the monitor, and the monitor can only receive the input
and display it on the screen. The monitor cannot reply, or send any feedback,
to the keyboard.
Half Duplex
The communication between sender and receiver occurs in both directions in
half duplex transmission, but only one at a time. The sender and receiver can
both send and receive the information, but only one is allowed to send at any
given time. Half duplex is still considered a one-way road, in which a
vehicle traveling in the opposite direction of the traffic has to wait till the
road is empty before it can pass through.
For example, in walkie-talkies, the speakers at both ends can speak, but they
have to speak one by one. They cannot speak simultaneously.
Full Duplex
In full duplex transmission mode, the communication between sender and
receiver can occur simultaneously. The sender and receiver can both transmit
and receive at the same time. Full duplex transmission mode is like a two-
way road, in which traffic can flow in both directions at the same time.
For example, in a telephone conversation, two people communicate, and both
are free to speak and listen at the same time.
Key Differences of the Three Transmission Modes
• In simplex mode, the signal is sent in one direction. In half duplex
mode, the signal is sent in both directions, but one at a time. In full
duplex mode, the signal is sent in both directions at the same time.
• In simplex mode, only one device can transmit the signal. In half duplex
mode, both devices can transmit the signal, but one at a time. In full
duplex mode, both devices can transmit the signal at the same time.
• Full duplex performs better than half duplex, and half duplex in turn
performs better than simplex.
• Simplex: The keyboard sends the command to the monitor. The monitor
cannot reply to the keyboard.
• Half duplex: Using a walkie-talkie, both speakers can communicate, but
they have to take turns.
• Full duplex: Using a telephone, both speakers can communicate at the
same time.
• The full duplex transmission mode offers the best performance among
the three, on account of the fact that it maximises the amount of
bandwidth available.