REPORT ON THE

DICTIONARY

STUDENTS: CELINA MEDRANO HIDALGO

MILENCA GARCIA BASPINEIRO

SOLEDAD BRAND ORELLANA

FAVIANA E. VARGAS APAZA

PAOLA ANDREA SEJAS MURIEL

COURSE: 2nd “D”

SUBJECT: LANGUAGE

TEACHER: KARLA ZAMBRANA BERBETI

YEAR: 2015
  INDEX

 PRESENTATION

 DICTIONARY CONCEPT

 HISTORY OF THE DICTIONARY

 TYPES OF DICTIONARY

 PARTS OF THE DICTIONARY

  Dictionary

A dictionary is a reference work of words or terms that are arranged

alphabetically. For the words or terms, their meaning , definition ,
etymology , spelling is provided, and in the case of some languages, their
pronunciation, syllabic separation and grammatical form are fixed. The
information it provides varies depending on the type of dictionary in
question.

In many cases, dictionaries provide the meaning of words, their etymology,

their spelling, synonym and antonym.

The discipline that is responsible, among other tasks, for creating dictionaries
is lexicography . They are usually found in the form of a printed book, but
there are also electronic dictionaries.
  HISTORY OF THE DICTIONARY

Sebastián de Covarrubias, chaplain to King Philip II and canon of the

Cathedral of Cuenca, was a humanist, politician and man of letters who,
starting in 1605 and in his free time, dedicated himself to writing the
Treasure of the Castilian or Spanish language, considered the first dictionary
of our language. He completed this work in five years, at a rate of six daily
entries that he wrote in alphabetical order. Many curious facts emerge from
reading this book.
For example, some words that we consider modern already existed in the
17th century with the same meaning. Terms such as broom, shotgun,
measles or macaroni were included in the dictionary, along with other words
now out of use, such as embotijar, which means to get angry; buckler, small
shield; hinny, which is the way the breeding of the horse and donkey mix is
known; disfavor, snub or inattention; lift, piece of cloth to protect clothing, or
apron.
It also allows us to see the evolution that the words underwent: borbollón
ended up becoming borbotón; archie, chess piece, in bishop, and clip, horse
hair, in mane. Perhaps the most curious thing about this original dictionary
are some definitions that Covarrubias writes with irony. He defines the word
butterfly as 'a little animal that is counted among the little winged worms,
the most stupid of all that there can be', while about the chameleon he says
the following: "I saw that little animal in Valencia, in the garden of Mr.
Patriarch Don Juan de Ribera, of the same figure that they paint him. It is a
very accepted thing of its particular nature to keep itself from the air and
change the color that is offered to it in its presence, except for red and white,
which it does not imitate.
  TYPES OF DICTIONARIES

There are several types of dictionaries, depending on their function and use:

 About the language : They briefly explain the meaning of the words of
a specific language. For the Spanish language, perhaps the most
common reference is the Dictionary of the Spanish Language ( DRAE ),
of the Royal Spanish Academy , prepared jointly by the twenty-two
Academies of the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language . 1

 Etymological : These are dictionaries in which information is provided

about the origin of the words of a certain language. Perhaps the most
prestigious etymological dictionary of the English language is the
Oxford English Dictionary . Perhaps the most famous etymological
dictionary (although no longer the most updated) of the Spanish
language is the Tesoro de la lengua castellana or español ( 1611 ), the
work of Sebastián de Covarrubias y Orozco ( 1539 - 1613 ) which is not
only an etymological dictionary, but rather it provides a lot of historical
data on the language used in its time.

 Synonyms and antonyms : These dictionaries list words with similar

and opposite meanings, to facilitate their choice when writing texts.
The simplest ones are limited to giving a list of words for each entry,
but some more complete ones also indicate the differences in nuance
with the searched word, without becoming a thesaurus , discussed
later; Not all words have antonyms. In some cases dictionaries of
synonyms and antonyms also come with paronyms.

 Languages : These are dictionaries that indicate the equivalent words

in another language or languages. It is common to find this type of
dictionaries in the same volume along with the reverse language, so
that the words in both languages can be consulted.

 Specialized : These are dictionaries that are dedicated to words or

terms that belong to a specific field or technique such as, for example,
computing, gardening, engineering, computing, genetics, heraldry, SMS
 language , weights and measurements or abbreviations, etc. They
provide brief information about the meaning of such words or terms.
They can also be language dictionaries in which the translation into
another language or languages of the words or terms they include is
indicated.

 Inverse or rhyming : They are language dictionaries with the

peculiarity that they are arranged alphabetically according to the last
letters of each word, instead of the first. Its main use is to look for
words that rhyme with another, for writing poetry and verses. Some
reduced reverse dictionaries do not include definitions, but only the list
of words arranged in this way.

 Bilingual dictionary : Dictionary that consists of translating a word

from one language to another, for example from Spanish to English
and vice versa. It is generally used when studying a language different
from the mother tongue or when one is looking for a word that is
written or spoken in another language and that is not known in the
mother tongue.

 Encyclopedic Dictionary : Dictionary that contains more specific and

detailed information that covers much broader topics such as
searching for countries, continents, oceans, famous people; In
addition, you can also mention how a certain word is written in other
languages such as English, German, French, Italian.

A dictionary should not be confused with an encyclopedia . As has been said,

the first provides brief information about the meaning of a word. On the
contrary, the person who consults an encyclopedia expects to find extensive
information about a concept or topic, in order to know everything related to
it in sufficient detail. Wikipedia is an example of a specific type of
encyclopedia: the online encyclopedia that can be modified by users
themselves.

Dictionaries are traditionally books . However, today there are also

dictionaries on digital media, such as CDs and DVDs , and some can be
consulted on the Internet . Portable electronic dictionaries have also become
popular, either as an application inside a phone or consisting of a small
independent device with a screen and keyboard that usually contains several
dictionaries inside.

 PARTS OF THE DICTIONARY

FORMAT.

If the dictionary belongs to a collection, the format will, in principle, be that

which corresponds to it. If it is an independent work, then it will depend on
the content, the type and size of the illustration, the presentation you wish to
give it, etc. In general, a luxuriously presented dictionary, with large full-color
illustrations, etc., will require a large format…
Other elements of the Material Aspects:

2. Page and margins

3. Number of Columns
4. Paragraph Form
5. Type and body of letter
6. Pilot article and model page

PARTS OF THE DICTIONARY (THE MACROSTRUCTURE).

The macro structure is the organization of the set of materials
that form the body of a dictionary (e.g. alphabetical order or systematic
order), together with the prologue or preface, sometimes a phonetic and
grammatical introduction, instructions for the user and possible annexes
(glossaries of geographical names, lists of abbreviations and acronyms,
glossaries of given names, etc.).
A dictionary is physically made up of three main parts:
• statement of principles,
• dictionary body and
• ends of the dictionary (the latter, not always present).

The statement of principles is made up of an even number of blank pages

(two or four) called politeness and a series of texts that receive the generic
name of “dictionary principles”, that is, the set of texts that precede the body
of the dictionary.
It may be made up of all or some of the following parts:
---courtesy pages—front cover—back cover—rights cover
—presentation—prologue—introduction—list of abbreviations.

BODY OF THE DICTIONARY .

The body of the dictionary includes the development of the dictionary itself,
that is, of all the material collected and arranged in certain ways that have
been previously defined, with no more solutions of continuity than those
represented by the end of a letter and the beginning of the following. It is
divided into as many parts as there are letters that make up the alphabet. For
example, for
those who consider that ch and ll should appear in dictionaries and
alphabetical orders with letter status, the dictionary will have a maximum of
29 sections (one for each letter, except, in some dictionaries, if several short
letters are grouped together, such as x, and...); On the contrary, those who
consider that it is a historical error that must be rectified will divide the
content of the dictionary in 27 parts, each of them presided over by a
letter. [DRAE 1803-1994 digraphs=29].
How the ENTRY itself is ordered: ENTRY: Each of the words that are defined
or translated in a dictionary. ETYMOLOGY: Origin of the word ACCEPTION:
Each of the meanings of a word according to the contexts in which it appears.
ABBREVIATION: Representation of a word in reduced form that is usually
closed with a period. EXAMPLE: Word or phrase that is cited to illustrate the
definition.
ORGANIZATION OF THE LETTERS OF THE DICTIONARY .

When studying the macro structure of the dictionary, a decision must be

made regarding the end and beginning of the respective letters, since these
play a role in dictionaries in everything equal to that of chapters in a manual
or treatise.
Thus, there are at least three ways to arrange the beginning of each letter:
a) one after the other, separated only by some lines of
white;
b) located at the beginning of the new page, whether even or odd,
c) starting on the odd page, for which the even page is left blank
previous if it is not occupied by text.
COURTESY. Courtesy is the blank that precedes the beginning of each group
of letters in the dictionary, the blank in which the initial that heads each of
these groups is inscribed. For coherence and aesthetics, this target, like the
letter inscribed on it, must always maintain the same dimensions and
characteristics, so that throughout the dictionary
distinguish one from another only in the letter they contain. That is, the text
of each group of letters must always start at the same height on the page.
THE ARTICLES OF THE DICTIONARY. Dictionary articles are the broadest
division within the body formed by the textual content of each letter.
Consequently, after the spelling of the Letter, the greatest relief corresponds
to the title of each chapter, that is, to the entry.
ILLUSTRATION. Not all dictionaries have illustrations, so in some of them this
will not be a problem. However, in those that carry it, its quantity, quality,
form of printing (all or part of colors, in black), its dimensions and placement,
etc., must be studied from the beginning, all of which will influence the
graphic presentation of the dictionary. .
END OF THE DICTIONARY.
This part, after the body of the dictionary, may not exist, but it generally
houses, especially in monographic or specialized dictionaries, certain texts
that may consist of: - Attachments: - Appendices; correspondences of the
entries in several languages, if the work has them; chronology, if it includes
one; - bibliography; alphabetical index; other aspects.
EXHIBIT . We call annex the set of documents, statistics, graphs, tables,
illustrations or texts that are closely related to the subject matter of the
dictionary, but of which the author of the dictionary in which they are
inserted is not usually the author.
APPENDIX. We call appendix the texts that the author usually adds at the end
of a work, which may consist, in language dictionaries, of lists of irregular
verbs, grammatical issues, etc., and which in encyclopedic dictionaries is less
justified than in monographic ones. or specialized.
INDEXES. It is normal for people to believe that a dictionary does not have to
have an alphabetical index, as it seems redundant to them. Alphabetical
indexes are justified, and it should even be added that they are appreciated,
in the monographic dictionaries in which it is studied.
some subject, and in this case they must be indexes not only of subjects, but
also of names (at least anthroponyms, although in certain works indexes of
toponyms are also appreciated; for example, in history dictionaries).
See you soon!
Source(s): From the Department of Spanish Language, lexicography and
semantics, Hispanic Philology, University of Salamanca, Spain, Doctor José
Luis Herrero Ingelmo, “Macro structure and material aspects of a dictionary.”
Myrelle T · 7 years ago