DATA (Input) ● Open System (ex.
human being)
- collection of independent raw facts, numbers, letters , - it has inputs and outputs
symbols
- facts and figures relating to events that take place Components:
- refers to things “known” May be physically objects, but they can
- unprocessed equally be well abstract concepts.
Input — Processing — Output
INFORMATION (Output)
- data made meaningful based on the user through
manipulation DATA PROCESSING CONCEPTS
- processed 1. Input-Process-Output Model
- conceptual framework
Desirable Qualities: (ACER CoT) - input in the form of data is processed
1. Accuracy resulting in the generation of an output in the
2. Cost Effective form of organization
3. Relevance
4. Completeness
5. Timeliness DATA PROCESSING CYCLE (Data Processing Steps)
- Flow of data from the moment it is recorded until the
Classifications: time it becomes a usable piece of information
1. Operational Information (ex. receipts)
- daily details that go into running an ● Origination
organization - initial capture of data on some form or document
- these are information that are vital for the (e.g., Data Capture/ Recording)
everyday running of the entity
● Input Preparation
2. Management Information ([Link] memorandum) - accurate recording or transcribing of data forms
- used to manage the planning, organizing, and (e.g., Editing, Coding, and Verifying)
controlling of an organization
- an information to govern a specific ● Processing
organization - conversion data into meaningful and useful
information through the process of classifying,
3. Strategic Information (ex. MoU) sorting, calculating, and summarizing.
- mission critical
- relates directly with the bigger organization ● Output Preparation
required to act in accordance with the - process of generating the information and providing
environment, market, or competition it to the user (e.g., Reproducing and Communicating)
- business to business cases
- ex. Memorandum of Understanding ● Storage/ Feedback
- simply storing/ giving feedback
SYSTEM
- group of organized interdependent components that DATA PROCESSING METHODS
interact with and complement one another to achieve ● Manual Data Processing
one or more predetermined goals ● Mechanical Data Processing
● Electromechanical Data Processing
Characteristics: (PICPa GOHBUW) ● Electronic Data Processing
1. Parts Interact
2. Composed of Parts
3. Goal-Oriented INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
4. Hierarchical - use of computers, data communications, office
5. Bounded system methodologies, and tools to generate
6. Unitary Whole information.
- device that can generate information
Types:
● Closed System
- no inputs or outputs COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
- completely isolated from its environment - transmission of information over the network
- technology that can transmit information
4. Automation
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION - require human operators to press the
TECHNOLOGY (ICT) necessary keys for the operations to be
- technology required for information processing from performed
anywhere, anytime
- device that can generate information and can transmit 5. Versatility
information - capable of performing almost any task,
provided that the task can be reduced to
series of logical steps
TRENDS IN ICT - has only limited ability
● Increase in Raw Computing - performs only four basic operations:
- capacity of the computer to process ● exchanges information with the
information outside world via I/O devices
● Increase in Storage Capacity ● transfers data internally within the
- not only limited to physical storage, one can CPU
upload data on the internet ● performs the basic arithmetical
● Increase Diversity operations
- due to different brands ● performs operations of comparison
● Falling Prices
- Law of Supply and Demand 6. Diligence
● Increasing Functionality and Flexibility - does not suffer from the human traits of
- can be used for anything tiredness and lack of concentration
● Increasing User-Friendliness
● Improved Connectivity Principal Characteristics:
● Responds to a specific set of instructions in a
well-defined manner
COMPUTER ● Can execute a pre-recorded list of
- an electronic data processing machine capable of instructions
performing mathematical and logical operations ● Can quickly store and retrieve large amounts
- a programmable machine that manipulates data of data
according to a list of instructions
- any device which aids humans in performing various
kinds of computations or calculations CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTERS
- its first use was recorded in 1613, referring to a ● Ability to perform certain logic operations.
person who carried out calculations or computations (ex. battery notification in the cell phone)
(instead of the title we often use to such person — a ● Ability to provide new dimensions.
mathematician) ● Ability to store and retrieve information.
● Ability to control errors.
Characteristics: (SASA VerDi) ● Ability to check itself.
1. Speed
- Computer is invented as a high-speed
calculator; its internal speed is virtually BENEFITS OF COMPUTERS
instantaneous in terms of seconds or even ● Easier research
milliseconds ● Multi-language translation
- Units of speed are microsecond, nanosecond, ● Better gaming and entertainment
and picosecond ● Online tutoring
- A Powerful Computer is capable of adding ● Easier to communicate with
together two 18-digit number in 300-400 ● Make business better
nanoseconds ● Make it easier to shop
2. Accuracy
- consistently high LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTERS
- prone to human errors such as imprecise ● Dependence on prepared instructions.
thinking by the programmer or inaccurate ● Inability to derive meanings from objects.
establishment of data ● A computer does not have feelings.
● Inability to generate information.
3. Storage ● It cannot correct wrong instructions.
- can store a large amount of data permanently ● It does not have a common sense like humans do, but
- can store any amount of data in a computer it can inform us that there is an error.
- fastest type of computer that can
WHY COMPUTERS SOMETIMES FAIL perform complex operations at a very high
● Input Errors or Errors in Instructing a Computer speed
● Communication Gap - more on scientific and engineering
● Improper Control breakthrough
● Lack of Standard
EARLIEST COMPUTERS
❖ Tally Sticks
TYPES OF COMPUTER - ancient memory aid to record and document
numbers, quantities, or even messages
❖ Abacus
- mechanical device used to aid an individual in
performing mathematical calculations
- invested in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
- used to perform basic arithmetic operations
❖ Napier’s Bones
- invented by John Napier
- allowed to multiply, divide, calculate square, and
cube roots by moving the rods around and placing
them in specially constructed boards
❖ Slide Rule
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER - invented by William Oughtred in 1622
Three Criterias of a Computer: - based on Napier’s ideas about logarithms
1. Based on Operating Principles: - used primarily for multiplication, division, roots,
Analog Computers logarithms, and trigonometry
- represent data in the form of - not used for addition and subtraction
continuous electrical signals having a
specific magnitude ❖ Pascaline
- invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642
Digital Computers - limitation to addition and subtraction
- store and process data in the digital - too expensive
form
❖ Stepped Reckoner
Hybrid Computers - invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672
- combination of analog and digital - machine that can automatically add, subtract,
computers; it encompasses the best features multiply, and divide
of both
❖ Jacquard Loom
2. Based on Applications: - mechanical loom invented by Joseph-Marie
General Purpose Computers Jacquard in 1881
- can work in all environments - automatic loom controlled by punched cards
Special Purpose Computers ❖ Arithmometer
- can only perform a specified task - mechanical calculator invented Thomas de Colmar
in 1820
3. Based on Size and Capability - first reliable, useful, and commercially successful
Micro Computers calculating machine
- designed to be used by individuals - could perform four basic mathematical functions
- first mass-produced calculating machine
Mini Computers
- can handle more data as well as more Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
input and output than micro computers - an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to
tabulate polynomial functions
Mainframe Computers - invented by Charles Baggage in 1822 and 1834
- a very large computer respectively
- first mechanical computer
Super Computers
Augusta Ada Byron FIVE GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER:
- suggests to Baggage that he use the binary system in ● First Generation (1946-1958)
his work - computers used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums
- written programs for the Analytical Engine - very expensive to operate
- generated a lot of heat, which often caused it
Scheutzian Calculation Engine malfunction
- invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843 - relied on machine language to perform operations
- based on Charles Baggage’s difference engine - could only solve one problem at a time
- first printing calculator - input was based on punched cards and paper tape,
and outputs was displayed on printouts
Tabulating Machine
- invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890 ● Second Generation (1959-1964)
- to assist in summarizing information and accounting - computers used transistors rather than vacuum tubes
as well as magnetic core technology rather than
Havard Mark 1 magnetic drum
- aka IBM ASCC (Automatic Sequence Controlled - one transistor is equivalent to 40 vacuum tubes
Calculator) - allowed computers to become smaller, faster,
- invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943 cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable
- the first electo-mecahnical computer - still generated a great deal of heat that can damage
the computer
Z1 - moved form cryptic binary machine to symbolic
- first programmable computer languages
- created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to - still relied on punched cards for input and printouts
1938 for output
- use of punch tape - the first computers that stored their instructions in
their memory
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
- first electronic digital computing device ● Third Generation (1965-1970)
- invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate - development of the integrated circuit
student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University - transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon
between 1939 and 1942 chips (semiconductors) which drastically increased
the speed and efficiency of computers
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) - much smaller and cheaper compared to the last one
- first electronic general-purpose computer \ - could carry out instructions in billionths of a second
- completed in 1946 - users interacted through keyboards and monitors
- developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. and interface with operating system
Mauchly - for the first time became accessible to a mass
audience
UNIVAC 1 (Universal Automatic Computer 1)
- first commercial computer ● Fourth Generation (1971- Today)
- designed by John Presper Eckert and John W. - a thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a
Mauchly single silicon chip (microprocessor)
- became more powerful and formed networks whuch
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic eventually led to the development of the Internet
Computer) - saw the development of the GUIs, the mouse and
- first stored program computer handheld devices
- designed by Von Neumann in 1952
- has a memory to hold both a stored program as well ● Fifth Generation (Today - Future)
as data - based on AI
- still in development
Osborne 1 - use of parallel processing and superconductors
- first portable computer - goal is to develop devices that respond to natural
- Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer language input and are capable of learning and
Corporation self-organization
ELECTRONIC CONTROLS COMPANY
- the first computer company COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
- founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John ● Peopleware
Mauchly - about the people which means it involves the user
- most important part of the computer system
● Software
-
● Hardware
Low level
- Machine ang nakakaintindi
High level
- Tao lang nakakaintindi
Third Generation SOftware
4th Generation SOftware
- Applications were used
5th Generation SOftware
- Emergence of AI
Utilities and Device Drivers
USER TO OPERATING SOFTWARE TO HARDWARE,
THEN HARDWARE TO OPERATING SOFTWARE TO
THE USER
Peripherals
- Components that are connected to the computer like
keyboard
MS DOS
- Primitive version of windows
Proprietary (MacOS)
- May bayad
Open Source (Microsoft)
- Walang bayad
Motherboard aka Spinal Cord
Main Components:
CPU
Memory
Ports