INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

IMPACT OF MOMMA ON THE HEALTH AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS AT THE INTERNATIONAL

SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KALINGA

A Research
Presented to the Faculty
of Senior High School Department
International School of Asia and the Pacific Kalinga Bulanao
Norte, Tabuk City, Kalinga

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements in Practical Research 2

Ayyang, Keith G.
Gadang, Winbert D.
Lubiano, Dan Raymond B.
Ordona, Lovepatimieh G.
Wallayan, Ramilyn A.

June, 2024

1
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Chewing areca nut, often combined with betel leaf and

other ingredients to form what is known as "betel quid," has
been associated with various negative health impacts. Momma
is a plant native to East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula,
and now it spread around Asia, which is widely used for its
stimulating effects. It is chewed for its psychoactive
properties, which can induce feelings of euphoria, increased
energy, and reduced appetite. In some cultures, momma is a
popular social activity, often consumed in groups,
especially among students and young adults. However, the use
of momma has been associated with several adverse health
effects, including physical, psychological, and social
problems. The plant contains psychoactive compounds that can
have a significant impact on the body, especially with long-
term use.

The habit of chewing momma areca nut causes bad oral

cavity to the students, where most of the students who chew
areca nut has a teeth cavity. According to Anand (2014) he
stated that betel nut preparation; thus, creating the betel
quid (BQ) has deleterious effects on oral soft tissues. Its
effects on dental caries and periodontal diseases. In
chronic chewers, a condition called betel chewers mucosa is
often found where the quid is placed. Betel nut chewing is
implicated in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), both of which
are potentially malignant in the oral cavity. Cirillo (2022)

2
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
also stated that oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a
potentially malignant condition of the oral cavity
characterized by progressive fibrosis of the submucosal
tissues. Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is typically
associated with the use of betel quid (BQ), a chewing
package made of natural products (e.g., areca nut, betel
leaves), with or without smokeless tobacco.

Contrary to what Barode (2023) claims, betel nuts have

the ability to prevent the growth of bacteria, viruses, and
fungus. They may help lessen inflammation and provide pain
relief for toothaches. In addition, Panda A. (2023) piper
betel leaf, along with Mama's ingredients (Areca nut, slake
lime, coriander, anise, and others), has medicinal
properties and the ability to treat a range of ailments,
including oral cancer. According to research, Betel leaf is
considered to be better than medications because it contains
important chemical constituents for the best medicines.
Moreover, betel leaf, also known as piper betel, is a safe,
naturally occurring medication that has a large therapeutic
potential for the treatment of a variety of medical
conditions in humans.

On the other hand, Cosalan (2017) said that cordilleran

people chew betel nut from claims that they get a sense of
well-being and in addition their hunger is satisfied and
their breath is sweetened. This nut is also used
traditionally as a medicine to relieve some ailments from
digestive problems to cardiovascular illnesses and it is
even said that it has some cancer-fighting properties. But
these still need further research to prove them. On the
other hand, this study also the same with Cirillo (2022)
that “nganga” was also classified by the World Health

3
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Organization (WHO) as a carcinogen. Studies show that
chewing betel nut may cause mouth, esophagus laryngeal and
lung cancers. It can also cause oral submucous fibrosis,
diabetes and hypertension, precancerous lesions, withdrawal
symptoms in newborn, and tooth destruction. It acts as an
Amphetamine which is a stimulant and just like it, betel nut
is addictive.

People who chew betel nut, claims that they get a sense
of well-being and to satisfy their hungriness. This nut is
also used as a traditionally as a medicine to relieve some
ailments from digestive problems to cardiovascular illnesses
and it is even said that it has some cancer-fighting
properties. But these still need further research to prove
them. La Union is one of those places. The people chew betel
nut or the momma as an alternative of smoking and they that
if you chew momma, your body will become warm especially in
the highland areas. In the school of San Gabriel Senior High
School, there are also students who chew betel nut. They say
that if they chew betel nut during the class, they can
easily concentrate and cannot fell hungriness.

Almost 600 million people chew betel quid worldwide,

with the Pacific Islands and Asian nations accounting for
three-fourths of the consumption. This habit develops at a
very young age, approximately 13 years, and usually students
are in the high-risk group. According to Huang (2020), right
after consumption, users of betel quid have reported
experiencing decreased thinking ability, disturbed mental
processes, increased vigilance, body relaxation, enhanced
motor responses, and a boosted sense of wellness. Substance
dependence features including tolerance, craving, and drug-

4
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
seeking behavior, as well as withdrawal symptoms, have been
acknowledged by habitual users of betel quid.

Furthermore, according to Dentist Grace Ann Tarnate

said that contrary to the notion of that betel nut chewing
strengthens the teeth, the habit can cause gum irritation
and tooth decay. She observed that her momma-chewing
patients usually lack oral hygiene which put them at higher
risk for oral sub-mucous fibrosis, an incurable condition
which cause stiffness in the month and eventually, the loss
of jaw movement. The poor oral hygiene also results to root
caries because of the momma and food and calcular deposits
which lodged so long at the end pocket depths and eventually
tooth extraction, Tarnate said. On the other hand, medical
doctor Nellie Alejandrino said that she and other doctors in
the locality are urging people to stop using betel nut
because it causes cancer elaborating that it is not the
betel nut itself but the lime because its processing
involves burning. She said that when mixed with tobacco, the
betel nut is even more dangerous because tobacco is not only
carcinogenic but also spikes blood pressure. (Albano, Jr.,
2019).

As a student, we observed that students that are using

momma have low oral hygiene; they just spit everywhere in
school, and some of them stain their school uniform, which
makes them look unpleasant to look at, and not only the way
that they look, but also the way they make the school look
unpleasant in the environment because of their momma's spit,
which may cause a bad smell. Also, we observed that their
academic performance was affected; this made them not focus
on listening to teachers, distracting their classmates while

5
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
they were chewing, and disturbing them by spitting outside
while the teacher was discussing.

As a result, the health performance of students who use

momma may be affected, leading to academic, social, and
health-related consequences. This study aims to investigate
the effects of momma usage on the health performance of
students. We will examine the prevalence of momma use among
students, the types of momma used, and the patterns of use.
We will also explore the potential health consequences of
momma use, including its impact on academic performance,
mental health, physical health, and social relationships. By
identifying the factors associated with momma use and its
effects on students, this study aims to provide insights
into effective prevention and intervention strategies to
promote the health and well-being of students.

6
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Conceptual Framework

This research helps us understand where it begins and

what consequences it has on our health. We all know that
momma is quite popular in Kalinga, and it has spread to
other parts of the country. Some people say that momma is
better than cigarettes. Chewing momma is like chewing bubble
gum to them; they always chew momma in their spare time. We
study the relationship between momma and academic
performance because this is very important to us, especially
as students. We should study it so that we can know how to
separate it from our academic performance because everyone
knows that chewing momma is bad in school because it makes
the school surroundings so dirty. Some individuals say that
momma is just their leisure, but let us always remember that
this affects our academic performance, especially since it's
in the school rules that we should not chew momma inside the
school. Further, 16 above are using momma, particularly to
the male students.

On the authority of ISAP-k issued the rules of betel

quid “momma”, section 2.4-spitting of betel quid, is
prohibited in any area within the school premises. Section
2.4.4- chewing of betel quid during class hours,
orientations and seminars is also strictly prohibited.
Nonetheless, most the students ignored these rules and
pretend to have not known any regulations in the
institution.

According to Verano (2020) the Department of Education

Cordillera Administrative Region Schools Division of Baguio

7
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City. Office of the Superintendent Division Memorandum
Number 242, s.2020 “ENFORCING 100% MOMMA FREE PUBLIC AND
PRIVATE ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL FACILITIES” to:
Chief, CID and SGOD, Public Schols District Supervisors
School Heads, Public Elementary Schools,
Administrators/Principals, Private Elementary and Secondary
Schools, and All Others Concerned. 1)In order to promote
responsible chewing of momma for public health and
cleanliness, the City Council of Baguio issued the Ordinance
Numbered 35, Series of 2020 entitled,
“REGULATING THE CHEWING, SPITTIING OF BETEL QUID OR “MOMMA”
IN PUBLIC PLACCES, AND SELLING OF “MOMMA” PTODUCTS TO MINORS
IN THE CITY OF BAGUIO, IMPOSING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS
THEREOF AND PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR OTHHER
PURPOSE”. 2)Pursuant to item (i), Section 14 thereof, all
public and private elementary and secondary schools of
Baguio City are hereby directed to: Section 2.1.1. Enforce
100% momma free school facilities, section 2.1.2. assist in
thee monitoring o selling of momma from the perimeter of
schools to minors, and, section 2.1.3. Post in clear and
conspicuous manner “NO CHEWING AND SPITTING” signs, and
notices within the school premises and its perimeter. 3) For
dissemination and strict compliance.

The Economic Resources 51901. This Act shall be known

as “Betel Nut Control Act of 2015”. Section 1. The
legislative finds that the areca nut is the seed of areca
palm which grows is much of the tropical Pacific, Asia, and
parts of east Africa. It is commonly referred to as betel
nut, as it is often chewed wrapped in betel l5e5aves55 and
mixed with lime. Chewing the mixture of area nut, betel
leaf, and lime is a tradition, custom or ritual which dates

8
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
back thousands of years in much of the geographical areas
from South Asia eastward to the Pacific. The legislative
finds that that recent studies have shown that areca nut
(Betel Nut) is an addictive substance that is consumed in
many parts of the world by people of all age group. However,
studies, reports, and presentations have been published over
the years that focus on the dangers of Betel Nut chewing.

9
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

a. How frequent
students use momma
in a day DEPENDENT VARIABLE
b. Reasons why students
chew momma
Impact of momma on the
c. Level of Awareness health and academic
on Health effects of performance of senior
high school students
momma
d. Effects of momma on
the health of the
students.
e. Effects of using
momma to the

MODERATOR VARIABLES

Sex

Age

Tribe

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

The conceptual framework summarizes the entire study

which employs the Independent-Dependent-moderator variables.
The independent variable includes how frequent students use
momma in a day, reasons why students chew momma, level of
awareness on health effects of momma, the effects of momma
on the health of the students, the effects of using momma to

10
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
the academic performance of the students. For the dependent
variable is the impact of momma on the health and academic
performance of senior high school students of ISAP-K.
Lastly, the moderator variable includes the sex, age and
tribe.

Statements of the Problem

This study looked into the impact of momma on the health

and academic performance of the senior high school students
at ISAP-Kalinga.

Specifically, it sought to find answers on the following

questions:

1. How frequent do students use momma in a day?

2. What are the reasons why students chew momma?
3. What is the level of awareness of the students on
the effects of using momma?
4. What are the effects of momma to the health of the
students?
5. What are the effects of momma on the academic
performance of students?

11
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Statements of Objectives

Specifically, it sought to:

1. To determine how frequent students use momma in a

day.
2. To identify the reasons why students chew momma
3. To determine the level of awareness of the students
on the effects of using momma.
4. To identify the effects of momma on the health of
the students.
5. To identify the effects of using momma to the
academic performance of the students.

Definitions of Terms

The following terms were operationally and contextually

defined for the purpose of understanding and clarity:

Areca nut. Seed of betel palm; chewed with leaves of

the betel pepper and lime as a digestive stimulant and
narcotic in southeastern Asia.
([Link] nut)

Chewing. to destroy (something) by chewing it. (Merriam

Webster Dictionary)

12
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Momma. Generally, contains betel leaf, areca nut and
slaked lime, and may contain tobacco.
(https//.[Link])

Oral submucous fibrosis. Results in marked rigidity and

an eventual inability to open the mouth.
([Link]

Oral hygiene. The state or practice of keeping the

mouth cavity in a healthy condition, as by a regular program
of brushing and flossing the teeth combined with periodic
examinations by a dentist.
([Link]

Spitting. to eject saliva from the mouth.

([Link]

Significance of the Study

The researchers believe that the result of this

research will benefit the following:

Students. This research will encourage students to

limit their use of momma because of its health impacts.

13
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
School/Teachers/Administration/Policy makers. This
research Addressing collaborative effort from teachers,
administrators, policymakers, and the school community to
create a healthy and supportive learning environment.

Department of Education. This study will give the

school feedback where they aim to know what is happening in
the institution.

Researchers. This research aims to help the researchers

in pursuing their interests, learning something new, and

honing their problem-solving skills, as well as challenging

themselves in new ways.

Future Researchers. This research can give more insight

and ideas to the future researchers who will study this

certain topic or problem, and can also give reflections to

the researchers of this study. It will serve as related

literature and research material for future researchers

relate to this.

Scope and Delimitations

The study is about the impact of momma on the health

and academic performance of the students and will be
conducted at the International School of Asia and the
Pacific—Kalinga, senior high school department, for the
school year 2023-2024.

14
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The literature on the health effects of Areca nut in

the Philippines offers a comprehensive understanding of its
diverse impact on human well-being. Reyes et al. (2017)
conducted a study revealing the carcinogenic potential of
Areca nut, emphasizing an increased risk of oral cancers.
Santos et al. (2018) explored the cardiovascular
implications of Areca nut consumption, providing valuable
insights from a Philippine perspective. In a study by
Fernandez and Cruz (2019), the neurological impact of Areca
nut was investigated, specifically in relation to cognitive
impairment. Gomez and Lim (2020) delved into the cultural
significance of betel nut chewing in the Philippines,
emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive health
promotion strategies. Hernandez et al. (2016) and Perez et
al. (2021) addressed the economic burden of Areca nut-
related health issues, highlighting the importance of
comprehensive approaches considering both health and
economic aspects. Dela Cruz et al. (2018) explored the
association between Areca nut chewing and respiratory health
in a Philippine population study, contributing to a broader
understanding of its health implications.

Further research includes the investigation by Ramos et

al. (2019) on the potential link between Areca nut and
diabetes in a Philippine context. Tan and Garcia (2017)
focused on the dental health implications of Areca nut
chewing, presenting findings from a survey conducted in

15
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
urban Philippine communities. Finally, Velasco et al. (2020)
examined the prevalence and pattern of Areca nut use among
Filipino youth, offering insights crucial for designing
public health interventions in the Philippines. The
consumption of areca nut, commonly known as betel nut, has
been extensively studied, revealing a myriad of adverse
health effects. Sabira et al. (2022) conducted a study
linking areca nut use during pregnancy to adverse obstetric
outcomes, including birth defects and infant mortality.
Additionally, the research established a significant
association between betel nut exposure and low birth weight.
Dandan et al. (2022) delved into the potential health risks
of areca nut consumption, emphasizing the presence of toxic
alkaloids and carcinogenic aflatoxins that pose a threat to
the human digestive system.

Adolescents are not immune to the harmful effects of

areca nut, as highlighted by Chatterjee and Gupte (2023).
Their research outlined a spectrum of health issues
associated with areca nut consumption, including oral
cancer, oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis,
myocardial infarction, hepatotoxicity, obesity, type II
diabetes, and asthma. Yung-Fu Chang’s study (2023) explored
the effects of areca nut on cell differentiation, revealing
associations with abnormal cell development, oral cancer,
and low birth weight. The literature also emphasizes the
deleterious impact of areca nut on oral health. Jellouli
(2023) discusses its role in the development of oral
submucous fibrosis (OSF). Furthermore, Chen et al. (2022)
explores the potential role of the host microbiome in areca
nut-associated carcinogenesis, highlighting various harmful

16
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
effects such as cardiovascular disease and impaired immune
and metabolic systems. Vasanthi et al. (2022) decode the
link between areca nut chewing and cardiovascular disease
using hsCRP as a biomarker, shedding light on less-
documented systemic effects, including reactive lesions,
periodontal health compromise, oral pre-cancer, and
cancerous states. Prakash (2022) conducted a cross-sectional
study in the United States mainland, establishing a clear
association between areca nut consumption and oral
premalignant lesions, reinforcing its recognition as a
carcinogenic substance by the US Food and Drug
Administration.

Betel quid use (areca with or without tabacco) is an

orphan addiction (Little and Papke,2015), little studied and
poorly understood. In the study of Popke et al. (2020),
betel nut is an addictive habit that can divert students’
attention to their academic priority. While Chu, (2001)
stated that betel chewing produces an increase in heart
rate, blood pleasure, sweating, and temperature. The
research of chu, (2001) will be updated in this research.

Clare Stokes et al. (2022) provides insights into betel

quid, which is made from areca nuts, associating its use
with a high risk for oral disease and cancer. Finally, Saman
Warnakulasuriya et al. (2022) state that areca nut chewing
is a major risk factor for oral cancer and can cause
potentially malignant disorders such as leukoplakia and
submucous fibrosis. In conclusion, the extensive body of
literature consistently underscores the detrimental health
impacts of areca nut consumption, ranging from adverse

17
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
obstetric outcomes to a spectrum of oral health issues and
systemic diseases. Understanding these risks is pivotal for
public health interventions and the development of effective
preventive strategies.

18
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER III

DESIGN AND METHOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedures such

as research design, population and locale of the study, data
gathering instrument, validity and reliability of the
instrument, data gathering procedures, treatment of data and
statistical tools that were used by the researchers in this
study.

Research Design

The study used a qualitative-descriptive research

design. The questionnaire is the primary tool in gathering
data to determine the impact of momma on the health and
academic performance of senior high school students inside
the campus.

Locale and Population of the Study

The research presented at the International School of

Asia and the Pacific—Kalinga, particularly in the senior
high school department. The target participants are 43
students who are using momma in senior high school at ISAP-
K.

Table 1. Respondents Distribution as to Sex

Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 43 100%
Female 0 0%
TOTAL 43 100%

19
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
The table above shows the respondents distribution as
to sex. It shows that 43 or 100% are males. There were no
recorded respondents for female.

Table 2. Respondents Distribution as to Age

Age Frequency Percentage
16-17 15 35%
18-19 18 42%
20-21 4 9%
22-23 6 14%
TOTAL 43 100%

The table above shows the respondents distribution as

to age. It shows that 15 or 35% are ages 16-17, 18 or 42%

are ages 18-19, 4 or 9% are ages 20-21, and 6 or 14% are

ages 22-23.

Table 3. Respondents Distribtion as to Tribe

Tribe Frequency Percentage
Tulgao 6 14%
Ilocano 10 23%
Igorot 6 14%
Sumadel 2 5%
Naneng 9 21%
Dananao 4 9%
Butbut 2 5%
Bangad 2 5%
Pasil 1 2%
Tanudan 1 2%
TOTAL 43 100%

The table above shows the respondents distribution as

to tribe. It shows that 6 or 14% are Tulgao, 10 or 23% are
Ilocano, 6 or 14% are Igorot, 2 or 5% are Sumadel, 9 or 21%
are Naneng, 4 or 9%are Dananao, 2 or 4% are Butbut, 2 or 4%
are Bangad, 1 or 2% is Pasil, and 1 or 2% is Tanudan.

20
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Data Gathering Instrument

The survey questionnaire is the primary data gathering

tool. The first section contains the respondent’s profile,
which includes their sex, age and tribe. The second section
gathers how frequently students use momma. The third section
gathers the reasons why students chew momma. The fourth
section gathers the level of awareness of the students on
the effects of using momma. The fifth section gathers the
effects of momma on the health of the students. And the
sixth section discuss the effects of using momma to the
academic performance of the students.

Validity and Reliability of the Instrument

Most of indicators of the questionnaire are adapted and

modified in the study of Cirillo et al. (2022), Sharma et
al. (2022), and Hussain et al. (2018).

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers communicate and ask or permission to

the ISAP-K campus school head to allow the researchers to
float the questionnaire. The floating of the instrument will
be accomplished through personal distribution of printed
copies at the senior high school department.

21
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Treatment of Data

This section presents the scale which was used to

categorize and or classify the data gathered:

The researchers used the scale to quantify the health

effects cigarette smoking with the following limits,
equivalent descriptions and symbols:

Values Limits Descriptions Symbol

5 4.50-5.00 Extremely Experienced EE

4 3.50-4.49 Very Experienced VE

3 2.50-3.49 Moderately Experienced ME

2 1.50-2.49 Slightly Experienced SE

1 1.00-1.49 Not Experienced at All NEA

On the impacts of cigarette smoking on the academic

performance, the scale was used:

Values Limits Descriptions Symbols

5 4.50-5.00 Strongly Agree SA

4 3.50-4.49 Agree A

3 2.50-3.49 Neutral N

2 1.50-2.49 Disagree D

1 1.00-1.49 Strongly Disagree SD

22
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Statistical Tools

This part presents the statistical tools which were

used in the presentation, analysis and interpretation of
data :

Frequency Count. This was used to quantify the

responses of the students to the frequency of cigarette
smoking.

Weighted Mean. This was used in the study to quantify

the responses of the respondents along the different
indicators.

Weighted Mean Formula ( X ):

X =
∑X
N

Where:

∑X = Summation of the means

N = Number of data

23
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

24
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This section presents the interpretation and analysis

of the students’ perspectives on the effects of cigarette
smoking to the academic performance of Humanities and Social
Sciences Students at International School of Asia and the
Pacific-Kalinga.

Frequency on Cigarette Use

Table 3 presents the frequency on the use of cigarette

among the respondents.

Table 3. Frequency on Cigarette Use (N=43)

Frequency Responses Percentage
Once a week 33 76.74%
Twice a week 3 6.98%
Three times a week 0 0%
Four times a week 1 2.33%
Five or more times a week 6 13.95%
TOTAL 43 100%

The table shows the frequency distribution of

respondents based on their weekly smoking habits. It shows
that majority of the respondents smoke once a week
constituting 76.74% or 33 out of 43 respondents. Those who
smoke five or more times a week represent the next largest
group, accounting for 13.95% or 6 out of 43 respondents.
Only a small portion of respondents reported smoking twice a
week 6.98% 0r 3 out of 43 respondents. While a single
respondent reported smoking four times a week 2.33% or 1 out
of 43 respondents. Interestingly none of the respondents
reported smoking three times a week. This means that most
respondents reported smoking once a week, with a significant
portion smoking five or more times a week. This suggest that
25
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
a considerable number of students engage in regular smoking
habits, which may have implication for their health and
academic performance. However, its noteworthy that one of
the respondents reported smoking three times a week a
potential pattern in smoking behavior among the students.

Frequency on Cigarette Use as to Variables

This section presents the summary of frequency on the

use of cigarette along the moderator variables sex and age.
Variable as to Sex. Table 4 presents summary of
frequency on the use of cigarette as to moderator variable
sex.

Table 4. Frequency on Cigarette Use as to Variable Sex

Frequency MALE FEMALE
Once a week 27 6
Twice a week 3 0
Three times a week 0 0
Four times a week 1 0
Five or more times a 4 2
week
TOTAL 35 8

The table shows the frequency distribution of the

respondents in term of sex in male respondent. It shows that
27 out from 35 male respondents smoke once a week compared
to other students who smoke, having 3 respondents for twice
a week, 0 for three times a week, 1 for four times a week
and 4 for five or more times a week. This means that most of
the male respondents smoke once a week. On the other hand, 6
female respondents smoke once a week, none of them smoke for
twice to four times a week and only 2 from them smoke five
or more times a week. This implies that male respondents
showed a higher frequency of smoking compared to females,

26
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
with most male respondents smoking once a week. In contrast,
female respondents reported lower frequencies of smoking.
Additionally, the frequency of smoking varied across
different age groups, with older students (22-23 years old)
exhibiting higher smoking frequencies compared to younger
ones (16-17 years old) to moderator variable age

Variable as to Age. Table 5 presents the frequency on

the use of cigarette as to age.

Table 5. Frequency on Cigarette Use as to Variable Age

Frequency 16-17 18-19 20-21 22-23

Once a week 12 17 2 2
Twice a week 1 2 0 0
Three times a week 0 0 0 0
Four times a week 0 1 0 0
Five or more times a 0 6 0 0
week
TOTAL 13 26 2 2

The table shows that the frequency of cigarette use

varies across different age groups. Specially, among student
16-17 and 18-19, the majority reported smoking once a week,
with fewer instance of smoking twice a week and very few
instance of smoking four or more times a week. In contrast
among older students aged 20-21 and 22-23, there is a
decrease in the frequency of smoking, with most respondents
reporting smoking once a week and none reporting smoking
more than twice a week. This implies that smoking behavior
with age, possibly due to increased awareness of the health
risks associated with smoking or other factor such as change
in lifestyle or social influence. That implies that even
among older age groups, there are still instance of regular

27
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
smoking, indicating a need for targeted intervention to
address smoking behavior across all age groups.

Effects of Smoking to the Students’ Health

Table 6 presents the effects of smoking to the

student’s health.

Table 6. Effects of Smoking to the Students’ Health

Indicators EE VE ME SE NEA WM ED
5 4 3 2 1
Smoking significant ME
increase the risk of 5 8 9 7 14 2.60
developing (25) (32) (27) (14) (14)
respiratory diseases
Smoking is a major ME
contributor to 2.76
6 8 11 6 12
cardiovascular
(30) (32) (33) (12) (12)
disease such as heart
attack and stroke
Smoking considered a ME
leading cause of 2.81
9 7 7 7 13
various cancer,
(45) (28) (28) (14) (13)
including lung, and
bladder cancer
Smoking is associated SE
with a higher 6 7 5 7 18 2.44
likelihood of (30) (28) (15) (14) (18)
developing diabetes
Smoking compromise 6 3 8 12 14 SE
the immune system (30) (12) (24) (24) (14) 2.41
Smoking lead to oral ME
health problems 11 3 8 7 14 2.76
(55) (12) (28) (14) (14)
TOTAL AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN (TAWM) 2.63 ME

The table shows that the respondents moderately

experience the health effects of smoking with the obtained
average weighted mean of 2.63. This means that the data
suggest that respondents moderately experience the health
effects of smoking, with respiratory diseases,

28
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
cardiovascular diseases, and cancer being the most
acknowledge affects. This implies that students are aware of
the detrimental health consequence of smoking, although they
may not full comprehend the severity of these risks.

The table also presents the highest means of 2.81 and

2.76.

The indicator “Respondents moderately recognize smoking

association with respiratory disease, cardiovascular
diseases, and cancer” obtained the highest mean of 2.81
which falls under the description moderately experience.
This means that students generally recognize smoking
detrimental impact, particularly concerning respiratory
disease, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. That implies
students are restively well-informed about the risks of
smoking in this areas.

The table also presents the lowest means of 2.41 and

2.44.

The indicator “awareness is lower regarding smoking

link to diabetes and compromised immunity.” This means that
students might not fully understand the health risks
associated with smoking in these particular areas. That
implies a potential gap in knowledge regarding the broader
spectrum of health consequence related to smoking.

Effects of Smoking to the

29
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Students’ Health as to Variables

This section presents the summary of means on the

effects of smoking to the students’ health as to variables
sex and age.

Variable as to Sex. Table 7 presents the summary of

means on the effects of smoking to the students’ health as
to variables sex.

Table 7 Summary of Means on the Effects of Smoking to the

Students’ Health as to Variables Sex
Sex Mean Rank
Male 2.90 1
Female 2.36 2
TOTAL 2.63 ME

The data from table indicates that male respondents

have a higher mean score (2.90) compared to female
respondents (2.36)in term of perceiving the health effects
of smoking. This suggest that male students tend to perceive
these effect more strongly than their female counterparts.
This difference in perception may stem from various factor
such as difference in smoking behavior, awareness of health
risks, or social influences. Therefore, it can be implied
that there may be a gender disparity in how smoking is
perceived and its associated health effects among students
at ISAP-K.

Variable as to Age. Table 8 presents the summary of

means on the effects of smoking to the students’ health as
to variables age.

30
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Table 8. Summary of Means on the Effects of Smoking to the

Students’ Health as to Variables Age
Age Mean Rank
16-17 2.62 2
18-19 2.61 3
20-21 1.92 4
22-23 3.40 1
TOTAL 2.63 ME

Participating to the overall age, the data from the

table indicates that older students, particularly those in
the 22-23 age group, demonstrate a higher level of awareness
regarding the health affects of smoking compared to their
younger counterparts. This is evidenced by the highest mean
score (3.40) recorded among student aged 22-23 suggesting a
stronger perception of smoking of smoking health consequence
in this age group. Exhibit a lower mean score (1.92),
indicating a comparatively lower awareness of smoking-
related health effects. Therefore, it can be inferred that
there is a positive correlation between age and awareness of
the health risks associated with smoking among students at
ISAP-Kalinga, with older students being more cognizant of
these risks.

Effect of Cigarette Smoking on the

Academic Performance of the Students

Table 9 presents the effects of Cigarette smoking on the

Academic Performance of the Students.

31
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Table 9. Effects of Cigarette Smoking on the Academic
Performance of the Students
SA A N D SD SD ED
5 4 3 2 1
Smoking negatively 7 14 9 6 7
impact academic (35) (56) (27) (12) (7) 3.18 N
performance by
affecting
concentration and
focus.
Students who smoke 8 8 12 8 7
may have increased (40) (32) (36) (16) (7) 3.04 N
absenteeism from
class
Smoking impacts 9 8 6 10 10
cognitive (45) (32) (18) (20) (10) 2.90 D
abilities,
specially in term
of learning and
memory.
Smoking contribute 9 10 5 14 5
significantly to (45) (40) (15) (28) (5) 3.09 N
procrastination and
difficulty in
meeting academic
deadlines
Smoking is 8 10 7 8 10
associated with (40) (40) (21) (16) (10) 2.95 D
lower academic
achievements and
grades
Students who smoke 3 12 8 9 11
experience (15) (48) (24) (18) (11) 2.69 N
challenges in
actively
participating in
classroom
activities
Smoking may 8 7 10 8 10
contribute to (40) (28) (30) (16) (10) 2.88 N
increased stress
level, negatively
impacting academic
performance
Smoking can lead to 6 10 8 11 8
disruption in sleep (30) (40) (24) (22) (8) 2.88 N
pattern affecting

32
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
academic focus and
alertness
Student who smoke 4 14 6 6 13
find it challenging (20) (56) (18) (12) (13) 2.76 N
to balance academic
responsibilities
with their smoking
habits
Smoking can have a 7 13 7 5 11
negative impact on (35) (52) (21) (10) (11) 3 A
interpersonal
relationships
potentially
affecting group
projects and
collaborative
academic efforts.
TOTAL AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN (TAWM) 2.93 N

The table present the effects of smoking on academic

performance. The indicator listed range from 5 to 1, with
higher scores indicating a more significant impact of
smoking on academic performance. The total average weighted
mean (TAWM) is calculated as 2.93.

The table also present the highest mean of 3.09 among

the indicators, “students who smoke may have increased
absenteeism from class” and “smoking contribute
significantly to procrastination and difficulty in meeting
academic deadline” both have the highest mean score of 3.09.
that mean these aspects of academic performance are
particularly affected by smoking habits, with students
experiencing challenges related to absenteeism and meeting
deadline due to smoking.

33
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
The table also present the lowest mean of 2.69

On the hand “students who smoke experience challenges in

actively participating in classroom activities” has lowest
mean score of 2.69. that implies that while smoking may
impact various aspects of academic performance, active
participation in classroom activities seems to be less
affected compared to absenteeism and meeting deadlines.

Variable as to Sex. Table 10 present the summary of means

on the effect of cigarette smoking on the academic
performance of the students.

Table 10. Summary of Means on the Effects of Cigarette

Smoking on the Academic Performance of the Student as to
Variables Sex
SEX MEAN RANK
MALE 3.1 1
SEX 2.77 2
TOTAL 2.93

The analysis of the data reveals nuanced perception of

academic success and well-being among students, delineated
by both sex and age. Male students exhibited a slightly more
positive perception, reflected in a higher mean score of 3.1
compared to their female counterparts, who reported a mean
score of 2.77. this disparity implies a divergence in how
female students perceive their overall academic achievements
and well-being.

34
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Variable as to Age. Table 11 presents the summary of
means on the effect of cigarette smoking on the academic
performance of the students.

Table 11. Summary of Means on the Effects of Cigarette

Smoking on the Academic Performance of the Students as to
Age
AGE MEAN RANK
16-17 2.96 3
18-19 3.46 1
20-21 2.29 4
22-23 3.02 2
TOTAL 2.93 ME

When considering age as a variable, distinct patterns

emerged. Student aged 18-19 demonstrated the highest mean
score of 3.46 indicating a notably positive perception of
their academic success and well-being. Following closely,
students aged 22-23 reported a mean score of 3.02, implying
a similarly favorable outlook on their academic experiences.
Conversely, student aged 16-17 and 20-21 exhibited slightly
lower mean scores of 2.96 and 2.29, respectively, indicating
a comparatively less positive perception of their academic
success and well-being.

This implies overall, the data highlight the

importance of understanding the relationship between age and
smoking behavior in developing effective strategies for
smoking prevention and cessation among high school students.
By targeting intervention to specific age groups and
addressing underlying factors contributing to smoking
behavior, educator and policymakers can work towards
reducing smoking rates and promoting healthier behavior
among adolescents.

35
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings,

conclusions and recommendations based from the
interpretation and presentation of data.

Summary of Findings

Frequency on Cigarette Use as to Variables

The majority of respondents are reported smoking once a

week, indicating a prevalent weekly smoking habit among the
students.

Smoking behavior varied based on sex, with male students

and older students exhibiting higher smoking frequencies
compared to their counterparts.

Regarding the effect on age, the data shows that younger

students aged 16-17 and 18-19 reported higher frequencies of
smoking, with majority smoking once a week and fewer
instance of more frequent smoking, among the older students
aged 20-21 and 22-23, there is a visible decrease in the
frequency of smoking, while most respondent reported smoking
only once a week and none smoking more than twice a week,
which is a clear indication that smoking behavior diminishes
as student age.

Effects of Smoking to the Student Health

The overall result indicates that respondent moderately

experience the health effect of smoking.

36
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Considering the effect of smoking on sex, the
perception of health impacts for males was higher than that
of their female.

Concerning the influence of age, it was found that there

is a positive link between age and understanding of smoking-
related health risks. The older students, particularly those
whose age ranged from 22-23, influenced their positive
perception of the health consequence compared to their
younger counterparts, whose ages ranged from 16-17.

Effects of Cigarette Smoking on

the Academic Performance of Students

The overall results indicate that smoking has a moderate

negative impact on various aspect of academic performance,
including concentration, absenteeism, cognitive abilities,
and meeting deadlines.

The matter that smoking influenced most were a higher

number of absence in class and difficulty meeting deadline.
In contrast, classroom task that required active
participation were relatively less impacted.

Considering the effect of cigarette on sex, the male

students tend to have more negative perception concerning
their academic achievement compared to female students.

As regard with the effects on age, different pattern

occurred. Older students, especially those aged 18-19, were
the most positive with regard to their academic success and
well-being. Respondents aged 22-23 years old also reported a
positive attitude. On the other Hand, the most negative
attitudes were demonstrated by students who were 16-17 and
20-21 years old.

37
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
CONCLUSIONS

The study found that a weekly smoking habit is prevalent

among students, with older and male students smoking more
frequently, but smoking behavior generally declines with
age.

Health issues were reported moderately experienced, with

male students showing more awareness of smoking risks.

Smoking was found to negatively affect academic

performance, particularly in concentration and meeting
deadlines, with older students having more positive
attitudes toward their academic success compared to younger
ones.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The results that were described above lead to the

following suggestions:

[Link] intervention programs that consider demographic

differences in smoking behavior and health awareness,
providing targeted support and resources to address the
unique needs of male and female students across different
age groups.

[Link] educational campaigns that are sensitive to

demographic variations in smoking behavior and health
perceptions, aiming to increase awareness and promote
healthy behaviors among high school students.

[Link] for policy initiatives that prioritize the health

and academic success of students, including smoke-free

38
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
policies in schools and communities, and regulations on
tobacco advertising targeted at young people.

4. Conduct further research to explore the underlying

factors contributing to demographic differences in smoking
behavior and health awareness among high school students, as
well as the effectiveness of demographic-specific
interventions in promoting smoking cessation and improving
academic outcomes.

REFFERENCES

39
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Arendt,M,& Arguelles,M,E.(2019. The relationship between
cigarette smoking and Academic performance among college
students: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of America
College Health,67(2),
[Link]://[Link],[Link]/pmc/articles/PMC8428
949/
Brobbey,E,& Brobbey,E.(2021). The impact of stress on the
Academic Performance of Students in the University of
Cape Coast, School of Business. ResearchGate. Retrieved
from
hhtps://[Link]/publication/355049499_The_Im
pact_of_stress_on_the_academic_performance_of_student_in_
the_university_of_Cape_Coast_School_of_Business
BMC Public Health,149(1),877.
hhtps://[Link],[Link]/pmc/articles/PMC5008004/
Center for Disease and Prevention (US. (2012), Preventing
tobacco use among youth and young adults. A reported of
the Surgeon General. National Institutes of Health.
Retrieved from
https;//[Link]/books/NBK99236
Chung, T.-k, Wang,C.-C,& Chen, C,-Y.(2018). The association
between cigarette smoking and academic performance in
Taiwanese adolescents: A national longitudinal study.
Journal of Adolescent Health,62(6),785-754.
Hhtps://[Link],gov/pmc/articles/PMC399006/
Chen ,Y, Wang, F., Li ,F., & Zhou, M.(2016). Socioeconomic
status and cigarette smoking among high school students
in China: A multilevel analysis. Journal of
adolescence,47,146-154.
hhtps://[Link],[Link]/pmc/articles/PMC3529606/
Cheung, S.K., & Lai,D,S.(2016). The relationship between
cigarette smoking and depression in adolescencents; A
meta-analysis. Journal of Adolesncent Health,58(6),570-
578. Hhtps://[Link]/12803454/
He,Q,Wang,Y,Song,Z,Wang,X,Liu,J,Yang,L.,….& luo,X,(2020).
The impact of smoking on cognitive function in
adolescents: A Meta-analysis. International Juornal of
Environmental Research and Public Health,17(17),6226.
Retrieved from
hhtps://[Link]/pmc/article/PMC7279302/

40
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Hamdi,M.,Hamdi,N.,& Caciari,C.(2015). The effect of
cigarette smoking on cognitive function in young adults:
Hhtps://[Link]/pmc/articles/PMC3218727/
Jackson,C,Thomas, A,& McLeod,H.(2017).Social and environment
influence on adolescent smoking: A systematic review.
Addiction, 112(11),2021-2036. [Link]
/books/NBK69865/
Javed,b,Bashir,S,& Faisal,S,.(2015). Impact of Smoking on
Academic performance among students. Journal of Pakistan
Medical Association,65(4),4495-498.
Hhtps;//[Link]/uploade/dokumen/202009021046
5904_2019_0495.pdf
LeSage, J. M, & Burch, L.L.(2018).Cognitive effects of
nicotine. Nicotine & Tobacco Research,20(10, 16-26
McNEILL, A, Hajek, P, & Sloboda, P.(2005). Smoking in
teenagers. Oxford University Press
O’eill,S.M,Webb,E.M.,& Rodgers,C,T.(2016).Smoking and
academic performance among a national sample of college
students. Addictive BO`Nehaviors,68,178-183.
Hhtps://[Link]/pmc/articles/PMC3699454/
[Link],etal.(2014).Association between cigarette smoking
and lung function among high school students in China.
World Health Organization (WHO).(2024).Tobacco. World Health
Organization website. Retrieved from
hhtps;//[Link]/health/tobacco3tab=tab_1
Zaborskis,A,Kavaliauskiene,A,Eriksson,C,Klemera,E,Dimitrova,
E,Melkumova,M,& Husarova,D.(2021).Family Support as
Smoking Prevention during Transition from Early to late
Adolescent: A study in 42 Countries. PunMed Central
hhtps://[Link],,nlm,[Link]/34886464/
Zhou,A,Li,X,Song,y,Hu,B,chen,,Y,Cui,P,& Li,J. (2012)Academic
Performance and peer or parental Tobacco Use among Non-
Smoking Adolescents; Influence of Smoking International
to Smoke. International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health,20(2, [Link] from
hhtps;//[Link]/1660-4601/20/1

APPENDICES A

41
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

LETTER TO THE PRINCIPAL

February 28, 2024

VENNIL ALDRINE L. CATANIS, LPT, MST

OIC Principal
ISAP Kalinga - High School Department

Good day!

We, the students of the Humanities and Social Sciences

(HumSS) strand at the International School of Asia and the
Pacific-Kalinga (ISAP-K), High School Department, are
reaching out to seek your permission to conduct a brief
survey among the senior high school students. The purpose of
our survey is to gather valuable insights for our academic
research, and we believe that the diverse perspectives of
the senior high school students will significantly
contribute to our study.

Research Title: THE STUDENTS’ PERSPECTIVES ON THE EFFECTS OF

CIGARETTE SMOKING TO THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF HUMANITIES
AND SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDENTS AT THE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF
ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KALINGA

The survey is designed to take approximately 5 to 10 minutes

of the participants' time. We assure you that all data
collected will be treated with utmost confidentiality and
used solely for academic purposes.

We are eager to receive your favorable approval for this

endeavor, and we believe that the cooperation of your
students will greatly enrich the quality of our research.
Your support in this matter is highly appreciated.

Thank you for considering our request. We look forward to

your positive response.

Respectfully yours,

The Researchers:

Vonn Gibbz Alngag Deonardo C. Buenacosa

Troy A. Bancilo Froilan C. Cacatian
Jordan R. Bongalon

APPENDICES B

42
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS
Dear Respondents:
Greetings!
The students of the Humanities and Social Sciences (HumSS)
strand at the International School of Asia and the Pacific-
Kalinga (ISAP-K), High School Department, currently enrolled
in Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion, are conducting a
study entitled: THE STUDENTS’ PERSPECTIVES ON THE EFFECTS OF
CIGARETTE SMOKING TO THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF HUMANITIES
AND SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDENTS AT THE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF
ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KALINGA.
We sincerely invite you to participate in our research by
dedicating a small portion of your time and effort to
respond to the questionnaire provided. Your valuable
insights are crucial for the successful completion of our
study, and we believe your input will significantly
contribute to the depth and richness of our findings.
Rest assured that all the information you provide will be
treated with the utmost confidentiality. Your cooperation is
of immense importance to us, and we genuinely appreciate
your willingness to contribute to the success of our
research.
Your positive response to this request would be a tremendous
support and highly esteemed by our research team.
Thank you for your cooperation and valuable contribution.
Respectfully yours,

The Researchers:

Vonn Gibbz Alngag Deonardo C. Buenacosa

Troy A. Bancilo Froilan C. Cacatian
Jordan R. Bongalon

APPENDICES C

QUESTIONNAIRE
43
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
DIRECTIONS: Please complete the following information needed
in this study by putting a check on the space provided. Any
information obtain in connection with the study that can be
identified by you will remain confidential.
Part I. Profile
Name (Optional):_____________________

Gender:
Male :(__) Female:(__)
Age: __
Part II. Frequency of Cigarette Smoking

How often do you smoke?

FREQUENCY
Once a week
Twice a week
Three times a week
Four times a week
Five or more times a week

Part III. Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking

DIRECTIONS: Indicate the health effects of cigarette smoking

on each item by checking the options on the column of each
item. Use the Legend Below as a Guide.
Value Description
Symbol
5 Extremely Experienced EE
4 Very Experienced VE
3 Moderately Experienced ME
2 Slightly Experienced SE
1 Not Experienced at All NEA

44
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

INDICATORS EE VE ME SE NEA
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
[Link] significantly
increase the risk of
developing respiratory
diseases
[Link] is a major
contributor to
cardiovascular diseases such
as heart attacks and strokes
[Link] considered a
leading cause of various
cancers, including lung,
throat, and bladder cancer
[Link] is associated with
a higher likelihood of
developing diabetes
[Link] compromises the
immune system
[Link] lead to oral
health problems

Part IV. Cigarette Smoking Impacts on Academic Performance

DIRECTIONS: Indicate the impacts of cigarette smoking on

academic performance on each item by checking the options on
the column of each item. Use the Legend Below as a Guide.

Value Description Symbol

5 Strongly Agree SA
4 Agree A
3 Neutral N
2 Disagree D
1 Strongly Disagree SD

INDICATORS SA A N D SD

(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

1. Smoking negatively
impacts academic
performance by affecting
concentration and focus

45
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
2. Students who smoke may
have increased
absenteeism from classes
3. Smoking impacts
cognitive abilities,
specifically in terms of
learning and memory
4. Smoking contribute
significantly to
procrastination and
difficulty in meeting
academic deadlines
5. Smoking is associated
with lower academic
achievements and grades
6. Students who smoke
experience challenges in
actively participating
in classroom activities
7. Smoking may contribute
to increased stress
levels, negatively
impacting academic
performance
8. Smoking can lead to
disruptions in sleep
patterns, affecting
academic focus and
alertness
9. Students who smoke find
it challenging to
balance academic
responsibilities with
their smoking habits
10. Smoking can have a
negative impact on
interpersonal
relationships,
potentially affecting
group projects and
collaborative academic
efforts

Thank You!

46
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

APPENDICES D

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name VONN GIBBZ S. ALNGAG

Civil Status Single

Sex Male

Date of Birth April 25, 2000

Place of birth Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

Parents

Father Leonardo A. Alngag

Mother Magdalena S. Alngag

Religion Christianity

Contact Number 09359509473

Email Address vonalngag@[Link]

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Year Name of school Strand
International
School of Asia
Humanities and
2023-2024 and the Pacific
Social Sciences
Kalinga (Senior
High School)
[Link] High
School of
2015-2016
Mountain Province
Inc.
2012-2013 Tuguegarao North

47
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
East Central
School

APPENDICES D

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name TROY A. BANCILO

Civil Status Single

Sex Male

Date of Birth November 30, 2005

Place of birth Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

Parents

Father Gawi [Link]

Mother Grace M. Aowic

Religion Christianity

Contact Number 09995721052

Email Address tbancilo@[Link]

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Year Name of school Strand
International
School of Asia
Humanities and
2023-2024 and the Pacific
Social Sciences
Kalinga (Senior
High School)
Agbannawag
2017-2022 National High
School
Agbannawag
2011-2017
Elementary School

48
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

APPENDICES D

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name JORDAN R. BONGALON

Civil Status Single

Sex Male

Date of Birth July 9, 2006

Place of birth Agbannawag, Tabuk City, Kalinga

Parents

Father Bert M. Bongalon

Mother Maribel R. Bongalon

Religion Christianity

Contact Number

Email Address

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Year Name of school Strand
International
School of Asia
Humanities and
2023-2024 and the Pacific
Social Sciences
Kalinga (Senior
High School)
Agbannawag
2017-2022 National High
School
Agbannawag
2011-2017
Elementary School

49
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

APPENDICES D

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name DEONARDO C. BUENACOSA JR.

Civil Status Single

Sex Male

Date of Birth January 10, 2005

Place of birth Agbannawag, Tabuk City, Kalinga

Parents

Father Dionardo B. Buenacosa

Mother Novelyn C. Buenacosa

Religion Christianity

Contact Number 09999857624

Email Address

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Year Name of school Strand
International
School of Asia
Humanities and
2023-2024 and the Pacific
Social Sciences
Kalinga (Senior
High School)
Agbannawag
2017-2022 National High
School
Agbannawag
2011-2017
Elementary School

50
 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

APPENDICES D

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name FROILAN C. CACATIAN

Civil Status Single

Sex Male

Date of Birth January 13, 2006

Place of birth Agbannawag, Tabuk City, Kalinga

Parents

Father Roger C. Cacatian

Mother Filipina C. Cacatian

Religion Christianity

Contact Number 09484972376

Email Address cacatianfroilan@[Link]

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Year Name of school Strand
2023-2024 International Humanities and
School of Asia Social Sciences
and the Pacific
Kalinga (Senior

51
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC KALINGA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
High School)
Agbannawag
2017-2022 National High
School
Agbannawag
2011-2017
Elementary School

52