LESSON 1: PHYSICAL, MATERIAL, AND DIGITAL  People perceived as beautiful may find it

ASPECT OF SELF difficult to get rid of many stalkers; their

privacy and security may be at risk
Physical Aspect of Self
 Present culture prescribes that being
The Self as the Body -the physical self refers to beautiful is a necessity, an obligation in
the body. It is the tangible aspect of the person order to be liked and loved
that can be directly observed and examined.  Many products are created to change or
The physical self is defined by physical improved one’s appearance
characteristics that are visible. These  Some opt to undergo medical
characteristics are the defining traits and procedures
features of the body.  Caring for one’s beauty is very different
from altering or modifying it
When describing a person we commonly
Will There be Beauty If There is No Sight?
describe them based on:
1. Gender  Total blindness incapacitates a person to
2. Height and Weight see
3. Complexion  In many love stories, in literature and in
4. Hair film, beauty is described or projected as
5. Facial Features purity of heart or goodness of heart,
something that is within a person and
The physical aspect of the self does not include cannot be judged based on one’s
characteristics that are internal to the self such physical appearance
as:  Beauty is contextualized into two
1. Kindness categories:
2. Generosity 1. One that is seen by the eye
3. Loyalty 2. One that is felt by the heart
4. Obedience  Beauty is not only seen but may also be
5. Other similar qualities heard
 Stories or personal experiences relayed
Impact of Culture on Beauty and Body Image or narrated by another person that
 Usually on the physical features such as invoke positive feelings are also
the face and body figure are considered considered to be beautiful
as bases for beauty  Aesthetics may have laid down the laws
 The appearance of a person can be an and principles of determining beauty as
asset or a liability seen by the naked eye but the very
 A person with beautiful face is likely to essence of beauty transcends the sight –
receive recognition and enjoy being it can be heard, felt and understood
described as angelic or having a face Achieving Physical Well-Being
that could launch a thousand ships
 Some people who are not endowed and  Eat healthy food
blessed with a beautiful face according  Maintain a healthy lifestyle
to society’s standards may be prone to  Follow proper hygiene
bullying  Engage in daily exercise
 They can be ridiculed or called names  Take vitamins and drink fruit juices
 In this imperfect world, inequality exists  Avoid stress
in various contexts, such as physical  Spend less time in front of computers
appearance and gadgets
 Physical appearance is attributed to
both genetics and the environment, an
individual has no control over or choice
as to how he or she looks like
 However, being beautiful is sometimes a
liability
Material Aspect of Self Disadvantages
Material Self -hidden charges or unauthorized credit card
transactions and frauds
 The concept is being fixated on
acquiring material things as a way to  Credit Cards definitely changed
identify oneself consumer culture and its role in how
 This concept is related to William individuals, as consumers, function as
James’ (1890) MATERIAL SELF part of the process of production and
 James defined Material Self as the self consumption
that consists of the body, clothes,  Credit card holders are vulnerable to
immediate family, home, and other incur too much debt
things on considers to be his or her own  Credit cards also modified how
 The more people invest themselves in transactions and payments are made
their possessions, the more attached and done. This also changed how
they become individuals function as consumers
 An individual’s body is the primary  Credit cards may lessen one’s
component of his or her material self opportunity to save money because
 One has control over his or her body one’s incoming income will be allotted
and how he or she would like to present for paying credit card debt.
it for others to see
Advertising
 There are also instances when people
opt to alter their physical features by -Innovations and developments in advertising
getting tattoos, piercings and surgeries changed Consumer Culture
or other medical procedures
-Advertising is influenced in shaping how and
 One’s immediate family is also part of
why people consume goods and services
one’s material self
 One’s family members can be seen as an -Advertisements in any form, when viewed by
extension of one’s identity because the an individual, emphasizes his or her identity as
members affect one’s actions and a consumer with the ability to avail of goods
disposition in the environment and services based on his or her financial
 Another component is one’s home capacity, preferences and practical interest.
 It is a space that one considers as his or Need
her own
-is something that a person must have in order
Aside from one’s body, clothes, family and to live
home, any other material things that one
considers to be his or her possession -food, clothes, shelter, medicine and many
composes the material self other things necessary for survival are needs

The Consumer Culture on One’s Sense of Self Wants

and Identity -is something that a person desires to have but
-In the early 2000s, the use of credit cards can live without
became more popular and more people started -things that are considered as luxuries are
patronizing them wants
Advantage Needs versus Wants
-It brought convenience, security and comfort
 One person’s wants may be another
in the way people engage in the consumption
person’s needs
of goods and services in society
 People have different buying behaviors
-High-income earners has access to credit cards  Some people are considered to be
in the past IMPULSE BUYERS
 Impulse buyers means buying anything
without giving much thought to what
 they but and the consequences that Goffman (1967), as cited by Delise (2012),
may come later on theorized notions concerning the presentation
 Some may also reason that they are of self in daily face-to-face interactions.
working hard in order to buy things
In Goffman’s DRAMATURGICAL THEORY, he
 Other people work in order to ensure
claimed that life is a series of interactions and
that they have everything they need
performances where people enact the
 Others work in order to have both needs
presentation of self on a daily basis. This theory
and wants
presents social life as a stage, where in we are
 Other consumers do not easily
all actors and audience.
differentiate their needs from their
wants because they do not inculcate The basic dimension includes the SETTING:
self-control in their buying behaviors
1. Where the interactions take place
 There are some people wherein they
2. How interaction and presentation are
spend more money on luxurious things
contextual – time and location are
in order to keep up with the latest
important to the outcome of a particular
trends
behavior
 We need to balance needs from wants
 As a consumer, one should know what An individual’s performance on the FRONT
to prioritize that would benefit him or STAGE is what can openly be seen by the
her in the long run audience. BACKSTAGE on the other hand, can
 One should also allocate part of his or be linked to what an individual would like to be
her earnings for savings so that when kept secret or hidden
important reasons to expend comes in Human, as social beings, are conscious of how
the future he or she is ready they present themselves to others and what
 In spending money, one should be they choose to keep for themselves.
practical and prudent
Performing one’s identity means that there are
Digital Aspect of Self aspects of self that are not easily seen by a
I, Me, Myself and My Online Identity particular audience

Ask these questions to yourself: In social media, there are people who might
upload a picture or a video showing they are
1. What are the usual profile pictures do happy, humble, selfless, etc. However, in reality,
you see online? it might be something different. Many videos or
2. What do you think of those posted pictures uploaded by people are their front
pictures on social media that were taken stages according to Goffman. Their backstages
from very famous places? remain hidden so that the identities that they
3. What about those people whose profile portray in public are preserved, thereby
picture is their family picture? What do maintaining the current trust, respect,
you think about them? recognition and admiration given to them by
4. What do you think of those people others.
where in their profile picture is an
anime/cartoon/superhero character? Digital Self
5. What about you, what is your profile It is consists of how one expresses himself or
picture on your social media? Why do herself in various online platforms. The use of
you use that picture? photo manipulation such as photoshop or
Whatever reasons people have why they used mobile apps that can make you thinner, fairer
those people profile pictures are definitely and can even change your eye color is widely
influenced by how they want to be perceived by popular. These manipulated images simply
others on social media. These profile picture serve as representations of one’s ideal self –
reflect the online identities people want to what one wants to be. The self adapts to the
establish. environment that is dominated by digital
technology. To satisfy individual dreams and
Front and Back Stages of the Self desires outside of one’s inner self, things,
products or services allow people to believe
that they can change, enhance or improve their With the rampant use of the internet,
self specifically social, media, there are issues that
need to be recognized and thus be addressed.
Here are some of the issues that one needs to
What Not to Post Online address if one wants to be seen as a
responsible netizens.
 There are some of the information,
activities, thoughts, opinions, and 1. Sharing Fake News
feelings that must be kept private or 2. Cyberbullying
personal from the cyberspace. Sexy or 3. Sharing viruses
revealing pictures.
A NETIZEN should be responsible for whatever
 Picture or videos showing private
he or she shares online and must always ensure
moments with loved ones
that he or she will not post malicious content
 Picture or videos showing bad habits
that may damage other people in any way.
 Negative comments on another person’s
attitude How to Fight Social Media Addiction
 Posts announcing conflicts with other If you are spending more than three hours of
people your time everyday on social media, then you
 Posts of the results of a particular can be considered as a social media addict.
competition with the names of defeated
participants Social media has many benefits but spending
 Comments showing strong opposition to too much time can be harmful. Generally, the
certain issues negative effects of too much social media on
 Comments with foul, vulgar, indecent health include: Eye problems, Headache and
and offensive word Nausea
 Pictures or videos revealing one’s For students it may affect their academic
financial status performance
 Pictures or videos showing family trips
 Pictures or videos displaying one doing For employees, it is neglect of duty and a form
good deeds of dishonesty when official work time is used in
 Pictures or videos in hospitals social media – this can be grounds for
 Posts of every single thing you do disciplinary actions or even termination.

Dichotomies of the Self Online Gossiping can lead to:

Producer or Consumer -do you material  Online scams

possessions define who you are? A person who  Cyberbullying
wears branded clothes from head to toe and  Hate messages
imitates their favorite idols, the way they walk,  Destroyed friendships
what food they eat and even the language that The maximum hours of using social media
they speak. should be less than three hours. The lesser the
Offline versus Online -do you know someone better. People can reach you in other platforms
who posts good things that are happening to other than social media. This can help you
him/her online but in reality he/she is actually control your time online.
having a hard time in his/her life? In that Do not participate in the discussion of political
instance, the online self is different from the issues – it is time-consuming and never-ending.
offline or actual self Do not post comments supporting or opposing
Body versus Technology -in your case, would certain issues. This might lead to argument and
you change your look on your profile picture persuading people to accept your stand. Do not
just to impress this particular person you like or post on social media just for the sake of
met online? Technology deceived people. Your posting. Posting daily activities just for the sake
picture might look great online however, it is of acquiring many “likes” or positive comments
totally different if they will meet you in person and praises can be a sign of low self-esteem.
People with low self-esteem always seek
Are You a Responsible Netizen? recognition and affirmation from other people.
 children, we first understand ourselves as
gendered, because that is how everyone treats
Read books instead of spending time readings
us.
news, articles and issues on social media. Books
are reliable resources of genuine and accurate Three Social Processes of Social Categorization
information. in relation to Gender:
Spending time communicating personally to 1. Baby’s genitals = sign of sex
your family at home or neighbors. Real life 2. Baby is reduced to its sex (it’s a boy; it’s
conversation can strengthen your relationship a girl)
with other especially to you family. 3. Girling the girl; Boying the boy
 The self is formed thru gendered terms:
Considers friends you have on social media.
1. The child come to understand itself
Make sure that they are people worth keeping
as gendered
in touch. If not, you may need to “unfriend” or
2. The child comes to understand that
“unfollow” them. If some pages oppose your
it interacts with gendered others;
beliefs on some issues (politics, religion, etc.), It
the child learns to locate itself within
would be more relaxing to eliminate the from
a gendered social field
your newsfeed.
 The process of self-formation does not
LESSON 2: SEXUAL ASPECT OF SELF necessarily differ for the boys and girls –
they simple differently gendered
Sexual Selves in Social Context
differences helps us to navigate a
The idea that the self (and its aspect) develops gendered social world
as a result of our interaction with others given a  This is why, in growing into adulthood,
specific social context. The self is also shaped sexuality becomes braided into the self
and molded by the different forms of self- and becomes closely intertwined with
description and self-judgment that we use as a gender.
result of our social interactions.  We do not become sexual all at once
 Our concept of a sexual self comes from
Foundations of the Development of Sexual
other people around us (particularly
Self-Concept
adults)
Inextricably tied to bodily changes during  We assimilate things from their social
puberty environment that is potential sexual
relevance (as facilitated by language)
 The development of the adolescent
 We come to realize that there are things
brain
that are permitted and things that are
 The development of primary sex
not:
characteristics
1. Sense of their own bodies (according
 The development of secondary sex
to what adults say) – ALLOWED
characteristics
2. Conventions of morality, modesty
According to Ganon and Simon (1974), our and decorum – ALLOWED
sexual identity is also constructed 3. Erotic components of sexual scripts
– WITHHELD
But in the construction of our sexual identity,
 We come to realize also that:
having gendered sense of self happens first.
1. We acquire common sense
Children cannot become sexual selves, without knowledge about the institution of
being able to understand the kind of language heterosexuality BEFORE they
through which acts, feelings, and relationships become aware of sexual activities
become sexually meaningful to them these entails – ALLOWED
2. Homosexuality is treated as taboo –
This understanding is achieved only through the
WITHHELD
perspective of a “gendered” individual
As a result: Heterosexuality becomes the
The Process of Becoming a Sexual Self
privileged norm (in most cultures). Straight
Sexual selfhood depends on having the ability people are not called upon to account for their
to make sense of the self as sexual. But as sexuality
Thus, straight people do not have the same obtaining or hindering changes in
negative experiences as homosexuals. human condition and nature’s state
 These rituals or practices are usually
In contrast, those who have non-normative
justified by myths
sexuality are often targets of strongly held
 When people are unable to fix serious,
negative attitudes.
anxiety-causing problems through
1. Verbal harassment and abuse is a technological or organizational means,
universal experience (often normalized) they resort to manipulation of
2. Discrimination extends well into supernatural or spiritual beings and
adulthood powers
 Wallace elaborated that a hallmark of
But we know that Human Sexuality is fluid; It is
religion is the belief in supernatural
a continuum rather than dichotomous (APA,
beings and forces
2008)
Religion has many such as:
The Development of Sexual Self-Concept
 Providing sense of the world
 Eventually, we will piece it together
 Strengthening norms and identity
(Allowed + Withheld) and develop a
 Settings sanctions for individual
provisional (subject to change) picture
behavior
of sexual world
 Giving serenity in facing life challenges
 New knowledge and experience is made
sense of in relation to past knowledge Monism -it is a view that there is only one
and experience (reinterpretation) substance and only one being
1. We modify what we know of
ourselves Dualism -it is a view that mind and body are
2. This is the reason why our identity two independent substance.
(and its aspects) change overtime Soul
This is why we develop ‘story” of our  Is superior to the body and can exist
continuous self (one that has a past, present, independently without the body
and future). And the “story” that we tell about  It is invisible and immortal and it directs
us, is our IDENTITY. the physical body
LESSON 3: SPIRITUAL ASPECT OF SELF  Is the life-force of the body
 It is the source of motion as well as the
The Practice of Religion intelligence or mind of a person that
Religion pre-exists bodily existence

 Religion introduces the concept of Death is viewed as the release of the soul from
supreme being (GOD, gods or the body. But death does not mean the end of
goddesses) as cause or reason of all personal experience.
phenomena. The Filipino term for soul or spirit is
 The traditional concept based on KALULUWA. It is believed that it has two
Judaism, Christianity and Islam regards existence:
God as an independent being, the
creator of the universe and distinct from 1. Physical: in which the soul is connected
the universe that his supreme being to the human body
created. 2. Spiritual: which exists on its own
 All agree that his supreme being is: 80% of the Philippines’ population are Roman
1. Omnipotent (all-powerful) Catholics.
2. Omniscient (all-knowing)
3. Omnipresent (everywhere at once) Roman Catholics believe in the immortality of
 According to Anthony Wallace (cited by the soul and life after death.
Haviland, Prins, Walrath and Mcbride, Eternal Life can be attained by – good deeds,
2008) religion is a set of rituals made to following the commandments of God, and
coordinate with the goal of either avoiding sins.
The SOULS can be purified through confession 3. Confirmation
4. Reconciliation
A Catholic who failed to live a moral life is
5. Anointing of the Sick
believed to be thrown to hell (impyerno)
6. Marriage
7. Holy Order

THE CONCEPT OF THE SOULS Followers of a certain religion use rituals to give
honor to the divine power or powers they
DUNGAN: The Bisayan Concept of the Soul
believe in and to serve as a reminder of their
 People of Panay and Negros called the religious obligations.
soul in Ilonggo as DUNGAN
Religion establishes norms that mold or shape
 Dungan lacks material substance and it
human behaviors
is extremely light that it travels with the
wind Roman Catholics are expected to do rituals that
 It dwells above the surface of the earth are usually observe during Lenten season
before inhabiting the human body
 Stations of the Cross
 It patiently chooses an unborn child’s
 Salubong
body to inhabit
 Self-flagellation
 It grows proportionately with the
1. Carrying of a Cross
physical body
2. Infliction of wounds at a person’s
 Ilonggos believe that is must be
back using a whip
protected and nurtured since it is
3. Walking barefooted
vulnerable to USUG
4. Crucifixion
 The DUNGAN that causes USUG is said
to be overpowering the person The faithful believe that doing these acts will:
 Ilonggos believe than when the Dungan Cleanse their sins, cure their illnesses, and grant
separates from the body it appears as a their wishes
butterfly, grasshopper or other small
Observance of fasting and abstinence and even
animals
the prohibition of playing loud music during
 Elderly usually uses the dungan to Good Friday are being observe during Lenten
threaten children to eat well season
 If they will not eat well, their dungan
will come out of their body and get Religious and institutional rituals signify and
some rice to eat in the kitchen and strengthen the sense of belongingness
could be mistaken for an insect and Public ceremonies provide the avenue to build
might be killed harmonious relationships among people in a
 While those people who live in Visayas social unit.
believe that when the dungan leaves the
body the person can see his or her own Rites of Passage
dungan when dreaming These are rituals that mark important stages in
 For the Visayans, dungan means an individual’s life cycle
willpower
 A strong dungan has the intellectual and Arnold van Gennep
psychological capacity to control and -French social scientist
influence a person’s way of thinking
-Analyzed the rites of passage that help
Religious Rituals individuals through the crucial crises or major
Rituals are patterns of behavior or practices social transitions in their lives
that are related to the sacred. In Catholicism, Examples:
rituals are called Sacraments.
1. Birth
There are 7 sacraments: 2. Puberty
1. Baptism 3. Marriage
2. Holy Eucharist 4. Parenthood
5. Advancement to a higher class
 6. Occupational specialization Essence versus Existence
7. Death
For Plato and Aristotle, all have core elements
and without those, things would not be what
they are. Those elements, collectively called
ESSENCE.
Finding and Creating Meaning in Life
Essence are inherent properties that give things
Perspective from the Roman Catholic and the their defining features.
Atheists
Plato and Aristotle agreed that everything has
For the Roman Catholics, God is: essence including humans and they believed
that essences already exist before the time of
1. The architect and the designer of all
birth. People are created to fulfill a specific
things on earth
purpose and that endows them the essence of
2. The one who created the world
life. This is the philosophy of ESSENTIALISM.
according to his plans and purposes
3. The one who created the world out of Jean Paul Sartre argued that, “existence
his love and everyone is called to follow precedes essence”. Human beings are not
his examples defined by any predetermined properties or
essences. People are free to live their lives and
Catholics believe that:
they should define what they are, not in
1. Human existence on earth is temporary accordance with an idealized set of
2. Faith gives the believers hope that in life characteristics. One creates his or her own
after death they will meet their Creator meaning in the act of maximizing his or her
in a place where there is no sadness and absolute freedom. Sartre mentioned that, “Man
pain, a place they called Heaven is nothing else but that which he makes of
himself”. What matters is how and what one
For the existentialists, God is dead, there is no
does with life at this moment and now that will
life after death, and life has no meaning. They
happen to him or her after death for there is no
posit that it is the person who should create his
reward for good deeds coming from God. This is
or her own meaning of existence. To have a
the philosophy of EXISTENTIALISM
meaningful existence here on earth, a human
being has to satisfy all his or her bodily desires Theistic Existentialism tries to invalidate the
for there is no heaven. Furthermore, concept that God created humans and the
existentialists assert that heaven is here on entire universe for a specific purpose. Followers
earth and this entails the worldly things and of theistic existentialism believe that the
deeds that satisfy one’s sense existence of God is possible but God does not
predetermine the meaning of life or existence
Albert Camus, a well-known existentialists and
of His creations. In the fundamental philosophy
atheist, human life is absurd. He posited that
of existentialism, people are born into the
life is absurd because people are constantly
world wherein their existence, actions, and
looking for answers, reasons or justifications for
world do not possess real and inherent
the good and bad things happening in the
importance. It has to be noted that
world. He pointed out that humans have a
existentialism is not synonymous to atheism for
sense of justice and fairness which they project
there are existentialists who believe in the
onto the world
existence of God
But the world always disappoints them by not
Man’s Search for Meaning
adhering to their established standards of
fairness. Humans seeks answers for so many Viktor Frankl, who wrote the book Man’s Search
questions and end up with nothing. This for Meaning (1946), was a neurologist who
illustrates absurdity which is the term used to developed logotherapy.
describe the search for answers in an
Logotherapy is based on the guided principle
answerless world. Since there is presence of
that the primary motivational force of every
Absurdity, it does not matter whether God
individual is to find meaning in life
really exist or not. For Camus, meaning or
purpose does not exist
A psychotherapeutic approach, logotherapy is common policy for the group, a single decision
anchored on 3 basic principles: that affects all members of the group.
1. Life has meaning under all The formulation of a general policy for a group
circumstances, even the most miserable of people constitutes politics, and the questions
ones about these policies are political questions –
2. The drive to live is one’s will to discover questions that affect both personal and public
meaning in life interests.
3. Humans are free to discover meaning in
Political Culture
everything they do, in what they
experience, or at least in the decision It is the pattern of individual attitudes and
they make when faced with immutable orientation towards politics among members of
suffering a political system (Almond & Verba, 1965)
Regardless of how long one lives, one’s life still Characteristics of Philippine Political Culture
has meaning. Frankl asserted that life has
It is the pattern of individual attitudes and
meaning and it is mentally unhealthy if humans’
orientation towards politics among members of
search for meaning is suppressed. Humans
a political system (Almond & Verba, 1965)
continuously search for and work on their
meanings. Dominance of family ties or kinship system
For Frankl, there are three ways to find  Political dynasty
meaning in life:  Consanguinity (blood relations)
 Ritual kinship or kumpadre system
1. Doing an action
2. Having personal experiences and Euphemism
interpersonal interactions
3. Evaluating one’s attitude in the midst of  Parinig or patutsada
suffering  They do not confront the officials
regards to problems or issues
Upon discovering the meaning of life, humans  Problems and issues are not given
must prepare to face any type of suffering. To immediate attention
deal with suffering, one has to undergo a
change of attitude. Characteristics of Philippine Political Culture

Lesson 4: POLITICAL ASPECT OF SELF Utang na loob

Man as Political Animal  Debt of gratitude

 People vote corrupt and incompetent
Aristotle officials because they feel indebted to
According to Aristotle, man is a “political them
animal”. Similar to being a “social animal”,  Construction of infrastructures
humans come together and form a political  Money use is from the people’s taxes
body. The creation of a political body is not the politicians’ own money
intended for the attainment of a good life. Sense of overdependency
Aristotle believed that humans, like animals,
intrinsically work together to achieve a  Some constituents rely on an elected
common goal. officials for their personal and economic
needs.
Why is Politics Necessary  This is also result in lack of initiative or
People make decisions that affect all of them as be active participant in policy making
a group. Example: The government decides  This passive attitude is sometimes
where to construct overpass or diversion roads, abused by authorities to remain in
what cars are allowed on the main roads on power
particular times and days, or how to dole out Belief that majority of politicians are corrupt
funds for the poorest families in barangays.
Each of these decisions requires the setting of a  Buwaya – signifies corrupt politician’s
greed for money and power
  “Kulang lang ng padulas” was formally embodied in the first-ever
 “Wala namang pulitikong di kurakot” Philippine Constitution
Democracy was subdued in the Philippines
because of many years of colonization to the
martial law period (from 1972 up to 1986)
The democratic culture is never lost in the
Filipino consciousness but there are challenges
to it.
Lack of political maturity

 People elect officials based on

popularity and personality and not on
performance and platform
Basic features of democracy:
 It seems that people are more
interested in entertainment rather than FIRST:
the serious presentation of platforms
The rule of the majority: in choosing leaders
and plans of action for the country
and in important political processes, whether
 Showbiz personalities – sheer popularity the decision of the majority is correct or not, in
Establishing a Democratic Culture the end, it is the people who will suffer from
the consequences of their decisions
What is Culture?
Vox populi, vox dei – translated as “the voice of
Culture – is defined as the way of life followed the people is the voice of God” It justifies that
by a people and which consists of learned and the decisions made by the people are blessed
shared values, behavior, traditions, etc. by the will of a higher being
Culture has two major elements: SECOND:
1. Material The protection of human rights. One of the
2. Non-Material provisions stated in the Philippine Constitution
What is Democracy? is that: “The State values the dignity of every
human person and guarantees full respect for
The system of government in the Philippines human right”
has been democratic.
It is important that citizens are aware of their
Democracy – it is a system of government in basic human rights in order to protect
which all citizens are eligible members of the themselves from any abuses that may be
state. inflicted by other individuals and even the
Sovereign power belongs to the people. In authorities. Basic human rights:
democratic country, it is expected that there is 1. Right to life
rule of the majority, human rights are protected 2. Right to liberty
and the rule of law is upheld. 3. Right to property
In fact, the very first principle in the 1987 THIRD:
Philippine Constitution states that “The
Philippines is a democratic and republican Upholding the rule of law. Democracy should be
state” under the rule of law and not rule of men.
Loyalty to the Constitution and adherence to
Democratic culture has become a way of life for the law should be the guiding light for law
Filipinos and it has been inculcated by the enforcement agencies and the judicial branch of
nation’s heroes before the arrival of the the government in making policies and
Americans decisions
Elections and majority rule have been practiced The utang na loob culture in politics should be
by the first republic ever declared in the put aside to allow the rule of law to reign.
Philippines, the Biak-na-Bato republic, before it Patriotism must be measured based on the
obedience to the Constitution and not on the
obedience to the President and other high- Governance
ranking officials
It is defined as the traditions and institutions
In the end, the citizens should serve as that determine how authority is exercised in a
watchdogs for possible abuses of authority particular country. This includes:
Filipinos continue to value and cherish the  The process by which governments are
nation‘s democratic culture selected, held accountable, monitored,
and replaced
A culture that has been part of their identity as
a nation

 The capacity of governments to manage

resources efficiently and formulate,
Ideal Citizen
implement and enforce sound policies
Citizenship and regulations
Citizenship denotes the status of being a legal
 The respect of citizens and the state for
member of a nation-state
the institutions that govern economic
How can we say if a person is a citizen of a and social interactions among them
specific country such as the Philippines?
Good Governance
 In most constitutions, citizenship is
British Prime Minister John Major created the
acquired through blood relations. A
Committee on Standards in Public Life to
child follows the citizenship of his or her
outline proper behavior by public servants in
parents.
1994
 One could also be a citizen through his
or her birthplace. Nolan Principles – named after the committee’s
 In some countries, if a person is born in first chairman, Lord Michael Nolan. It is the first
that particular country, he or she report that was released by the committee
automatically becomes a citizen of that
The principles aim to eliminate corruption in
country.
the government
 Others needs to undergo the legal
process of naturalization There are 7 principles of public life

An ideal citizen can be a person who follows the Selflessness – it means caring for what the
laws, protects and take care of the environment people need and want instead of promoting
and contributes to the welfare of other people personal interests

An ideal citizen carries out his or her civic Objectivity -it means being neutral and free
responsibilities – duties that help shape a better from biases in making decisions
society for all citizens
Integrity -it means maintaining a good name
Article XIV, Section 3, Paragraph 2 of the and character
Philippine Constitution identifies the qualities
Honesty -it means telling the truth, hiding
expected of citizens to possess, thereby
nothing and being transparent at all times
creating ideal citizens
Accountability -it means being liable and
The provision states that an ideal citizen is:
responsible for one’s actions
1. Patriotic
Openness -it means being transparent with
2. Nationalistic
whatever information one handles
3. Fosters love of humanity
4. Has respect for human rights Leadership -it means being able to lead the way
5. Appreciates the role of national heroes for development that would benefit all
6. Know the rights and duties of citizenship
Filipino Values
7. Has strong ethical and spiritual values
8. Has good moral character and personal These are inherent traits that make Filipinos
discipline different from other nationalities
Socio-anthropological self  Gaya-gaya Attitude
 Tsamba lang Attitude
Filipino identity – “Others-oriented”
 Jackpot Mentality
Positive Filipino Values  Belief in Kapalaran
 Mañana Habit
Bayanihan -it started from Filipino traditions of
helping out a neighbor who is a member of the  Ningas Kugon
community  Oversensitivity
 Pakikisama
Damayan -Filipino always extend sympathy for  Lack of Sportsmanship
people especially for those who lost their loved
ones or victims of calamities
Familism or Close Family Ties -Filipinos are
known are to prioritize the welfare of family
members above other things
Optimism -Filipinos have the attitude of looking
at all ways to be happy and maintain a positive
outlook even in times of calamities and other
challenges in life.
Hospitality -Filipinos are identified to be warm,
friendly, generous and accommodating to other
people, fellow Filipino or nt.
Regionalism -Filipinos have this attitude of
giving more priority to their provincemate
Flexibility -Filipinos have the ability to adapt or
conform to the expectations or will of other
people to achieve smooth and harmonious
relationships
Religious -This is characterized by strong faith
and submission to the will of a supreme being
Respect for Elders -Filipinos are thought to
show courtesy towards the elderly at all times.
Ex. Pagmamano and po/opo
Remedyo Attitude -Filipinos are known for
being creative and resourceful
Matiyaga -Filipinos are known for their grit and
strong determination in every undertaking
Utang na loob -this is a feeling of gratitude,
recognition of one’s indebtedness and
obligation to repay someone who has extended
assistance to another.
Negative Filipino Values

 Bahala na Attitude
 Colonial Mentality or Blue-seal
Mentality
 Crab Mentality
 Euphemistic
 Filipino Time