INTRODUCTION

It is necessary that we have

knowledge of the methods of
storage commonly used in the
chemical industries and that we
indicate how the entry and exit
movement of materials in the
warehouse can be carried out in a
convenient way.
 STORAGE OF SOLID
MATERIALS
The operation in which different types of raw materials
and any other material are deposited or stored is called
solid storage. These solids are usually deposited in
different containers and in some cases in the open air.
STORAGE TYPES :
-Bulk storage

-Storage in containers
BULK STORAGE
This storage occurs when it involves hundreds and
thousands of tons of material, since this method is the
most economical. Coarse materials such as gravel, coal,
etc. They are stored outdoors in large piles, without
protection from the weather. These solids are removed
from the stockpile by means of a conveyor belt or
excavator shovel and delivered to a conveyor or
process.
Solid bulk materials are stored: stacked outdoors, or
indoors, stacked in silos, or in warehouses.
A.-Storage in

stack or heap:
• Under a suitable overhead crane or
mobile crane, for work in and out of
storage, by means of a grab operated
from the crane.
• This bucket can unload wagons,
barges or other means of
transportation and load the material
into other of these elements, put it
directly in a secondary storage of the
factory, on a conveyor, or also directly
in some part of the facility, as in the
ovens
 B.- Storage in batteries

• It is carried out on each side of a track, served by a

locomotive crane, this is used to stack the material
for storage, taking it into a wagon, a truck, a barge or
from a hopper into which the hopper wagons have
been unloaded. or to which the material is carried by
some other means of handling.

• To use the material from the warehouse, the crane is

used to load the material into the wagons, to deposit
it in a hopper served by a conveyor or in the foot box
of a bucket elevator, or in the loading hopper of a
forklift. drawer.
 C.- Air systems:
• Aerial systems can unload and stack from any
means of transportation and can serve any of
these to a conveyor to remove material from the
site.
and storage.

• These systems can also be arranged so that they

deliver the material directly to the point in the
factory where it is used or to silos or warehouses
in the factory. To do this, they use a trolley and
its monorail bucket or a cable rail with its
corresponding buckets.
 D.- Drag blade systems:
• They are useful in many outdoor bulk storage
problems. These systems consist of a collecting
bucket or scraper, to whose two ends a cable has
been attached. The cable passes over a pulley and is
wound on the drum of a lifting machine. The pulley is
mounted, in a removable manner, on one of several
posts located at suitable points in the storage area. In
this way, the bucket can move in one direction or
another throughout the area, stacking and removing
the material.

• These drag shovels typically deliver the material to a

conveyor, bucket elevator, or box hoist.
Heap Storage

They are usually used for materials that must be

kept dry or protected from the elements for some
specific reason.

These include: ceramics, metal scrap, sand for glass

manufacturing, agricultural products, some minerals,
and chemicals.
 • There is a large room in one of the factory
buildings for each material or when the quantities
are small, a single storage room is divided into
several sections using partitions.

• It is common for these premises to have an

overhead crane service that is used both to store
and remove the material. This crane directly
serves the material at the points where it is
needed

- J.
• When stored quantities are small, it may not be
economical to handle the material by methods
other than manual.

• Medium quantities taken from bulk storage of dry

solids are often served by industrial electric
forklifts or trailers.
 Bulk storage in

It is another method widely used in some

industries, grouped silos are frequently spaced
about 60 cm apart and are linked by means of
curtain walls or filling.

The use of materials stored in silos is with an

arrangement of the conveyors appropriate to the
movements of the materials used, or by means of
vehicles.
• It is calculated with sufficient accuracy, for
most purposes, starting from the known
dimensions of the horizontal section of said
elements and the height of the stored material.

• Requires a considerable initial investment in

weighing equipment, but is often justified when
close verification of the quantities handled is
desired.
STORAGE IN CONTAINERS

• Solids that are too valuable or too soluble to be

exposed to the elements are stored in tanks,
hoppers or silos.
• Among the most used equipment we have:
◦ Silos
◦ Hoppers
◦ Bags
◦ Boxes
◦ Drums or drums

- J.
• Silos are structures designed to store grain and other
bulk materials.
• The most common are cylindrical in shape,
resembling a tower, built of wood, reinforced concrete
or metal. The design was invented by Franklin Hiram
King.
Types of silos
There are different types of storage silos:
- Tower Silos
- Bunker Silos
- Stock Silos
- Missile Silo
 tower silos
The tower silo is a structure
of generally 4 to 8 m. in
diameter and 10 to 25 m. Tall.
It can be constructed from
materials such as wood
sticks, concrete, concrete
rods, and steel panels. These
materials have differences in
their price, durability, and
resulting airtightness.
 Bunker Silos
Bunker silos are trenches made
generally of
concrete that are filled and
compressed with tractors
and loading machines. Their
cost is low and they are
convenient for
operations very
big. The filled trench is
covered with a tent to seal it
tightly. These silos are
usually unloadedwearing
tractors and loaders.
 Stock Silos
Bag silos are large plastic bags, generally 2 to 2½
m. in diameter, and a length
that varies depending on the
amount of material to be stored.
They are compacted using a
machine made for that purpose,
and both ends are sealed. The
bags are unloaded using a
tractor and loader, or a lever
loader. The bag is discarded in
sections as it is torn apart.
 SILO SAFETY AND CLEANLINESS :

• There are two main problems that

warrant cleaning the silo. One is
the material that is consolidated
at the base of the silo. The other,
the material that begins to adhere
to the inner sides of it.
• These problems reduce
operational capacity and lead to
contamination from mixing new
and old materials. There are a
variety of ways to clean a silo and
many of these carry their own
risks .
STORAGE IN HOPPER
It is a small tank with an oblique bottom, which
is a cylinder at the top and a truncated cone at
the bottom, which is used for temporary storage
before introducing solids as feed for a process.
It is located at ground level, in a place protected from
rain and in such a way that transport vehicles can
easily maneuver to reach it. The receiving hopper
capacity must be determined taking into account the
storage capacity of the facilities.

STORAGE CAPACITY HOPPER VOLUME

HOPPER
INTRODUCTION 2
STORAGE OF SOLID MATERIALS 3
STORAGE TYPES : 3
BULK STORAGE 4
A.-Storage in 5
B.- Storage in batteries 6
C.- Air systems: 7
D.- Drag blade systems: 8
Heap Storage 9
Bulk storage in 12
STORAGE IN CONTAINERS 14
SILO SAFETY AND CLEANLINESS : 19
STORAGE IN HOPPER 20
DRUMS OR DRUMS 29
CALCULATIONS 30
Hopper capacity 31
• Storage in stack or heap 34
• Storage in piles inside premises or under cover. 34
APPLICATIONS 35
CONCLUSIONS 36

• The hoppers are never completely filled, there is

always considerable free space at the top. For these
considerations, the proportion of free space that
must be deducted from the total volume of the
hopper must be estimated in each specific case and
thus obtain real results.

• The shape chosen for the hopper will depend on the

system adapted to collect the grains.
• In fact, in the case of collection by means of the
screw conveyor, the shape of the hopper can be an
inverted pyramid with a square base; if the
collection is done by means of a bucket elevator, the
shape of the hopper will continue to be an inverted
pyramid but with a rectangular base and with the
side next to the elevator in a vertical position.
The roughness of the walls of the hopper is an
important variable as it determines the friction force
that exists between the wall and the particles in
contact.
It has been observed that the places where mineral
accumulation occurs corresponds to the vertices in the
lower area of the hopper and specifically where there
are different angles of inclination of the discharge of
each face.
 Although the accumulation of mineral does not affect
the operation of the hopper, the problem only occurs
when maintenance is carried out on the equipment.

• This background allows us to present 2 solution

options: the first refers to a change in the geometry
of the hopper that results in a decrease in the
capacity of the hopper; The second option has to do
with the incorporation of accessories that cover the
mouth of the hopper.
Multi Layer Paper Bags
◦ Degree of aeration at the time of packaging,
fluidity, temperature and relative humidity.
◦ Made from kraft paper or combinations of plastics.
◦ They are the most common packages for granular
or powder materials, solid blocks (synthetic rubber,
waxes, insulation)
◦ Two designs: valve and open mouth.
◦ The weight or volume of the product and its mass
density determine the size of the bags. In addition,
the size, shape, and weight of particles must be
taken into account.
 Packaging bags, sachets and sacks
little ones

◦ Small bags or sacks are made with one or more

layers of paper or plastic films.

◦ Main types of paper bags: piece bottom and

square.

◦ For shipping, they require a main container such

as corrugated cardboard boxes or flexible
packaging bags.
Mostly used for bulk items, also called “box with
internal bag”.
Corrugated kraft paper boxes can be ( c 5 a 0 ja -1 s 5
g 0 r l a b n ) des (1000-3000 lb) and small boxes

Advantages: closure, utilization of storage space,

transportation.
Disadvantages: storage space before assembly, limit
market for reuse.
 DRUMS OR DRUMS

• Fiber drums and steel drums.

• Disadvantage: Inefficient use of space due to its

cylindrical shape, resulting in high storage and
transportation costs.

• Development of the square cross-section fiber drum

and boxes with corrugated inner bags for bulk items.
 CALCULATIONS

Silo capacity

◦ If a silo has a capacity of 92.20 m³ and corn with an

apparent density of 680 kg/m³ is to be stored, the
silo will have a capacity by weight of approximately
62.7 tons or 137.94 quintals (1 ton = 2.2 quintals of
453.6 ka).
Hopper capacity
◦ Calculate the capacity of the hopper in TMH and
TMS, if the specific weight of the wet mineral is
2.85 and its humidity percentage is 6%.

6m
5m

1.0m

5m
 Solution:

◦ The hopper can be considered as if it were formed by

a parallelepiped in its upper part and half of a
parallelepiped in the lower part divided by the
imaginary line found. Let us also consider that the
proportion of free spaces is 30% of the total volume
of the hopper.

V hopper = V upper parallelepiped. + V lower

parallelepiped.
 3 ( 4.5 x 6.0 x 4.0 ) m 3
V hopper = ( 4.5 x 6.0 x 1.0 ) m . +

V useful hopper = 81 x 0.7

3 V useful hopper = 56.7 m 3

Hopper capacity = Volume x Specific weight

Hopper capacity = ( 56.7 m ) x ( 2.85 TMH / m
3 3

Hopper capacity = 161.6 TMH

Hopper capacity = 161.6 - ( 161.6 x 0.060 )
Hopper capacity = 151.9 TMS
• Storage in stack or heap
◦ Large piles can be calculated by obtaining the
contours of their sections at regular intervals, for
example at distances of 1.5 to 3 m, then calculating
the volume of material between the sections.
◦ Small piles are often calculated by surveys (not very
accurate).

• Storage in piles inside premises or

under cover.
◦ When the material is uniformly distributed on the
storage floor, the calculation can be made based on
the dimensions of said premises and the height that
said storage reaches above the wall.
 APPLICATIONS

• Stacked outdoors: coal, stone, minerals,

wood.
• Storage in indoor piles: ceramics, scrap
metal, sand, agricultural products, minerals,
chemicals.
• Under cover in bulk in silos: lime, cement,
ceramics.
• Bulk silos: cereals, legumes or oilseeds.
• Hoppers: flour, cement, sugar, minerals,
etc.
 CONCLUSIONS

• Bulk storage in silos must have a ventilation

system.

• The capacity of a hopper must be adjusted to the

hourly consumption of the specific material.
 YOU DON'T
HAVE TO LEARN

JUST TO KNOW,

RENDE
R