PSIs Police Computer Science

Previous Year Mid-Term

Solved Paper

HC PRADEEP KUMAR
IT-LAB DPA, JK
 Table of Contents

1. Mid-Term Examination of PSIs of Batch No. 46 ............2

2. Mid-Term Examination of PSIs of Batch No. 47 ..........20

3. Mid-Term Examination of PSIs of Batch No. 48 ..........35

4. Mid-Term Examination of PSIs of Batch No. 49 & 50 ..52

5. Mid-Term Examination of PSIs of Batch No. 51 ..........65

6. 1st Semester Examination of PSIs of Batch No. 52 ......74

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 Mid-Term Examination of PSIs of Batch No. 46
Police Computer Science (Paper -XII)
(Theory) (Answer Key)

1. (A) What is Computer? What are its advantages and

disadvantages?
B) Outline advantages and disadvantages of Information
Technology? Write about the various Mobile Applications
used in Delhi Police. Shortly write a note on NIPUN (ELMS).

A computer is an electronic device that is designed to accept data,

process it, and produce output. It is a programmable machine that
performs various tasks and calculations according to a set of
instructions.

Advantages of a computer:

1. Increased productivity: Computers can perform tasks

much faster than humans, allowing people to be more
productive and efficient in their work.
2. Access to vast amounts of information: The internet has
made it possible to access vast amounts of information on
any topic, from anywhere in the world.
3. Improved communication: Computers have made
communication faster, easier, and more accessible, with tools
like email, instant messaging, and video conferencing.
4. Automation of repetitive tasks: Computers can automate
repetitive tasks, freeing up time for more creative and
strategic work.
5. Increased convenience: Computers have made many tasks
easier and more convenient, from online shopping to online
banking.
6. Speed and efficiency: Computers can process data at a very
high speed and can perform complex calculations quickly and
accurately.
7. Storage: Computers can store a vast amount of information,
which can be easily retrieved and analyzed.
8. Entertainment: Computers can provide a wide range of
entertainment options, such as video games, streaming
services, and social media.

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Disadvantages of a computer:

1. Cybersecurity risks: The widespread use of computers has

increased the risk of cyber-attacks, data breaches, and
identity theft, which can cause significant harm to
individuals and organizations.
2. Job loss: The automation of many jobs has led to job loss for
some workers.
3. Addiction: Increased screen time and internet addiction can
have negative impacts on mental and physical health.
4. Disconnection from the real world: Overreliance on
computers can lead to a disconnection from the real world
and real-life social interactions, which can have negative
impacts on relationships and well-being.
5. Health issues: Excessive computer use can lead to eye
strain, neck and back pain, and other health issues.
6. Dependency: As we become increasingly reliant on
computers, we may lose the ability to perform certain tasks
without them.
7. Social isolation: Spending too much time on computers can
lead to social isolation, as people may prioritize virtual
interactions over real-life relationships.
8. Cost: Computers can be expensive to purchase and
maintain, and the constant need to upgrade hardware and
software can add up over time.

Outline advantages and disadvantages of Information

Technology?

Information Technology (IT) has had a profound impact on our

lives and has brought about significant changes in the way we live,
work, and communicate. The following are some of the advantages
and disadvantages of IT:

Advantages of IT:

A. Increased efficiency and productivity: IT have enabled

automation of many tasks and processes, which has led to
increased efficiency and productivity.
B. Improved communication: IT has made communication
faster, easier, and more accessible, with tools like email,
instant messaging, and video conferencing.

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 C. Access to vast amounts of information: The internet has
made it possible to access vast amounts of information on
any topic, from anywhere in the world.
D. Enhanced decision-making: IT has provided decision-
makers with access to more and better data, which has
improved the quality of decision-making.
E. Increased convenience: IT has made many tasks easier and
more convenient, from online shopping to online banking.
F. Communication: IT has enabled faster and more efficient
communication through email, video conferencing, and
instant messaging, making it easier to stay connected with
people from all over the world.
G. Automation: IT has automated many business processes,
leading to increased efficiency and productivity.
H. Education: IT has revolutionized the way we learn, making
education more accessible and interactive.

Disadvantages of IT:

A. Cybersecurity risks: IT has increased the risk of cyber-

attacks, data breaches, and identity theft, which can cause
significant harm to individuals and organizations.
B. Job loss: IT has resulted in the automation of many jobs,
which has led to job loss for some workers.
C. Addiction: IT has led to increased screen time and internet
addiction, which can have negative impacts on mental and
physical health.
D. Dependence: With the increasing reliance on technology,
individuals and organizations may become overly dependent
on IT systems and may find it difficult to function without
them.
E. Job loss: The automation of many business processes
through IT has led to job loss in certain industries.
F. Disconnection from the real world: IT can lead to a
disconnection from the real world and real-life social
interactions, which can have negative impacts on
relationships and well-being.
G. Inequality: IT has widened the digital divide, with access to
technology and internet being limited for some communities,
leading to inequality in terms of access to information and
opportunities.

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 H. Social isolation: The overuse of IT systems can lead to social
isolation, as people may prioritize virtual interactions over
real-life relationships.
I. Environmental impact: The manufacture, use, and disposal
of IT equipment can have a negative impact on the
environment.

Delhi Police has been working towards improving its services

and making them more accessible to the public through the
use of technology. The following are some of the web and
mobile applications developed by Delhi Police:

A. Tatpar is a mobile application launched by the Delhi Police

in India with the aim of providing quick and easy access to
emergency police services. The app is designed to help
citizens in Delhi to report crimes, track their complaints, and
receive updates on police activities in their area.
Here is some additional information about the Tatpar app:
a. Services: The app provides access to several police
services, including reporting of crimes, sharing of
complaints, and tracking of complaints. The app also
offers updates on police activities in the user's area,
such as road closures, traffic congestion, and other law
and order situations.
b. Features: The app offers several features, including a
panic button that users can press in case of an
emergency. The app also has a feature that enables
users to report traffic violations, including parking
violations, reckless driving, and other traffic-related
offenses. Additionally, users can also use the app to
provide feedback on the quality of police services.
c. Availability: The app is available for download on both
Android and iOS devices, and it is free of charge.
d. User Interface: The app has a user-friendly interface,
which makes it easy to use. It also has a multilingual
interface, which allows users to choose their preferred
language.
e. Privacy: The app is designed to protect user privacy.
The app stores user data securely, and users can
choose to share their location with the police only when
they want to.

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 f. Service Area: The Tatpar app is specific to the Delhi
Police, and its services may not be available in other
regions.

Tatpar app is a useful tool for citizens in Delhi who want to

stay informed about police activities in their area and report
crimes or traffic violations quickly and easily. Its panic
button and traffic reporting features make it easier for users
to call for help in case of an emergency and report traffic
violations on the go.

B. Himmat Plus is a mobile application launched by the Delhi

Police in India. The app is an upgraded version of the
Himmat app, which was launched in 2015 with the aim of
providing safety and security to women in Delhi by enabling
them to call for help in case of an emergency.
Here is some additional information about the Himmat
Plus app:
a. Panic Button: The app has a panic button that users
can press in case of an emergency. When the panic
button is pressed, it automatically dials the emergency
number 112 and sends the user's location to the police
control room.
b. Himmat Plus Safe Travel: This feature allows users to
share their location with family or friends while
traveling. The app enables users to add emergency
contacts who will be notified in case of an emergency.
Users can choose the contacts they want to share their
location with, and the feature allows them to share their
location for a specific duration.
c. SOS Alert: In addition to the panic button, the app also
has an SOS alert feature that allows users to send a
distress message to the police control room. The
message includes the user's location and can be sent to
the police even if the phone is locked.
d. Shake to Call: The app also has a feature that enables
users to dial the emergency number 112 by shaking
their phone vigorously.
e. Multilingual Interface: The app has a multilingual
interface that allows users to choose their preferred
language. It currently supports Hindi and English.

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 f. Availability: The Himmat Plus app is available for
download on both Android and iOS devices, and it is
free of charge.
g. Service Area: The Himmat Plus app is specific to the
Delhi Police, and its services may not be available in
other regions.
Overall, the Himmat Plus app is a useful tool for women
in Delhi who want to feel safer while traveling. Its panic
button, location sharing, and distress message features
make it easier for women to call for help in case of an
emergency.
C. e-Lost Report: This web application allows citizens to
register complaints about lost or stolen documents,
including passports, PAN cards, and driving licenses.
D. e-FIR: This web application enables citizens to register First
Information Reports (FIRs) online, without having to visit a
police station.
E. Delhi Traffic Police: This website provides real-time traffic
updates, traffic violations, and road safety information to the
citizens of Delhi. Delhi Police Road Safety: This website
provides information and resources related to road safety,
including rules and regulations, awareness campaigns, and
accident reporting.
These web and mobile applications provide a convenient and
accessible way for citizens to interact with Delhi Police and
access its services.
F. Delhi Police Licensing Unit: This website provides
information about the various licenses issued by Delhi
Police, including arms licenses, private security agency
licenses, and explosives licenses.
G. YUVA: YUVA 2.0 (Ongoing Skill-Training): YUVA 2.0
Phase-II, there was a target to provide skill training to 10,000
youths in various job roles in the year 2023. Delhi Police
entered into a MoU singed on dated 30.04.2022 with the
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship ‘MSDE’
which will facilitate in channelizing the funds from the World
Bank under the “SANKALP SCHEME”. Delhi Police has
engaged 13 Training Partners ([Link]) for imparting the
vocational skill training to candidates enrolled for different
25 job roles/skills like Field Technician & Networking
Storage, Data Entry Operator, Front Office Executive, 4-
Wheeler drivers, Customer Care Executive, Makeup Artist,
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 Documentation Assistant, Emergency Medical Technician,
F&B steward, Pedicurist & Manicurist, Beauty Therapist,
Retail Sales Associate, FTCP etc.

In this phase of training total 14,040 candidates (Male-

5782 Female- 8258) have been enrolled so far on the SIP
portal of NSDC, out of which 11,211 candidates have already
completed their training at designated training centres
located in 70 Police Stations across Delhi by 13 TPs in 25
different job roles. As on Ist Week of December, 2023, the
assessment of 9,643 candidates have been done out of which
total 8,876 candidates have successfully passed their skill
training. Moreover, an additional 1050 targets have again
been allocated recently to the eligible TPs who have started
training of the candidates by creating new batches at various
police stations across Delhi. The YUVA 2.0 Project was to be
end by March, 2023 but timeline of the project has been
extended two times by NSDC, initially till December, 2023
and as of now till 28th February, 2024.
[Link]

H. NIPUN: NIPUN is an e-learning portal launched by the Delhi

Police in November 2018 to provide online training and
information to police personnel through specialized courses
designed by experts.
The portal was launched by Delhi Police Commissioner
Amulya Patnaik. The NIPUN website ([Link].
in) provides access to a range of resources for police
personnel, including study material, sample question
papers, manuals, and mobile apps. It also offers a "Test Your
Knowledge" section which allows users to test their
knowledge on various topics related to policing. Additionally,
there is a "How To Signup" page which provides instructions
on how to create an account on the NIPUN portal.
The NIPUN app is available for download on Google Play
Store, and it provides access to all of the same resources as
the website. The app also includes features such as
notifications and reminders for upcoming courses and exams

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2. What is Internet? What are its advantages and
disadvantages? What is software and hardware? Explain
with examples.

The Internet is a global network of computers connected to each

other through a common communication protocol, allowing the
exchange of information, resources, and services. It provides a
platform for billions of users to access and share information,
communicate, and transact business over a computer network.

Advantages of the Internet:

1. Access to vast information: The Internet provides access to

an enormous amount of information and knowledge from all
over the world.
2. Communication: The Internet has made communication
easier and faster through email, instant messaging, and
video conferencing.
3. Convenience: The Internet allows users to shop, bank, and
conduct business from the comfort of their own home.
4. Global Reach: The Internet provides businesses with a
global reach, allowing them to target customers from
anywhere in the world.
5. Speed and Efficiency: The Internet provides fast and
efficient communication and information exchange, allowing
users to communicate and share data quickly and easily.
6. Increased Productivity: The Internet provides a wealth of
tools and resources that can help increase productivity and
efficiency, such as email, collaboration tools, and project
management software.
7. E-commerce: The Internet provides a platform for
businesses to reach a global audience, increase their
customer base, and sell their products and services online.
8. Cost Savings: The Internet provides many cost-saving
opportunities, such as the ability to research products and
services before purchasing, compare prices, and save on
travel expenses by participating in virtual meetings.
9. Education and Learning: The Internet provides access to a
wealth of educational resources, including online courses,
tutorials, and educational videos, making learning and
personal development more accessible.

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 10. Social Connections: The Internet provides platforms for
people to connect with each other, form virtual communities,
and share their experiences and interests.

Disadvantages of the Internet:

1. Security: The Internet is vulnerable to cyber threats such as

hacking, malware, and phishing, which can lead to the loss
of sensitive information.
2. Addiction: The Internet can be addictive, and excessive use
can lead to social and psychological problems.
3. False Information: The Internet is a vast platform, and not
all information found on it is accurate or trustworthy.
4. Privacy: The Internet can compromise personal privacy, as a
user's personal information can be collected, shared, or sold
without their knowledge or consent.
5. Cybercrime: The Internet is vulnerable to various forms of
cybercrime such as hacking, phishing, identity theft, and
cyberstalking, which can result in loss of personal and
financial information.
6. Dependence on Technology: Over-reliance on the Internet
can lead to a decrease in critical thinking and problem-
solving skills, as well as a decrease in face-to-face
communication.
7. Increased Social Isolation: The Internet can lead to
increased social isolation, as people spend more time online
and less time interacting with others in person.
8. Cyberbullying: The Internet has made it easier for
individuals to engage in cyberbullying, which can have a
significant impact on the mental health of victims.

Software: Software refers to a set of instructions that a computer

uses to perform specific tasks. It is a set of programs and
applications that run on a computer and perform various
functions, such as word processing, data management, and
multimedia playback. Examples of software include Microsoft
Word, Adobe Photoshop, and Google Chrome.

Hardware: Hardware refers to the physical components of a

computer, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory
(RAM), storage (hard disk), input/output devices (keyboard,
mouse), and display devices (monitor).

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3. Write the short note on the following: -
i. Web Browser
ii. Cloud Computing
iii. Fire Wall
iv. Search Engine
v. IP Address
i. Web Browser: A web browser is a software application that
allows users to access, retrieve, and display content on the
World Wide Web. Examples of popular web browsers include
Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, and
Safari. Web browsers provide users with a graphical
interface to access the internet and allow them to interact
with websites, applications, and online services.
ii. Cloud Computing: Cloud computing refers to the delivery
of computing services—including servers, storage,
databases, networking, software, analytics, and
intelligence—over the internet to offer faster innovation,
flexible resources, and economies of scale. Users can access
these services through the internet and pay only for the
services they use, eliminating the need to invest in expensive
hardware and software.
iii. Firewall: A firewall is a security system that monitors and
controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on
predetermined security rules. It helps protect the private
internal network from unauthorized access by external
users and serves as a barrier between trusted internal
networks and untrusted external networks, such as the
internet. Firewalls can be hardware-based or software-
based, and they can be configured to enforce specific
security policies and prevent unauthorized access.
iv. Search Engine: A search engine is a software application
that allows users to search for information on the World
Wide Web. Examples of popular search engines include
Google, Bing, Yahoo, and Baidu. Search engines use
complex algorithms to index and categorize web pages,
making it easier for users to find the information they are
looking for.
v. IP Address: An IP address is a unique numerical label
assigned to each device connected to the internet or a local
network. It serves as an identifier for a device and enables
communication between devices on a network. IP addresses
can be either IPv4 (32-bit) or IPv6 (128-bit) and are used by
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 the internet's communication protocols to route traffic to its
destination.

4. (A)Write down the full form of the following:-)

a. ICMP b. INTRADP
c. TCP d. ISP
e. PROM f. EBCDIC
g. DHCP h. HTML
i. UPS j. ARPANET

(B) Differentiate between the following:

i. RAM & ROM
ii. E-mail & E-wallets
iii. CUI & GUI
a. ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
b. INTRADP - Internet of Delhi Police
c. TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
d. ISP - Internet Service Provider
e. PROM - Programmable Read-Only Memory
f. EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
Code
g. DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
h. HTML - Hypertext Markup Language
i. UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply
j. ARPANET - Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

i. RAM & ROM:

• RAM stands for Random Access Memory, while ROM

stands for Read-Only Memory.
• RAM is a type of computer memory that is volatile,
meaning it loses its data when power is turned off. ROM,
on the other hand, is non-volatile memory that retains its
data even when power is removed.
• RAM is used for temporary storage of data that is actively
being accessed by the computer's processor. It is used to
store program instructions and data during the execution
of tasks. ROM, on the other hand, contains firmware or
software instructions that are permanently written during
manufacturing and cannot be modified or erased by
normal computer operations.
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 • RAM allows for read and write operations, meaning data
can be both written to and read from it. ROM, however,
only allows for read operations. The data stored in ROM is
fixed and cannot be altered by the user.
• RAM is typically much faster in terms of data access
compared to ROM. This makes RAM suitable for storing
and accessing data that needs to be quickly retrieved by
the processor, while ROM is used for storing essential
system instructions and firmware.

E-mail & E-wallets:

• E-mail, short for electronic mail, is a method of exchanging

digital messages between users over the internet or other
computer networks. It allows individuals to send and receive
messages, files, and documents electronically.
• An e-wallet, also known as a digital wallet, is a software-
based system that securely stores payment information, such
as credit card details and bank account numbers. It allows
users to make electronic transactions and payments using
their stored payment information.
• E-mail primarily serves as a communication tool for
exchanging messages and files between individuals or
groups. It is used for various purposes, including personal
communication, business correspondence, and information
sharing.
• E-wallets, on the other hand, are primarily used for financial
transactions. They provide a convenient and secure way to
store payment information and make payments
electronically, either online or at physical point-of-sale
locations.
• While e-mail focuses on communication and message
exchange, e-wallets are designed to facilitate financial
transactions, such as online shopping, bill payments, and
money transfers.
• E-mail services are typically free to use, although some
providers offer premium features or ad-free versions for a fee.
E-wallets may or may not have associated fees depending on
the specific service or transaction.

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ii. CUI & GUI:

• CUI stands for Character User Interface, while GUI stands for
Graphical User Interface.
• CUI is a text-based interface where the user interacts with
the computer system by entering commands or text-based
inputs through a command line or terminal. It relies on text-
based commands and responses. GUI, on the other hand, is
a visual interface that uses graphical elements, such as
icons, windows, and menus, to enable user interaction.
• In CUI, users need to type specific commands to perform
tasks or execute programs. It requires familiarity with
command syntax and commands. GUI, on the other hand,
allows users to interact with the system using visual
elements, such as buttons and menus, without the need for
extensive knowledge of commands or programming.
• CUI is typically used in command-line environments or text-
based operating systems. It is often preferred by advanced
users or programmers due to its flexibility and direct control
over the system. GUI, on the other hand, is widely used in
modern operating systems and applications due to its user-
friendly nature and visual representation of tasks and
options.
• CUI can be more efficient for executing specific commands or
tasks quickly, especially for experienced users. GUI, however,
provides a more intuitive and visually appealing user
experience, making it easier for beginners or non-technical
users to navigate and interact with the system.

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 Feature RAM ROM
Definition Random Access Memory Read-Only Memory is a
is a type of computer type of computer memory
memory that can be that can only be read from.
accessed randomly.
Purpose RAM is used to store ROM is used to store data
data that is currently that is permanently
being used by the written to the device.
computer.
Speed RAM is much faster than ROM is much slower than
ROM. RAM.
Size RAM is typically much ROM is typically much
smaller than ROM. larger than RAM.
Security RAM is not as secure as ROM is much more secure
ROM. than RAM.
Cost RAM is typically more ROM is typically less
expensive than ROM. expensive than RAM.
Examples RAM is used to store the ROM is used to store the
operating system, BIOS, firmware, and other
programs, and data that data that is permanently
is being actively written to the device.
processed.

Feature Email E-wallet

Definition Email is a system for E-wallets are digital
exchanging digital
wallets that store your
messages. Emails are credit card, debit card,
sent from one user to and other payment
another, and can
information. E-wallets
include text, images, can be used to make
and other files. purchases online or in-
store.
Purpose Email is used to send E-wallets are used to
and receive messages. store payment
information.

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Security Email is not as secure E-wallets use encryption
as e-wallets. to protect your payment
information.
Convenience Email is more E-wallets are more
convenient than e- convenient than email
wallets. for making purchases
online or in-store.
Examples You can use email to You can use an e-wallet
send a message to a to make a purchase
friend or colleague. online.

Feature CUI GUI

Definition Command-Line Graphical User
Interface is a text- Interface is a visual
based interface that interface that allows
allows users to users to interact with a
interact with a computer by clicking
computer by typing on icons and buttons.
commands.
Purpose CUI is used to give GUI is used to make
users more control computers easier to
over their computer. use.
Ease of use CUI is more difficult to GUI is easier to use
use than GUI. than CUI.
Flexibility CUI is more flexible GUI is less flexible
than GUI. than CUI.
Customization CUI can be customized GUI cannot be
to meet the needs of customized to meet the
individual users. needs of individual
users.
Examples A CUI is often used by A GUI is often used by
experienced computer casual computer users
users who want to who want an easy way
have more control over to use their computer.
their computer.

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5. What is Central Processing Unit and Control Unit? Write
about the four primary functions of the CPU.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the primary component

of a computer that performs most of the processing tasks. It acts
as the "brain" of the computer, executing instructions and
performing arithmetic and logical operations. The Control Unit
(CU) is part of the CPU that manages the operations of the
computer, such as fetching and executing instructions, managing
memory and I/O (input/output) operations, and coordinating
communication between the different components of the
computer.

The four primary functions of the CPU are as follows:

1. Fetching Instructions: The CPU fetches the instructions

from memory to be executed. The CU retrieves these
instructions and sends them to the Arithmetic and Logic Unit
(ALU) for processing.
2. Decoding Instructions: The CPU decodes the instructions to
determine what operation needs to be performed. The CU
deciphers the instructions into commands that the ALU can
understand and execute.
3. Executing Instructions: The CPU executes the instructions
by performing the necessary operations. The CU manages the
execution of instructions by coordinating the work of the
ALU, memory, and input/output devices.
4. Storing Results: The CPU stores the results of the processing
tasks in memory. The CU is responsible for managing the
storage of results in memory, making sure that they are
accessible to other components of the computer as needed.

CPU and the Control Unit are essential components of a computer,

working together to perform the processing tasks required to
execute software programs and perform various computing tasks.

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6. Outline any 5 Data Storage Devices and how they work?
Define the term Network and outline the types of computer
networks.

Data storage devices are electronic devices that store digital data.
They come in various forms and capacities, ranging from small
USB flash drives to large enterprise-level storage arrays. The
working of different data storage devices is as follows:

1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) - An HDD is a non-volatile storage

device that stores data on spinning disks. Data is read and
written to the disk by a read/write head, which is mounted
on an arm. The disk rotates under the read/write head and
the data is stored magnetically on the disk surface.
2. Solid-State Drive (SSD) - An SSD is a type of non-volatile
storage that uses NAND-based flash memory to store data.
Unlike an HDD, an SSD has no moving parts, which makes
it faster and more reliable. Data is stored on interconnected
flash memory chips, which can be read and written to by the
controller of the SSD.
3. Optical Disk Drives - Optical disk drives use lasers to read
and write data to optical disks such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-
ray discs. The data is stored in a series of bumps and valleys
on the disk surface, which are read by the laser and
translated into digital data.
4. Magnetic Tape Drives - Magnetic tape drives use magnetic
tape to store data. Data is written to the tape by a write head
and read by a read head. The tape is moved past the
read/write head on a spinning drum, and data is stored
magnetically on the tape.
5. USB Flash Drives - USB flash drives are small, portable data
storage devices that use flash memory to store data. Data is
stored on interconnected flash memory chips, which can be
read and written to by the controller of the drive. USB flash
drives are commonly used for transferring data from one
computer to another or for storing data temporarily.

Computer Networks: A network is a collection of computers and

other devices that are connected together to allow the sharing of
resources and the exchange of data. There are several types of
computer networks, including:

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There are several types of computer networks, including:

1. Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN is a network that connects

computers and devices in a limited geographic area, such as
a home, school, office building, or a single campus.
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A MAN is a network that
covers a larger geographic area than a LAN, such as a city. It
provides a high-speed connection between LANs and other
networks.
3. Wide Area Network (WAN): A WAN is a network that covers
a large geographic area, such as a country or even the entire
world. WANs are used to connect LANs and other networks
to provide communication over long distances.
4. Wireless Network: A wireless network uses radio waves or
infrared signals to communicate between computers and
devices. This type of network is often used in homes, schools,
and offices where devices need to be connected without the
use of wires.
5. Storage Area Network (SAN): A SAN is a specialized, high-
speed network that provides block-level access to storage. It
is typically used in large enterprises to manage large amounts
of data.
6. Cloud Network: A cloud network is a network that is based
on the internet and provides access to shared computing
resources, such as servers, storage, and applications. It
allows users to access these resources from anywhere with
an internet connection.
7. Personal Area Network (PAN): A PAN is a small, wireless
network that connects personal devices, such as
smartphones, laptops, and tablets, to each other and to other
devices.
8. Virtual Private Network (VPN): A network that uses the
internet to connect remote devices securely. VPNs are often
used by Government/businesses to allow employees to
access company resources from remote location.

*****

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 Mid-Term Examination of PSIs of Batch No. 47
Police Computer Science (Paper -XII)
(Theory) (Answer Key)

1. What is Internet? What are its advantages and

disadvantages? What is software and hardware? Explain
with examples.

The Internet is a global network of computers connected to each

other through a common communication protocol, allowing the
exchange of information, resources, and services. It provides a
platform for billions of users to access and share information,
communicate, and transact business over a computer network.

Advantages of the Internet:

1. Access to vast information: The Internet provides access to

an enormous amount of information and knowledge from all
over the world.
2. Communication: The Internet has made communication
easier and faster through email, instant messaging, and video
conferencing.
3. Convenience: The Internet allows users to shop, bank, and
conduct business from the comfort of their own home.
4. Global Reach: The Internet provides businesses with a global
reach, allowing them to target customers from anywhere in the
world.
5. Speed and Efficiency: The Internet provides fast and efficient
communication and information exchange, allowing users to
communicate and share data quickly and easily.
6. Increased Productivity: The Internet provides a wealth of
tools and resources that can help increase productivity and
efficiency, such as email, collaboration tools, and project
management software.
7. E-commerce: The Internet provides a platform for businesses
to reach a global audience, increase their customer base, and
sell their products and services online.
8. Cost Savings: The Internet provides many cost-saving
opportunities, such as the ability to research products and

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 services before purchasing, compare prices, and save on travel
expenses by participating in virtual meetings.
9. Education and Learning: The Internet provides access to a
wealth of educational resources, including online courses,
tutorials, and educational videos, making learning and
personal development more accessible.
10. Social Connections: The Internet provides platforms for
people to connect with each other, form virtual communities,
and share their experiences and interests.

Disadvantages of the Internet:

1. Security: The Internet is vulnerable to cyber threats such as

hacking, malware, and phishing, which can lead to the loss of
sensitive information.
2. Addiction: The Internet can be addictive, and excessive use
can lead to social and psychological problems.
3. False Information: The Internet is a vast platform, and not all
information found on it is accurate or trustworthy.
4. Privacy: The Internet can compromise personal privacy, as a
user's personal information can be collected, shared, or sold
without their knowledge or consent.
5. Cybercrime: The Internet is vulnerable to various forms of
cybercrime such as hacking, phishing, identity theft, and
cyberstalking, which can result in loss of personal and
financial information.
6. Dependence on Technology: Over-reliance on the Internet
can lead to a decrease in critical thinking and problem-solving
skills, as well as a decrease in face-to-face communication.
7. Increased Social Isolation: The Internet can lead to increased
social isolation, as people spend more time online and less time
interacting with others in person.
8. Cyberbullying: The Internet has made it easier for individuals
to engage in cyberbullying, which can have a significant impact
on the mental health of victims.

Software: Software refers to a set of instructions that a computer

uses to perform specific tasks. It is a set of programs and
applications that run on a computer and perform various
functions, such as word processing, data management, and
multimedia playback. Examples of software include Microsoft
Word, Adobe Photoshop, and Google Chrome.

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Hardware: Hardware refers to the physical components of a
computer, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory
(RAM), storage (hard disk), input/output devices (keyboard,
mouse), and display devices (monitor). Examples of hardware
include Dell laptops, Apple iPhones, and Samsung Galaxy
smartphones.

Feature Software Hardware

Definition A set of instructions The physical components
that tells the hardware of a computer system.
what to do.
Examples Operating system, CPU, memory, storage
drivers, word devices, input devices,
processing software, output devices.
spreadsheet software,
games.
Purpose To manage the To allow users to interact
hardware and provide with the computer and to
basic services, and to see and hear the output
perform specific tasks. of the computer.
Location Stored on a hard drive Physically located inside
or other storage device. the computer.
Modification Can be modified by Cannot be modified by
users or by software users.
developers.
Cost Typically less expensive Typically more expensive
than hardware. than software.
Lifespan Can last for many Typically has a shorter
years, if properly lifespan than software.
maintained.

2. Write the short note on the following: -

a. Web Browser
b. Cloud Computing
c. Fire Wall
d. Search Engine
e. IP Address
a. Web Browser: A web browser is a software application that
enables users to access, retrieve and view web pages on the
Internet. Some of the most popular web browsers include
Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge and Apple
Safari.
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 b. Cloud Computing: Cloud computing refers to the delivery of
computing services such as servers, storage, databases,
networking, software, analytics and intelligence over the
internet ("the cloud") to offer faster innovation, flexible
resources and economies of scale.
c. Firewall: A firewall is a network security system that
monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic
based on predetermined security rules. Firewalls are
typically used to prevent unauthorized access to or from a
private network.
d. Search Engine: A search engine is a software application
that searches the Internet or other databases for information
that is relevant to a user's query. The most commonly used
search engines are Google, Bing, Yahoo and Baidu.
e. IP Address: An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a
numerical label assigned to each device connected to a
computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication. It serves two main functions: identifying the
host or network interface and providing the location of the
host in the network.

3. What do you understand by Hash Value? Describe in details

its importance in investigation of Cyber Crime Cases.

A hash value, also known as a hash, is a unique digital

fingerprint that represents a large amount of data, such as a file
or message. It is a fixed-length string of characters that is
generated through a mathematical algorithm, known as a hash
function.

The hash value is generated using a mathematical algorithm,

such as SHA-256 or MD5, which processes the data and produces
a fixed-length output. The hash value is typically represented as a
string of characters, such as hexadecimal or binary.

If even a single character in the original file or message

changes, the hash value generated from the modified data will be
different. This makes hash values useful for detecting tampering
or corruption of digital files, as well as for verifying the integrity of
digital signatures, verifying file transfers, and indexing data in
databases.

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Hash values play a crucial role in the investigation of cybercrime
cases as they help to identify and verify the integrity of digital
evidence. Here's how:

1. Digital Evidence Verification: Hash values provide a unique

identifier for digital files, allowing investigators to verify the
authenticity and integrity of the evidence. This means that if
any changes are made to the original file, the hash value will
change, alerting the investigator to potential tampering.
2. Evidence Tampering Detection: Hash values help to detect
if any changes have been made to the original file, even if the
changes are minor. This is because even a small change to
the file will result in a completely different hash value.
3. Evidence Authentication: Hash values can be used to
authenticate digital evidence as they provide a unique
identifier for the file. This allows investigators to confirm the
source of the evidence and ensure that it has not been altered
during the process of collecting and preserving the evidence.
4. Evidence Chain of Custody: Hash values can be used to
create a chain of custody for digital evidence, providing a
clear and transparent record of who has handled the evidence
and when. This helps to ensure that the evidence has not
been tampered with during transit.
5. Efficient Data Comparison: Hash values allow for efficient
comparison of large amounts of data. For example, if two files
have the same hash value, it can be assumed that the two
files are identical. This can be useful in identifying duplicates
or similarities between different pieces of evidence.

Hash values are an important tool for digital forensics as they

provide a reliable means of verifying the integrity and authenticity
of digital evidence, allowing investigators to build a strong and
defensible case.

For example, if a suspect is found to possess a file with a

specific hash value, this can be used as evidence to link the
suspect to the file and the crime. Similarly, if a file is found to have
been altered, the hash value can be used to demonstrate that the
file has been changed, potentially undermining its use as evidence.

Hash values play a critical role in cybercrime investigations

by providing a means of verifying the authenticity and integrity of

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digital data, which is essential in establishing the evidentiary value
of digital artifacts.

4. What is the use of Computer in Delhi Police? Write about

the various Web & Mobile Applications of Delhi Police and
also write down the URLs of the websites of Delhi Police,
Traffic Unit & License unit?

The use of computers in Delhi Police has helped to streamline

and automate many of its operations, making it more efficient and
effective in serving the citizens of Delhi. Computers play a crucial
role in the functioning of the Delhi Police. They are used for various
purposes such as maintaining records, tracking crimes and
criminals, analyzing data, and facilitating communication and
coordination among different departments and units.

Some of the ways in which computers are used by Delhi Police

include: -

A. Crime Management: Delhi Police use computers to manage

and track crime data, such as incident reports and crime
statistics. This helps them to identify and respond to trends and
patterns in criminal activity, which can assist in solving crimes
and preventing future ones.
B. Evidence Management: Delhi Police use computers to store
and manage digital evidence, such as images, videos, and audio
recordings, which can be used as evidence in court. This helps
to ensure the integrity of the evidence and makes it easier to
access and review.
C. Crime Record Management: The Delhi Police use computers
to maintain records of crimes and criminals, which helps in
tracking their activities and investigating cases.
D. Surveillance and Monitoring: The police use computer
systems and cameras to monitor the city and gather intelligence
to prevent and solve crimes.
E. Communication and Coordination: The Delhi Police use
computers and other communication devices to coordinate and
communicate with other units and departments within the
organization, as well as with other law enforcement agencies.
F. Training and Development: The police use computers to
provide training and development programs to officers and

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 personnel, including simulation-based training and online
courses.
G. Traffic Management: The Delhi Police use computer systems
to manage and regulate traffic, including monitoring the flow of
vehicles, enforcing traffic rules, and responding to accidents.

These are some of the ways in which computers are used in

the Delhi Police to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness
in maintaining law and order and serving the citizens of
Delhi.

Delhi Police has been working towards improving its services

and making them more accessible to the public through the use
of technology. The following are some of the web and mobile
applications developed by Delhi Police:

1. Tatpar is a mobile application launched by the Delhi Police

in India with the aim of providing quick and easy access to
emergency police services. The app is designed to help
citizens in Delhi to report crimes, track their complaints, and
receive updates on police activities in their area.
Here is some additional information about the Tatpar app:
a. Services: The app provides access to several police
services, including reporting of crimes, sharing of
complaints, and tracking of complaints. The app also
offers updates on police activities in the user's area,
such as road closures, traffic congestion, and other law
and order situations.
b. Features: The app offers several features, including a
panic button that users can press in case of an
emergency. The app also has a feature that enables
users to report traffic violations, including parking
violations, reckless driving, and other traffic-related
offenses. Additionally, users can also use the app to
provide feedback on the quality of police services.
c. Availability: The app is available for download on both
Android and iOS devices, and it is free of charge.
d. User Interface: The app has a user-friendly interface,
which makes it easy to use. It also has a multilingual
interface, which allows users to choose their preferred
language.

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 e. Privacy: The app is designed to protect user privacy.
The app stores user data securely, and users can
choose to share their location with the police only when
they want to.
f. Service Area: The Tatpar app is specific to the Delhi
Police, and its services may not be available in other
regions.

Overall, the Tatpar app is a useful tool for citizens in Delhi

who want to stay informed about police activities in their
area and report crimes or traffic violations quickly and easily.
Its panic button and traffic reporting features make it easier
for users to call for help in case of an emergency and report
traffic violations on the go.

2. Himmat Plus is a mobile application launched by the Delhi

Police in India. The app is an upgraded version of the
Himmat app, which was launched in 2015 with the aim of
providing safety and security to women in Delhi by enabling
them to call for help in case of an emergency.
Here is some additional information about the Himmat
Plus app:
a. Panic Button: The app has a panic button that users
can press in case of an emergency. When the panic
button is pressed, it automatically dials the emergency
number 112 and sends the user's location to the police
control room.
b. Himmat Plus Safe Travel: This feature allows users to
share their location with family or friends while
traveling. The app enables users to add emergency
contacts who will be notified in case of an emergency.
Users can choose the contacts they want to share their
location with, and the feature allows them to share their
location for a specific duration.
c. SOS Alert: In addition to the panic button, the app also
has an SOS alert feature that allows users to send a
distress message to the police control room. The
message includes the user's location and can be sent to
the police even if the phone is locked.
d. Shake to Call: The app also has a feature that enables
users to dial the emergency number 112 by shaking
their phone vigorously.

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 e. Multilingual Interface: The app has a multilingual
interface that allows users to choose their preferred
language. It currently supports Hindi and English.
f. Availability: The Himmat Plus app is available for
download on both Android and iOS devices, and it is
free of charge.
g. Service Area: The Himmat Plus app is specific to the
Delhi Police, and its services may not be available in
other regions.
Himmat Plus app is a useful tool for women in Delhi
who want to feel safer while traveling. Its panic button,
location sharing, and distress message features make it
easier for women to call for help in case of an emergency.
3. e-Lost Report: This web application allows citizens to
register complaints about lost or stolen documents,
including passports, PAN cards, and driving licenses.
4. e-FIR: This web application enables citizens to register First
Information Reports (FIRs) online, without having to visit a
police station.
5. Delhi Traffic Police: This website provides real-time traffic
updates, traffic violations, and road safety information to the
citizens of Delhi. Delhi Police Road Safety: This website
provides information and resources related to road safety,
including rules and regulations, awareness campaigns, and
accident reporting.
These web and mobile applications provide a convenient and
accessible way for citizens to interact with Delhi Police and
access its services.
6. Delhi Police Licensing Unit: This website provides
information about the various licenses issued by Delhi
Police, including arms licenses, private security agency
licenses, and explosives licenses.
7. YUVA: YUVA 2.0 (Ongoing Skill-Training): YUVA 2.0
Phase-II, there was a target to provide skill training to 10,000
youths in various job roles in the year 2023. Delhi Police
entered into a MoU singed on dated 30.04.2022 with the
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship ‘MSDE’
which will facilitate in channelizing the funds from the World
Bank under the “SANKALP SCHEME”. Delhi Police has
engaged 13 Training Partners ([Link]) for imparting the
vocational skill training to candidates enrolled for different
25 job roles/skills like Field Technician & Networking
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 Storage, Data Entry Operator, Front Office Executive, 4-
Wheeler drivers, Customer Care Executive, Makeup Artist,
Documentation Assistant, Emergency Medical Technician,
F&B steward, Pedicurist & Manicurist, Beauty Therapist,
Retail Sales Associate, FTCP etc.

In this phase of training total 14,040 candidates (Male-5782

Female- 8258) have been enrolled so far on the SIP portal of
NSDC, out of which 11,211 candidates have already
completed their training at designated training centres
located in 70 Police Stations across Delhi by 13 TPs in 25
different job roles. As on Ist Week of December, 2023, the
assessment of 9,643 candidates have been done out of which
total 8,876 candidates have successfully passed their skill
training. Moreover, an additional 1050 targets have again
been allocated recently to the eligible TPs who have started
training of the candidates by creating new batches at various
police stations across Delhi. The YUVA 2.0 Project was to be
end by March, 2023 but timeline of the project has been
extended two times by NSDC, initially till December, 2023
and as of now till 28th February, 2024.
[Link]

8. NIPUN: NIPUN is an e-learning portal launched by the Delhi

Police in November 2018 to provide online training and
information to police personnel through specialized courses
designed by experts.
The portal was launched by Delhi Police Commissioner
Amulya Patnaik. The NIPUN website ([Link].
in) provides access to a range of resources for police
personnel, including study material, sample question
papers, manuals, and mobile apps. It also offers a "Test Your
Knowledge" section which allows users to test their
knowledge on various topics related to policing. Additionally,
there is a "How To Signup" page which provides instructions
on how to create an account on the NIPUN portal.
The NIPUN app is available for download on Google Play
Store, and it provides access to all of the same resources as
the website. The app also includes features such as
notifications and reminders for upcoming courses and
exams.

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Here are the URLs for the websites of Delhi Police, Traffic Unit, and
License Unit:

1. Delhi Police: [Link]

2. Delhi Traffic Police: [Link]
3. Delhi License Unit: [Link]

5. Differentiate between the following:

a. RAM & ROM
b. SAVE & SAVE AS
c. CUI & GUI
[Link] Bar & TITLE Bar
e. E- mail & E-wallets

a. RAM & ROM:

RAM (Random Access ROM (Read-Only

Feature
Memory) Memory)
Volatility Volatile memory that Non-volatile memory that
loses data when power is retains data even when
turned off power is off

Read/Write Allows both reading and Allows only reading of

writing of data data

Usage Used for temporary Stores firmware and

storage of data and software instructions
program execution

Data Loses data when power is Retains data even when

Retention turned off power is off

Speed Faster access speed Slower access speed

compared to ROM compared to RAM

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b. SAVE & SAVE AS:

Feature SAVE SAVE AS

Function Saves the current file Saves the current file with
with its existing a new name/location
name/location
Overwriting Overwrites the existing Prompts for a new
file without prompting name/location and creates
a new file
Usage Used to update and Used to create a new copy
save changes to an of the file with a different
existing file name/location
Availability Available in most Available in most
applications as a applications as a standard
standard feature feature

c. CUI & GUI:

Feature CUI GUI

Definition Command-Line Graphical User

Interface is a text- Interface is a visual
based interface that interface that allows
allows users to users to interact with a
interact with a computer by clicking
computer by typing on icons and buttons.
commands.
Purpose CUI is used to give GUI is used to make
users more control computers easier to
over their computer. use.

Ease of use CUI is more difficult to GUI is easier to use

use than GUI. than CUI.
Flexibility CUI is more flexible GUI is less flexible
than GUI. than CUI.

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 Customization CUI can be customized GUI cannot be
to meet the needs of customized to meet the
individual users. needs of individual
users.
Examples A CUI is often used by A GUI is often used by
experienced computer casual computer users
users who want to who want an easy way
have more control over to use their computer.
their computer.

d. MENU Bar & TITLE Bar:

Feature MENU Bar TITLE Bar

Position Located at the top of the Located at the top of the
application window application window
Purpose Provides a list of Displays the title of the
available menus and current window or
their options application
Functionality Contains various menu Displays the name of the
options for performing application or document
tasks
Interaction User interacts by Non-interactive,
selecting options from provides information
the menus about the window
Examples File, Edit, View menus Displays the title of a
in applications web page or document

e. Email & E-Wallet

Feature Email E-wallet

Definition Email is a system for E-wallets are digital
exchanging digital wallets that store your
messages. Emails are credit card, debit card,
sent from one user to and other payment
another, and can information. E-wallets
include text, images, can be used to make
and other files. purchases online or in-
store.

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 Purpose Email is used to send E-wallets are used to
and receive messages. store payment
information.
Security Email is not as secure E-wallets use encryption
as e-wallets. to protect your payment
information.
Convenience Email is more E-wallets are more
convenient than e- convenient than email
wallets. for making purchases
online or in-store.
Examples You can use email to You can use an e-wallet
send a message to a to make a purchase
friend or colleague. online.

6. Write the short note on the following: -

a. E-mail
b. Cloud Computing
c. Networking
d. Search Engine
e. Proxy Sever
a. E-mail (Electronic Mail): E-mail is an electronic
communication method that allows people to send and
receive text, files, and other digital content over the Internet.
It is a quick and efficient way to communicate with others,
as messages can be sent and received almost instantly. E-
mail is also relatively inexpensive compared to other forms of
communication, as there are many free e-mail services
available.
b. Cloud Computing: Cloud computing is a model of delivering
and accessing information technology services over the
Internet. It allows users to store, process, and manage data
and applications on remote servers instead of on their own
computers. This provides users with access to their data and
applications from anywhere with an Internet connection, and
eliminates the need for expensive hardware and software.
c. Networking: Networking refers to the practice of connecting
computers, devices, and other technology components to
each other in order to exchange data and share resources.
This can be done through local area networks (LANs), wide
area networks (WANs), or the Internet. Networking enables
communication and collaboration between individuals and

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 organizations, and allows them to share information,
resources, and applications.
d. Search Engine: A search engine is a web-based tool that
allows users to search for information on the Internet. It uses
algorithms to crawl the web and index content, which can
then be searched and displayed in response to user queries.
Some of the most popular search engines include Google,
Bing, and Yahoo.
e. Proxy Server: A proxy server is a computer system or
application that acts as an intermediary between a client and
a server. It is used to process requests from clients and
forward them to the server, and to return the server's
responses back to the clients. Proxy servers can be used for
various purposes, including improving performance, filtering
content, and protecting the privacy and security of users.

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 Mid-Term Examination of PSIs of Batch No. 48
Police Computer Science (Paper -XII)
(Theory) (Answer Key)

1. What is Dark Web? Describe its challenges for the law

enforcement agencies?

The dark web is a hidden part of the internet that is not

indexed by standard search engines, and can only be accessed
using special software such as Tor. The anonymity provided by the
dark web makes it a popular location for illegal activities such as
drug sales, weapon sales, and other forms of illegal trade, as well
as for sharing sensitive information that could put individuals or
organizations in danger.

The challenges for law enforcement agencies in dealing with

the dark web are significant. Some of these challenges include:

1. Anonymity: The dark web provides a high level of anonymity,

making it difficult to trace the identity of users or the location
of servers.
2. Encryption: The use of encryption makes it difficult to
monitor or intercept communications, making it harder for
law enforcement agencies to collect evidence.
3. Jurisdictional issues: The dark web can be accessed from
anywhere in the world, making it difficult for law enforcement
agencies to determine which jurisdiction has authority over a
particular case.
4. Rapidly changing technologies: The technology used to
access and operate within the dark web is constantly
evolving, making it difficult for law enforcement agencies to
keep up with the latest tools and techniques.
5. Limited resources: Law enforcement agencies have limited
resources to devote to the monitoring and investigation of the
dark web, which can be a vast and complex landscape.
6. Balancing privacy and security: There is a delicate balance
between protecting individuals' privacy and preventing illegal
activities on the dark web. Law enforcement agencies must
navigate this balance carefully to ensure they are not
overstepping legal boundaries or infringing on individual
rights.

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 7. Lack of cooperation: Criminals on the dark web often
operate in secretive networks and are unlikely to cooperate
with law enforcement agencies or provide information that
could lead to their arrest.
8. Resource constraints: Investigating and prosecuting
criminal activity on the dark web can be resource-intensive,
requiring specialized expertise and technology that many law
enforcement agencies may not have access to.

The dark web presents significant challenges for law enforcement

agencies, requiring a combination of technology, expertise, and
resources to effectively monitor and investigate illegal activities.

2. (A) What are common security threats to mobile devices?

(B) What is Spyware?

(A) Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets are

increasingly popular targets for cybercriminals due to the sensitive
information they can store, including financial data, personal
information, and confidential business data.

Some common security threats to mobile devices include:

1. Malware: Malicious software can infect mobile devices

through app downloads, email attachments, or website links,
and can steal sensitive information, spy on user activity, and
even take control of the device.
2. Phishing: Phishing attacks often come in the form of emails
or text messages that appear to be from a legitimate source,
but actually contain a link to a malicious website or an
attachment containing malware.
3. Data theft: Mobile devices can be stolen or lost, and without
proper security measures, this can result in the loss of
sensitive data.
4. Man-in-the-middle attacks: In this type of attack, a
cybercriminal intercepts communications between a mobile
device and a server, allowing them to steal sensitive data or
gain control of the device.
5. Network vulnerabilities: Public Wi-Fi networks can be easily
compromised, and connecting to these networks can expose
a mobile device to security threats.

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 6. Outdated software: Mobile devices with outdated software
and operating systems may contain known security
vulnerabilities that cybercriminals can exploit.

To protect against these threats, mobile device users should take

measures such as using strong passwords, keeping software up to
date, avoiding unsecured Wi-Fi networks, and only downloading
apps from reputable sources. Additionally, using mobile security
software can provide an extra layer of protection against these and
other mobile security threats.

(B) Spyware is a type of malicious software that is designed to

gather information from a computer or mobile device without the
user's knowledge or consent. This information can include
browsing history, keystrokes, passwords, and other sensitive data.
Spyware is typically installed on a device through a variety of
methods, including email attachments, software downloads, or
clicking on a malicious link.

Once installed, spyware operates in the background, gathering

information and transmitting it back to the attacker. Some
spyware is designed to remain undetected for long periods of time,
while others are more noticeable and can cause a device to slow
down or crash.

Spyware is often used for illegal activities such as stealing financial

information, personal identity theft, or industrial espionage. It can
also be used by government agencies for surveillance purposes,
and by parents to monitor their children's online activities.

To protect against spyware, users should take measures such as

installing reputable antivirus and anti-spyware software, avoiding
suspicious emails and links, and being cautious when
downloading software or apps from unknown sources. It's also
important to keep all software up to date with the latest security
patches and updates to prevent exploitation of known
vulnerabilities.

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3. What is financial Cyber Crime? What steps should be
taken to prevent it?

Financial cybercrime refers to criminal activities that are

committed using computers and the internet, with the aim of
stealing money or financial data. Common examples of financial
cybercrime include phishing, identity theft, hacking of online bank
accounts, and credit card fraud. These types of crimes can result
in significant financial losses for individuals and businesses.

To prevent financial cybercrime, there are several steps that

individuals and organizations can take:

1. Use strong passwords and two-factor authentication:

Strong passwords and two-factor authentication can prevent
unauthorized access to online accounts.
2. Monitor accounts regularly: Regularly monitoring bank
accounts and credit card statements can help detect any
suspicious activity.
3. Use reputable antivirus and anti-malware software:
Antivirus and anti-malware software can detect and remove
malicious software that can be used to steal financial data.
4. Be cautious with emails and links: Phishing emails and
links can be used to steal login credentials and other sensitive
data. Always be cautious when opening emails and clicking
on links.
5. Use secure websites: When entering sensitive financial
information online, always make sure to use secure websites
that use encryption to protect data.
6. Keep software up to date: Keeping software up to date with
the latest security patches and updates can prevent
exploitation of known vulnerabilities.
7. Educate employees: Organizations should educate their
employees on the risks of financial cybercrime and provide
training on how to prevent it.
8. Consider cyber insurance: Cyber insurance can help
mitigate the financial damage caused by a cyber attack. It's
important to review policy coverage and exclusions before
purchasing a policy.

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 By taking these steps, individuals and organizations can reduce
the risk of financial cybercrime and protect themselves against
the serious financial losses that can result from these types of
crimes.

4. What do you understand by Hash Value? Describe its

importance in investigation of cyber-crime cases?

A hash value, also known as a hash or a message digest, is a

fixed-size string of characters that is generated from a piece of data
using a mathematical algorithm. The purpose of a hash value is to
uniquely identify a piece of data, such as a file or a message, and
to ensure that it has not been altered or tampered with.

Hash values are also useful for identifying and linking related
pieces of digital evidence. For example, if two files have the same
hash value, it can be assumed that they are identical, and that
they may be related to the same cyber-crime case. This can help
investigators to identify patterns of activity and to build a stronger
case against the perpetrators.

In the investigation of cyber-crime cases, hash values are

important because they can be used to verify the integrity of digital
evidence. By generating a hash value for a piece of digital evidence,
such as a file or email message, investigators can ensure that the
evidence has not been modified or altered in any way. If the hash
value of the original evidence matches the hash value of the
evidence collected during the investigation, it can be assumed that
the evidence has not been tampered with.

Hash values are a critical component of digital forensics and

are used extensively in the investigation of cyber-crime cases. By
providing a way to verify the integrity of digital evidence and to link
related pieces of evidence, hash values play an important role in
the successful investigation and prosecution of cyber-crime cases.

Here are some key points about the importance of hash values
in the investigation of cyber-crime cases:

1. Verification of digital evidence: Hash values are used to

verify the integrity of digital evidence by generating a fixed-
size string of characters from a piece of data, which can be

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 compared to the hash value of the original data to ensure that
it has not been altered or tampered with.
2. Linking related pieces of evidence: By generating hash
values for different pieces of digital evidence, investigators
can identify and link related pieces of evidence, helping to
build a stronger case against the perpetrators.
3. Identifying patterns of activity: Hash values can be used
to identify patterns of activity by comparing the hash values
of different pieces of digital evidence, helping investigators to
track the actions of suspects and identify potential leads.
4. Speeding up investigations: Hash values can be generated
quickly, allowing investigators to quickly and efficiently verify
the integrity of digital evidence and identify related pieces of
evidence.
5. Ensuring admissibility in court: By using hash values to
verify the integrity of digital evidence, investigators can
ensure that the evidence is admissible in court, as the
integrity of the evidence can be verified and upheld.

Hash values are a critical tool in the investigation of cyber-crime

cases, as they allow investigators to efficiently and accurately
verify the integrity of digital evidence, identify related pieces of
evidence, and build a strong case against the perpetrators.

5. A) What are common cyber-attacks?

B) What is an Onion Service?

(A) There are many types of cyber-attacks, but here are some
common ones:

1. Phishing: This involves sending fake emails or text messages

that appear to be from a legitimate source in order to trick
the recipient into providing sensitive information or clicking
on a malicious link.
2. Malware: Malware is software that is designed to damage or
compromise computer systems, steal data, or spy on users.
It can be spread through email attachments, infected
websites, or infected downloads.
3. Ransomware: This is a type of malware that encrypts a
victim's files and demands payment in exchange for the
decryption key. Ransomware attacks are often targeted at
businesses and other organizations.

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 4. DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks: This type of
attack involves overwhelming a website or server with traffic
in order to make it inaccessible to users.
5. Man-in-the-middle attacks: This involves intercepting
communication between two parties in order to steal data,
modify messages, or impersonate one of the parties.
6. SQL injection: This is a type of attack that targets websites
and web applications that use SQL databases, allowing
attackers to inject malicious code into the database.
7. Password attacks: This includes various methods of
obtaining passwords, such as brute-force attacks (repeatedly
trying different passwords until one works), dictionary
attacks (trying common words and phrases as passwords),
and social engineering attacks (tricking people into revealing
their passwords).
8. Insider threats: These are attacks that are carried out by
someone within an organization who has access to sensitive
information or systems.

These are just a few examples of common cyber-attacks. It's

important to note that cyber-attacks are constantly evolving, and
attackers are always developing new methods and techniques to
compromise computer systems and steal data.

(B) An Onion Service is a special kind of web service that can

only be accessed through the Tor network. Unlike regular websites
that can be accessed using a standard web browser and a regular
internet connection, Onion Services are designed to be anonymous
and hidden from the public internet. They use a special "onion"
address that is only accessible through the Tor network and
cannot be accessed using a regular web browser or search engine.

Onion Services are often used by individuals and organizations

that want to maintain a high level of anonymity and privacy, such
as journalists, activists, and whistleblowers. They can be used to
provide anonymous access to websites, chat rooms, file sharing
services, and other online resources. Because they are hidden from
the public internet, Onion Services are difficult to locate and
access, making them a valuable tool for individuals and
organizations that need to keep their activities hidden from the
prying eyes of governments, corporations, or other potential
adversaries.

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It's worth noting that Onion Services are not inherently illegal or
malicious, although they can be used for illicit purposes. They can
also be used for legitimate and important purposes, such as
protecting the identity of whistleblowers or allowing individuals to
access online resources without fear of surveillance or censorship.

some key points about Onion Services:

1. Hidden web service: An Onion Service is a special kind of

web service that is not accessible through the regular
internet. It is only accessible through the Tor network and
uses a special "onion" address that cannot be accessed
through a standard web browser or search engine.
2. Anonymity: Onion Services are designed to provide a high
level of anonymity and privacy for both the service provider
and the users. This is accomplished by encrypting and
routing all traffic through the Tor network, which makes it
difficult for third parties to track or monitor the activity.
3. Security: Onion Services use a combination of encryption
and anonymity to ensure the security and integrity of the
service. This makes it difficult for attackers to intercept or
tamper with the traffic, or to identify the location or identity
of the service provider.
4. Illicit activity: While Onion Services can be used for
legitimate and important purposes, they are also often used
for illicit activity, such as illegal marketplaces, cybercrime, or
other illegal activities. However, it's important to note that not
all Onion Services are involved in illegal activity, and many
are used for legitimate and important purposes.
5. Difficulty of access: Because Onion Services are hidden
from the public internet, they are difficult to locate and
access. This makes them a valuable tool for individuals and
organizations that want to maintain a high level of privacy
and anonymity.

Onion Services are a unique and important tool for maintaining

anonymity and privacy online. While they can be used for illicit
activity, they also have many legitimate and important uses, such
as protecting the identity of whistleblowers, providing anonymous
access to online resources, and protecting users from surveillance
and censorship.

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6. What information we can get from google account/e-mail
ID of a suspect?

Google account and email ID of a suspect can potentially provide

valuable information for cybercrime investigations. Here are some
examples:

1. Personal Information: The Google account and email ID can

contain personal information about the suspect, such as
their name, address, phone number, and other contact
details. This information can be used to help identify the
suspect and track their movements.
2. Email Communications: The email ID can contain a history
of email communications, including the sender and recipient
information, subject lines, and message content. This
information can be used to help build a timeline of events or
to identify potential co-conspirators or accomplices.
3. Geolocation Data: If the suspect's Google account is linked
to a mobile device, it can potentially provide geolocation data,
including the location history and real-time location data.
This information can be used to help track the suspect's
movements or to place them at the scene of a crime.
4. Search History: The search history associated with the
Google account can provide insight into the suspect's
interests, hobbies, and activities. This information can be
used to help build a profile of the suspect or to identify
potential motives for a crime.
5. Cloud Storage: If the suspect uses Google Drive or other
cloud storage services, it can potentially contain files,
documents, or other information that can be used as evidence
in a cybercrime investigation.

It's important to note that obtaining information from a suspect's

Google account or email ID may require a warrant or other legal
process, and investigators must follow appropriate legal
procedures and guidelines when accessing this information.

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7. Write a note on generations of computer with examples
and characteristics of each generation?

Sure, here is a more detailed overview of the five generations of

computers with examples and characteristics of each generation:

1. First Generation Computers (1940s-1950s): The first

generation of computers was characterized by the use of
vacuum tubes and the absence of an operating system. These
computers were very large and expensive, and were primarily
used for scientific and military purposes. They had limited
processing speed and memory capacity, and were
programmed using low-level machine language. Examples
include ENIAC, UNIVAC, and EDVAC.
2. Second Generation Computers (1950s-1960s): The second
generation of computers was characterized by the use of
transistors and the development of the first high-level
programming languages. These computers were faster, more
reliable, and smaller than the first generation computers.
They had increased processing speed and memory capacity,
and were capable of running more complex applications.
Examples include IBM 1401 and UNIVAC 1108.
3. Third Generation Computers (1960s-1970s): The third
generation of computers was characterized by the use of
integrated circuits and the development of the first operating
systems. These computers were smaller, faster, and more
powerful than the second generation computers. They had
advanced input/output capabilities and were capable of
running multiple applications simultaneously. Examples
include IBM System/360 and DEC PDP-8.
4. Fourth Generation Computers (1970s-1990s): The fourth
generation of computers was characterized by the
development of microprocessors and the introduction of
personal computers. These computers were smaller, cheaper,
and more widely available than the previous generations.
They had increased processing speed and memory capacity,
and were capable of running advanced software applications.
Examples include Apple II, IBM PC, and Commodore 64.
5. Fifth Generation Computers (1990s-present): The fifth
generation of computers is characterized by the use of
artificial intelligence and the development of advanced
computing technologies such as nanotechnology and

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 quantum computing. These computers are more powerful
and intelligent than the previous generations and have led to
the development of new applications such as robotics and
natural language processing. Examples include
supercomputers such as IBM Watson, Google's AlphaGo, and
quantum computers from D-Wave and IBM.

Each generation of computers has led to significant advances in

computing technology, resulting in faster processing speeds,
increased memory and storage capacity, and the development of
new applications and uses for computers.

8. What is the use of Computer in Delhi Police? Write about

the various Web & Mobile Application of Delhi Police and
also write down the URLs of the Websites of Delhi Police,
Training Division & NIPUN?

Computers play a vital role in the functioning of Delhi

Police. They are used for various purposes, such as:

1. Record-Keeping: Computers are used to maintain records of

FIRs, criminal cases, and other important information. This
helps in quick and easy retrieval of information when
required.
2. Crime Analysis: Computers are used to analyze crime
patterns, identify trends, and predict future crime patterns.
This helps the police in taking preventive measures to reduce
crime.
3. Communication: Computers are used for communication
within the police department and with other law enforcement
agencies. This helps in better coordination and sharing of
information.
4. Surveillance: Computers are used to monitor and analyze
CCTV footage, mobile phone locations, and other sources of
surveillance data. This helps in identifying suspects and
solving crimes.
5. Training: Computers are used for training police personnel
in various areas such as law, investigation, and technology.
This helps in improving the skills and knowledge of police
personnel.
6. Criminal Identification: Computers are used for criminal
identification through biometric analysis, such as fingerprint
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 and facial recognition. This helps in identifying suspects and
solving cases.
7. Crime Mapping: Computers are used to create crime maps
that show the location and frequency of crimes. This helps in
identifying crime-prone areas and deploying police resources
accordingly.
8. Traffic Management: Computers are used for traffic
management, such as tracking the movement of vehicles and
monitoring traffic signals. This helps in improving traffic flow
and reducing accidents.
9. E-Governance: Computers are used for e-governance
initiatives, such as online FIR filing, citizen services, and
payment of fines. This makes police services more accessible
and convenient for citizens.
10. Cybercrime Investigation: Computers are used for
cybercrime investigation, such as analyzing digital evidence
and tracing online activity. This helps in detecting and
preventing cybercrime.
11. Data Analysis: Computers are used for data analysis, such
as analyzing criminal records, identifying patterns and
trends, and predicting future crime patterns. This helps in
developing effective crime prevention strategies.
12. Communication with Citizens: Computers are used for
communication with citizens through various channels such
as social media, email, and messaging apps. This helps in
building trust and improving community policing.
13. Mobile Applications: Delhi Police has developed several
mobile applications that are used for citizen services,
emergency response, and crime prevention. These
applications allow citizens to report crimes, track stolen
vehicles, and get updates on FIRs.
14. Digital Forensics: Computers are used for digital forensics,
such as analyzing digital devices and recovering data. This
helps in solving cybercrime cases and providing digital
evidence in court.
15. GIS Mapping: Computers are used for GIS mapping, which
is a technology that combines geographic data with other
data to create maps. Delhi Police uses GIS mapping to create
crime maps, traffic maps, and other maps that help in law
enforcement.

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Various Web & Mobile Application of Delhi Police

1. Delhi Police Website: The official website of Delhi Police

provides information on police services, crime prevention,
traffic management, and citizen services. The website also
provides links to other applications developed by Delhi Police.
2. Himmat: Himmat is a mobile application developed by Delhi
Police for women's safety. The application allows women to
send SOS alerts to the police control room in case of an
emergency. The application also provides features such as
location tracking and automatic call-back from the police.
3. Traffic Sentinel: Traffic Sentinel is a mobile application
developed by Delhi Traffic Police. The application allows
citizens to report traffic violations such as over-speeding,
wrong parking, and jumping traffic signals. The application
also provides updates on the status of the reported violations
and the status of the challans.
4. Pehchaan: Pehchaan is a web-based application that allows
citizens to verify the identity of their domestic helps, drivers,
and other service providers. The application provides a
platform for employers to verify the credentials of their
employees and reduce the risk of crime.
5. Zipnet: Zipnet is a web-based application that provides police
personnel with access to crime records, FIRs, and other
important information. The application also provides features
such as e-messaging, e-attendance, and e-leave.
6. Shishtachar: Shishtachar is a mobile application developed
by Delhi Police to promote ethical behavior among police
personnel. The application provides tips and guidelines on
police conduct, discipline, and professionalism.
7. Lost and Found: Lost and Found is a web-based application
that allows citizens to report lost and found items such as
pets, documents, and other items. The application helps in
reuniting lost items with their rightful owners.
8. Citizen's Portal: The Citizen's Portal is a web-based
application that allows citizens to file online FIRs, track the
status of their complaints, and provide feedback on police
services. The application also provides features such as e-
police verification and e-character certificate.
9. Delhi Traffic Police: Delhi Traffic Police is a mobile
application that provides traffic updates, traffic rules, and

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 road safety tips. The application also provides features such
as traffic alerts and online payment of fines.
10. Beat Book: Beat Book is a mobile application developed by
Delhi Police to enable police personnel to record their daily
activities and patrol routes. The application also provides
features such as e-messaging, e-attendance, and e-leave.
11. e-FIR: The e-FIR application enables citizens to file First
Information Reports (FIRs) online. The application enables
citizens to report crimes such as theft, harassment, and
cybercrime, and provides them with an acknowledgement
receipt. The application also provides features such as status
tracking and online payment of fines.
12. E-Theft: The E-Theft application enables citizens to report
the theft of their vehicles or mobile phones online. The
application enables citizens to provide details such as the
make and model of the vehicle, its registration number, and
the place and time of theft. The application also provides
features such as status tracking and alerts on recovered
items.
13. Tatpar is a mobile application launched by the Delhi Police
in India with the aim of providing quick and easy access to
emergency police services. The app is designed to help
citizens in Delhi to report crimes, track their complaints,
and receive updates on police activities in their area

The websites of Delhi Police, Training Division, and NIPUN are:

1. Delhi Police: [Link]

2. Delhi Police Training Division:
[Link]
3. NIPUN: [Link]

9. What is Software and Hardware? Write note on different

hardware Devices and software applications computer?

Some examples of hardware devices and software

applications:

1. Software: Software is a collection of instructions and data

that tells a computer how to perform a specific task. There

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 are two main types of software: system software and
application software.

• System software: This type of software includes the

operating system, device drivers, and utility software.
Examples include Windows, macOS, Linux, and antivirus
software.
• Application software: This type of software is designed to
perform specific tasks for users. Examples include web
browsers, word processors, media players, and graphics
editors.

2. Hardware: Hardware refers to the physical components of a

computer that can be seen and touched. There are various
types of hardware devices, including:

• Central Processing Unit (CPU): This is the brain of the

computer that performs all the processing.
• Random Access Memory (RAM): This is the temporary
storage area used by the computer to store data and
instructions that are being used at a particular moment.
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD): This is the primary storage device of
the computer, used to store all the files and software
applications.
• Keyboard: This is the input device used to enter data and
commands into the computer.
• Mouse: This is the pointing device used to move the cursor
and select items on the screen.
• Monitor: This is the display device used to show the output
of the computer.
• Printer: This is the output device used to print documents
and images.
• Scanner: This is the input device used to scan documents
and images.

3. Software applications: Here are some examples of software

applications:

• Microsoft Office Suite: This is a collection of office

productivity software that includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint,
and more.

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 • Adobe Creative Suite: This is a collection of software
applications used for graphic design, video editing, and web
development.
• Web Browsers: These are software applications used to
access the internet and view websites, including Chrome,
Firefox, and Safari.
• Media Players: These are software applications used to play
audio and video files, including VLC Media Player, iTunes,
and Windows Media Player.
• Antivirus Software: This is software designed to protect
computers from viruses, malware, and other security threats,
including Norton, McAfee, and AVG.

Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, while

software refers to the instructions and data that tell a computer
how to perform specific tasks. There are various types of hardware
devices, including the CPU, RAM, HDD, keyboard, mouse,
monitor, printer, and scanner. There are also many types of
software applications, including Microsoft Office Suite, Adobe
Creative Suite, web browsers, media players, and antivirus
software.

10. Differentiate Between the following: -

a. RAM & ROM
b. CUT & Delete
c. Menu Bar & Title Bar
d. Save & Save As

a. RAM & ROM:

RAM ROM
Volatile memory Non-volatile memory
Temporary data storage Permanent instructions or data
storage
Contents lost when power is Contents retained even when
turned off or restarted power is turned off or restarted
Used for active data and Contains firmware or software
program storage instructions
Examples: DDR4, SDRAM Examples: BIOS, firmware for
devices

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b. CUT & Delete:

CUT Delete
Removes selected content and Permanently removes
stores it in clipboard selected content
Content can be pasted elsewhere Content is not stored for
future use
Typically used for moving content Typically used for removing
content
Keyboard shortcut: Ctrl+X (or Keyboard shortcut: Delete
Command+X on Mac) or Backspace

c. Menu Bar & Title Bar:

Menu Bar Title Bar

Located at the top of a Located at the top of a window or
window or application application interface
interface
Contains a set of menus Displays the title or name of the
window
Horizontal bar with a set Horizontal bar displaying window
of menus title
Provides access to various Contains window control buttons
functions and commands (minimize, maximize/restore, close)
Examples: File, Edit, View Examples: Windows Explorer,
Microsoft Word

d. Save & Save As:

Save Save As
Updates and overwrites the Creates a new copy of the file with
existing file with changes a different name, location, or
format
Typically used after the Useful for creating a duplicate or
initial save or for saving a different version of the original
changes file
Does not prompt for a new Prompts for a new filename and
filename location
Keyboard shortcut: Ctrl+S Keyboard shortcut: F12

******

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 Mid-Term Examination of PSIs of Batch No. 49 & 50
Police Computer Science (Paper -XII)
(Theory) (Answer Key)

1. What do you understand by Cyber Crime? Write in details

about types cyber-crime which are happening in India?
What is the name of law used in investigation of cyber-crime
case?

Cyber crime refers to illegal activities that are conducted through

electronic networks, particularly the Internet. These crimes
exploit the speed, convenience, and anonymity that modern
technologies offer. Cyber crime in India, as in many parts of the
world, is a growing concern and encompasses a variety of
criminal activities. Here's a detailed look at some of the major
types of cyber-crimes prevalent in India:

1. Phishing: This involves sending fraudulent emails that

resemble those from reputable sources to trick individuals
into revealing personal information, such as passwords and
credit card numbers.
2. Identity Theft: Stealing personal information to impersonate
someone else, usually for financial gain. This includes
unauthorized use of Aadhaar or PAN numbers, bank account
details, etc.
3. Cyber Stalking and Harassment: This involves using the
Internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass
individuals, groups, or organizations. It may include false
accusations, defamation, slander, and libel.
4. Data Breach and Theft: Unauthorized access and theft of
data from personal, corporate, or government networks. This
often involves sensitive or confidential information.
5. Banking and Financial Fraud: This includes unauthorized
online transactions, credit card fraud, ATM fraud, and other
types of financial manipulation conducted via digital
channels.
6. Ransomware Attacks: Malicious software that locks access
to a user's system or data, with the perpetrator demanding a
ransom to restore access.

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 7. Hacking and Unauthorized Access: Involves gaining
unauthorized access to a computer system or network, often
to steal, alter, or destroy data.
8. Online Child Pornography and Exploitation: Involves the
creation, distribution, or accessing of child pornography over
the Internet.
9. Software Piracy: Unauthorized copying, distribution, or use
of protected software.
10. Intellectual Property Crimes: Includes theft of intellectual
property or trade secrets online.
11. Spread of Viruses and Malware: The creation and
distribution of harmful software designed to damage or
disrupt systems.
12. Cyber Terrorism: The use of the Internet to conduct violent
acts that threaten or cause fear, with the goal of advancing
political or ideological beliefs.

The primary law used in the investigation of cyber-crime cases in

India is the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000. This law
was updated in 2008 to include more about cyber-crimes and It
has been amended several times to keep pace with the evolving
nature of cyber-crimes. The Act includes provisions related to
unauthorized access, data theft, cyber terrorism, and child
pornography, among others. Additionally, certain provisions of
the Indian Penal Code (IPC) are also applied in the context of
cyber-crimes, particularly those relating to fraud, forgery, and
criminal conspiracy.

2. A) Describe the generations of computer with examples and

also mention the characteristics of each generation.

B) What is operating system? What is main role/functions

of operating system?

A) Here's a detailed description of the different

generations of computers, along with examples and their key
characteristics:

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1. First Generation (1947s-1958s)

• Examples: ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 701.

Characteristics:

• Technology Used: Vacuum tubes for circuitry and

magnetic drums for memory.
• Size and Speed: Very large, occupying entire rooms.
They were quite slow by today's standards.
• Programming: Used machine language, a low-level
programming language.
• Power Consumption: Consumed a great deal of
electricity and generated a lot of heat.
• Storage: Limited storage capacity.

2. Second Generation (1959s-1964s)

• Examples: IBM 1401, CDC 1604, Honeywell 200.

Characteristics:

• Technology Used: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes,

leading to smaller, more efficient computers.
• Size and Speed: Smaller and faster than first-
generation computers.
• Programming: Introduction of assembly language and
high-level programming languages like COBOL and
FORTRAN.
• Power Consumption: Less heat generation and lower
power requirements compared to first-generation
computers.
• Storage: Use of magnetic tape and magnetic core
memory.

3. Third Generation (1965s-1975s)

• Examples: IBM System/360, PDP-8, DEC VAX.

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Characteristics:

• Technology Used: Integrated Circuits (ICs), which

incorporated many transistors and other components
on a single silicon chip.
• Size and Speed: Even smaller and faster with better
reliability.
• Programming: Advanced high-level programming
languages and more sophisticated operating systems.
• User Interface: Introduction of keyboards and
monitors, replacing punch cards and printouts.
• Networking: Beginning of networking between
computers.

4. Fourth Generation (1976s-1990s)

• Examples: Apple II, IBM PC, Commodore 64.

Characteristics:

• Technology Used: Microprocessors, which placed

thousands of integrated circuits on a single silicon chip.
• Size and Speed: Led to the development of personal
computers, small in size and more powerful.
• User Interface: Graphical User Interface (GUI) became
common, making computers more user-friendly.
• Programming: Wider use of high-level languages and
diverse software applications.
• Networking: Expansion of computer networking and
the birth of the internet.

5. Fifth Generation (1991s-Present)

• Examples: Modern PCs, Laptops, Supercomputers,

Quantum computers.

Characteristics:

• Technology Used: Based on artificial intelligence, with

advancements in parallel processing and quantum
computation.

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 • Size and Speed: Continued miniaturization of
hardware, with significant increases in speed and
efficiency.
• User Interface: Advanced interfaces including natural
language processing and touch input.
• Internet and Networking: Widespread internet use,
cloud computing, and IoT (Internet of Things).
• Programming and Applications: Continued
development of sophisticated software applications, AI,
and machine learning technologies.

B) An operating system (OS) is a primary software that acts as

an intermediary between computer hardware and the user. It
manages and coordinates the activities of a computer and the
hardware attached to it. Operating systems are essential for
computers to function effectively.

Main Roles/Functions of an Operating System:

1. Resource Management: The OS manages and allocates

computer resources such as the CPU, memory, disk space,
and input/output devices. It ensures that different programs
and users running simultaneously on the system get
adequate resources.
2. Process Management: It handles the creation, scheduling,
and termination of processes. A process is an instance of a
running program, and the OS manages these processes to
ensure efficient operation, preventing conflicts and ensuring
that each process gets the processor time it needs.
3. Memory Management: The OS manages the computer's
memory - both the physical RAM and virtual memory. It
allocates memory to various applications when they're
running and reclaims it when they're not.
4. File System Management: It manages files on computer
storage devices. This includes creating and deleting files,
managing directories, handling permissions, and providing a
user interface for the user to interact with their files.
5. Device Management: The OS manages device
communication via their respective drivers. It acts as a bridge
between the hardware and the software, ensuring that
devices connected to the computer, like printers, scanners,
and storage devices, function correctly.

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 6. Security and Access Control: The OS provides a level of
security to the computer system by managing user access to
the system and its resources. It uses passwords and other
security measures to protect against unauthorized access to
the computer's data.
7. User Interface: Almost all operating systems provide a user
interface (UI) to interact with the computer. This can be a
graphical user interface (GUI) like in Windows or macOS, or
a command-line interface (CLI) like in some versions of Linux.
8. Networking: For systems connected to a network, the OS
manages the networking aspects, including network access,
data transfer, and network security.
9. System Performance Monitoring and Error Handling: The
OS monitors the overall system performance and efficiently
manages errors and crashes. It provides tools to diagnose and
report hardware and software issues.

The operating system is crucial for the overall functionality and

efficiency of a computer. It provides the basic framework for
managing the hardware and software resources of the computer,
enabling the user to execute programs, manage files, and perform
other critical tasks.

3. Differentiate between the following: -

a. Internet & Intranet
b. CDR & IPDR
c. Menu Bar & Title Bar
d. Save & Save as
e. HTTP & HTTPS
a. Internet vs Intranet
1. Internet:
• Global Reach: Connects millions of computers globally,
allowing for worldwide communication.
• Public Access: Open to the general public, with no
restrictions on access beyond those imposed by
individual website owners.
• Content Variety: Hosts a vast array of content and
services like social media, news, streaming, online
shopping, and more.
• Security: Varies widely, with potential vulnerabilities to
cyber threats due to its public nature.
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Intranet:

• Limited Reach: Limited to a specific organization or

group, like a company or a university.
• Restricted Access: Accessible only to authorized
personnel, often secured with login credentials.
• Content Specificity: Content is typically specific to the
needs and interests of the organization, including
internal communication, company policies, and
employee directories.
• Security: Generally more secure than the Internet, as it
is protected from external access by firewalls and other
security measures.
b. CDR vs IPDR
1. CDR (Call Detail Record):

• Detailed Billing: Provides detailed information for

Investigation purposes, such as the time and duration
of each call, SMS charges, and other
telecommunication services.
• Legal and Security Uses: Often used in legal
investigations and surveillance to track calling patterns
or identify contacts.

2. IPDR (IP Detail Record):

• Comprehensive Usage Data: Includes detailed

information about internet usage, such as session
duration, services accessed, and amount of data used.
• Network Management: Helps in managing network
resources efficiently, understanding user behavior, and
planning for network expansion.

c. Menu Bar vs Title Bar

1. Menu Bar:
• Functional Navigation: Contains options like 'File',
'Edit', 'View', etc., each leading to a dropdown list of
related functions.
• User Interaction: A primary method for users to interact
with software applications, offering options for editing,
setting preferences, and accessing tools.
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 2. Title Bar:
• Window Identification: Helps users identify which
application or document is open, especially useful when
multiple windows are open.
• Window Management: Often includes buttons for
minimizing, maximizing, and closing the window, aiding
in efficient window management.

d. Save vs Save As
1. Save:
• Quick Update: Ideal for frequent saving while working
on a document, ensuring that changes are not lost.
• Default Location: Automatically saves in the file’s
original location and format, making it a quicker option
for routine saves.
2. Save As:
• New File Creation: Useful for creating backups or
different versions of a document.
• Format Conversion: Allows saving a file in different
formats, which can be essential for compatibility with
other software or for specific use cases like publishing.

e. HTTP vs HTTPS
1. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):
• Basic Communication Protocol: The backbone of data
communication on the web, used for transmitting web
pages.
• Vulnerabilities: More susceptible to interception and
attacks, as data is not encrypted, making it risky for
sensitive transactions.
2. HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure):
• Enhanced Security Protocol: Adds a layer of security,
making it suitable for online transactions, confidential
communications, and secure logins.
• Trust and Credibility: Often required for e-commerce
and official sites, as it assures users that their data is
secure.

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4. Write the short notes on the following (Attempt any five):-
• End to end Encryption
• Internet of Things (IOT)
• Firewall
• E-Wallets
• Networking
• Cyber Security

a) End-to-End Encryption:
• End-to-end encryption (E2EE) is a method of securing
digital communication where only the communicating
users can read the messages. In E2EE, the data is
encrypted on the sender's device and only the recipient
can decrypt it, ensuring that no intermediary, not even
the service provider, can access the plain text of the
message. It's commonly used in messaging apps for
secure communication.
• This method is crucial for protecting privacy in digital
communications. It safeguards sensitive information
like personal messages, financial data, and confidential
documents from being accessed by hackers or
surveillance.
b) Internet of Things (IoT):
• The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of
physical objects that are embedded with sensors,
software, and other technologies to connect and
exchange data with other devices and systems over the
internet. These objects range from ordinary household
items like smart appliances to sophisticated industrial
tools.
• IoT devices collect and exchange data, enabling these
objects to respond intelligently to certain situations by
gathering and analyzing data. This technology is used
in various sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, and
smart cities, improving efficiency and quality of life.
• The growing network of connected IoT devices also
raises important concerns about security and privacy,
as these devices often collect personal information and
can be vulnerable to hacking.

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c) Firewall:
• A firewall is a network security device that monitors and
controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on
an organization's security policies. Its primary purpose
is to establish a barrier between a secure internal
network and the internet to prevent unauthorized
access.
• Firewalls can be either hardware or software, or a
combination of both. They filter network traffic to protect
the network from unauthorized access and cyber
threats, such as viruses and hackers.
• Modern firewalls offer additional functions like detecting
and preventing intrusions, filtering content, and
blocking specific internet services to enhance network
security.

d) E-Wallets:
• E-Wallets, also known as digital wallets, are electronic
devices or online services that allow individuals to make
electronic transactions. This can include purchasing
items online with a computer or using a smartphone to
buy something in a store.
• E-Wallets securely store users' payment information and
passwords, streamlining the transaction process. They
can often store multiple credit card and bank account
numbers in a secure environment and are increasingly
being used for contactless payments.
• They offer convenience and speed, but also pose
challenges in terms of security and privacy, as sensitive
financial information is involved.

e) Cyber Security:
• Cybersecurity refers to the practices, technologies, and
processes designed to protect computers, networks,
programs, and data from attack, damage, or
unauthorized access. It involves securing information
systems from cybersecurity threats like malware,
ransomware, phishing, and hacking.
• The goal of cybersecurity is to protect data, both in
transit and at rest, as well as to safeguard the integrity
and functionality of IT systems and the internet.

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 • It's an ever-evolving field, constantly adapting to counter
new challenges as they arise, particularly as our reliance
on technology and the internet continues to grow.

5. A. What is Internet? Write the use and misuse of Internet?

What is the Internet?

The Internet is a vast network that connects millions of

computers globally. It's a network of networks, consisting of
private, public, academic, business, and government networks,
linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical
networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of
information resources and services, such as the inter-linked
hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web
(WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing.

Uses of the Internet:

1. Communication: The Internet has revolutionized

communication, allowing instant messaging, emails, and
video conferencing, making it easy to stay in touch with
friends, family, and colleagues worldwide.
2. Information and Research: It's an invaluable resource for
gaining information on virtually any topic. The vast array of
articles, research papers, and reports available online makes
it a powerful tool for education and research.
3. Entertainment: The Internet provides numerous
entertainment options, including streaming music and
videos, online games, and access to a vast library of movies
and TV shows.
4. E-Commerce: It enables buying and selling goods and
services online. This includes online retail shopping, online
banking, and electronic transactions.
5. Education: Online education platforms, e-learning tools, and
educational resources have made learning more accessible
and flexible.
6. Social Networking: Social media platforms allow users to
connect, share, and communicate with people around the
world.

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 7. Work and Business: The Internet is essential for many
businesses. It enables telecommuting, online marketing, and
cloud computing, among other things.

Misuses of the Internet:

1. Cybercrime: The Internet can be used for illegal activities

such as identity theft, phishing scams, cyberbullying, and the
distribution of illegal materials.
2. Misinformation and Fake News: The spread of false
information and propaganda can have serious consequences,
influencing public opinion and potentially causing harm.
3. Privacy Violation: Unauthorized tracking, hacking, and
theft of personal information violate privacy.
4. Addiction and Mental Health Issues: Excessive use of the
Internet, especially social media, can lead to addiction and
mental health issues like anxiety and depression.
5. Online Bullying and Harassment: The anonymity of the
Internet can lead to cyberbullying and harassment, which
can have severe impacts, especially on younger users.
6. Intellectual Property Theft: Piracy and unauthorized
sharing of copyrighted materials are common on the Internet.
7. Disruption of Work-Life Balance: The always-on nature of
the Internet can disrupt the work-life balance, leading to
issues like burnout and stress.

B. Write any five mobile apps which are being used in Delhi
Police?

Delhi Police utilizes various mobile applications to enhance their

efficiency, public outreach, and crime prevention efforts. Here are
five notable mobile apps that have been used by the Delhi Police:

1. Tatpar App: Launched by the Delhi Police, Tatpar is an all-

in-one app that provides over 50 citizen-centric services. It
includes features like FIR viewing, lost report registration,
traffic updates, and emergency services. The app aims to
bring various police services to the fingertips of citizens.
2. Himmat Plus App: Aimed at ensuring women's safety, the
Himmat Plus app allows users to send an SOS alert to the
Delhi Police in emergencies. The app tracks the user's
location and provides a quick response from the nearest
police control room.
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 3. Delhi Police Senior Citizen App: This app is specifically
designed for the safety and welfare of senior citizens in Delhi.
It allows senior citizens to register themselves with the police
and seek immediate assistance in emergencies.
4. Delhi Traffic Police App: This app is used for disseminating
traffic-related information to the public. It provides real-time
traffic updates, allows users to report traffic violations, and
offers information on traffic diversions, towed vehicles, and
challan status.
5. Delhi Police Lost Report App: This application enables
citizens to report the loss of important documents and items
like mobile phones, documents, and wallets without having
to visit a police station. The instant generation of a lost report
helps in reducing the workload of police personnel and the
inconvenience to the public.

These applications reflect the Delhi Police's commitment to

leveraging technology for enhancing public safety and
convenience. They provide a quick and efficient way for citizens to
access various police services and for the police to manage and
respond to public needs effectively.

6. Write down the full form of the following: -

a) IMEI b) ISP
c) VOIP d) BIOS
e) Wi-Fi f) IMSI
g) USB h) HDMI
i) GSM j) MSP

a) IMEI: International Mobile Equipment Identity

b) ISP: Internet Service Provider
c) VOIP: Voice Over Internet Protocol
d) BIOS: Basic Input/Output System
e) Wi-Fi: Wireless Fidelity
f) IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity
g) USB: Universal Serial Bus
h) HDMI: High-Definition Multimedia Interface
i) GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
j) MSP: Manage Service Provide

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 Mid-Term Examination of PSIs of Batch No. 51
Police Computer Science (Paper -XII)
(Theory) (Answer Key)

1. Write the short notes of the following: -

a) Web Browser
b) Cloud Computing
c) Fire Wall
d) Search Engine
e) IP Address

a) Web Browser: A web browser is a software application

used to access and view websites on the Internet. It
requests information from a web server and then displays
it on a user's device. This information is often in the form
of web pages that may include text, images, and other
multimedia. Popular web browsers include Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Safari.
b) Cloud Computing: Cloud computing refers to the delivery
of various services through the Internet. These resources
include tools and applications like data storage, servers,
databases, networking, and software. Cloud computing
allows users to store files and applications on remote
servers, and access them via the internet. This technology
offers scalability, flexibility, and cost efficiency.
c) Firewall: A firewall is a network security device that
monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network
traffic based on predetermined security rules. A firewall
typically establishes a barrier between a trusted network
and an untrusted network, such as the Internet. It is
designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from private
networks and can be implemented as hardware, software,
or both.
d) Search Engine: A search engine is a software system
designed to carry out web searches. It searches the World
Wide Web in a systematic way for particular information
specified in a textual web search query. The search results
are generally presented in a line of results, often referred
to as search engine results pages (SERPs). The information
may be a mix of links to web pages, images, videos,
infographics, articles, research papers, and other types of
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 files. Google, Bing, and Yahoo are examples of search
engines.
e) IP Address: An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique
address that identifies a device on the internet or a local
network. It allows a system to be recognized by other
systems connected via the internet protocol. There are two
types of IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6. An IP address
consists of a series of numbers separated by periods (IPv4)
or colons (IPv6) and is used to route data traffic on the
internet.

2. What is processing unit and control unit? Write about the

Four primary function of CPU.
Processing Unit and Control Unit; Four Primary Functions of
CPU

Processing Unit (Central Processing Unit - CPU): The processing

unit, or CPU, is the primary component of a computer that
performs the core functions based on the instructions it receives.
It is the brain of the computer where most calculations take place.
CPUs perform essential arithmetic, logic, controlling, and
input/output operations specified by the instructions in the
computer program. Modern CPUs are microprocessors, meaning
they are contained on a single integrated circuit chip. They have
advanced by integrating more cores, which allows them to perform
multiple processes simultaneously, enhancing the overall speed
and efficiency.

Control Unit: The control unit is part of the CPU and plays a
critical role in its functionality. It manages and coordinates all the
operations of the computer. It does not execute program
instructions; rather, it directs other parts of the system to do so.
The control unit interprets the instructions from the memory and
converts them into control signals that activate other parts of the
computer. It controls data flow inside the CPU, as well as between
the CPU and other components of the computer system, ensuring
that the correct operations are performed in the right sequence.

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Four Primary Functions of CPU:

1. Fetch: The CPU fetches the instruction from its memory. This
step involves accessing the next instruction to be processed
from the system's memory, bringing it into the CPU to be
executed.
2. Decode: Once an instruction is fetched, the CPU decodes it
to understand what action is required. This process involves
breaking down the instruction into something that can be
understood and executed by the CPU.
3. Execute: The execution phase is where the actual operation
is performed. Depending on the instruction, this could
involve performing a calculation, moving data from one
memory location to another, or manipulating the data in
some way.
4. Store: Finally, the results of the execution are written back
to a memory location or a register. This could involve
updating the system memory, storing data for later use, or
preparing for the next instruction cycle.

3. What is Internet? What are its advantages and

disadvantages? What is software and hardware? Explain
with example.

Internet, Its Advantages and Disadvantages; Software and

Hardware

Internet: The Internet is a vast network that connects millions of

computers across the globe. It has revolutionized the way we
communicate, work, learn, and entertain ourselves. The Internet
works by using a protocol called TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) to link devices around the world. It is a
network of networks that includes private, public, academic,
business, and government networks linked by a broad array of
electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.

Advantages of the Internet:

• Global Connectivity and Communication: The Internet

connects people around the world, allowing for easier and
instant communication through emails, instant messaging,
and video conferencing.

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 • Information and Resource Sharing: It provides access to a
vast amount of information and knowledge, useful for
education, research, and personal growth.
• Entertainment and Media: The Internet is a vast source of
entertainment, including movies, music, books, and games.
• E-commerce and Online Services: It facilitates online
shopping, online banking, and access to a variety of services,
which saves time and resources.
• Innovation and Creativity: It allows people to share their
work, collaborate with others, and innovate across borders.

Disadvantages of the Internet:

• Privacy and Security Issues: The Internet poses significant

risks in terms of data privacy and security breaches. Personal
information can be accessed, stolen, or misused.
• Misinformation and Fake News: The vast amount of
information available on the Internet includes false and
misleading information.
• Addiction and Mental Health Issues: Overuse of the
Internet can lead to addiction, social isolation, and other
mental health problems.
• Digital Divide: There is a significant gap between those who
have access to the Internet and those who do not, particularly
in less developed regions.

Software: Software is a general term used to describe a collection

of computer programs, procedures, and documentation that
perform some tasks on a computer system. Software can be
divided into two types: application software, which enables the
end-user to perform specific, productive tasks, such as word
processing or image editing; and system software, which manages
and controls the computer's activities. For example, Microsoft
Windows or Linux are operating systems, which are essential types
of system software that manage the hardware and create the
environment that application software runs in.

Hardware: Hardware refers to the physical elements of a computer

system. This includes any physical component of a computer
system that contains a circuit board, ICs, or other electronics. A
perfect example of hardware is the screen on which you are viewing
this content, or the mouse you are using to navigate. Other

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examples include the computer's hard disk drive, RAM, and
motherboard. Hardware is what makes up the actual device itself.

4. Differentiate between the following

a) RAM & ROM

b) SAVE & SAVE AS
c) CUI & GUI
d) MENU Bar & TITLE Bar
e) E-Mail & E-Wallets

i. RAM & ROM:

• RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM is volatile
memory, meaning it requires power to maintain the
stored information. It is used as the main memory in a
computer system and is the place where the operating
system, application programs, and currently processed
data reside so that they can be quickly reached by the
device's processor. RAM is much faster to read from and
write to compared to other storage in a computer, like the
hard drive, solid-state drive, or optical drive. However, all
information in RAM is lost when the computer is turned
off.

• ROM (Read-Only Memory): ROM is a type of non-volatile

memory, meaning it does not require power to maintain
the information stored in it. It is used to store firmware
(software that is closely tied to specific hardware, and
unlikely to need frequent updates). Unlike RAM, data in
ROM is not lost when the computer power is off. ROM is
slower to read from compared to RAM and cannot be
modified (or can only be modified slowly or with difficulty)
which is why it is mainly used for firmware.

ii. SAVE & SAVE AS:

• SAVE: The 'Save' command is used to update a file with
the latest changes made by the user. When you save a
document, the changes are written to the same file that
was originally opened. This command is used when a file
already exists, and you want to update it with new or
modified content.

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 • SAVE AS: The 'Save As' command is used when you want
to create a new file or make a copy of the current file with
a different name, location, or format. It is useful for
creating a new version of a file while keeping the original
file unchanged. For example, you might use 'Save As' to
save a document in a different file format (like converting
a Word document to a PDF).

iii. CUI & GUI:

• CUI (Character User Interface): CUI interfaces are text-
based user interfaces where interaction occurs through a
command line. Users interact with the software by typing
commands on a terminal or console. CUIs are less
intuitive than GUIs and usually require some knowledge
of specific commands. They are more commonly used by
developers or in environments where system resources
are limited.
• GUI (Graphical User Interface): GUIs are user interfaces
that include graphical elements, such as windows, icons,
buttons, and menus. These interfaces are more user-
friendly and intuitive, as they allow users to interact with
the system through graphical icons and visual indicators
rather than text-based command lines. GUIs are common
in personal computers and smartphones.

iv. MENU Bar & TITLE Bar:

• MENU Bar: The Menu Bar is a graphical user interface
element that contains a list of commands or options that
can be clicked to perform various functions. In most
software applications, the menu bar is located at the top
of the window and includes items such as 'File', 'Edit',
'View', and 'Help'. Each item opens a drop-down menu with
more options.
• TITLE Bar: The Title Bar is a horizontal bar located at the
top of a window in a graphical user interface. It displays
the name or title of the window and often includes basic
control elements such as minimize, maximize, and close
buttons. The title bar is used to move the window around
the screen by clicking and dragging.

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 v. E-Mail & E-Wallets:
• E-Mail (Electronic Mail): E-mail is a method of
exchanging messages over the Internet between
individuals and/or groups. An e-mail service allows users
to send and receive messages, attach documents, and
maintain a list of contacts. E-mails are stored on servers
and can be accessed from any device connected to the
Internet. It is one of the oldest and most universal
methods of online communication.
• E-Wallets (Electronic Wallets): E-wallets are electronic
devices or online services that allow individuals to make
electronic transactions, including purchasing items
online with a computer or a smartphone. E-wallets store
users’ payment information for many payment methods
in one secure place, and they also securely store login
information for various payment apps and websites.
Examples of e-wallets include PayPal, Apple Pay, and
Google Wallet.

5. What do you understand by Hash Value? Describe in

details its importance in investigation of Cyber Crime
Cases.

A hash value, also known as a hash code or hash sum, is a unique

identifier created by a hash function. Hash functions are
algorithms that take an input (or 'message') and return a fixed-size
string of bytes. The output is typically a fixed-length string of
characters that appears random, but each input generates a
distinct hash value. If even a single character in the input changes,
the hash value will change significantly.

Importance in Cyber Crime Investigation:

1. Data Integrity Verification: Hash values are crucial in

ensuring data integrity. In cyber-crime investigations,
verifying that digital evidence has not been tampered with is
essential. By comparing hash values of the original and
current data, investigators can determine if the data is intact
and unchanged.
2. Identifying Known Files: Hash values can be used to
quickly identify known files, such as illegal images or
documents. Law enforcement agencies often use databases of

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 hash values of known illegal content to find matches on
seized devices.
3. File Correlation and Link Analysis: By comparing hash
values, investigators can find files that appear on multiple
devices or networks. This helps in establishing patterns or
links in cybercrime activities, such as shared malware or files
between suspects.
4. Forensic Duplication: When creating copies of drives or data
for investigation, hash values ensure that the copy is an exact
replica of the original. Any discrepancy in hash values
indicates an error or alteration in the duplication process.
5. Efficiency: Hash functions can process large volumes of data
quickly, making them invaluable in investigations where time
is crucial. They allow investigators to swiftly sift through
terabytes of data for relevant evidence.
6. Malware Analysis: Hash values help in identifying and
cataloging different versions of malware. This assists in
tracking the evolution of malware and linking different cyber
attacks to the same source.
7. Cryptography: In secure communications, hash values play
a role in ensuring the integrity and authenticity of the
transmitted data, helping to prevent cybercrimes like data
breaches or man-in-the-middle attacks.
8. Uniqueness: While hash collisions (where two different
inputs produce the same hash) are theoretically possible,
good hash functions make such collisions highly improbable,
ensuring a high level of confidence in the uniqueness of each
hash value.
9. Non-reversibility: Hash functions are designed to be one-
way operations, making it extremely difficult to derive the
original input from its hash value. This is crucial in
maintaining the confidentiality of sensitive data in
cybercrime investigations.
10. Digital Signatures: Hash values are used in creating digital
signatures, which provide proof of origin, identity, and
integrity of a message or document, a critical aspect in legal
scenarios and authentication processes in cybercrime cases.

Hash values are fundamental in cybercrime investigations for

ensuring data integrity, identifying known illegal files, linking
related digital evidence, and maintaining the confidentiality and
authenticity of data. They offer a blend of efficiency, reliability, and

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security, making them indispensable tools in the digital forensic
field.
6. Write down the full form of the following: -

a) Wi-Fi b) HDMI
c) CUI d) HTTP
e) URL f) GSM
g) DVD h) IMSI
i) BIOS j) MSP

a) Wi-Fi: Wireless Fidelity

b) HDMI: High-Definition Multimedia Interface
c) CUI: Character User Interface
d) HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
e) URL: Uniform Resource Locator
f) GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
g) DVD: Digital Versatile Disc
h) IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity
i) BIOS: Basic Input/Output System
j) MSP: Managed Service Provider

*****

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 1st Semester Examination of PSIs of Batch No. 52
(Chandigarh Police, Goa Police and Delhi Police)
Police Computer Science (Paper -XVI) (Theory)

1. What do you understand by internet? Differentiate

between Internet and Intranet. Briefly explain any two of
the below.
a) Dard Web.
b) Internet of Things (IOT)
c) Artificial Intelligence (AI) (10)

The internet is a global network of interconnected computers and

other devices that communicate via standardized protocols. It
allows for the exchange of information and services across the
globe. Users can access a vast array of resources, such as
websites, emails, files, and multimedia content, through the
internet.

Differentiating between Internet and Intranet:

1. Internet:
• The internet is a worldwide network that connects
millions of computers and devices globally.
• It is accessible to anyone with an internet connection.
• Its primary purpose is to facilitate communication and
the sharing of information on a global scale.
• Examples include accessing websites, sending emails,
streaming media, etc.
2. Intranet:
• An intranet is a private network that operates within an
organization or a specific group of users.
• It is accessible only to authorized users within the
organization and is not available to the general public.
• Its primary purpose is to facilitate internal
communication, collaboration, and sharing of resources
within the organization.
• Examples include internal websites, document sharing
platforms, employee portals, etc.

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a) Dark Web:

• The dark web refers to a part of the internet that is

intentionally hidden and inaccessible through standard web
browsers.
• It is often associated with illegal activities, such as the sale of
drugs, weapons, stolen data, and other illicit goods and
services.
• Users typically access the dark web using special
anonymizing software like Tor, which masks their identity
and location.

b) Internet of Things (IoT):

• The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of

interconnected devices embedded with sensors, software, and
other technologies that enable them to collect and exchange
data.
• These devices can range from everyday objects like household
appliances and wearable devices to industrial machines and
vehicles.
• IoT technology enables the automation of processes, data
collection for analysis, and the creation of smart
environments.

c) Artificial Intelligence (AI):

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science

focused on creating systems that can perform tasks that
typically require human intelligence.
• These tasks include problem-solving, learning,
understanding natural language, recognizing patterns, and
making decisions.
• AI encompasses various techniques such as machine
learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and
robotics.
• Applications of AI range from virtual assistants and
recommendation systems to autonomous vehicles and
medical diagnosis.

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2. What is Operating System? What is the main
role/functions of operating system?

An operating system (OS) is a primary software that acts as an

intermediary between computer hardware and the user. It
manages and coordinates the activities of a computer and the
hardware attached to it. Operating systems are essential for
computers to function effectively.

Main Roles/Functions of an Operating System:

1. Resource Management: The OS manages and allocates

computer resources such as the CPU, memory, disk space,
and input/output devices. It ensures that different programs
and users running simultaneously on the system get
adequate resources.
2. Process Management: It handles the creation, scheduling,
and termination of processes. A process is an instance of a
running program, and the OS manages these processes to
ensure efficient operation, preventing conflicts and ensuring
that each process gets the processor time it needs.
3. Memory Management: The OS manages the computer's
memory - both the physical RAM and virtual memory. It
allocates memory to various applications when they're
running and reclaims it when they're not.
4. File System Management: It manages files on computer
storage devices. This includes creating and deleting files,
managing directories, handling permissions, and providing a
user interface for the user to interact with their files.
5. Device Management: The OS manages device
communication via their respective drivers. It acts as a bridge
between the hardware and the software, ensuring that
devices connected to the computer, like printers, scanners,
and storage devices, function correctly.
6. Security and Access Control: The OS provides a level of
security to the computer system by managing user access to
the system and its resources. It uses passwords and other
security measures to protect against unauthorized access to
the computer's data.
7. User Interface: Almost all operating systems provide a user
interface (UI) to interact with the computer. This can be a

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 graphical user interface (GUI) like in Windows or macOS, or
a command-line interface (CLI) like in some versions of Linux.
8. Networking: For systems connected to a network, the OS
manages the networking aspects, including network access,
data transfer, and network security.
9. System Performance Monitoring and Error Handling: The
OS monitors the overall system performance and efficiently
manages errors and crashes. It provides tools to diagnose and
report hardware and software issues.

The operating system is crucial for the overall functionality and

efficiency of a computer. It provides the basic framework for
managing the hardware and software resources of the computer,
enabling the user to execute programs, manage files, and perform
other critical tasks.

3. Write down the full form of the following: - (10)

a) IMEI b) SSD
c) VOIP d) VGA
e) LAN f) ISP
g) ALU h) CDR
i) BIOS j) FTP

Here are the full forms of the given abbreviations:

a. IMEI: International Mobile Equipment Identity

b. SSD: Solid State Drive
c. VOIP: Voice over Internet Protocol
d. VGA: Video Graphics Array
e. LAN: Local Area Network
f. ISP: Internet Service Provider
g. ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit
h. CDR: Call Detail Record
i. BIOS: Basic Input/Output System
j. FTP: File Transfer Protocol

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4. What is the use of Computer in Delhi Police? Write about
the various Web & Mobile Applications of Delhi Police and
also write down the URLs of the websites of Delhi Police,
Traffic Unit & License unit?

The use of computers in Delhi Police has helped to streamline

and automate many of its operations, making it more efficient and
effective in serving the citizens of Delhi. Computers play a crucial
role in the functioning of the Delhi Police. They are used for various
purposes such as maintaining records, tracking crimes and
criminals, analyzing data, and facilitating communication and
coordination among different departments and units.

Some of the ways in which computers are used by Delhi Police

include: -

A. Crime Management: Delhi Police use computers to manage

and track crime data, such as incident reports and crime
statistics. This helps them to identify and respond to trends
and patterns in criminal activity, which can assist in solving
crimes and preventing future ones.
B. Evidence Management: Delhi Police use computers to store
and manage digital evidence, such as images, videos, and
audio recordings, which can be used as evidence in court.
This helps to ensure the integrity of the evidence and makes
it easier to access and review.
C. Crime Record Management: The Delhi Police use computers
to maintain records of crimes and criminals, which helps in
tracking their activities and investigating cases.
D. Surveillance and Monitoring: The police use computer
systems and cameras to monitor the city and gather
intelligence to prevent and solve crimes.
E. Communication and Coordination: The Delhi Police use
computers and other communication devices to coordinate
and communicate with other units and departments within
the organization, as well as with other law enforcement
agencies.
F. Training and Development: The police use computers to
provide training and development programs to officers and
personnel, including simulation-based training and online
courses.

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G. Traffic Management: The Delhi Police use computer systems
to manage and regulate traffic, including monitoring the flow
of vehicles, enforcing traffic rules, and responding to
accidents.

These are some of the ways in which computers are used in

the Delhi Police to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness
in maintaining law and order and serving the citizens of
Delhi.

Delhi Police has been working towards improving its

services and making them more accessible to the public
through the use of technology. The following are some of
the web and mobile applications developed by Delhi Police:

1. Tatpar is a mobile application launched by the Delhi Police

in India with the aim of providing quick and easy access to
emergency police services. The app is designed to help
citizens in Delhi to report crimes, track their complaints, and
receive updates on police activities in their area.
Here is some additional information about the Tatpar app:
a. Services: The app provides access to several police
services, including reporting of crimes, sharing of
complaints, and tracking of complaints. The app also
offers updates on police activities in the user's area,
such as road closures, traffic congestion, and other law
and order situations.
b. Features: The app offers several features, including a
panic button that users can press in case of an
emergency. The app also has a feature that enables
users to report traffic violations, including parking
violations, reckless driving, and other traffic-related
offenses. Additionally, users can also use the app to
provide feedback on the quality of police services.
c. Availability: The app is available for download on both
Android and iOS devices, and it is free of charge.
d. User Interface: The app has a user-friendly interface,
which makes it easy to use. It also has a multilingual
interface, which allows users to choose their preferred
language.
e. Privacy: The app is designed to protect user privacy.
The app stores user data securely, and users can

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 choose to share their location with the police only when
they want to.
f. Service Area: The Tatpar app is specific to the Delhi
Police, and its services may not be available in other
regions.

Overall, the Tatpar app is a useful tool for citizens in Delhi

who want to stay informed about police activities in their
area and report crimes or traffic violations quickly and easily.
Its panic button and traffic reporting features make it easier
for users to call for help in case of an emergency and report
traffic violations on the go.

2. Himmat Plus is a mobile application launched by the Delhi

Police in India. The app is an upgraded version of the
Himmat app, which was launched in 2015 with the aim of
providing safety and security to women in Delhi by enabling
them to call for help in case of an emergency.
Here is some additional information about the Himmat
Plus app:
a. Panic Button: The app has a panic button that users
can press in case of an emergency. When the panic
button is pressed, it automatically dials the emergency
number 112 and sends the user's location to the police
control room.
b. Himmat Plus Safe Travel: This feature allows users to
share their location with family or friends while
traveling. The app enables users to add emergency
contacts who will be notified in case of an emergency.
Users can choose the contacts they want to share their
location with, and the feature allows them to share their
location for a specific duration.
c. SOS Alert: In addition to the panic button, the app also
has an SOS alert feature that allows users to send a
distress message to the police control room. The
message includes the user's location and can be sent to
the police even if the phone is locked.
d. Shake to Call: The app also has a feature that enables
users to dial the emergency number 112 by shaking
their phone vigorously.

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 e. Multilingual Interface: The app has a multilingual
interface that allows users to choose their preferred
language. It currently supports Hindi and English.
f. Availability: The Himmat Plus app is available for
download on both Android and iOS devices, and it is
free of charge.
g. Service Area: The Himmat Plus app is specific to the
Delhi Police, and its services may not be available in
other regions.
Himmat Plus app is a useful tool for women in Delhi
who want to feel safer while traveling. Its panic button,
location sharing, and distress message features make it
easier for women to call for help in case of an emergency.
3. e-Lost Report: This web application allows citizens to
register complaints about lost or stolen documents,
including passports, PAN cards, and driving licenses.
4. e-FIR: This web application enables citizens to register First
Information Reports (FIRs) online, without having to visit a
police station.
5. Delhi Police Official Website: The Delhi Police website
serves as a centralized platform for disseminating
information to the public. It typically includes sections such
as news updates, notices, information on missing persons,
traffic advisories, crime prevention tips, and contact details
of various police stations.
6. Delhi Traffic Police: This website provides real-time traffic
updates, traffic violations, and road safety information to the
citizens of Delhi. Delhi Police Road Safety: This website
provides information and resources related to road safety,
including rules and regulations, awareness campaigns, and
accident reporting.
These web and mobile applications provide a convenient and
accessible way for citizens to interact with Delhi Police and
access its services.
7. Delhi Police Licensing Unit: This website provides
information about the various licenses issued by Delhi
Police, including arms licenses, private security agency
licenses, and explosives licenses.
8. YUVA: YUVA 2.0 (Ongoing Skill-Training): YUVA 2.0
Phase-II, there was a target to provide skill training to 10,000
youths in various job roles in the year 2023. Delhi Police
entered into a MoU singed on dated 30.04.2022 with the
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 Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship ‘MSDE’
which will facilitate in channelizing the funds from the World
Bank under the “SANKALP SCHEME”. Delhi Police has
engaged 13 Training Partners ([Link]) for imparting the
vocational skill training to candidates enrolled for different
25 job roles/skills like Field Technician & Networking
Storage, Data Entry Operator, Front Office Executive, 4-
Wheeler drivers, Customer Care Executive, Makeup Artist,
Documentation Assistant, Emergency Medical Technician,
F&B steward, Pedicurist & Manicurist, Beauty Therapist,
Retail Sales Associate, FTCP etc.

In this phase of training total 14,040 candidates (Male-5782

Female- 8258) have been enrolled so far on the SIP portal of
NSDC, out of which 11,211 candidates have already
completed their training at designated training centres
located in 70 Police Stations across Delhi by 13 TPs in 25
different job roles. As on Ist Week of December, 2023, the
assessment of 9,643 candidates have been done out of which
total 8,876 candidates have successfully passed their skill
training. Moreover, an additional 1050 targets have again
been allocated recently to the eligible TPs who have started
training of the candidates by creating new batches at various
police stations across Delhi. The YUVA 2.0 Project was to be
end by March, 2023 but timeline of the project has been
extended two times by NSDC, initially till December, 2023
and as of now till 28th February, 2024.
[Link]

9. NIPUN: NIPUN is an e-learning portal launched by the Delhi

Police in November 2018 to provide online training and
information to police personnel through specialized courses
designed by experts.
The portal was launched by Delhi Police Commissioner
Amulya Patnaik. The NIPUN website ([Link].
in) provides access to a range of resources for police
personnel, including study material, sample question
papers, manuals, and mobile apps. It also offers a "Test Your
Knowledge" section which allows users to test their
knowledge on various topics related to policing. Additionally,
there is a "How To Signup" page which provides instructions
on how to create an account on the NIPUN portal.
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 The NIPUN app is available for download on Google Play
Store, and it provides access to all of the same resources as
the website. The app also includes features such as
notifications and reminders for upcoming courses and
exams.

Here are the URLs for the websites of Delhi Police, Traffic Unit, and
License Unit:

1. Delhi Police: [Link]

2. Delhi Traffic Police: [Link]
3. Delhi License Unit: [Link]

*****

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