~ rvsauu UL LS ow ey oie@te Ue UUCUIELLL Producti i 5 Words, it should b: on, or in the background of its authors. In other € recognized 7 . Screen nor produced fi nized that facts are neither existing in a vacuum om a k people, blank slate, These are products of the time and of the ro i this ve i i a chapter, We are going to look at a number of. primary sources from different historical pei ee ee riods and evaluate these documents’ content ns of historical value, and examine the context of their production, The primary sources that we are going to examine are Antonio Pigafetta’s First Voyage Around the World, Emilio Jacinto’s "Kartilya ng Katipunan," the 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence, Political Cartoon’s Alfred McCoy's Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era (1900-1941), and Corazon Aquino’s speech before the U.S. Congress. These primary sources range from chronicles, official documents, speeches, and cartoons to visual arts. Needless to say, different types of sources necessitate different kinds of analysis and contain different levels of importance. We are going to explore that in this chapter. A Brief Summary of the First Voyage Around the World by Magellan by Antonio Pigafetia . This book was taken from the chronicles of contemporary voyagers and navigators of the sixteenth century. One of them was I Antonio Pigafetta, who accompanied Ferdinand Mageil in his fateful circumnavigation of the world. Pigafetta’s work instantly became a classic that prominent literary men in the West like William Shakespeare, Michel de Montaigne, and Giambattista Vico referred to the book in their interpretation of the New World. Pigafetta’s travelogue is one of the most important primary sources in the study of the prevolonial Fhukppi account was also a major referent to the even! i in the Philippine << ian nobleman to Magellan's arriv: T with local leaders, his death in the hands of , his encountel Reading: yin Philippsie Battle of Mactan, avd in the de from the islands, parture of what was locu rev everal insi eee ay eals several insights not just in the ppines uring the precolonial period, but also o the Europeans regard a deeply unfamiliar ca nd culture. Locating Pi tha’ ana aaeans ure. 4 ating Pigafetta’s account in the context sa familiarity on the dominant frame of mind in the ich pervaded Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth uistory need to realize that primary sources used in n histories depart from certain perspectivés, Thus, salso written from the perspective of Pigafetta himself ae context of its production. The First Voyage Around was published after Pigafetta returned to Italy. 1 ve will focus on the chronicles of Antonio Pigafetta as observation and general impression of the Far Bast nees in the Visayas. In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet _the Ladrones Islands or the "Islands of the Thieves." have no arms, but use sticks, which have e end. They are poor, but ingenious, and great the sake of that we called these three islands lands.” nds is presently known as the Marianas Islands. These uth-southeast of Japan, west-southwest of Hawai, and east of Philippines. Ten days after they reached ‘afetta reported that they reached what Pigafetta now Samar but Magellan decided to land in another ri they could rest for a few days. greater security where they or oe them r , March 18, nine men coals agellan realized that the i ing them. Mi: a Berea ae eee aeith food, drinks, and gifts, Tn =Tre another very hard, end thicker than tha ofa walnut seed purn this second rind, and make with ita powder enh is useful to them. Under this rind there is a white marrow of a finger’s thickness, which they eat fresh with meat and ek oy We do bread, and it has the taste of an almond, and if anyone dried it he might make bread of it (p. 72)" Pigafetta characterized the people as “very familiar and friendly” and willingly showed them different islands and the names of these islands. eee Een Teand Glomonkon) end there they found what Pigafetta referred to as the "Watering Place of Good Signs." It is in this place where Pigafetta wrote that They found Che Hist Hens ot gold in the island. They named the island with the nearby islands as the archipelago of St. Lazarus. They left the island, then on March 25th, Pigafetta recounted that they saw two ballanghai (balangay), a long boat full of people in Mazzaval Mazaua. The leader, who Pigafetta referred to as the king of the ballanghai (balangay), sent his men to the ship of Magellan. The Europeans entertained these men and gave them gifts. When the king of the balangay offered to give Magellan a bar ofeld and chest of singer Magellan declined. Magellan sent the interpreter to the king and asked for money for the needs of his ships and expressed that he came into the islands as a friend and not as an enemy. The king responded by giving Magellan the needed provisions of food in chinaware. Magellan exchanged gifts of robes in Turkish fashion, ted cap, and gave the people knives and mirrors, The two then expressed their desire to become brothers. Magellan also boasted of his men in grmar. who could not be struck with gwords and daggers. The king was fascinated and remarked that men in such armor could be worth one hundred of his, men, Magellan further showed the king his other weapons, helmets, and Trtilleries. Magellan also shared with the king his charts and maps and shared how they found the islands. — ‘After a few days, Magellan was introduced to the king's brother who was alsoa king of another island. They went to this island and Pigafetta reported that they saw mines of gold. The gold was abundant that parts of the ship and of the [Link] the second king were made of gold. and gold accessories like a golden dagger, which he carried with him in a wooden polished sheath. This king was named Baia bu, king of Zuluan and Calagan (Butuan and Caragua), and the first king was Baia Giese, On March 3ist, which happened to be Raster Sunday, Magellan crdered the chaplain to preside a Mass by the shore. The king 16 sos Ae aia antes e atheard of this pln and sent two degd pi lass with the : and attended the M: it other king. Pigafetta reported that both kings participated i ; le } reported that both kings participated in the mass, Hi “..when the offertory of the mass eame i : : , the two kings, went to kiss the cross like us, but they offered nothing, and a the elevation of the body of our Lord they were kneeling like us, and adored our Lord with joined hands.” , After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the cross be brought with pails ~ and crown in place. Magellan explained that the cross, the nail, and the crown were the signs of his emperor and that he was ordered toplantit in the places that he would reach. Magellan further explained that the cross would be beneficial for their people because once other Spaniards saw this cross, © then they woul that they had been in this Iand and would ngt cause them troubles, and any person who might be held captives by them would be released. The king concurred and allowed for the cross to be planted. This Mass would go down in history as the first Mass in the Philippines, and the cross would be the famed Magellan's Cross still preserved at present day. After seven days, Magellan and his men decided to move and look for islands where they could acquire more supplies and provisions. They learned of the islands of Ceylon (Leyte), Bohol, and Zzubu (Cebu) and intended to go there. Raia Calambu offered to pilot them in going toQebu, the largest and the richest of the islands. By April 7th of the same year, Magellan and his men reached the port of Cebu. The king of Cebu, through Magellan's interpreter, demanded that they pay tribute as it was customary but Magellan refused. Magellan said that he was a captain ofa king himself and not i ther kings, Magellan's interpreter explained to the king of Cebu that Magellan’s king was the emperor of a great empire and that it would do them better to make friends with them than jo farge_ enmity. The king of Cebu consulted his council By the next day, Magellan's men and the king of Cebu, together with other principal men of Cebu, met in qan-onon space, There, the king offered a hit of his blood and demanded that Magellan do the same, Pigafetta recounts: Magellan do the same, “Then the king said that he was content, of affection he sent him a little of his bloot shed he should do the like: Our peaple ‘, he said chat/all the captains wo accustomed to make a present herefore they should ask their stom. Our people answered and as a greater sign yd:from his right arm, and wis le answered that he would dot. Besides that came to his country had been to him, and he to them, and t captain if he would observe the cu: Cooter Analysis of Slate! Piy Sources Pilrprn HY uv _that he would; but a8 the Jot him begin and make do his duty.” king wished to koop up the custom, 4 present, and then the captain would ‘The following day, Magellan spok before the people of Cebu about pence And God, Pigafotta reported that tho peopl took pleasure in Magellan's Speech. Magellan then asked the people who would succeed the king after hiv reign and the People responded that the eldest child of the king, who happened to bo a daughter, would be the noxt in line. Pigafetta also related how the poople talkod about, how at old age, parants were no longer taken into account and had to follow the ordors of their children as the new leaders of the land, Magellan responded to this by saying that his faith entailed children to render honor and obedience to their parents. Magellan preached about their fnith further and people were reportedly convinced. Pigafetta wrote that their mon were overjoyed seeing that the people wished to become Christians through their free will and not because they were forced or intimidated, On the 1th of April, the people gathered with the king and other i i ye ke to the king rineipal men of the slants. Magellan poke to the king and-encouraged | bir tobe a rood Christian x all of the idols and worship the eross f Cebu was then baptized as a Christia. Pigafetta wrote: instead. ‘The king “To that the king nnd all his people answered that ty would ‘The captain took the king by the hand, and they walked about @) ‘on the scaffolding, and when he was baptized he said that he would name him Don Charles (Carlos), as the emperor his sovereign was named; and he named the prince Don Fernand (Fernando), after the brother of the emperor, and the King of Mazavva, Jehan: to the Moor he gave the name of Christopher, and to the others ench name of his fancy.” After eight days, Pigafetta counted that all of the island's inhabitant were already baptized. He admitted that they burned a village down for ing neither the king nar Megellan, The Mass was conducted by the When the queen eam to the Mass one day, Magellan gave thetnfant Jesus made by Pigafetta himself, The king of . wre that he woul allan. When Magelle, reiterated iat at Tr Ai iy butts ‘but the natives gave heal a sick man who was a re} should instead put tireis tial iivie ides, lan that they needed the idols to ive to the king, Magellan insisted that they in Jesus Christ. They went to the sick man ® alpine Histary™and baptized him. After the baptismal, Pigafetta zecbirded that the man was _Aable to speal-again. He called this. amiracle, On the 26th of April, Zula, a principal ma (Mactan) went to see Magellan and asked him for a boat full of men so that he would be able to fight the chief named Silapulapu (Lapulapu), Such chief, according to Zula, refus ing and was also preventing him from doing so. Magellan offered three boats instead and expressed his desire to go to Mactan himselfto fj id chief, Magellan's forces arrived in Mactan in daylight. They numbered 49 in total and the islanders of Mactan were estimated to number 1,500. The battle began. Pigafetta recounted: e island of “When we reached land we found the islanders fifteen hundred ‘~ in number, drawn up in three squadrons: they came down ( upon us with tarFble shouts, tro squadrons attacking us on the flanks, and the third in front, The captain then divided his men in two bands. Our musketeers and crossbow-men fired for half an hour from a distance, but did nothing, since the ( bullets and arrows, though they passed through their shields made of thin wood, and perhaps wounded their arms, yet did not stop them. The captain shouted not to fire, but he was not listened to. The islanders seeing that the shots of our guns did them little or no harm would not retire, but Shouted more loudly, and springing from one side to the other to avoid our shots, they at the same time drew nearer to us, throwing arrows, javelins, spears-hardened in fire, stones, and even mud, so that we could hardly defend ourselves. Some of them cast lances pointed with iron e z Magellan died in that battle. The natives, pereciving that the bodies of the enemies were protected with armors, aimed for their legs instead Magellan was pierced wil iso} w in his right jeg. A few of their men charged at the natives and tried to intimidate them by burning an entire village but this only enraged the natives further. Magellan was specifically targeted because the natives knew that ke was the captain general Magellan was hit with a lance in the face, Magellan retaliated and pierced the same waa HEE A ipso ithe rea and tried to draw his sword but could Zwounded arm. Seeing that the captain has already ot lift it becat A ee wad deteriorated, more natives came to attack him. One native with agreat in Magellan’ rought himn face down and the ‘Sword delivered a blow in Mazetlan’ ought hi hurives cuaseivssiy a'tacked Masel ‘ ¢ hands. Pigafetta recounred the last moments of Whilst the Indians were thus averpowel pe turned round towards Ge to soe Philip Htsafety, as though his obstinate fight had no other object than to give an opportunity for the retreat of his men.” 1 Pigafetta also said that the king of Cebu who was baptized could have gent help but Magellan instructed -him not to join the battle and stay in the balangay so that he would see how they fought. The king offered the people of Mactan gifts of any value and amount, in exchange of Magellan’s body but the chief refused. They wanted to keep Magellan’s body as a memento of their victory. Magellan’s men elected Duarte Barbosa as the new captain. Pigafetta also told how Magellan's slave and interpreter named Henry betrayed them and told the king of Cebu that they intended to leave as quickly as possible. Pigafetta alleged that the slave told the king that if he followed the slave's advice, then the king could acquire the ships and the goods of Magellan's fleet. The two conspired and betrayed what was left of Magellan's men. The king invited these men toa gathering where he said he would present the jewels that he would send for the King of Spain. Pigafetta was not able to : join the twenty-four men who attended because he was nursing his battle wounds. It was only a short time when they heard cries and lamentations. ‘The natives had slain all of the men except the interpreter and Juan Serrano who was already wounded. Serrano was presented and shouted at the men in the ship asking them to pay ransom so he would be spared. However, they refused and would not allow anyone to go to the shore. The fleet departed and abandoned Serrano. They left Cebu and continued their journey around the world.rules on treating the neighbor's way that you want yours to be treated is an should treat and regard their neighbors, ‘development, while the wife, children, and brothers the instruction on how Katipuneros Allin all, proper reading of the Kartilya will reveal a more thorough understanding of the Katipunan and the significant role that it played in the revolution and in the unfolding of the Philippine history, ns we know it. Reading the “Proclamation of the Philippine Independence’ One Every year, the country commemorates the anniversary of the Philippine | Independence proclaimed on 12 June 1898, in the province of Cavite. Indec ; such event is a significant turning point in the history of the country bees | it signaled the end of the 333 years of Spanish colonization. There have boon | numerous studies done on the events leading to the independence o ! = | country but very few students had the chance to read the actual Lanai | the declaration, This is in spite of the historical importance of the oeument and the details that the document reveals on the rationale and one of that historical day in Cavite. Interestingly, reading the details of pee document in hindsight is telling of the kind of government that eee under Aguinaldo, and the forthcoming hand of the United a. of America in the next few years of the newly created republic. The deel ara ae a short 2,000-word document, which summarized the Baan pe in fa revolution against Spain, the war for independence, and the future o} . new republic under Emilio Aguinaldo. ation commenced with a characterization of the conditions in Bat ninaes during the Spanish colonial period. The document specifically mentioned abuses and inequalities in the colony. The declaration says: ‘taking into consideration, that their inhabitants being already weary of bearing the ominous yoke of Spanish domination, on account of the arbitrary arrests and harsh treatment practiced by the Civil Guard to the extent of causing death with the connivance and even with the express orders of their commanders, who sometimes went to the extreme of ordering the shooting of prisoners under the pretext that they were attempting to escape, in violation of the provisions of the Regulations of their Corps, which abuses were unpunished ain! on . count of une unjust deportacions, especially those decreed by General Blanco, of eminent personages and of high social position, at the instigation of the Archbishop and nS le cee i RN friars interested in keepi ng them out of the way for their own 6 Readings in Philippine History POT eIIeraaoe Renamer — OY! aryremeaeaeatereSovtityr solfal and avaricious purpose, deportations which are quickly lonchinnge Jnoualt about by a method of procedure more oxeeruble than that of the Inquisition and which every civilized nation rejects voip into fn. 000 con aveotint of a decision being rendered without a hearing of Nbr, the persons accused.” thonnigh ‘Nhe nbove pasuage demonstrates the justifications behind the revolution played i ajainst Spain, Specifically cited are the abuse by the Civil Guards and the fe know it Unlawful shooting of prisoners whom they alleged as attempting to escape. . ‘Vhe passage alwo condemns the unequal protection of the law between the ndence’ Filipino people and the “eminent, petsonnges.” Moreover, the line mentions Ae thoavaricn and grood of the clergy like the friara and the Archbishop himself Laatly, the passage also condemns what they saw as the unjust deportation to. tneood, fy ecanee ion without proper hearing, expected of any have been: and rendering of other d jizod nation: ded with a brief historical overview Sat From hore, the proctamntion proce | af the Spanish occupation since Magellan's arrival in Visayas until the uumatances Philippine Revolution, with specific dotais about the ater, especially after of tho aid the Pret of Biak-nn-Dato hnd collapsed. The document narrates the spread of a eroated themovement “like an cloetric spark” through different towns and provinces aie Tike Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas, Bulnean, Laguna, and Morons, and the quiek decline of Spanish frees inthe same provinces, The revet also sehind the jure of the reached Visayas; thus, the independence of the country was ensured. The ‘tocument also mentions Rizal's execution, calling it unjust. The execution, vi in the document, was done to “please the greedy body of friars in conditions as we loctument thie insatiable desire to seek revenge upon and exterminate all those who Aoclaration tare opposed to their Machiavellian purposes, which tramples upon the penal tove prescribed for these islands.” The document also narrates the Cavite 4 sing Mutiny of January 1872 that caused the infamous execution of the martyred vish native priests Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, ‘and Jacinto Zamora, “whose pi innocent blood was shed through the intrigues of those so-called religious dere aera that need the chree secular priest in the said mutiny. a ‘the proclamation of independence also invokes that the established oe republic would be led under the dictatorship of Emilio Aguinaldo. The first shed mention was at the very beginning of the proclamation. Tt stated: i “ta the town of Cavite Viejo, in this province of Cavite, on the a wre th day of June eighteen hundred and ninety-cigt, before pa veryon Aubrosio Rianzares Bautista, Auditor of War and | ood er 2| Comet ard Cone Ana of etl Pry Sees PNET be eetSpecial Commissioner appointed to proclaim and solemni: this act by the Dictatorial Government of these Philippine Islands, for the purposes and by virtue of the circular addréssed by the Eminent Dictator of the same Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy.” The same was repeated toward the last part of the proclamation. It states: “We acknowledge, approve and confirm together with the orders that have been issued therefrom, the Dictatorship established by Don Emilio Aguinaldo, whom we honor as the Supreme Chief of this Nation, which this day commences to have a life of its own, in the belief that he is the instrument selected by God, in spite of his humble origin, to effect the redemption of this unfortunate people, as foretold by Doctor Jose Rizal in the magnificent verses which he composed when he was preparing to be shot, liberating them from the yoke of Spanish domination in punishment of the impunity with which their Government allowed the commission of abuses by its subordinates.” ‘Another detail in the proclamation that is worth looking at is its explanation on the Philippine flag that was first waved on the same day. ‘The document explained: “And finally, it was unanimously resolved that this Nation, independent from this day, must use the same flag used heretofore, whose design and colors and described in the accompanying drawing, with design representing in natural colors the three arms referred to. The white triangle represents the distinctive emblem of the famous Katipunan Society, which by means of its compact of blood urged on the masses of the people to insurrection; the three stars represent the three principal Islands of this Archipelago, Luzon, Mindanao and Panay, in which this insurrectionary movement broke out; the sun represents the gigantic strides that have been made by the sons of this land on the road of progress and civilization, ita ht ays symbolizing the eight provinces of Manila, » Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Lagun: and Batanvss, which wore declared ina at ate af war almost as soon as the first insurrectionary movement was initiated; oe fs ae States of North America, in manifestation iT profound gratitude towards that Great Nation for 28 HeingNBLIGATIONS and CONTRACTS the disinterested protecti i : Protection she is extendi . Continue to extend to us.” nding to us and nae This often overlooked detail reveals much about the historically accurate meaning behind the most widely kno: wn national symbol in the Philippines. It is not known by many for example, that the white triangle was derived from the symbol of the Katipunan. The red and blue colors of the flag are often associated with courage and peace, respectively. Our basic education omits the fact that those colors were taken from the flag of the United States, While it can always be argued that symbolic meaning can always change and be reinterpreted, the original symbolic meaning of something Presents us several historical truths that can explain the subsequent events, which unfolded after the declaration of independence on the 12th day of June 1898.