Physics II Notes

Teacher: Miguel Molina Rivera

These are notes and solved problems from Physics II, from the current
Agricultural High School program.
CONTENT
 P.
Physics II Notes...............................................................................................1
—..............................................................................................................................27
—...........................................................................................................................33
—.......................................................................................................................34
200 g (1 cal -1......................................................................................................40
12 = 22...........................................................................................................61
2 V2...............................................................................................................61
K - _Tfio_........................................................................................................83
V -.................................................................................................................................94
An...........................................................................................................................109
9- 9...............................................................................................................138
t=8.......................................................................................................................156
Q= 4........................................................................................................165
“....................................................................................................................165
a) - - ,..........................................................................................................169
-+.....................................................................................................................176
e2
=.......................................................................................................................183
e3
=.......................................................................................................................183
22 —..............................................................................................................185

FOREWORD

This problem book has been created as a study and analysis tool for high

school students of this Institution; those who are particularly interested in

learning and applying Physics in their training.

Each introductory chapter addresses a list of equations, this will help reinforce

2
the knowledge acquired in class.

Each of the problems in this compendium show its development and solution,

with which the student will have extra help for a better understanding of

Physics II.

3
 UNIT I

THERMODYNAMICS

4
 YO. TEMPERATURE AND DILATION

THERMOMETRIC SCALES

1. From Celsius to Kelvin

T ° K = T ° C + 273

2. From Kelvin to Celsius

T ° C = T ° k - 273

3. From Celsius to Fahrenheit

T ° F = 1.8 • T ° C + 32
4. From Fahrenheit to Celsius

1 z
Tº C = .g ( Tº F - 32 )

5. From Kelvin to Fahrenheit

T°F = 1.8 ( T ° K - 273 ) + 32

6. From Fahrenheit to Kelvin

1z
TºK = g ( TºF - 32 ) + 273

EQUATION OF LINEAR DILATION

LF-LI+A •L I (T F
-
TI)

L F = Final length, meter, (m)

L I = initial length, meter, (m).

A = Linear expansion coefficient, 1

º

5
T F = Final temperature, º Celsius, (º C).

T I = Initial temperature, º Celsius, (º C).

SURFACE DILATION EQUATION

AF=AI+2A •A (TI F -TI)

A F = Final area, meter, (m 2 )

A I = Initial area, meter, (m 2 ). iii.......... 1/1

A = Surface expansion coefficient, =I ------- º Celcius \º C

T F = Final temperature, º Celsius, (º C).

T I = Initial temperature, º Celsius, (º C).

EQUATION OF VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION

V F = Vi + 3 A •V(T-T)
V F = Final volume, (meter) 3 , (m) 3

V I = Initial volume (meter) 3 , (m) 3

............................................................ 1 ( 1
B = Volumetric expansion coefficient, =I --------- º Celcius I º C

T F = Final temperature, º Celsius, (º C).

T I = Initial temperature, º Celsius, (º C).

16-1. Normal human body temperature is 98.6 ºF. What is the corresponding

temperature on the Celsius scale?

Data:

TºF = 98.6ºF

6
Unknown:

T ºC = ?

Formula:

_1
T ° C = — ( T ° F-32)
1.8

Development:

1z
Tº C = — (98.6 -
1.8

_„ 1
T°C = 1g(66.6)
T°c = 37 ° C

7
16-3. A steel rail cools from 70 to 30°C in 1 hr. What is the variation

of temperature in degrees Fahrenheit in that same period of time?

Data

T 1 ºC = 70 ºC

T 2 ºC = 30 ºC

Unknown:

Variation in ºF = ?

Formula:

T 1 ºF = 1.8 t ºC + 32

Development:

T 1 ºF = (1.8) (70)+ 32

T 1 ºF = 158 ºF

T 2 ºF = (1.8) (30)+ 32

T 2 ºF = 86 ºF

Variation = 72ºF

8
16.5. A piece of charcoal that was initially at 18ºF experiences a decrease of

120ºF. Express this temperature change in ºC. What is the final

temperature on the Celsius scale?

Data:

T 1 ºF = 18 ºF

Decrease T ºF = 120 ºF

Unknown:

Temperature change ºC =

T F ºC = ?

Formula:

T°C = -^TT ° F-32)

Development:

Physics II Notes...............................................................................................1
—..............................................................................................................................27
—...........................................................................................................................33
—.......................................................................................................................34
200 g (1 cal -1......................................................................................................40
12 = 22...........................................................................................................61
2 V2...............................................................................................................61
K - _Tfio_........................................................................................................83
V -.................................................................................................................................94
An...........................................................................................................................109
9- 9...............................................................................................................138
t=8.......................................................................................................................156
Q= 4........................................................................................................165
“....................................................................................................................165
a) - - ,..........................................................................................................169
-+.....................................................................................................................176

9
 e2
=.......................................................................................................................183
e3
=.......................................................................................................................183
22 —..............................................................................................................185

Variation in ºC = 66.67 ºC

T F ºC = 15.55 ºC

1
0
16-7. The boiling point of oxygen is -297.35 ºF. Express this

temperature in Kelvins and degrees Celsius.

Data:

TºF = 297.35ºF

TºK = ?

T ºC = ?

Formula:

1
T°K= — ( T ° F - 32) + 273
1.8

1
T°K = —(T °F-32)
1.8

Development:

1
T°K= — (- 297.35 - 32) + 273
1.8

TºK = 90.03ºK

,„ 1
T°C= —
(- 297.35 - 32)
1.8

T ºC = -183 ºC

1
1
16-9. A firebrick wall has an internal temperature of 313ºF and an external

temperature of 73ºF. Express the temperature difference in Kelvins.

Data:

T 1 ºF = 313 ºF

T 2 ºF = 73 ºF

Unknown:

Difference in ºk = ?

Formula:

_ 1 _____________ _

T° K = — ( T ° F - 32) + 273
1.8

Development:

1_
T 1° K = 1g(313 — 32) + 273
TºK = 429ºK

1 ___ _
Te º K - 1.8(73 -32) + 273

T e ºK = 295 ªK

Difference = 134ºK

1
2
16-11. A gas sample is cooled from -120 to 180 ºC. Express the variation

temperature in Kelvins and degrees Fahrenheit.

Data:

T 1 ºC = 120 ºC

T 2 ºC = 180 ºC

Unknown:

TºK = ?

TºF = ?

Formulas:

TºK = tºC + 273

TºF = 1.8 tºC + 32

Development:

TºK 1 = (-120 + 273), TºK = 153ºK

TºK = (-180 + 273), TºK= 93ºK

Variation of T ºK= -60 ºF

T 1 ºF= (1.8) (-120)+32, T ºF=-184 ºF

T 2 ºF= (1.8) (-180)+32, T ºF=-108 ºF

Variation of T ºF = -108 ºF

1
3
16-13. A piece of copper pipe is 6 m long at 20°C. That

will there be an increase in length when the client is at 80 ºC?

Data:
A
cu - 16.7x10-661

L1 = 6m

T I = 20 ºC

T F = 80 ºC

Unknown:

LF=?

Formula:

L F = L I + A* L I (T F -T I )

Development:

L F =6m + (16.7 x 10 -6 1
) (6 m) (80 ºC – 20 ºC)

L F = 6.012 mm

1
4
16-15. The diameter of a hole in a steel plate is 9 cm when the temperature is

20°C. What will be the diameter of the hole at 200 ºC?

Data:

To
steel 11.5x10 °C

D I = 9cm

T I = 20 ºC

T F = 200 ºC

Unknown:

DF=?

Formula:

D F = D I + SD I (T F –T I )

Development:

( 1,
D F = 9 cm 2 I 11.3
+ 10 6 o-(9 cm
)( 200º C - 20º C )
\ ºCJ Yo

D F = 9.03 cm

1
5
16-17. A square copper plate measuring 4 cm on each side at 20 ºC can be

heated to 120 ºC. What is the increase in the area of the copper plate?

Data:
A
cu = 16.7x10-661

A I = 4cm

T I = 20 ºC

T F = 120 ºC

Formula:

A F = A I + S aI (A 1 x A 1 ) (T F – T I )

Development:

1 N/
A F = (16 cm 2 ) 2 16.7 X 10 - — I(16 X m 2 (120º C - 20º
+ 6 10 º C 7 C)

Increment A F - A I = 0.05344 cm 2

1
6
16-19. What is the increase in volume in 16 liters of ethyl alcohol?

when the temperature increases by 30 ºC?

Data:

V I = 16 lt.

Balcoha- 11 x 10 ■ 4 º 1 C

T = 30ºC

Unknown

Increase in volume?

Formula:

ΔV = V I + BV I (T)

Development:

ΔV = 16 lt + (11 x 10■4 1 "' (16 It) (30 °C)

Yo ºC)

ΔV = 0.5282 lt.

1
7
16-21. If 200 cm 3 of benzene fill exactly an aluminum cup at 40 ºC and the

system is cooled to 18 ºC, how much benzene (at 18 ºC) can be added

to the cup without spilling?

Data:
b
= 12.4 x 10-4 1
benzene ºC

V I = 200 cm 3

BAI = 67.2 x 10 -6 1

T I = 40 ºC

T F = 18 ºC

Unknown:

missing V = ?

Formula:

Missing V = B benzene V I (T F -T I ) – B AI V I (T F -T I )

Development:

missing V =

“41
1
12.4 x 10
/ 200 X 10 ■ 6
m 3 (180 C ■ 40º C (200 X 10 ■ 6
m 3
(180 C ■
40º C )
)- 67.2 x 10 ■ 6

Missing V = 5.14×10 -6 m 3

1
8
 II. AMOUNT OF HEAT

SPECIFIC HEAT EQUATION

Q = mc (T F – T I )

Q = Amount of heat, calories, (cal.) m = Mass of the substance, grams, (g)

calories ( cal ^
c = Specific heat, ,

(grams) (ºcelsius) , ^ g ºC)

T F = Final temperature, ºCelsius, (ºC)

T I = Initial temperature, ºCelsius, (ºC)

MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT

J = 4185 Joules,
Kcal Kcal

a=7r2
,a=7
2
nD2
a =----
4

HEAT CAPACITY EQUATION

C=Q
At

1 BTU = 252 cal.

1 cal = 4.186 j.

1 Kcal = 4186 j.

1 joule = 0.24 cal.

1
9
DC ,,and. calories (cal
C = Heat capacity, calories, । m
(ºcelsius) I ºC

Q = Amount of heat, calories, (cal)

At t = Temperature increase, º Celsius, (ºC)

LATENT HEAT OF FUSION AND VAPORIZATION

Q=mLF Q=mL
V
Q = Amount of heat, calories, (cal)

m = Mass of the substance, grams, (g)

L F = Latent heat of fusion, calories _, (cal

^
grams, ^g)

L V = Latent heat of vaporization,

calories (, cal )
grams ^ g)

2
0
17-1. What amount of heat is required to change the temperature from 200

g of lead, from 20 to 100 ºC?

Data: m = 200 g

T I = 20 ºC

T F = 100 ºC

C = 0.031 ( cal '

I g ºC)

Unknown:

Q=?

Formula:

Q = mc (T F – T I )

Development:
_. ( cal ^
Q = (200g) 0.031 — g (100 ºC – 20 ºC)
ºCJ
Yo
Q = 496 cal

2
1
17-3. An oven applies 400 KJ of heat to 4 kg of a substance caused

that its temperature rises by 80 ºC. What is the specific heat?

Data:

Q = 400 KJ

m = 4g

T I = 0 ºC

TF =80C

C = 0.031 ( cal
I g ºCJ

Unknown:

C=?

Formula:

Q = mc (T F – T I )

Development:

C= Q
m (T - T I )

400 KJ
(4kg) (80 ºC - 0 ºC)

K.J.
C=
1.25 Kg ºC

J.
C = 1250
Kg ºC

2
2
17-5. The engine of a lawn mower operates at a speed of 3 kW

What equivalent amount of heat is generated in 1 hour?

Data:

P = 3 kW

T = 1h

Unknown:

Q=?

Formulas:

Q = E = PT J = W * Sec.

Development:

E = (3 x 10 3 w) (3600s)

C = 10,800,000 W * Sec.

E = 10,800,000 J

E = 10.8 MJ

2
3
17-7. Hot coffee with a heat is served in a 0.5 kg ceramic cup.

880 J specific How much heat does the cup absorb if

Kg ºC

temperature rises from 20 to 80 ºC?

Data: m = 0.5 kg

C = 880 J Kg ºC

T I = 20 ºC

T F = 80 ºC

Unknown:

Q=?

Formula:

Q = mc (T F – T I )

Development:
( J.N.
Q = (0.5kg) 880 J. (80 ºC – 20 ºC)
^ Kg ºC)

Q = 26.4 KJ

2
4
17-9. An 8 kg copper bushing has to be heated to 25 to 140°C in order to

expand it to fit over the shaft. How much heat was required?

Data:

C = .093 cal g ºC

m = 8 kg

T I = 25 ºC

T F = 140 ºC

Unknown:

Q=?

Formula:

Q = mc (T F – T I )

Development:

Q = (8 x 10 3 g) [ 0.093 cal
YO . g ºC) (140 ºC – 25 ºC)

Q = 85560 cal

Q = 359,352 KJ

2
5
17-11. A 4 kg piece of metal C = 320 J._It is initially at kg ºC

300 ºC What will be its final temperature if it loses 50 KJ of energy

calorific?

Data: m = 4 kg

C = 320 J
Kg ºC

T I = 300 ºC

Q = -50 KJ

Unknown:

TF=?

Formula:

Q = mc (T F – T I )

Development: —=TF mc F

= 9 -+ T mc
-50 x 10 3 J
( J 1 + 300 ºC
-----—
(4kg) 320 kg ºC)
\

T F = 260.93 ºC
17-13. A 400 g copper tube that is initially at 200 ºC is immersed in a

container containing 3 kg of water at 20 ºC. Going bypass other

heat exchanges What will be the

equilibrium temperature of the mixture?

Data:

C CU = 0.093 cal g ºC

m CU = 400 g

T ICU = 200 ºC

m H2O = 3 kg

C H2O = 1 cal g ºC

Unknown:

TF=?

Formula:

Q = mc (T F – T I )

Heat lost = - Heat gained

Development:

Heat loss = m CU C CU (T F –T ICU )

Heat gained = m H2O C H2O (T F –T IH2O )

(400 g) f 0.093 cal (3x 10 3g ) 1 cal (T F – 20
f

.
YO g ºC) (T F -200 ºC)
1
=
37.2 (T F -200 ºC) = -3000 (T F – 20 ºC) — ºC)

37.2 T F -200 ºC = -3000 T F – 60000 ºC

37.2 T F +3000 T F =60000 ºC+7440 ºC 3037.2 T F =67440 ºC

67440ºC
F
3037.2

2
7
T F = 22,209 ºC
17-15. A 450 g piece of metal is heated to 100 °C and then dropped into the

container of a 50 g aluminum calorimeter containing 100 g of water.

The initial temperature of the cup and water is 10 ºC and the

equilibrium temperature is 21.1 ºC. Find the specific heat of the metal.

Data:

m metal = 450 g

T Imetal = 100 ºC

m AI = 50 g

C AI = 0.22 cal
g ºC

m H2O = 100 kg

C H2O = 1 cal
g ºC

T IAI = 10 ºC

T IH2O = 10 ºC

T F = 21.1 ºC

Unknown:

C metal = ?

Formula:

Heat lost = - Heat gained

Q = mc (T F – T I )

Development:

2
9
 - mH 2 O • C H o \T
m metal \T F T l ^C mea
F T , 2ND
netia!

m Ho ■ C H 2
) O T F - T h o ) - m A, ■ C AI (
C
metal
T - T, ) mmeta(Te-T,)

C metal = 0.0347 cal

g °C

3
0
17-17. A worker removes a 2 kg piece of iron from a lathe and places it in a 1

kg aluminum container that has been partially filled with 2 kg of

water. If the water temperature rises from 21 to 50 ºC.

What will be the initial temperature of the iron?

Data:

m Fe = 5 Kg

C Fe = .113 cal
g ºC

m AI = 1 kg

C AI = .22 cal
g ºC

T IAI = 21 ºC

m H2O = 2 kg

C H2O = 1 cal
g ºC

T IH2O = 21 ºC

T F = 50 ºC

Unknown:

T IFe = ?

Formula:

Heat lost = - Heat gained

Q = mc (T F – T I )

Development:

m Fe (T F - T IF. C = m H 2 O • H2O F
-

I H 2 O )- m Al

3
1
•C (T
AI F
-
T IAl
)

3
2
 mH 2 O ' C
H2O •
^T F T ¡H O ) mA C A i {T F -TA
Y Fa
O ith
— .) T
F
m Fe • C
Fe
U
m
IY H
Fa
2 O • C H 2 O [T F - T I h 2 o )+m Ai • C AÍ - +
O ith m Fe ' C
Fe TF
U
I (2 x 103g) cal ) nal)
(50°C-21°C) + (l x103g) 0.22 -C (50°C-21°C) g °c
) At g °C)
)
Y Fai + 50C
(2x103g) 0.113
O th
l g ° C Fe )
U
I

T iFe = 334.8672
°C

3
3
17-19. A 1.3kg block of copper is heated to 200ºC and then placed in an

insulated container that has been partially filled with 2kg of water at

20ºC. What is the equilibrium temperature?

Data: m CU = 1.3 kg

C CU = 0.093 cal g ºC

T ICU = 200 ºC

m H2O = 2 kg

C H2O = 1 cal g ºC

Unknown:

TF=?

Formula:

Heat lost = - Heat gained

Q = mc (T F – T I )

Development:

m cu C cu (T F – T Icu ) = -m H2O C H2O (T F – T IH2O )

(1.3 x 103g) (0.093 cal (T F -200 ºC)= (-2 x 10 3 ' 1cal )
YO . g ºC)
g)
(T F -20
ºC) —
I g ºC)
Physics II Notes...............................................................................................1
—..............................................................................................................................27
—...........................................................................................................................33
—.......................................................................................................................34
200 g (1 cal -1......................................................................................................40
12 = 22...........................................................................................................61
2 V2...............................................................................................................61
K - _Tfio_........................................................................................................83

3
4
V -.................................................................................................................................94
An...........................................................................................................................109
9- 9...............................................................................................................138
t=8.......................................................................................................................156
Q= 4........................................................................................................165
“....................................................................................................................165
a) - - ,..........................................................................................................169
-+.....................................................................................................................176
e2
=.......................................................................................................................183
e3
=.......................................................................................................................183
22 —..............................................................................................................185

120.9 ca T F -24,180 cal= -2000 cal T F +40000 cal

ºC ºC

3
5
 cal _ cal _ lime lim
120.9 ac T F +2000 ac T F =40000 ca + 24180 e
ºC ºC ºC
ºC
cal _ lim
2120.9 ca T F = 64180 e
ºC
ºC
64180 cal ° C
F " 2120.9 cal ° C

T F = 30.26 ºC

3
6
17-21. In a foundry there is an electric furnace with the capacity to completely

melt 540 kg of copper. If the initial temperature of the copper was 20ºC,

how much total heat is needed to melt the copper?

Data: m CU = 540 kg

C CU = 0.093 cal g ºC

T ICU = 20 ºC

L FCU = 134 x 10 3 J KG

T F = 1080 ºC

Unknown:

Q=?

Formulas:

a) Q = mC (T F – T I )

b) Q = mLF , 1 Cal = 4.2 J

Development:

a) Q = (540 x 10 3 g) Í lime )
0.093
Yo
— (1080 ºC-20 ºC)
g ºCJ
Q= 53,233,200 cal

Q= 223,579,440 J

b) Q= (540 kg) (134 x 10 3 J

Yo KG)

Q= 72,360,000 J

Q T =Q 1 +Q 2

Q T = 223,579,440 J +72,360,000 J

Q T = 2.95 x 10 8 J

3
7
17-23. How much heat is needed to convert 2 kg of ice to -25

ºC in steam at 100 ºC?

Data:

m = 2 kg

T I = -25 ºC

T F = 100 ºC

L V = 540 cal g

L F = 80 cal g

C ICE = 0.5 cal

g ºC

C H2O = 1 cal g ºC

Unknowns:

a) Q = ? for take it to 0ºC

b) Q = ? for melt it to 0ºC

c) Q = ? for take it to 100ºC

d) Q = ? For vaporize it at 100 ºC

Formulas:

a) Q = m*C (T F – T I )

b) Q = mLF

c) Q = m*C (T F – T I )

d) Q = m*L V

Development:

a) Q = (2 x 10 3 g) ( 0.5 (0 – (-25ºC)
cal' [ .
g
ºC)

3
8
Q = 25,000 cal

b) Q = (2 x 10 3 g) ( 80 cal '

Q = 160,000 cal

c) Q = (2 x 10 3 g) (1cal
(100 º C – 0 ºC)
I g ºC J

Q = 200,000 cal

d) Q = (2 x 10 3 g) f 540 cal
g
Yo J

Q = 1,080,000 cal

Q T =Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4

Q T = 25,000 cal + 160,000 cal + 200,000 cal + 1,080,000 cal

Q T = 1,465,000 cal

Q T = 6.15 x 10 6 J

3
9
17-25. How many grams of steam at 100 ºC must be mixed with 200 g of

water at 20 ºC so that the equilibrium temperature is 50 ºC?

Data:

T IV = 100 ºC

C V = 48 cal
g ºC

M H2O = 200 ºC

C H2O = 1 cal
g ºC

T IICE = 20 ºC

T F = 50 ºC

Unknown:

m=?

Formula:

Heat lost = Heat gained

Q = mC (T F – T I )

Q = mL v

Development:

m H2O C H2O (T c - T IH2O ) = m v L V + m vapor C H2O (T 1 -T 1vapor )

200 g (1 cal -1 e cal ) 540

I g ºC)(30ºC) = m Yo g ºC)
-m (-50ºC)

/ lime)
6000 cal = m 490 —
g
)

4
0
- 6000 cal -490 cal m= 12,244 g

4
1
17-27. One hundred grams of ice at 0 ºC is mixed with 600 g of water at 25 ºC

What will be the equilibrium temperature for the mixture?

Data:

M ICE = 100 G

T IICE = 0 ºC

M H2O = 600 g

T 1H2O = 25 ºC

C H2O = 1 cal g ºC

C FH2O = 80 cal g

Unknown:

TF=?

Formula:

Heat lost = Heat gained

Q = mC (T F – T I )

Development:

T _ mH20CH20(T1H20)mIce-F +
m C (T )
Ice H2O 1ICE
m C
H2O H2O +
m Ice C Ice
( lime (lime) lime
600g 1 ' (25ºC) - 100 g I 80 — + 100 g 1 ' YO(0ºC)
T \ YO 1 g ºC)
g ºC) lime ( lime
F
600g -1 + 100g 1 -1
g ºC) V g ºC)
7000cal
T TF = 10.0 ºC
F 700 cal C

4
2
 111. HEAT TRANSFER

FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF THERMAL CONDUCTION

H=Q
T

Q
= KA ( T F
-TI
.)
T \L)

H = Heat transfer rate, calorie, cal second , ^ sec)

Q = Amount of heat flowing, calories, (cal)

T = Transfer time, second, (sec)

K = Thermal conductivity, lime

m. sec ºC

A = Area through which heat flows, (meter) 2 , (m 2 )

TF = Highest temperature, ºCelsius, (ºC)

TI = Lower temperature, ºCelsius, (ºC)

L = Plate thickness, meter (m).

INDUSTRIAL UNITS FOR “K”

J. W [Link] K cal
sec.m.ºC m.ºK , ft 2 .h.ºF , [Link].ºC
,

THERMAL RADIATION

F Q
R
=— R=P R = e or T 4
T.A. TO

4
3
Where:
watts (w^
R = Radiation velocity,
) —2 2
(meter) Im)

E = Radiant energy, Joules, (J)

T = Radiation time seconds, (sec.)

A = Area, (meters) 2 , (m 2 )

P = Radiant power, Watts, (W)

W
-8 2 4
σ = Boltzmann constant, 5.67 x 10 m ºK

T = Absolute temperature º Kelvin, (ºK)

4
4
 2
18-1. A block of copper has a cross section of 20 cm and a length of 50 cm.

The left end is kept at 0°C and the right end is at 100°C. What is the

rate of heat flow in watts?

Data:
W
K = 385 m ºK

A = 20 cm 2

L=50cm

T I = 0 ºC

T F = 100 ºC

Unknown:

Q=?
T

Formula:

Q
= KA f T F
-TI
.)
T \L/

Conversions

1m 2 – 10000 cm 2

X = 0.002 m 2 X - 20 cm 2

1m = 100cm X = 0.5m

Development:

4
5
Q
- f 385 W -(0.002 m 2 )( T ºC
+ 273
) -(T ºC + 273)
T I mK) l 0.5m

9 =(385 W (0.002 m2) dOO + 273 °K)-(0 + 27 3 °K)

T L mK) l 0.5m

Q = 154 watts T

4
6
18-3. A bronze rod 50 cm long has a diameter of 3

mm. The temperature of its extremes is 76 ºC higher than that of the

other extreme How much heat will be conducted in 1 min?

Data:
W
K = 186 m ºK

A = 7.06 mm 2

T F = 76 ºC

T I = 0 ºC

Unknown:

Q=?

Formula: % - KA f T F
-TI
)
T kLJ

Conversions

A = π. r 2

A = (3.1416) (1.5 mm) 2

A = 7.06 mm 2

1m= 1000000 mm 2

X = 7.06 mm 2

X = 0.00000706 m 2

Development:

Q - KA (76 + 273 °K)-(01273 °K)

0.5m
Q =186W (7.06x106 m2)(60 sec)
\mK)

4
7
Q = 11.99J

4
8
 2
18-5. One end of an iron rod 30 cm long and 4 cm in cross section is placed

in a bath of ice and water. The other end is placed in a steam bath.

How many minutes will it take to transfer 1.0 Kcal of heat? In which

direction does heat flow?

Data:
W
K = 80.2 m ºK

L=30cm

A = 4 cm 2

T I = 0 ºC

T F = 100 ºC

Q = 1.0 Kcal

Unknown:

T=?

Formula:

o = KA ( T F

- T I .)
T \L/

Conversions 1m 2 – 10000 cm 2

X - 4 cm 2

X = 0.0004 m 2 60 sec. – 1 min

397.73 sec. –X

4
9
X = 6.57 min

Development:

J=—
(T T,)

K.A.

J = QL
KA(TF - T,)

(1000 cal) (0.3 m)

19
oc (0.0004 m2)(100°C)

T = 397.73 sec.

T = 6.57 min. Heat flows into the ice.

5
0
18-7. How much heat is lost in 12 ha through a 3 in. firebrick wall with an area

of 10 fl 2 if one side is at 330ºF and the other at 78ºF?

Data:

Btu.n
fl 2 .h.ºF

T = 12h

L = 3 in.

A = 10 fl 2

T F = 330ºF

T I = 78 ºF Unknown: Q = ?

Formula:
Q
= KAT T F
T -T
V I
\L
Development:
( Btu ) (10 fl 2 )(12 330ºF-78ºF
i5 ----1 3in
\ f2.h.°F) h)
Q = 50,400 Btu

5
1
18-9. What is the steady - state heat flow rate through the composite wall in Problem th
e
18-8 (previous)?

Data:
W Kcal
K 1 = 0.8 m ºK = 1.91 x 10 sm ºC

W Kcal
K 2 = 0.04 m ºK = 9.55 x 10 sm ºC

A 1 = 18 m 2

A 2 = 18 m 2

T I = 10 ºC

T F = 40 ºC

L1 = 12cm

L2 = 10cm

Unknown:

Q=?
T

Formula:

T - «4' ;

Development:

(T F
Q=(K-K2)(A) 2TI)
- (T F
2T
Q
=1.91x10 -4 T ( Kcal
■ - 9.55 x 10 -6 Kcal - sm
°C sm °C)

5
2
(18 m2)440 " 10 ºC) - (40-10
ºC) 0.12-m -0.10m
Kcal
Q = 3.26 x 10I -3 sec
T
lime
Q = 3.26sec

5
3
18-11. What is the speed of radiation from a spherical black body at a

temperature of 327 ºC? Will this speed change if the radius is

doubled and the temperature remains the same?

Data:

T = 327 ºC

TK = 600ºK

o= 5.67 x 10 -8 W
m2K4
Unknown:

P=?
TO

Formula:

Q
= e or T 4
TO

Development:

P = (1) (5.67x10
24-1 (600ºK) 4
TO \ m .K 4 )
2

Q W
• = 7348.32
A m
2
= 7.34 kW m 2

The speed does not change

5
4
18-13. If a certain body absorbs 20% of the incident thermal radiation, what is

its emissivity? What energy does this body eliminate in 1 min if its

surface area is 1 m? and its temperature is 727 ºC?

Data: e = 0.2

A=1m2

T = 727ºC

P = 1 min = 60 sec

o= 5.67 x 10 -8 W
m2K4
Unknown:

P=?

K = (727 + 273)ºK

K = 1000ºK

Formulas:

ºK= T ºC +273 ºC

Q
= e or T 4
TO

Conversions

1-100 %

0.2 – 20 %

Development:

5
5
P=AeOT4

5
6
 ( 8 W □ m 2 (1000ºK) 4
P = (1 m 2 )(60 sec)(0.2) 5.67x 10
\ K4)

P= 680 400 [Link]

P = 680 400 J

P = 680.4 KJ

5
7
 IV. THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

IDEAL GASES

“BOYLE'S LAW”

P.V2 = P2V2 with m and T constants

Where:

P 1 = Absolute initial pressure, kilopascals, Kpa

V I = Initial volume (centimeters) 3 , cm 3

P 2 = Absolute final pressure, kilopascals, Kpa

V 2 = Final volume (centimeters) 3 , cm 3

m = Mass of gas

T = Gas temperature

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE = 101.3 Kpa. BOYLE.

(Absolute P) = (P gauge) + (Atmospheric P 101.3 Kpa)

CHARLES LAW
with m and P as constants
V1 V2

T1 T2 Where:

V I = Initial volume, liters, lt

T I = Absolute initial temperature, ºKelvin, ºK

V 2 = Final volume, liters, lt

T 2 = Absolute final temperature, ºKelvin, ºK

m = Mass of gas

P = Gas pressure

5
8
 GAY LAW – LUSSAC
P _ P2
T1 T2 with m and V as constants

Where:

pounds lb
P 1 = Absolute initial
(inches) 2 , in 2
pressure,

T 1 = Absolute initial temperature, ºRankine, ºR

pounds lb
P 2 = Absolute Final
(inches) 2 , in 2
Pressure

T 2 = Absolute final temperature, ºRankine, ºR

m = Mass of gas

V = Volume of gas

TºR = TºF+460

GENERAL LAW OF GASES

a) P 1 V 1 P 2 V 2
T
1 ' T2
Where:

P 1 = Initial pressure, Newton/(meter) 2 , N/m 2

T 1 = Absolute initial temperature, ºKelvin, ºK

V 1 = Initial volume, liters, lt

P 2 = Final pressure, Newton/(meter) 2 , N/m 2

T 2 = Absolute final temperature, ºKelvin ºK

V 2 = Final volume, liters, lt

m = Mass of gas (constant)

5
9
 GENERAL LAW OF GASES
b) PV1 = P2V2
m1T 1 m2T 2

Where:

P 1 = Absolute initial pressure, pounds/(inch) 2 , lb/in 2

V 1 = Initial volume, liters, lt

m 1 = Initial mass, kilograms, Kg

T 1 = Absolute initial temperature, ºKelvin, ºK

P 2 = Absolute initial pressure, pounds/(inch) 2 , lb/in 2

V 2 = Final volume, liters, lt

m 2 = Final mass, kilograms, Kg

T 2 = Absolute final temperature, ºKelvin, ºK

MOLECULAR MASS AND MOL

N
NA =
An

Where:

N A = Avogadro's number = 6.023 x 10 23 molecules per mole

N = Number of molecules n = Number of moles

IDEAL GAS LAW

PV = nRT

PV = mRT
or

6
0
Observation. 1 m 3 = 1000 lt

Where:

P = Gas pressure, atmospheres, atm = 101.3 Kpa

V = Volume of gas (meter) 3 , m 3

n = Number of moles of the gas, mol

R = Universal gas constant

R = 8.314 J/mol ºK

R = 0.0821 [Link]
mole
T = Gas temperature, ºKelvin, ºK ºK

m = Mass of gas, grams, g

M = Molecular mass of the gas, g/mol

RH

Actual Vapor Pressure (Dew Point)

Relative humidity =
Saturated vapor pressure (Temp. from air)

GENERAL LAW OF GASES

3
19-1. An ideal gas occupies a volume of 4.00 m at an absolute

pressure of 200 Kpa. What will be the new pressure if the gas is

slowly compressed to 2.00 m 3 at constant temperature?

Data:

V1=4m3

P1 = 200Kpa

V2=2m3

Unknown:

P2 =?

6
1
Formula:

12 = 22
Development:

P1V1

2 V2
(200 Kpa) (4 m 3 )
3
2m

P2 = 400 Kpa

6
2
19-3. Two hundred cubic centimeters of an ideal gas at 20 ºC expand to a

volume of 212 cm 3 at constant pressure. What is the

final temperature?

Data:

V 1 = 200 cm 3

P 1 = 20 ºC

V 2 = 212 cm 3

Unknown:

T2=?

Formulas:

V1 V2
T1 ■ T2

T ºK = T ºC +273, T ºC = T ºK -273

Development:
T 2 = V2•
V1T2 = V2T 2 V1

3 (OK
(212 cm 3 )
Yo- - K—
T \ 20 + 273
2 200cm3

T 2 = 310.58 ºK

T2 = 310.58 -273

T2 = 37.58 ºC
19-5. A steel cylinder contains an ideal gas at 27ºC. The gauge pressure is

140 Kpa. If the temperature of the container rises to 79ºC, what will be

the new gauge pressure?

Data:

T 1 = 27 ºC

P1 = 140Kpa

T 1 = 540.6ºR

T2 = 79ºC

T2 = 634.2ºR

Unknown:

P2 =?

Formulas:
P Q
1 2
T1 T2

t ºF = 1.8 t ºC + 32

tºR = tºF +460

Development:
- 1(2)
Q
2

(140Kpa + 101.3Kpa)
P2 = (634.2ºR)
(540ºR)

P2 = 283.39 Kpa -101.3 Kpa

P 2 gauge = 182 Kpa

6
4
19-7. A steel cylinder contains 2.00 kg of an ideal gas. From one day to the

next, the temperature and volume remain constant, but the absolute

pressure decreases from 500 to 450 Kpa. How many grams of gas

leaked in that period?

Data:

m 1 = 2 kg

P1 = 500Kpa

P2 = 450Kpa

Unknown:

m 2 =?

Formula:
P
1V1 P2V2
m1T1 m 2 T 2

Development:

m1
P2m1
m
2 p1

(50Kpa)(2000g)
mp_ 500kpa

m2 = 200g
 3
19-9. An air compressor receives 2 m of air at 20 ºC and at the pressure of

one atmosphere (101.3 Kpa). If the compressor discharges into a tank

of 0. m 3 at an absolute pressure of 1500 Kpa, what is the temperature

of the discharged air?

Data:

V 1 = 2 m 3 ºC

T 1 = 20 ºC

P1 = 101.3 Kpa

V 2 = 0.3 m 3

P2 = 1500 Kpa

Unknown:

T2=?

Formula:

P
1V1 P2V2
T
1 'T2

Development:

T_P2V2T1
2 VP
11

3 (OK
(1500 kpa)(0.3 m 3 )
I — K—
T- YO. 20 + 273
2---------------------------------3
2
(101.3 Kpa) (2 m 3 )

T 2 = 650.78º K

6
6
19-11. If 0.8 L of a gas at 10 ºC is heated to 90 ºC under pressure

constant, what will be the new volume?

Data:

V 1 = 0.8 L

T 1 = 10 ºC

T 2 = 90 º C Unknown:

V2=?

Formulas:

V V
1 2
T
1 ' T2

TºK = TºC + 273

Development:

V1T2
2 T
1

V - (0.8 L)(80 + 273)

V2 10 + 273

V 2 = 1.026 L

6
7
 at
19-13. A 2 liter sample of gas has an absolute pressure of 300 Kp 300 ºK. If

both the pressure and the volume are doubled, what is the

final temperature?

Data:

V1 = 2L

P1 = 300Kpa

T 1 = 300º K

P2 = 600 Kpa

V2 = 4L

Unknown:

T2=?

Formula:

P
1V1 P2V2
T
1 " T2

Development:

P
2V2T1
2
VP
11

(600 Kpa)(4 L)(300 ºK)

T----- ------------------
2 (300Kpa) (2L)

T 2 = 1200 ºK

6
8
 MOLECULAR MASS AND MOL

19-15. How many moles of gas are in 400 g of nitrogen gas? ( u = 28

g/mol) How many molecules are there in this sample?

Data: m = 400 g

u = 28 g/mol

Unknown:

n=?

N=?

Formula:

mn =
TO
N = n NA→NA = 6.023 x 10 23 molecules. mole

Development:

n = 400 g
28g , n = 14.28 mol
mole
N = (14.28)(6.023 x 10 23 )moles/mol
N = 8.60 x 10 24 molecules

6
9
19-17. How many grams of hydrogen gas (
u = 2 g/mol) there is in 3.0

moles of hydrogen? How many grams of air (

u = 29 g/mol) there is in

3 .0 moles of air?

Data:

u = 2 g mol

n= 3 mol

N A = 6.023 x 10 23 mo l /mol

Unknown:

a) m = ?

u = 29 g mol

n= 3 mol

b) m = ?

Formulas:

n=m N = nNA
TO

Development:

m = nu

m = (3 mol)(2 g/mol)

a) m = 6g

m = (3 mol) (29 g/mol)

7
0
b) m = 87g

7
1
19-19. What is the mass of an oxygen molecule? (u = 32 g/mol).

Data:

N = 1 molecule

u = 32 g/mol

Unknown:

m=?

n=?

Formulas:

m N=nN
n=— A
TO

Development:

N 1 molecule
a) n
= —n= 6.023 x 10 23 molecules/mol

n = 1.66 x 10 -24 mol b) m = nN

m = (1.66 x 10 -24 mol) (0.032 kg/mol)

m = 5.31 x 10 -26 Kg

7
2
 LAW OF IDEAL GASES
3
19-21. Three moles of an ideal gas have a volume of 0.026 m and a

pressure of 300 Kpa. What is the temperature of the gas in degrees

Celsius?

Data:

N = 3 mol

V = 0.26 m 3

P = 300Kpa

R = 0.0821 [Link]/mol ºK

Unknown:

T ºC = ?

Formulas:

PV = n*RT

T ºC = T ºK -273

Development:

T - PV
nR

(2.96 atm) (26 L)

(3 mol) | 0.0821 [Link] ' .
mole ºK

T = 312.4ºK

T ºC = 312.4 – 273

T ºC = 39.4 ºC

7
3
19-23. How many kilograms of nitrogen gas (
u = 28 g/mol) will fill
a volume of 2000 L at an absolute pressure of 202 Kpa and a

temperature of 80 ºC?

Data:

u = 28 g/mol

V = 2000 L

P = 202 Kpa

T = 80ºC

R = 0.0821 [Link]/mol ºK

Unknown:

m=?

Formulas:

PV = mRT
TO

TºK = TºC + 273

Development:
PV u 11312000 Kpa.g
RT m= _______ p , m = 3853 g
2935.67 Kpa
(202 Lpa)(2000 L)(28 g/mol)
m = 3.85 kg
(0.0821 [Link] Y ºK
YO . mole ºK 1 80 + 273 )
11312000 Kpa.g
28.98 atm 1 atm = 101.3 Kpa

7
4
19-25. A 2 L flask contains 2 x 10 23 air molecules ( u = 29 g/mol) a

300ºK. What is the absolute pressure of the gas?

Data:

V = 2L

N = 2 x 10 23 molecules

T = 300ºC

R = 0.0821 [Link] mol ºK

1 atm = 101.3 Kpa

N A = 6.23 x 10 23 molecules/mol

Unknown:

P=?

Formula:

NA n

PV = nRT

Development:

2 x10 23m
23 molecules
23 molecules/mole)

n = 0.33 mol

p nRT
"V

(0.33 mol) I 0.0621 [Link] -I (300 ºK)

p_ \ mol °K )
" 2L

P = 4.08 atm; P = 414 Kpa

7
5
19-27. How many moles of gas are there in a volume of 2000 cm 3 in

standard temperature and pressure (PTS) conditions?

Data:

V = 2000 cm 3

P = 101.3 Kpa

T = 273ºC

R = 0.0821 [Link] mol ºK

Unknown:

n=?

Formula:

PV = n*RT

Development:
PV n = —
RT
(2 L)(1 atm)
| 0.0821 [Link] -| (273ºK)
\ mol °K)

n= 0.892 mol

7
6
 HUMIDITY

19-29. If the air temperature is 20 ºC and the dew point is 12 ºC,

What is the relative humidity?

Data:

Real steam P 12 ºC = 11 mm Hg

P of saturated vapor 20 ºC = 17.5 mm Hg

Formula:
Dew point
Relative humidity =
air temperature

11mmHg
Relative humidity =
17.5mmHg
HR =0.6285

HR = 62.8 %

7
7
19-31. The relative humidity is 77% when the air temperature is 28

ºC. What is the dew point

Data:

Relative humidity = 77%

Air temperature = 28 ºC

Unknown:

Dew point = ?

Formula:

Dew point Temp. from air

HR =
Development:

P dew = (RH)(Temp. From air)

P dew = (077)(28)

P dew = 21.56 ºC

7
8
19-33. The air temperature in a room during winter is 28

ºC What is the relative humidity if moisture begins to form

on a window when its surface temperature is 20

ºC?

Data:

T of air = -28 ºC = 28.3 mm Hg

Surface T = 20 ºC = -17.5 mm Hg

Unknown:

HR = ?

Formula:

real steam P
HR —---------------------------
P of saturated vapor

Development:

17.5mmHg
H. R. —--------------
28.3 mmHg

H. R. = 61.8 %

7
9
 V. THERMODYNAMICS

THERMODYNAMICS

HEAT AND WORK: Heat is a form of energy. Work is a scalar quantity.

W = FX

J = Nm

Where:

W = Work in Joules, J.

F = Force in Newtons, N.

X = Displacement, meters, m.

FUNCTION OF INTERNAL ENERGY

AU = U 2 - U

A U = A Q -A W

Where:

A U= Variation of internal energy, calories, cal.

U 2 = Final value of internal energy, calories, cal.

U 1 = Initial value of internal energy, calories, cal.

ΔQ = Variation or increase in heat, calories, cal.

A W= Work variation, calories, cal.

1 cal = 4.186 J. Mechanical equivalent of heat.

In a certain process, a system absorbs 400 cal of heat and at the same time

does 80 J of work on its surroundings.

When the phrase mentions the opposite of the previous problem, the signs will

be changed in the formula.

8
0
 PV PROCESS

If a gas is enclosed within a cylinder equipped with a movable piston and the

piston has a cross-sectional area A and a pressure P is applied through it to

the gas, the force will be given by.

F = PA

AW = FX AW = PAX

A W = P. A.V.

Where:

ΔW = Increase in work, Joules, J.

P = Pressure, Pascals, Pa.

ΔV = Increase in volume (meter) 3 , m 3

Work = Pressure. Volume change

W = P(V - V)

AW=PAV

A U= A Q- A W . It is one in which the three quantities A U , A Q and A W

undergo changes.

Adiabatic processes: It is one in which there is no exchange of thermal

energy A Q between a system and its surroundings A U = - A W.

Isochoric processes: It is one in which the volume of the system remains

constant.

A U= A Q- A W

A W= P A V

A U= A Q - P A V

8
1
AU=AQ

CARNOT CYCLE

The efficiency of an ideal machine.

T int - T out
e =----------------
T ent.

e = Machine efficiency

T ent = Hot source temperature, ºKelvin, ºK

T salt = Cold source temperature, ºKelvin, ºK

INTERNAL COMBUSTION MACHINES

1

fV1
° -1
Vo
\2/

Where: e = Efficiency, %

V 1 = Largest volume, liters, lt

V 2 = Minor volume, liters, lt

8 = Adiabatic constant for the working substance, ө

V
1
= Reason of understanding, ө

Isothermal processes: It is one in which the temperature of the

system remains constant.-

A U = A Q- A W

O = A Q- A W→ A Q= A W

A W= mc A T

mcΔT = P A V

8
2
 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

AWsal — Qent - Qsal

Wsal
e—-----
qent

Where:

e = Efficiency of a heat engine, ^

Wsal = Work output, Joule, J

Qent = Heat input, Joule, J

CARNOT'S MACHINE

and
r, A Wsal
qent
— Qent - Qsal
Qent-Qsal
— and —----------
qent

Where:

e = Efficiency of a Carnot machine, ^

Q in = Heat input, Joule, J

Q sal = Heat output, Joule, J

CARNOT CYCLE

The efficiency of an ideal machine

Tent -Tsal e =
Tent

Where:

e = Machine efficiency

Tent = Hot source temperature, ºKelvin, ºK

Tsal = Cold source temperature, ºKelvin, ºK

8
3
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION MACHINES

Otto cycle efficiency

(V 1
°
V,
\2/

Where: e = Efficiency, %

V 1 = Largest volume, liters, lt

V 2 =Minor volume, liters, lt

8 = Adiabatic constant for the working substance, ^

V
1
= Understanding ratio, "

REFRIGERATION

Went = Qcal -Qcold W = Pt

The coefficient of performance is:

What cold
Went

What cold
K =---------------
Qcal - Qcold

K - _Tfio_
Tcal - Tcold

Where:

Went = Input work, Joule, J

Qcold = Heat from the cold source, Joule, J

Qcal = Heat from hot source, Joule, J

K = Coefficient of performance, ^

8
4
Tcold = Tank temperature at low temperature, ºK

Tcal = High temperature tank temperature, ºK

8
5
20-1. In an industrial chemical process, a system is provided with 600

J of heat and 200 J of work are performed by said system. Which

is the increase recorded in the internal energy of this system?

Data:

U1 = 600 J

U2 = 200 J

Unknown:

A U= ?

Formula:

A U = U- U

Development:

A U= -200 J + 600 J

At U= 400 J

8
6
20-3. In a thermodynamic process, the internal energy of the system is

increases by 500 J. How much work was done by the gas if in

Was 800 J of heat absorbed in the process?

Data:

At Q = 500 J

At U = 800 J

Unknown:

AW = ?

Formula:

A U = A Q- A W

Development:

( A U - A Q = A W)(-1)

A W' = A Q- A U

A W = -500 J + 800 J

At W = 300 J

8
7
20-5. Chemical laboratory, a technician applies 340 J of energy to a gas,

time that the system surrounding said gas performs 140 J of work

about gas. What is the change in internal energy?

Data:

AQ = 340 J

At U = 140 J

Unknown:

AU=?

Formula:

A U = A Q- A W

Development:

A U = 340 J + 140 J

At U = 480 J

8
8
20-7 . A system absorbs 200 J of heat when the internal energy increases

in 150J. What work does the gas do in this case?

Data:

At Q = 200 J

At U = 150 J

Unknown:

AW=?

Formula:

A U = A Q- A W

Development:

( - 1) ( A U - A Q) = - A W (-1)

AW=-AU+AQ

A W = -150 J + 200 J

At W = 50 J

8
9
 3
20-9. At a constant pressure of 101.3 Kpa, 1 g of water (1 cm ) evaporates
3
completely and reaches a final volume of 1671 cm in its vapor form.

What work has the system done against its environment? What is the

increase in internal energy?

Data:

P = 101.3 Kpa

V 1 = 1 cm 3

V 2 = 1671 cm 3

m = 1g

T 1 = 100 ºC L v = 2256 x 10 3 J
kg

Unknown:

AW=?

AU=?

Formulas:

AW=PAV

A U = A Q- A W

Q = mLv

Development :
( 3J
A Q = (1 x10 - kg) 2256 x10\
3 kg

At Q = 2256 J

9
0
AW = 101300N (1.67 x10 3 m 3 )
Yo m2 )

At W = 169 Nm, At W = 169 J

A U = 2256 J -169 J

A U = 2087 J

9
1
[Link] ideal gas expands isothermally for as long as it absorbs 4.80 J of

heat. The piston has a mass of 3 kg. To what height will the piston rise with

respect to its initial position?

Data:

A Q = 4.80 J = A W

m = 3 kg

Unknown:

h=?

Formulas:

F mg
AA

A U = (Ah)

(mg
^ (Ah)

Development:

A W' = f mg
1 (Ah), A W' = mgh \AJ

A.W.
mg

(4.80J)
(3 kg) (9.81 m/s 2 )

h = 0.163 m, h = 16.3 cm

9
2
20.13. During an isobaric expansion, a continuous pressure of 200 Kpa

causes the volume of a gas to change from one to three liters. What

work has the gas done?

Data:

P = 200Kpa

V1=1L

V2 = 3L

Unknown:

AW-?

Formula:

A W = PA V

Development:
( N.N. 10-3m
4 (2 x ) m 3)
AW = 200,000
\
AW = 400 Nm

At W = 400 J

9
3
20-15. A gas enclosed by a piston expands almost isoborically at 100 Kpa.

When the system absorbs 20,000 J of heat, its volume increases

3 3
from 0.100 m to 0.250 m . What work has been done and what is

the change in internal energy?

Data:

P = 100Kpa

At Q = 20,000 J

V 1 = 0.100 m 3

V 2 = 0.250 m 3

Unknown:

AW=?

AU=?

Formulas:

AW=PAV

A U = A Q- A W

Development :

( N
A W =100,000 (0.150 m 3 )
Yo m2J

At W = 15000 Nm = 15000 J = 15 kJ

A U = 20,000 J - 15,000 J

A U = 5 KJ

9
4
20-17. Two liters of an ideal gas have a temperature of 300 ºK and a pressure

of 2 atm. The gas supports isobaric expansion while its temperature

rises to 500 ºK. What work has the gas done?

Data:

V1 = 2L

T 1 = 300 ºK

P = 2 atm

T2 = 500ºK

Unknown:

V2=?

AW=?

Formulas:

V- V2
AW=PA T1
V, T2

W = P (2 — V)
Development:
(V1
1
V2 = (Tp)
( 2 It )
V, = (500 °k) I 2 I
2 I 300 ºK)

V2 = 3.33 It
-3
AW = 202 600 N (1.33 x 10 m3)
Yo m 2 )

At W = 269.45 Nm

9
5
A W = 269.45 J

9
6
20-19. In the case of adiabatic processes, it can be shown that pressure and

volume are related to each other by the following expression:

PV S _P V ^
P1V1 P2V2

Where S is the adiabatic constant, whose value is 1.40 for diatomic

gases, and also for the gasoline/air vapor mixture in internal

combustion engines. Use the ideal gas law to demonstrate the

accompanying relationship.

g- 1 g- 1

TVS =
TVS

11 22

Data:

PV S _
PV S
11 22

S = 1.4

Unknown:

. g- 1

. g- 1
T V S TV
11 " 22

Formulas:

PV = nRT

Development:

Q Yes
1 11 _pI S 1/1 nRT.\/ S 1 _
nRT_\/ S

9
7
1%: M: — np%p %p nml1% — nm2%2

(p,v;v§ ' —P
1
2 V2)V S ^ 1 TV; ^ 1
—T
2V2

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

20-21. What is the efficiency of a motor that performs 300 J of work in each

cycle, while discharging 600 J into the environment?

Data:

Wsal = 300 J

Qsal = 600 J

Unknown:

e=?

Qent = ?

Formulas:

A Wsal — Qent - Qsal

Wsal
e—------
qent

Development:

A Wsal — Qent + Qsal

Qent — 300 J + 600 J

Qent — 900 J

9
8
 300J
e— ----
900J

e — 0.33 %

9
9
20-23. A motor with 37% efficiency loses 400 J of heat in each cycle

What work is done and how much heat is absorbed in each cycle?

Data:

e = 37%

Qsal = 400 J

Unknown:

Wsal = ?

Qent = ?

Formulas:

Qent - Qsal
qent

A Wsal = Qent - Qsal

Development: e Qent = Qent - Qsal

e Qent - Qent = - Qsal

Qsal
Qent =--------
-e + 1
400J
qent
-.37 +1
Qent = 635 J

Wsal = 635 J - 400 J

Wsal = 235 J

20-25. A steam engine receives superheated steam from a boiler

that works at 200 ºC and throws it directly into the air at 100 ºC

What is the ideal efficiency

1
0
0
Data:

Tent = 200 °C

Tsal = 100 °C

Unknown:

e=?

Formula:

Tent - Tsal e =
Tent

Development:

(200 + 273) - (100 + 273)

(200 + 273)

e = 0.211

e = 21.1%

1
0
1
20-27. A Carnot machine absorbs 1200 cal during each cycle when operating

between 500 and 300 K. What is the efficiency? How much heat is

expelled and how much work is done in Joules during each cycle?

Data:

Qent = 1200 cal

Tent = 500 OK

Tsal = 300 °K

Unknown:

e=?

Qsal = ?

Wsal = ?

Formulas:
Tent - Tsal e = Qent - Qsal e = and Wsal
Tent qent
qent
1 cal = 4.186 J

Development:

500 ºK - 300 ºK e =
500ºK

e = 0.4 e = 40%

- Qout = Qent e - Q int

Qout = - e Qent + Q int

Qsal = - (.4)(1200 cal) + 1200 cal

Qsal = 720 cal

Wsal = e Qent

Wsal = (04)(1200 cal)

Wsal = 480 cal

1
0
2
Wsal = 2009.28 J

1
0
3
20-29. A refrigerator extracts 400 J of heat from a box in each cycle and

expels 600 J into a high-temperature container. What is the

coefficient of performance?

Data:

Qcold = 400 J

Qcal = 600 J

Unknown:

K= ?

Formulas:

What cold
K—---------------
Qcal - Qcold

Development:

K— 400J
600J - 400J

K= 2.00

1
0
4
20-31. How much heat is removed from the cold container if a refrigerator

compressor does 180 J of work each cycle? The coefficient of

performance is 4.00. How much heat is expelled into the hot

container?

Data:

Went = 180 J

K = 4.0

Unknowns:

a) What cold = ?

b) Qcal = ?

Formulas:

What cold

K =---------
Went

Went = Qcal - Qcold

Development:

a) Qcold = K Went

Qcold = (4.0) (180 J) Qcold = 720 J

b) Qcal = Went+Qcold

Qcal = 180 J+720 J Qcal = 900 J

1
0
5
20-33. A Carnot refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of 2.33.

If the compressor does 600 J of work in each cycle, how many joules

of heat are extracted from the cold container and how many are

thrown into the environment?

Data:

K = 2.33

Went = 600 J

Unknowns:

Qent cal = ?

Qsal cold =?

Formulas:

What cold
K =--------
Went

Went = Qcal – Qcold

Development:

Qcold = K Went Qcal = Went + Qcold

Qcold = (2.33) (600 J) Qcal = 600 J + 1398 J

Qcold = 1398 J Qcal = 1998 J

1
0
6
 UNIT II

WAVES AND ACOUSTICS

1
0
7
 SAW. WAVE MOVEMENT AND SOUND

WAVE MOTION AND SOUND

Mechanical Waves

Where:

meter m
V = Wave speed, ,
second sec

F = Force with which the rope is stretched Newtons, N

m Kilogram kg
M = Linear density of mass m = Mass of the
rope, kilogram, Kg m

l = Length of rope, meter, m

d No. of waves
t time

Where:

meter m
V = Wave speed,
second , sec
A = Wavelength, meter, m

T = Wave period, second, sec

1 , Hz \
f = Wave frequency, Hertz, sec

1
0
8
 Energy of a periodic wave

g=272f2A2m

Where:

8 = Wave energy, Joule, J

............................................... 1
f = Frequency of the Hertz wave, Hz. Hz =------
sec

A = Wave amplitude, meter, mm = String mass, kilogram, kg

Energy per unit length

& = 2 n 2f2A2 u 1

P = 2. st 2 f 2 A 2
A.V.

Where:

yes, ..............................................................................
1 = Energy per unit length Joule/meter, J/m

......................................... 1N
f = Frequency of the wave, Hertz, Hz Hz =- - - Yo
\ sec)

A = Wave amplitude, meter, m

kilogram kg
u = Linear density of the rope ,
meter m

P = Wave power, Watt, W

1
0
9
 V = Wave speed, meter kg
second, m

Characteristic frequencies

21
A,1 = É FUNDAMENTAL TONE

21 ____________________
A, = É FIRST ON TONE
22

SECOND ON TONE

An

FL
V _2 m
At 2l

A fn = With, n = 1, 2, 3, 4

Where:

fn = Characteristic frequency, Hertz, Hz

n = Natural number l = Length of the rope, meter, m

F = Voltage, Newton, N

m = Mass of the rope, Kilogram, Kg

Speed of sound with temperature

1
1
0
 V = 331 m + (0.6 m )t ºC
sec sec
ºC

Sound

V= ! Rod
vp

4
p + 4S Extended Solid
3
Q

Fluent

Gas

Where:

V = Speed of sound m/sec

y = Young's modulus N/m 2
P = Density of the medium kg/m 3
p = Volume modulus N/m 2

S = Shear modulus N/m 2

8 = Adiabatic constant, ^
P = Gas pressure N/m 2

R = Universal gas constant R = 8.31 J molºK

T = Absolute temperature ºK

1
1
1
 u = Molecular mass of the gas g
mol

Variation of air columns

(closed tube)

41
A= 1 FUNDAMENTAL

41 „„ _______
A,3 = FIRST ON TONE
3,

41 „„ _____ __________
A,5 = SECOND ON TONE
5,

4l
.. TO. = 'n= 1,3, 5, 7, ...
n n fn
= nV,, n= 1,3,
,
5, 7, ...
, , ,
4l

Where:

An = Wavelength, meter, m

n = odd number

l = Pipe length, meter, m

1
fn = Sound frequency, Hertz, Hz = sec

V = Speed of sound meter/second, m/sec

(open tube)

2l
TO. = , n= 1,2, 3, ...
nn

nV
fn
= n. = 1, 2, 3, ...
2l

1
1
2
Where: /n = Wavelength, meter, m

l = Pipe length, meter, m

1
fn = Sound frequency, Hertz, Hz = sec

V = Speed of sound meter/second, m/sec

n = Natural number

AUDIBLE SOUND WAVES

Q
I= A = 4 n r —> sphere
TO

Where:

Physics II Notes...........................................................................1
—..........................................................................................................27
—......................................................................................................33
—...................................................................................................34
200 g (1 cal -1..................................................................................40
12 = 22.......................................................................................61
2 V2...........................................................................................61
K - _Tfio_....................................................................................83
V -.............................................................................................................94
An.......................................................................................................109
9- 9...........................................................................................138
t=8...................................................................................................156
Q= 4....................................................................................165
“...............................................................................................165
a) - - ,......................................................................................169
-+................................................................................................176
e2
=...................................................................................................183
e3
=...................................................................................................183
22 —..........................................................................................185

P = Sound power, Watt, W

1
1
3
 2
A = Area perpendicular to the direction of sound, m

I=2n2f2A2pV

Where:

I = Sound intensity, Watt, W

f = Sound frequency, Herztz, Hz = 1

sec

A = Wave amplitude, meter, m

p = Density of the medium, Kilogram/(meter) 3 , Kg/m 3

V = Speed of sound, meter/second, m/sec

1
1
4
 Io = 1 x 10- W
12 m
THRESHOLD
2
HEARING
-10 u W
Io = 1 x10 10
cm 2

W
IP =
1m2
> THRESHOLD
IP = 100“ W.
PAIN
cm 2

SOUND COMPARISON RULE

Yo
B = log 1
I2

Where:

B = Difference in levels, Beles, B

11 = Highest intensity, Watt, W

12 = Minor intensity, Watt, W

Yo
dB = 10 log -1
I2

dB = Level difference, decibels, dB.

dB
dB = log J-- ^ 10 = 1
10
( clearance )
10 Yo Yo

1
1
5
 RATIO OF INTENSITIES
22
11 " 22

Where:

11 = Intensity 1, Watt, W

r 1 = Distance 1 to the sound source, meter, m

12 = Intensity 2, Watt, W

r 2 = Distance 2 to the sound source, meter, m

THE DOPPLER EFFECT

F .gg. (V sound + V listener N

Physics II Notes...............................................................................................1
—..............................................................................................................................27
—...........................................................................................................................33
—.......................................................................................................................34
200 g (1 cal -1......................................................................................................40
12 = 22...........................................................................................................61
2 V2...............................................................................................................61
K - _Tfio_........................................................................................................83
V -.................................................................................................................................94
An...........................................................................................................................109
9- 9...............................................................................................................138
t=8.......................................................................................................................156
Q= 4........................................................................................................165
“...................................................................................................................165
a) - - ,..........................................................................................................169
-+....................................................................................................................176
e2
=.......................................................................................................................183
e3
=.......................................................................................................................183

1
1
6
 22 —..............................................................................................................185

sec

V sound = Speed of sound m/sec

V listener = Speed of the listener (+) if approaching (-) if moving away meter

second , sec

V source = Velocity of the source (+) if approaching (-) if moving away m m

second , sec

21-1. A transverse wave has a wavelength of 30 cm and vibrates with

a frequency of 420 Hz. What is the speed of this wave?

Data:

A = 30cm

f = 420Hz

Unknown:

V=?

Formula:

Hertz = 1
V=Af
sec

Development:

V = (420 Hz) (0.3 m)

V = 126 1
.m
sec 1

1
1
7
V = 126 m sec

1
1
8
21-3. Figure 21-13 shows a transverse wave. Find the amplitude, wavelength,

period, and speed of the wave if it has

a frequency of 12 Hz.

Data: f = 12 Hz

A = 12cm

A = 28cm

Unknowns:

V=?

Formulas:

V=Af V =2
T

Development:

V = (0.28 m) (12 Hz)

V = 3.36 m sec

V= — , VT = — , T = 2
TV
0.28m
3.36m
T = 0.0833 sec

sec

1
1
9
21-5. A 500 g metal wire has a length of 50 cm and is under

a tension of 80 N. What is the speed of a transverse wave in

that wire

Data: m = 500 g

l = 50 cm f = 80 N

Unknown:

V=?

Formula:

Development:

(80N) (0.5m)
0.5kg

V 80 N. m) = 8.94 m
1kg sec

Unit analysis.

m
kg .m
N. sec 2 m2 m
,
kg sec 2
my kg sec
21-7. A 3m rope subjected to a tension of 200 N maintains a

transverse wave speed of 172 m/sec. What is the mass of the

rope?

1
2
0
Data:

F = 200N

V = 172 m/sec Unknown: m = ?

Formula:

V=E
m

Development:
V2 - (F2, V2 = F m - F m m V 2

m (200 N) (3 m) - 600 N m m = 0.0203 kg or m = 20.3 g

(172 m
s eg )2, 29584 m2
sec 2

Unit Analysis:

m
kg m
Nm sec 2
22
m2 m2

21-9. What voltage is required to produce a wave speed of 12

m/sec. On a 900g and 2m long rope

Data:

V= 12 m/sec.

m = 900g

2 2
sec 2 sec 2

1
2
1
l= 2 m

Unknown:

F=?

Formula:

V=E
m

Development:

2(FlN
Physics II Notes...............................................................................................1
—..............................................................................................................................27
—...........................................................................................................................33
—.......................................................................................................................34
200 g (1 cal -1......................................................................................................40
12 = 22...........................................................................................................61
2 V2...............................................................................................................61
K - _Tfio_........................................................................................................83
V -.................................................................................................................................94
An...........................................................................................................................109
9- 9...............................................................................................................138
t=8.......................................................................................................................156
Q= 4........................................................................................................165
“...................................................................................................................165
a) - - ,..........................................................................................................169
-+.....................................................................................................................176
e2
=.......................................................................................................................183
e3
=.......................................................................................................................183

1
2
2
 22 —..............................................................................................................185

(12 m/sec)34 (0.9kg), (144 m 2 /sec 2 )(0.9)

21-11. What frequency is required for a string to vibrate with a wavelength of

20 cm when it is under a tension of 200 N? Assume that the linear

density of the rope is 0.008 kg/m.

Data:

A = 20cm

F = 200N

u = 0.008 kg/m

Unknown:

f=?

Formulas:

T_F v =A f

32m 2m

F = 64.8N

Unit Analysis:

m2

4 _
sec m
kg
m
kg—,
2
N—
sec

1
2
3
 TO

Development:

200 N , V = 158.11 V=Af

1/ 0.008 kg
\ m

158.11
0.2m

f = 790.55Hz

1
2
4
21-13. A horizontal rope is shaken back and forth at one end by a device that

completes 80 12-second oscillations. What is the speed of the

longitudinal waves if the condensations are 15cm apart as the wave

travels down the rope?

Data:

No. Of waves = 80 t = 12 sec.

A = 15cm

Unknown:

V= ?

Formulas:

No. of waves
f = —:--------------, V = / f
time

Development:
80 1
= f = 6.66
12 sec se
V = (0.15 m) (6.66 _) sec
1c

V = 1.00 m/sec
21-15. An 80 g string has a length of 40 m and vibrates with a

frequency of 8 Hz and an amplitude of 4 cm. Find the energy per unit

length that passes along the rope.

Data:

m = 80g

l = 40 m

f = 8Hz

A = 4cm

1
2
5
Unknowns:

u= ?

-=?
l

Formulas

& _2242/2,, s 2 76f A —

Development

0.08kg
H 40 m u = 0.002 kg/m
-
= 2 T 2 (8 Hz) 2 (0.04 m) 2 (0.002 kg/m)

8 - (19.7)(64 1 )(0.0016 m 2 )(0.002 kg/m) ; 8 - 4.04 x 10 -3 1 l sec l

m

21-17. A 300 g string is 2.50 m long and vibrates with an amplitude of 8 mm.

The tension in the rope is 46 N. What must be the frequency of the

waves so that the average power is 90

W?.

Data m = 300 g

l = 2.50 m

A = 8.0mm

F= 46N

P = 90W

Unknowns

f=?

1
2
6
u= ?

V=?

Formulas

m P=2n2f2A2
Physics II Notes...............................................................................................1
—..............................................................................................................................27
—...........................................................................................................................33
—.......................................................................................................................34
200 g (1 cal -1......................................................................................................40
12 = 22...........................................................................................................61
2 V2...............................................................................................................61
K - _Tfio_........................................................................................................83
V -.................................................................................................................................94
An...........................................................................................................................109
9- 9...............................................................................................................138
t=8.......................................................................................................................156
Q= 4........................................................................................................165
“....................................................................................................................165
a) - - ,..........................................................................................................169
-+.....................................................................................................................176
e2
=.......................................................................................................................183
e3
=.......................................................................................................................183
22 —..............................................................................................................185

2n2A2
u V2 n 2 A 2 u V

90
-3
(19.7)(8 x 10 m)(0.12 kg/m)(19.57 m/sec)

f = 174.17

1
2
7
21-19. If the fundamental frequency of a wave is 330 Hz. What is the

frequency of its fifth harmonic and that of its second overtone?

Data

f1 = 330Hz

Unknowns

f 5 =?

f 3 =?

Development

f 5 = 5 (f 1 ); f5 = 5 (330Hz)

f5 = 1650Hz

f 3 = 3 (f 1 ); f 3 = 3 (330 Hz)

f3 = 990Hz

1
2
8
21-21. A rope 10 g and 4 m long has a tension of 64 N.

What is the frequency of its fundamental mode of vibration?

What are the frequencies of first and second over all?

Data

m = 10g

l=4m

F= 64N

P = 90W

Unknowns

f1=?

f2=?

f3=?

Formula

fn = n'I
2l )m

Development

fl = 1 (64N) (4m)
2(4m)
1 0.01kg

„ 1 ____________ 1
fl - _/25600 N m/kg, fl - 20 - - Hz
8m sec

f 2 = 2 (f1), f 2 = 2 (20 Hz)

f2 = 40Hz

f 3 = 3 (f1), f 3 = 3 (20 Hz)

f3 = 60Hz

21.23. A 0.500 g rope is 4.3 m long and supports a tension of 300 N. It is

1
2
9
fixed at both ends and vibrates in three segments. What is the frequency of

standing waves?

Data

m = 0.500 g

l = 4.3 m

F= 300N

Unknowns

f3=?

Formula

n Fl
fn =—
2l )m

Development

3 (300N)(4.3m)
3
“ 2 (4.3 m)
v 0.0005 kg

3 2580000 Nm)
3 8.6m
V kg

F3 = 560.3Hz

1
3
0
21-25. A 120 wire fixed at both ends, is 8 m long and supports a tension of

100 N. What is the longest possible wavelength for a standing wave?

What is the frequency?

Data m = 120 gl = 8 m

F= 100N

Unknowns 2 = ?

Formulas

n Fl
fn = J
2lAm

Development

1 (100N) (8m) (100 N)(8

2(8m) m) and 0.12 kg
V 0.12 kg

V = 81.65 m
Physics II Notes................................................................................................1
sec
—...............................................................................................................................27
—...........................................................................................................................33
—.......................................................................................................................34
200 g (1 cal -1.......................................................................................................40
12 = 22............................................................................................................61
2 V2................................................................................................................61
K - _Tfio_........................................................................................................83
V -.................................................................................................................................94
An............................................................................................................................109
9- 9................................................................................................................138
t=8.......................................................................................................................156
Q= 4.........................................................................................................165
“....................................................................................................................165
a) - - ,...........................................................................................................169

1
3
1
 -+.....................................................................................................................176
e2
=........................................................................................................................183
e3
=........................................................................................................................183
22 —..............................................................................................................185

l6m sec f = 5.10 Hz

81.65 m/sec
5.10
11
sec 22-1. The Young's modulus for steel is 2.087 x 10 Pa and its
3
density is 7800 Kg/m Calculate the speed of sound in a steel rod.
Data

y -2.07 x 10 11 Pa p - 7800 kg/m 3

Unknown

V=?

Formula

V' = z
p
p

Development

2.07 x 10 11 N/m 2 v 1 7800 kg/m 3

V = 5151.54 m/sec

Unit Analysis:

N
kg m . m
2 3
m Number sec 2 m2 m
kg
- 1 kg m 2 kg

V sec 2 sec

1
3
2
22-3. What is the speed of sound in air (
u = g/mol and J = 1.4) in a

day when the temperature is 30 ºC? Use the formula

approach to verify this result.

Data

u = 29 g/mol

T ºC = 30 ºC

5 =1.4
R = 8.31 1/mol ºK

Unknown

V=?

Formula

V' = 3 RT
iH

Development

(1.4)(8.311/mol ºK) K
(30 + 273)
0.029 kg/mol

V = 348.64 m/sec

1
3
3
22-3. The speed of longitudinal waves in a rod of a certain metal whose
3
density is 7850 kg/m has been measured at 3380 m/sec. What is

Young's modulus for that metal? If the frequency of the waves in

problem 22.4 is 312 Hz. What is the wavelength?

Data

V = 3380 m/sec p = 7850 kg/m 3 fn = 312 Hz

Unknowns

Formulas

4l nV
An = , fn =
n
—
n 4l

Development

Z=pV2 (1)(3380 m/sec)

41
1
y = (7850 kg/m 3 )(3380 m/sec) 2 312 1
sec
4l = 10.83 m
y = 2653300 N/m 2
10.83m
4=nV Z
fn n1

22-7. A sound wave is sent by a ship to Zn = 10.83 m

the bottom of the sea, where it is reflected and returns. If the round trip

takes 0.6 sec. How deep is the ocean floor? Consider that the
9
volumetric modulus of the extra water is 2.1 x 10 Pa, and that its

density is: 1030 kg/m 3

1
3
4
Data

t = (0.6 sec)/2

B = 2.1 x 10 9 Pa

p = 1030 kg/m 3

Unknown

d=?

Formulas

V = BV = d pp t

Development

V
J._______ ' ,, V = 1427.87 m/sec
1030kg/ m3

V=d Vt = d
t

d = (1427.87 m/sec)(0.3 sec)

d = 428.36 m

1
3
5
22-9. Find the fundamental frequency and the first three overtones for a

20 cm tube at 20 ºC, closed at one end.

Data l = 20 cm T = 20 ºC Unknowns f 1 = ?
f3=?

f5=?

f7=?

V=?

Formulas

V
= (331 m/sec). V 273 ºK

nV fn = —
41 f 3 = 3 (f 1 ), f 5 = 5 (f 1 ), f 7 = 7(f 1 )

Development

ºK f5 = 3 (428.63 Hz), f5 = 2143.15 Hz

V' = (331 m/sec), º , V' = 342.91ff=/7e(428.63 Hz), f7 = 3000.41 Hz

273K

(1)(342.91 m/sec)
1 F. = 428.63Hz
4 (0.20 m) f 3 = 3
(428.63 Hz). f3 = 1285.91 Hz

22-11. What length of open tube would produce a fundamental frequency

from 356 Hz to 20 ºC?

Data f 1 = 356 Hz

T = 20ºC

Unknown

l=?

Formulas

1
3
6
V
= (331 m/sec),
273ºK

nV
fn = —
2l

Development

20 + 273ºK
V — (331 m/sec), V 273 ºK

V = 342.91 m/sec

2l — nV
fn

(1)(342.91 m/sec)
356 1/sec

2l = 0.9632 m

0.9632 m
2

l = .4816 m

l = [Link]

1
3
7
22-13. The second overtone of a closed tube is 1200 Hz at 20 ºC.

What is the length of the tube?

Data f 5 = 1200 Hz

T = 20ºC

Unknown

l=?

Formulas
T
V = (331 m/sec),
and
273ºK
nV fn =
4l
Development

,(20 + 273 ºK)

V
= (331 m/sec),
273ºK

V = 342.91 m/sec

4l = 5V
f5

5 1342.91 m/sec
1200 1/sec

4l = 1.428 m

1,428 m
4

l = 0.357 m

l = 35.7cm

1
3
8
22-15. We have 2 tubes 3
m long, one open and the other closed.

Compare the fourth overtone wavelength of each tube at 20°C.

Data

T = 20ºC

Unknowns

? ^ Closed tube

/5 = ? ^ Open tube

Formulas

T
V = (331 m/sec).
At 273ºK
at 4l n ~ n to 2l
n~n
Development

V = (331 m/sec), /(20+ 273 ºK) sec),

273ºK

V = 342.91 m/sec

2 2(3m)
55
=
Ae = 1.2
m

at 4(3 m)
2o = 1.33
9- 9
m

1
3
9
22-17. The intensity of a sound is 6 x 10 -8 w/m. What is the intensity level?

Data

I 1 = 6 x 10 -8 W/m 2

I 0 = 1 x 10 -12 W/m 2

Unknown dB = B = Formula

I1
dB = 10 log
I2

Developm
ent
' 6 x 10-8W/m2 )
B = 10
log v 1 x 10-12 W/m j

B = 47.78 dB

1
4
0
22-19. What is the intensity of a 40 dB sound?

Data

B = 40 dB

I 0 = 1 x 10 -12 W/m
2

Unknown

I1=?

Formula

I1
dB = 10 log
I2

Developm
ent
Yo
dB
log 1
10 Yo

10dB - 1
10 I

dB
210 1

I = (1 x 10-12 W/m2) I 40dB)

10 10 )

1
4
1
22-21. Calculate the intensity levels for sounds of 1 x 10 -6 w/m 2 , 2 x

10 -6 w/m 2 , 3 x 10 -6 W/m 2

Data

a) I 1 = 1 x 10 -6 W/m 2

b) I 1 = 2 x 10 -6 W/m 2

c) I 1 = 3 x 10 -6 W/m 2

I 0 = 1 x 10 -12 W/m 2

Unknown

a) B = ?

b) B = ?

c) B = ?

Formula

Yo
dB = 10 log 1
I2

Development

1 x 10 -6 W/m 2
10 B60dB
a) B log ( ___19.... 9)
-12 2
1 x 10 W/m

-6 2
b) B = 10 log (É,) B = 65.01 dB
-12 2
1 x 10 W/m

c) B = 10 log x 10 WIm, B = 64.77 dB

1 x 10 -12 W/m 2

22-23. A 0.3 W source is located 6.5 m from an observer. What is the intensity

1
4
2
 and intensity level of the sound heard at this distance?

Data

P = 3.0W

r = 6.5 m

Unknowns

I=?

B=?

Formulas

I-P
TO A-4nr2

I dB - 10 log -1
I2

Development

3.0 W (4)( n )(6.5 m) 2

I = 5.65 x 10 -3 W/m 2

/ -3 2N
5.65 x 10 3W/m2
B - 10 ^ 1 x 10 -12 W/m 2 J
log
B = 97.5 dB

1
4
3
22-25. The intensity level 6 m from a source is 80 dB. Which is the

intensity level at a distance of 15.6m from the same source?

Data

B = 80 dB

r1=6m

r2 = 15.6 m

I2 0 = 1 x 10 -12 w/m

Unknown

B2=?

Formulas

I dB =
10 log 1
I2 22
11 22

Development

I = 10 dB = I
2
10

। , -12 ,, 2.(.. 80dB

L
1
- (1 x 10 -W/m) I 10
v 10

L - 1 x 10 -4 W/m 2

(1 x 10 -4 W/m 2 )(6 m) 2
2
(15.6m) 2

I - 1 .47 x 10 -5 W/m 2

1.47 x 10 -5 W/m 2
B 2 - 10 log( B2 - 71.67 dB
1 x 10 -12 W/m 2

1
4
4
22-27. A car sounds a horn at 560 Hz while moving rapidly at 15 m/sec, first

approaching a stationary listener and then moving away from him

with the same speed. What are the frequencies that the listener

hears?

Data

f Source = 560
Hz
V Source = 15
m/sec
V Sound = 343 m/sec

V Listener = 0
m/sec
Unknow
n
F 1listener = ? When you
approach
F 2listener = When he
moves away
Formula

'listener' source TO
V: +
VI listener sound V v,
t
sound - source
Developm \/
ent
( 343 m/sec ____)
F
= 560Hz (343 m/sec-15 m/sec)
1listener
F
= 585Hz
1listener

( 343 m/sec
f
2listener = 560 Hz Yo
(343 m/sec-15 m/sec)
F
= 537.6Hz
.
2listener

1
4
5
/N
22-29. A train moving at 20 m/sec blows a whistle at 300 Hz as it passes a
V+
SAW
stationary
listener sound observer. What are the frequencies that the observer hears
V v, .
sound- source
when the train passes?
\ 7

Data

V Source = 20
m/sec

f Source = 300 Hz
V Listener = 0 m/sec

V Sound = 343 m/sec

Unknown

F 1listener = ? When you approach

F 2listener = When you pass by

him

F 3listener = When he moves away

Formula

'listener' source

Developm
ent
( 343 m/sec
f
1listener = 300 Yo
Hz ^ 343 m/sec-20 m/sec 7
f
1listener = 319
Hz
' 343 m/sec )
f
2listener = 300 Hz ^ 343 m/sec
7

f
2listener = 300
Hz

1
4
6
1
4
7
 ( 343 m/sec
f
300Hz
3listener . 343 m/sec -1-20 m/sec)

f
283.2Hz
3listener

1
4
8
 22-31. An ambulance is traveling north at 15 m/sec. Its siren has a frequency

of 600 Hz at rest. A car is moving south at 20 m/sec in the direction of the

ambulance. What frequencies

listen to the car driver before and after your

vehicle passes next to the

ambulance?
Data

V Source = 15
m/sec
F source = 600
Hz
V Listener = 20
m/sec
V Sound = 343 m/sec

Unknow
n
F 1listener
=?
F 2listener
=?
Formula

()
Vsonide •
'listener' Yoysnte I VV,
source sound-source
\

Developm J.
ent
343 m/sec + 20 m/sec ^
¿
f
1listener = 300 Hz K 343 m/sec-15 m/sec)

f
1listener = 664
Hz

F
= 300Hz
( 343 m/sec — 20 m/sec f
2listener = 541.6 Hz
2listener )^ 343 m/sec-1-15 m/sec)
—------;---- ----— ;

1
4
9
22-33. A train Vf sound source
fountain F whistle at 500 Hz is heard by an observer
listener
stationary with a frequency of 475 Hz. What is the speed of the train?

Is it moving toward or away from the observer?

Data
V Listener = 475 Hz
V Source = 500 Hz
V Sound = 343 m/sec
Unknown

V source = ?
Formula
Vf sound
source
listener V v
sound - source
Development

F listener (V sound -V source ) = V sound f

source

vg
sound

Vf
V _ source sound , V
+V
fountain F sound
listener
(343 m/sec)(500Hz)
V, . = + 373 m/sec
fountain 475Hz

V - — 391 m/sec + 373

m/sec
V
fo
nt
— 18.05 m/sec A The train is moving away from the
observer

1
5
0
 UNIT III

OPTICS
VII. LIGHT AND LIGHTING

Light and Quantum Theory

C=d
t

Where:

C = Speed of light in vacuum, meter , m second sec

f = Frequency, Hertz, Hz

A = Wavelength, Meter, m

d = Distance, Meter, m

t = Time, second, sec

E = hf

1
5
1
 hC
R

Where:

E = Photon energy, Joule, J

h = Plach constant, Joule. Second, [Link]

f = Photon frequency, Hertz, Hz

c = Speed of light in vacuum, meter , m second sec

A = Wavelength of photons, Meter, m

Q=A
S R2

Where:

Q = Solid angle, steradians, sr

A = Surface, (Meter) 2 , m 2

R = Distance from source, Meter, m

Where:

I = Luminous intensity, Candela, cd

F = Luminous flux, lumen, lm

Q = Solid angle, steradians, sr

Where:

E = Illumination, lux, lx

F = Luminous flux, lumen, lm

1
5
2
A = Surface, (Meter) 2 , m 2

1
5
3
33-1. An infrared spectrophotometer scans wavelengths from 1

up to 16 μm. Express this range in terms of the frequencies of the

infrared rays.

Data

= 16 μm

C = 3 x 10 8 m sec

Unknowns

f1=?

f2=?

Formula

Development

3 x 10 8 m sec
1 x 10 -6 mf, = 3 x 1014 Hz
f1

3 x 10 8 m sec ;
2 16 x 10 -6m
f2 = 1.875 x 1013 Hz
33-3. A microwave

radiator used to measure the speed of automobiles emits radiation

whose frequency is 1.2 x 10 9 Hz. What is the wavelength?

Data

1
5
4
f = l.2 x 10 9 Hz, C = 3 x 10 8 m sec

Unknown

A =?
Formula

C = fA
Development

3 x 10 8 m
9 sec
2

l.2 x 10 9 Hz

2 = 0.25m

1
5
5
 -3
33-5. If the Planck constant h is equal to 6.626 x 10 [Link], what is the

energy of a light whose wavelength is 600 mm?

Data

h = 6.626 x 10 -34 J. sec

A = 600nm

C = 3 x 10 8 m sec

Unknown

E=?

Formula

hC
EX

Development

(6.626 x 10 -34 J. sec) (3 x 10 8 m ) sec

(600 x 10 -9 m)

E = 3.313 x 10 -19 J

1
5
6
33-7. The frequency of yellow-green light is 5.41 x 10 14 Hz. Express the

wavelength of that light in gauges and angstroms.

Data

f = 5.41 x 10 14 Hz

C = 3 x 10 8 m
sec

Unknowns

a) A = in nm? nm= 10 -9 m

b) A = in A? A = 10 -10 A

Formula

C=fA
Development

a) A = C
F

3x108m

A= sec
5.41 x 10 -14Hz

A = 5.54528 x 10 -7 m

A = 5.54528 x 10 -7 m x 10 9 nm

A = 5.54528 x 10 2 nm

b) A = 5.54528 x 10 -7 x 10 10 A

A = 5.54528 x 10 3 A
33-9. The sun is approximately 93 million miles from the earth.

How long does it take for the light emitted by the sun to reach us?

on earth?

Data

1
5
7
a = 93 x 10 6 mi

tmi = 1609 m

C = 3 x 10 8 m sec

Unknown

t=?

Formula

C
=d 1

Development

t=8
93 x 106 x 1609 m
=
3x108m
sec

t =438.79 sec

t = 8.31 min

33-11. The light that reaches us from the closest star, Alpha Centauri, takes

4.3 years to travel. What is that distance in miles? And in kilometers?

Data

t = 4.3 years

C = 3 x 10 8 m sec

1 year = 12 months

1 month = 30 days

1 day = 24 hours

1 hour = 60 minutes

1 minute = 60 seconds

1 minute = 160 km

1
5
8
1km = 1000m

Unknown

a) d in miles = ?

b) d in km?

Formula
C
=4

Development

a) d= Ct

d = (3 x 10 8 m ) (4.3)(12)(30)(24)(60)(60 sec) sec

d = 4.0124 x10 16 m

d = 4.0124 x 10 13 km

b) d = 4.0124 x 10 16 x 1 m
1609
y
d = 2.4937 x 10 13 mi

1
5
9
33-13. A spacecraft sends a signal that takes 20 minutes to reach Earth. How

far is the spaceship from earth?

Data

t = 20 min

tmin = 60 sec

C = 3 x 10 8 m
sec

Unknown

Formula

Development

d = Ct

d = (x 10 8 m )(20)(60 sec) sec

d = 3.6 x 10 11

1
6
0
33-15. A point light source is placed 15 cm from a 6 cm ruler arranged in a

vertical position. Calculate the length of the shadow cast by the ruler

on a wall that is 40 cm from it.

Data

d1 = 15cm

h 1 = 6 cm

d2 = 40cm

Unknown

h2=?

Formula
h
h= 2
d1 d1 + d2

Development

(h 1 ) x (d 1 + d)
h2 =
-----------d---------

(6cm) (15cm + 40cm)

2 15cm

h, = 22 cm

1
6
1
33-17. Light from a light source 40 mm in diameter passes through a small

hole made in the top of a cardboard box placed 2 m from the source.

What is the diameter of the image that is formed at the bottom of the

box if its height is 60 mm?

Data

h1 = 40mm

d1=2m

d2 = 60mm

Unknown

h2=?

Formula

h = h2
d1d2

Development

hxd
h2
d1

(40mm) (60mm) h2 “ (2)(1000)mm

ha = 1.2 mm
33-19. What is the solid angle subtended at the center of a sphere of

1
6
2
 3.2 m in diameter for an area of 0.5 m 2 located on its surface?

Data

D = 3.2m

A = 0.5 m 2

Unknown

Ω=?

Formula

TO
R2 ,

Development

0.5 m 2
" 3.2 m } 2
2

Ω = 0.1953 sr

1
6
3
33-21 A 81/2 x 11 cm sheet of metal is illuminated by a light source placed 1.3

m directly above the sheet. What is the luminous flux that falls on the

metal if the source has an intensity of 200 cd? What is the total

luminous flux emitted by the light source?

Data

A = 8cm x 11cm
2

R = 1.3m

I = 200 cd

Unknown F = ?

Formula

TO
R2

Development

a) F = IΩ

F=IAR2

F = (2000 d) (8.5 x 10 -2 m)(11 x 10 -2 m ) (1.3 m) 2

F = 1.1065 lm

b) F = I 4 π

F = (200 cd) (4 π); F = 2513.27 lm

33-23. What is the illumination produced by a 200 cd source on a surface

placed 4.0 m away?

Data

1
6
4
I = 200 cd

R = 4m

Unknown

E=?

Formula

Development

200 cds
(4m) 2

E = 12.5 hours

1
6
5
33-25. The cover of a 1 m wide table is 4.0 m away from a lamp. If 40 lm of

flux affects this surface. What is the illumination E of the surface?

Data

a=1m

l=2m

R = 4m

F=40lm

Unknown

E=?

Formula

E = F, A = axl
TO

Development

40lm
1m x 2m

E = 40 l

1
6
6
33-27. A point light source is located in the center of a sphere 70 mm in

diameter. There is a hole in the surface of the sphere through which the

flow can pass through a solid angle of 0.12 sr. What is the diameter of

that opening?

Data

70mm
2

Ω = 0.12 sr

Unknown

D=?

Formula

Q=A A- x D 2
4
R2 '
Development

D2
7- - - -
Q =4
“
R2

D2 = 4 ( 92
R2
)
7

4QR2
D = Vit

(4)(0.12)(35mm) 2
D=V Item

D = 13.68mm

VIII. SPARE PARTS AND MIRRORS

FLAT MIRRORS

1
6
7
P=q

Where:

P = Object distance

q = Image distance

0 I= 0 R

Where:

0 I = Angle of incidence

0 R = Angle of reflection
. _R
VC = R; VF = FC = 2* Mirror focus

Concave mirror

_R
VC = R; VF = FC = R
2

convex mirror

Where:

C = Center of mirror

V = Vertex of mirror

F = Mirror focus

f=R
2

Where:

f = Focal length, centimeters, cm

R = Mirror radius

MIRROR EQUATION

Physics II Notes 1
— 27

1
6
8
 — 33
— 34
200 g (1 cal -1 40
12 = 22 61
2 V2 61
K - _Tfio_ 83
V- 94
An 109
9- 9 138
t=8 156
Q= 4 165
“ 165
a) --, 169
-+ 176
e2
= 183
e3
= 183
22 —
185

Where:

p = Distance to object, centimeters, cm

q = Distance to image, centimeters, cm

R = Mirror radius, centimeters, cm

f = Focal length, centimeters, cm

u = amplification

y ' = Image size, centimeters, cm

y = Object size, centimeters, cm

Convention of signs

1. p is positive for real objects, and negative for virtual objects.

2. q is positive for real images, and negative for virtual images.

1
6
9
 3. R is positive for mirrors concave, and negative for

Mirrors

convex.

4. f is positive for mirrors concave, and negative for

Mirrors

convex.

5. μ is positive for image in normal position (right), and negative

a Ch d
for an inverted image. a = cb = d
bdac

34-1. A man 1.80 m tall is 1.2 m from a large plane mirror. How tall will your

image be? What distance is there between

him and his image?

Data

P1 = 1.80 m

P2 = 1.2 m

Unknowns

a) q 1 = ?

b) q 2 = ?

Formula

P=q

Development

a) q 1 = 1.8 m

b) q2 = 1.2 m

1
7
0
34-5. A lamp 3 cm high is placed 20 cm from the front of a concave mirror that

has a radius of curvature of 15 cm. You calculate the nature, size

and location of the corresponding image. Make a diagram of the

path of the light rays.

Data

y = 3cm

p = 20cm

R = 15cm

Formulas

and
q
And p

112
pqR

Development

1 2 1 1 2P-R
a) - - , - -----
q R p q RP

PR
q ----------
2P-R

(15cm)(20cm)
2(20cm)-15cm

q - 12cm

b) y-Py

and— —( 12 cm )(3 cm); y ' - -1.8 cm ^ The actual image

20cm

1
7
1
34-7. A pencil 8 cm long is placed 10 cm from a diverging mirror that has a

radius of 30 cm. Determine the nature, size and location of the image that is

formed. Draw the ray path diagram.

Data

V = 8 cm p = 10 cm R = 30 cm Unknown and ' = ?

q=?

Formulas y 'eq yp

112
Development -+- = —
pqR
Rp q =
2p-R

(30cm) (10cm)
q = 2(10 cm) - 30 cm q = 6 cm

, (-6cm)
y
'= (cm)
10cm

'
y = 4.8 cm

The image is virtual

1
7
2
34.9. An object 5 cm high is placed halfway between the focal point and the

center of curvature of a concave spherical mirror that

It has a radius of 30 cm. Calculate the location and amplification of

the

image.

Data

y = 5cm

R = 30cm

f = 15cm

p = 22.5cm

Unknowns

q=?

u= ?

Formulas

1 12 pqR

Development

Rp
q=
2p-R

(30cm)(22.5cm)
q " 2(22.5cm)-30cm

q = 45cm

45cm
u =------------ u = -2
22.5cm

34-11. How far from a concave spherical mirror of radius 30 cm

Should an object be placed so that an amplified inverted image is

1
7
3
 formed 60 cm from the mirror?

Data

R = 30 cm q = 60 cm Unknown p = ?
Formula

1 12 pqR

Development

12
-+—= pR

1 2q-R
p Rq

p = Rq
29-R

(30cm)(60cm)
2 (60cm)-30cm

p = 20cm

34-13. What is the magnification of an object that is placed 10 cm from a

mirror whose image is not inverted and appears to be located 40 cm

behind the mirror? Is the mirror divergent or convergent?

Data

p = 10cm

q = 40cm

Unknown

u= ?

Formula

1
7
4
Development

40
10 u = -4

The mirror is divergent

1
7
5
34-15. A concave shaving mirror has a focal length of 520

mm. At what distance should an object be placed so that the image

does not appear inverted and is twice its real size?

Data

f = 520mm

u= 2

Unknown

p=

Formulas

1 11 pqf

Development

Physics II Notes...............................................................................................1
—..............................................................................................................................27
—...........................................................................................................................33
—.......................................................................................................................34
200 g (1 cal -1......................................................................................................40
12 = 22...........................................................................................................61
2 V2................................................................................................................61
K - _Tfio_........................................................................................................83
V -.................................................................................................................................94
An...........................................................................................................................109
9- 9................................................................................................................138
t=8.......................................................................................................................156
Q= 4........................................................................................................165

1
7
6
 “....................................................................................................................165
a) - - ,..........................................................................................................169
-+.....................................................................................................................176
e2
=.......................................................................................................................183
e3
=.......................................................................................................................183
22 —..............................................................................................................185

f = 2p

520mm
p = 260mm
p
= —2—
34-17. An object is placed 12 cm from the surface of a spherical mirror. If a

non-inverted image of one-third the size of the object is formed. What

is the radius of the mirror? Is the mirror converging or divergent?

Data

p = 12cm

"=3

Unknown

R=?

Formulas

1 12 pqR

Development

1
7
7
M p = -q , q = - M p

- /1N _ .
q=-
3 12 cm, q = -4 cm

112q + p 2 pq R
-+
; —=— ; —=77
pq R pq R q + p 2

R = pq (2); R (12cm)(-4cm)
q+p; 4cm + 12cm

R = -6 cm… The mirror is convex

1
7
8
 IX. REFRACTION

REFRACTION

Where: n = Refractive index

C = Speed of light in vacuum, meter , m second sec

Snell's Law

n sin 6
=
n2 sin 6 2

V sin 62 = V2 sin 6,

Where:

n 1 = Refractive index of medium 1

6 1 = Angle of incidence

n 2 = Refractive index of medium 2

6 2 = Angle of refraction

V 1 = Speed of light in medium 1, meter , m second sec

V 2 = Speed of light in medium 2, meter , m second sec

n2
sin 6 c
n1
Where:

6 c = Critical angle

1
7
9
n 2 = Refractive index of light in medium 2

n 1 = Refractive index of light in medium 1

a = n2
2 nl

Where:

A = Wavelength of light in the medium 1, m m

A = Wavelength of light in the medium, 2, m

n 2 = Refractive index of light in medium 2

n 1 = Refractive index of light in medium 1

q n2

pn 1

Where:

q = Apparent depth, meter m

p = actual depth, meter m

n 2 = Refractive index of light in medium 2

n 1 = Refractive index of light in medium 1

1
8
0
 8 m
35-1. The speed of light in a certain transparent medium is 1.5 x 10 ,
sec

What is the refractive index in said medium?

Data

V = 1.6 x 10 8 m sec

C = 3 x 10 8 m sec

Unknown

n=?

Formula

Development
3x108m
n -________sec
1.5 x 10 8 m sec

n = 1,875

1
8
1
35-3. Calculate the speed of light
in (a) crown glass, (b) diamond, (c) water, and (d) alcohol.

Data

(a) n = 1.52

(b) n = 2.42

(c) n = 1.33

(d) n = 1.36

C = 3 x 10 8 m sec

Unknown

V=?

Formula

Development

3x108m

(a) V =-------sec - 1.97 x 108m

1.52 sec

3x108m

(b) V sec
= 1.24 x108 m
2.42 sec
3x108m

(c) V sec
= 2.26 x 10 8 —
1.33 sec
3x108m

(d) V sec
= 2.21 x108m
1.36 sec

1
8
2
35-5. The incident light has an angle of 37° when it passes from the air to the
glass

of rock (n = 1.6). What is the angle of refraction inside the glass

of rock?

Data

3 1 = 37° n 1 = 1 n 2 = 1.6 Unknown 3 2 =?

Formula n, sin 3 = n2 sin 3

Development

neither
— sin 3
n
2 ’
3
3
n
1 ) sin 1
2= sen )

/.N
1
sen 1 sin 37°
1.6
Yo /

1
8
3
35-7. Light passes from water (n= 1.33) to air. The beam leaves the air at an

angle of 32º with the horizontal surface of the water. Which is the

angle of incidence inside the water?

Data

n 1 = 1.33

n2 =1

e 2 = 32º

Unknown

e1=?

Formula
n

sin 6.= —
É sin 6
1n1 2

Development

e = sin ( 2 sin 6 )
1

n1 2

1 1
( sin 32º)
e = sin 1.33

6=23°28‘49"

1
8
4
35-9. A ray of light coming from air strikes water (n = 1.33) at an angle of 60º.

After passing through the water, it enters the glass (n = 1.5) and finally

emerges again into the air. Calculate the angle of

exit.

Data n 1 = 1 n 2 = 1.33 e 2 = 60º n 3 = 1.5 n 4 = 1 Unknown e 4 = ?

Formula n sin e

1 = n2 sin e 2

Development n sin e
1 = n2 sin e 2

e2
= sen

Analogously

e3
= sen
1
2 sen e
In3

In addition

1
8
5
 (n, nj sin ®
64 - sen' \ 4

with what

1(( 1.5 -11.33 ^r -i 1 _N) sin

64 = sin 1
I — sin sen --------sen sen
60° I
))
1 1.5 N 1.33
\N 1
e, = 60°

1
8
6
35-11. The wavelength of sodium light is 589 nm in air.

Calculate its wavelength in glycerin.

Data

^ = 589 nm n 1 = 1
n2 = 1.47

Unknown

Formula

A, ng
x
2 n1

Development

A n— / 2 n 2
An
elev
22 en
— n2
(589nm)(1)
2
1.47

2 — 400.68nm
35-13. A beam of light has a wavelength of 5600 nm in air. What is the

wavelength of this light when it penetrates glass (n = 1.5).

Data

1
8
7
^ = 600 nm n 1 = 1

n2 = 1.5

Unknown

Formula

A, ng
x
2 n1

Development

A n— / 2 n 2

A n 11
n2

(600nm)(1)
/~-----------------------
2
1.5

2 — 400nm
35-15. A ray of monochromatic light, whose wavelength is 400 nm, enters

medium A at an angle of 30º with respect to the boundary

from another medium B. If the ray is refracted at an angle of 50º.

Which

is its wavelength in medium B?

1
8
8
Data

A = 400nm

0 1 = 30º

e 2 = 50º

Unknown

Formula

V sin 6 2 = V2 sin 6 2

V = A f, V = A f

Development

A f sin 6 2= A f sin 0 2

A sin 02 = A sin 0 2

A sin 0 2

sin 6 1

(400 nm) sin 50 °

sen 30

1
8
9
A = 612.84nm

1
9
0
35-17. The critical angle for a given medium relative to air is

of 40º. What is the refractive index of that medium?

Data

e c = 40º

n2 =1

Unknown

n1=?

Formula
n2
sin 6 c
n1

Development
n2
n1
sin 6 c
1
nor
1
=--------
0
sin 40

n, = 1,556

1
9
1
35-19 What is the critical angle relative to air for (a) diamond

(b), water and (c) ethyl alcohol?

Data n = 1
(a) n = 2.42

(b) n = 1.33 (c) n = 1.36 Unknown 6 c = ?

Formula
n
2
sen 6 n
1
Development
n
' 2'
n1
6c = sin \/

(a) e = sin - 1 _11 = 24024/26" c 12.42)

(b) e = sin - 1—1 = 48045112" c 11.33)

(c) 6 = sin-1 _11= 47019155"

c
11.36)

1
9
2
 x. LENSES AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

LENS MANUFACTURER'S EQUATION

/
1 - (n - TO
1 1
1) R, R,
\12/
Where: f = Focal length, centimeters, cm
n = Refractive index of the lens

R 1 = Left surface, centimeters, cm

R 2 = Right surface, centimeters, cm

R 1 or R 2 They are considered positive if the surface is curved outwards

(convex), and negative if the surface is curved inwards (concave).

f of a converging lens is considered positive, and is negative for a diverging

lens.

EQUATION OF LENSES AND MAGNIFICATION

1 +1=1 ; ,=y - —
• ; ; h
pqf And p

Where:

p = Object distance, centimeters, cm

q = Image distance, centimeters, cm

f = Focal length, centimeters, cm

1
9
3
u = Increase or amplification

y ' = Image size, centimeters, cm

y = Object size, centimeters, cm

Convention of signs

p is positive for real objects, and negative for virtual objects.

q is positive for real images, and negative for virtual images.

f is positive for converging lenses, and negative for divergent lenses.

y ' is positive for objects on the axis, and negative for images below the axis.

μ is positive for an image on the axis, and negative for an image below the

axis.

1
9
4
36-1. It is desired to construct a flat convex glass lens that has a

40cm focal length. What will be the radius of curvature of the

corresponding surface?

Data

f = 40cm

n = 1.50 R 2 = Infinity

Unknown

R=?

Formula

Physics II Notes...............................................................................................1
—..............................................................................................................................27
—..........................................................................................................................33
—.......................................................................................................................34
200 g (1 cal -1......................................................................................................40
12 = 22...........................................................................................................61
2 V2...............................................................................................................61
K - _Tfio_........................................................................................................83
V -.................................................................................................................................94
An...........................................................................................................................109
9- 9...............................................................................................................138
t=8.......................................................................................................................156
Q= 4........................................................................................................165
“...................................................................................................................165
a) - - ,..........................................................................................................169
-+....................................................................................................................176
e2
=.......................................................................................................................183
e3
=.......................................................................................................................183
22 —..............................................................................................................185

1
9
5
1 (n - 1)
- = - - -—> R - (n-1) f
fR

R = (1.50-1) 40 cm; R = 20cm

1
9
6
36-3. The concave surface of a planar concave lens has a radius of - 12 cm. What

is the focal length if the lens is made of a material whose refractive

index is 1.54?

Data

R2 = -12cm

n = 1.54 R 2 = Infinity

Unknown

f= ?

Formula
1 = (n 1) f
(
N
1
—+ R2
R1 )

Development

1
=(n-1); R1 -12cm
fR1 R= f (n-1)
-f(n-1) “ (1.54-1)

f= -22.2 cm

1
9
7
36-5. We have a converging glass lens like the one shown in

figure 36-8 a. The first surface has a radius of 15 cm and the radius

of the second surface is 10 cm. What is the focal length?

Data

R 1 = 15 cm R 2 = 10 cm n = 1.50 Unknown f = ?

Formula

1.1 f = (n - 1)I 1 N
~+
R,
2/
iri DEVELOPMENT 1
1
- (1.50 - 1)
I —— + ——
F I 15cm 10cm

1
10 cm + 15 cm) t 150 cm 2 c- J
- (1.50 - 1)

- (0.50)(0.1666 cm)

1 1
1
- 0.08333; F --- - - -1-------
F 0.08333 cm f = 12 cm

1
9
8
36-7. A plano-convex lens was obtained from crown glass (n = 1.52). Which

must be the radius of the convex superfoot if it is desired that the

focal length is 400 mm?

Data

n = 1.52
f = 400mm R2
=Infinity
Unknown

R1=?

Formula

f - (n - 1)
R A
1 2)

Development

1 1
- (n - 1)
“R) - R 1 = (n-1) f

R 1 = (1.52 – 1)(400 mm)

R 1 = (0.52)(400 mm)

1
9
9
R1 = 208mm

2
0
0
36-9. A plastic lens (n = 1.54) has a convex surface of 25 cm

radius and a concave surface of -70 cm. What is the distance

focal? Is it a converging or divergent lens?

Data n = 1.54

R1 = 25m

R2 = -70

Unknown f = ?

Formula

1,1 1
f= (n - 1)I -+
(R 1

Development

1 (1 1
1
- (1.54 - 1)I—— +-----1__
F I25cm -70cm

1
- (0.54)1 ' -70 cm + 25 cm)
—.—2
I -1750 cm 2 )

2
0
1
1 ________
1
- (0.54)(0.01388 cm)

1 _( 1 ^
—=-----------------
fI0.01388 cm)

f = 72cm

2
0
2
36- .[Link] object 8 cm high is 30 cm from a lens

thin convergent whose focal length is 12 cm. What are the

nature, size and location of the image formed?

Data

y= 8 cm

p= 30 cm

f= 12 cm

Unknowns

q= ?

and
,=

Formulas

1
a) +1 - 1
fqf

b) u = y 'e- q yp

Development

2
0
3
a) 1 + 1 -1
qf p

pf q. fp
fp q .
pf
(12 cm)(30 cm) q (30 cm-12 cm)

q = +20 cm

and
b) what
And p

y '=- qy P

, 20cm, ,
y ' = - - ---(8cm)
30 cm and ' = - 5.33 cm

:. The image is real but inverted

2
0
4
36-13. An object 50 mm high is placed 12 cm from a converging lens, whose

focal length is 20 cm. What are the nature, size and location of the

image?

Data

y= 50 mm or 5cm

p= 12 cm

f= 20 cm

Unknowns

q= ?

and
,=

Formulas

a) 1 = 1 _1
pqf

b) u = y 1- q yp

Development

a) 1 + 1 -1
qf p

pf fp
q= fp q .
pf

(20 cm)(12 cm) q 12 cm-20 cm q = - 30

and q
b)
And p

2
0
5
 qy

(-30)
and (5cm)
'= 12cm
y' = 12.5 cm

:. The image is virtual, not inverted

2
0
6
36-15. A light source is 600 mm from a converging lens whose
Focal length is 180mm. ray Plot an image by means of is the

diagrams. Which image is real distance of the image? The

or virtual?

Data

p = 60cm

f = 18cm

Unknown

q= ?

Formula

111
------— — pqf

Development

11 1
-+-=-— qf p

pf
fp

fp
pf
(18cm)(60cm) q
q = 25.7 cm (10 mm)
60cm-18cm

q = 257 mm :. The image is real

2
8
20
7
36-17. An object 6 cm high is placed 4 cm from a lens.

divergent meniscus whose focal length is -24 cm. What are the

nature, size and location of the image that is formed?

Data y = 6 cm p = 4 cm
f = -24 cm Unknown q= ?

and 1 = Formula

a) 1 -1 _ 1 pqf

b) and what and what

Development

a) 1 = 1 _1
pqf

11 1
------_ —
qf p

pf
=
q g
fp

(-24cm)(4cm)
-24cm-4cm

96

q = -3.42 cm

y
b) 'e- q y
And p

, -(-3.42cm)
y ' = —------------(6cm)
4 cm

and 3.42 cm (6 cm)

= 5.13cm
5 cm

2
0
8
y' = 5.13 cm, the image is virtual

2
8
20
9
36-19. An object placed 450 mm from a converging lens forms a real image

900 mm from said lens. What is the focal length of the lens?

Data

p = 45cm

q = 90 cm

Unknown

f=?

Formula

111
—+ — = -
pqf

Development

1 11
-----+ ------ ——
45cm 90cm f

0.02+0.01=0.03 x 10 = 0.3 m

f = +30 cm

:. The object is real because of the number obtained

2
1
0
36-21. A 20 cm pencil is placed on a diverging lens whose distance

focal is -10 cm. What is the amplification obtained?

Data

P = 20 cm f = -10 cm Unknowns q = ?

M=?

Formulas 1 11 pqf

a-qp

Development 111

pf fp

fp
pf

(-10cm)(20cm)
20cm - (-10cm)

-200
+ 200

q = -1; u = 20
—

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Q. AND. Tippens, 2001, Physics, concepts and applications; Ed. McGraw-Hill,

Mexico.

L = 1 x 10-8 W/m 2
3 = 2205’39"

2
1
1