Introduction to

1 Algebra and Functions

• Standard 6AF1.0 Write

verbal expressions and
sentences as algebraic
expressions and equations;
evaluate algebraic
expressions, solve simple
linear equations, and graph
and interpret their results.

Key Vocabulary
algebra (p. 44)
defining the variable (p. 50)
evaluate (p. 31)
numerical expression (p. 38)

Real-World Link
TIME The day tour of the White House costs $60 for
each adult and $40 for each child. The night tour costs
$25 for each adult and $15 for each child. You can use
the four-step problem-solving plan to determine the
cost of each tour for a family of 2 adults and 3 children.

Introduction to Algebra and Functions Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes.
Begin with eleven sheets of notebook paper.

1 Staple the eleven sheets 2 Cut tabs. Make each one 2 lines 3 Write the chapter title on the
together to form a booklet. longer than the one before it. cover and label each tab with
the lesson number.

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22 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

State Preservation Board, Austin, Texas
 GET READY for Chapter 1
Diagnose Readiness You have two options for checking Prerequisite Skills.

Option 2
Take the Online Readiness Quiz at [Link].
Option 1
Take the Quick Check below. Refer to the Quick Review for help.

Add. (Prior Grade) Example 1 Find 17.89 + 43.2.

1. 89.3 + 16.5 2. 7.9 + 32.45 17.89 Line up the decimal points.
3. 54.25 + 6.39 4. 10.8 + 2.6 + 43.20
_______ Annex a zero.
61.09
5. TECHNOLOGY Patrick bought a
personal electronic organizer for
$59.99 and a carrying case for
$12.95. What was his total cost,
not including tax? (Prior Grade)

Subtract. (Prior Grade) Example 2 Find 37.45 - 8.52.

6. 24.6 - 13.3 7. 9.1 - 6.6 37.45 Line up the decimal points.
8. 30.55 - 2.86 9. 17.4 - 11.2 - 8.52
_______
28.93

Multiply. (Prior Grade) Example 3 Find 1.7 × 3.5.

10. 4 × 7.7 11. 9.8 × 3 1.7 1 decimal place
12. 2.7 × 6.3 13. 8.5 × 1.2 × 3.5
_____ + 1 decimal place
_________
5.95 2 decimal places

Divide. (Prior Grade) Example 4 Find 24.6 ÷ 2.5.

14. 37.49 ÷ 4.6 15. 14.31 ÷ 2.7 2.5

24.6 → 25.

246. Multiply both numbers
16. 5.94 ÷ 6.16 17. 11.15 ÷ 2.5 by the same power
of 10.
9.84
18. PIZZA Four friends decided to
25

246.00 Annex zeros.
split the cost of a pizza evenly.
-225
_____
The total cost was $25.48.
210 Divide as with
How much does each friend
-200
_____ whole numbers.
need to pay? (Prior Grade)
100
-100
_____
0

Chapter 1 Get Ready for Chapter 1 23

 Making Sense Standard 6MR3.1
Evaluate the
When you solve a word problem, the first thing to do is to read the reasonableness of
problem carefully. The last thing to do is to see whether your answer the solution in the context
of the original situation.
makes sense. Sometimes a picture or diagram can help. Standard 6NS2.3
Solve addition, subtraction,
Kelly lives 5 miles from school. This is 4 times as far as Miguel multiplication, and division
lives from school. How far does Miguel live from school? problems, including those
arising in concrete
situations, that use positive
If you look just at the key words in the problem, it might seem that and negative integers and
combinations of these
4 times 5 would give the solution. operations.
+ELLYS (OUSE -IGUELS (OUSE
 MILES    OR  MILES

But the important question is, “Does this solution make sense?”
In this case, the solution does not make sense because Kelly lives
farther away. This problem is solved by dividing.
-IGUELS (OUSE
+ELLYS (OUSE
   OR  MILES
 MILES

So, Miguel lives 1.25 miles away from school.

For Exercises 1 and 2, choose the model that illustrates each problem.
Explain your reasoning. Then solve.
1. Jennifer has saved $210 to purchase an MP3 player. She needs $299 to
buy it. How much more money does she need?
œ`iÊ
œ`iÊ

  



2. The school cafeteria sold 465 lunches on Thursday. They expect to sell
75 more lunches on Friday because they serve pizza that day. How
many lunches do they expect to sell on Friday?
œ`iÊ œ`iÊ

  


24 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

 1-1 A Plan for Problem Solving

Main IDEA
Solve problems using the ANALYZE GRAPHS The bar graph
four-step plan.
Nfic[:_Xdg`fej_`g
shows the countries with the
DfkfZifjjN`ej
most world championship
Standard 6MR1.1  
[TX text to come]
Analyze problems motocross wins. What is the
by identifying total number of wins for these
relationships, distinguishing 
five countries? 

ՓLirelevant from irrelevant
information, identifying
1. Do you have all of the 
missing information,
sequencing and prioritizing information necessary to
information, and observing  
solve this problem?
patterns.   
Reinforcement of 2. Explain how you would 
Standard 5NS2.1 Add,
subtract, multiply, and divide
solve this problem. Then "ELGIUM 3WEDEN &RANCE )TALY 53!
solve it. œÕ˜ÌÀÞ
with decimals; add with
negative integers; subtract 3OURCE -OTOCROSSCOM
positive integers from 3. Does your answer make
negative integers; and verify sense? Explain.
the reasonableness of the
results. 4. What can you do if your first attempt at solving the problem
does not work?

In mathematics, there is a four-step plan you can use to help you solve
any problem.
1. Explore • Read the problem carefully.
• What information is given?
• What do you need to find out?
• Is enough information given?
• Is there any extra information?

2. Plan • How do the facts relate to each other?

• Select a strategy for solving the problem. There may be
several that you can use.
• Estimate the answer.

3. Solve • Use your plan to solve the problem.

• If your plan does not work, revise it or make a new plan.
• What is the solution?
Four-Step Plan
No matter what 4. Check • Does your answer fit the facts given in the problem?
strategy you use, you
can always use the • Is your answer reasonable compared to your estimate?
four-step plan to
solve a problem. • If not, make a new plan and start again.

Lesson 1-1 A Plan for Problem Solving 25

 Use the Four-Step Plan
1 TELEVISION There were about 260 million TVs in the U.S.
in 2005. This amount increases by 4 million each year after
2005. In what year will there be at least 300 million TVs?
Explore What are you trying to find?
In what year will there be at least 300 million TVs
in the U.S.?
What information do you need to solve the problem?
You know how many TVs there were in 2005.
Also, the number increases by 4 million each year.

Plan Find the number of TVs needed to reach 300 million.

Real-World Link Then divide this number by 4 to find the number of years
In a recent year, that will pass before the total reaches 300 million TVs.
worldwide consumers
purchased 8.8 million Solve The change in the number of TVs from 260 million to
LCD (Liquid Crystal
Display) TVs. 300 million is 300 - 260 or 40 million TVs. Dividing the
Source: Display Search difference by 4, you get 40 ÷ 4 or 10.
You can also use the make a table strategy.
Year ’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14 ’15
Number
260 264 268 272 276 280 284 288 292 296 300
(millions)

+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4

So, there will be at least 300 million TVs in the U.S.

in the year 2015.

Check 10 years × 4 million = 40 million

260 million + 40 million = 300 million ✔

a. WHALES A baby blue whale gains about 200 pounds each day.
About how many pounds does a baby blue whale gain per hour?

Problems can be solved using different operations or strategies.

+%9 #/.#%04 Problem-Solving Strategies

guess and check use a graph

look for a pattern work backward
make an organized list eliminate possibilities
draw a diagram estimate reasonable answers
act it out use logical reasoning
solve a simpler problem make a model

26 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./Getty Images
 Use a Strategy in the Four-Step Plan
2 SPORTS In a basketball tournament, 128 teams play in the first
round. Then there are 64 teams left to play in the second round,
32 teams left to play in the third round, and so on.
How many rounds does it take to determine a winner?
Explore You know the number of teams at
the start of the tournament.

Plan You can look for a

pattern by organizing
the information in
a table. Then continue
the pattern until
two teams are left.

Solve Round 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of Teams 128 64 32 16 8 4 2

÷2 ÷2
So, a winner is determined after 7 rounds.

Check Complete the diagram to show that the answer is correct.

Round 1 128 teams: 64 teams win, 64 teams lose

Round 2 64 teams: 32 teams win, 32 teams lose

Round 3 32 teams: 16 teams win, 16 teams lose

Solve using the four-step plan.

b. SPORTS How many rounds would it take to determine a winner if
512 teams participated in the tournament?
Personal Tutor at [Link]

Use the four-step plan to solve each problem. Lake Size (acres)
Example 1 1. ANALYZE TABLES The table lists the sizes of six Lake Mattamuskeet 40,000
(p. 26) of the larger lakes in North Carolina. About Falls Lake 12,000
how many times larger is High Rock Lake
Hyco Lake 3,750
than Hyco Lake?
Lake Gaston 20,000
Example 2 2. E-MAIL If Isaac receives an e-mail every Lake James 6,500
(p. 27) 20 minutes during the workday, how High Rock Lake 15,000
many e-mails would he expect to receive
Source: [Link]
between 8:00 A.M. and noon?

Extra Examples at [Link] Lesson 1-1 A Plan for Problem Solving 27

Dimitri Lundt/CORBIS
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Use the four-step plan to solve each problem.

For See 3. BIRDS Most hummingbirds flap their wings about 50 times a second.
Exercises Examples How many times can a hummingbird flap its wings in one minute?
3–6 1
7–10 2 4. PLANETS Jupiter is about 3 times the size of Neptune. If the diameter of
Jupiter is 88,736 miles, estimate the diameter of Neptune.

5. MONEY To attend the class picnic, each student will have to pay $5.25
for transportation and $5.75 for food. If there are 379 students in the class,
how much money will be collected for the picnic?

6. DVD RENTALS A video store took in $5,400 in DVD rentals during July.
January sales are expected to be double that amount. If DVDs rent for $4,
how many DVD rentals are expected in January?

7. GEOMETRY What are the next two figures in the pattern?

8. ALGEBRA What are the next two numbers in the pattern?

9, 27, 81, 243, 729, ,

ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 9 and 10, use

Commuter Train Schedule
the commuter train schedule shown.
Departure Arrival
A commuter train departs from a train station
and travels to the city each day. The schedule 6:30 a.m. 6:50 a.m.
shows the first five departure and arrival times. 7:15 a.m. 7:35 a.m.
8:00 a.m. 8:20 a.m.
9. How often does the commuter train arrive
in the city? 8:45 a.m. 9:05 a.m.
9:30 a.m. 9:50 a.m.
10. What is the latest time that passengers can
depart from the train station if they need to
arrive in the city no later than noon?

11. COOKING Mr. Sanders is serving fried turkey at 3:00 P.M. The 15-pound
turkey has to cook 3 minutes for every pound and then cool for at least
45 minutes. What is the latest time he can start frying?

12. ESTIMATION Terry opened a savings account in December with $132 and
saved $27 each month beginning in January. Estimate the value of Terry’s
account in July. Then calculate the amount and evaluate the reasonableness
of your estimate.

13. FIND THE DATA Refer to the California Data File on pages 16–19 of your
book. Choose some data and write a real-world problem in which you
would use the four-step plan to solve the problem.

28 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

 14. ANALYZE TABLES The sizes of Earth’s Earth’s Oceans
oceans in millions of square kilometers
Size
are shown in the table. If the combined Ocean
(millionkm 2)
size of Earth’s oceans is 367 million
Arctic 45
square kilometers, what is the size of
the Pacific Ocean? Atlantic 77
Indian 69
%842!02!#4)#%
15. MONEY Kishi wants to buy a DVD player Pacific
See pages 679, 715. that costs $261.25 with tax. So far, she has Southern 20
saved $145.75. If she saves $5.50 every Source: The World Factbook
Self-Check Quiz at week, in how many weeks will she be able
[Link]
to purchase the DVD player?

H.O.T. Problems 16. CHALLENGE Use the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 to form a two-digit number
and a three-digit number so that their product is as small as possible.
Use each digit only once.

17. OPEN ENDED Create a real-world problem that can be solved by adding
79 and 42 and then multiplying the result by 3.

18. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Explain why it is important to plan before solving
(

*/
a problem.

19. Jeannie has $72 to spend on birthday 20. Mr. Brooks went on a business trip.
gifts for her mother. Which three items The trip was 380 miles, and the
from the table could Jeannie purchase, average price of gasoline was $3.15 per
not including tax? gallon. What information is needed to
find the amount Mr. Brooks spent on
Item Cost
gasoline for the trip?
sweater $29.50
F Number of times Mr. Brooks
gloves $22.75 stopped to fill his tank with
purse $32.00 gasoline
chocolates $15.00
G Number of miles the car can travel
movie passes $27.75
using one gallon of gasoline
A gloves, movie passes, sweater H Number of hours the trip took
B movie passes, sweater, purse J Average number of miles
Mr. Brooks drove per day
C sweater, gloves, chocolates
D sweater, gloves, purse

PREREQUISITE SKILL Multiply.

21. 10 × 10 22. 3 × 3 × 3 23. 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 24. 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2

Lesson 1-1 A Plan for Problem Solving 29

 1-2 Powers and Exponents

Main IDEA
Use powers and TECHNOLOGY The amount of available
exponents. storage space on a computer chip !MOUNT OF
doubles every year. 9EAR 3TORAGE 3PACE UNITS
Reinforcement of
Standard 5NS1.3 1. How is doubling shown in the table?   
Understand and   
compute positive integer 2. If the pattern continues, how much
powers of nonnegative   
integers; compute examples
space will be available by year 6?
         
as repeated multiplication. 3. What is the relationship between the
number of 2s and the year?

NEW Vocabulary Two or more numbers that are multiplied together to form a product are
factors called factors. When the same factor is used, you may use an exponent
exponent to simplify the notation.
base
powers The centered dots The exponent tells how many
indicate multiplication. times the base is used as a factor.
squared
cubed
evaluate
16 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 = 2 4








standard form
common factors The base is the common factor.
exponential form

Numbers expressed using exponents are called powers.

Powers Words
52 five to the second power or five squared
43 four to the third power or four cubed
24 two to the fourth power

Write Powers as Products

Write each power as a product of the same factor.
READING Math 1 75 2 32
First Power When a Seven is used as a factor Three is used as a
number does not have an five times. factor twice.
exponent, the exponent is
understood to be 1. For 75 = 7 · 7 · 7 · 7 · 7 32 = 3 · 3
example, 8 = 81.

Write each power as a product of the same factor.

a. 64 b. 13 c. 95

30 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

 You can evaluate, or find the value of, powers by multiplying the
factors. Numbers written without exponents are in standard form.

Write Powers in Standard Form

Evaluate each expression.
Vocabulary Link 3 25
Evaluate 25 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 2 is used as a factor 5 times.
Everyday Use to
find what something = 32 Multiply.
is worth
Math Use find the 4 43
value of
43 = 4 · 4 · 4 4 is used as a factor 3 times.
= 64 Multiply.

Evaluate each expression.

d. 102 e. 73 f. 54

Personal Tutor at [Link]

Numbers written with exponents are in exponential form.

Write Numbers in Exponential Form

5 Write 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 in exponential form.
3 is the base. It is used as a factor 4 times. So, the exponent is 4.
3 · 3 · 3 · 3 = 34

Write each product in exponential form.

g. 5 · 5 · 5 h. 12 · 12 · 12 · 12 · 12 · 12

Examples 1, 2 Write each power as a product of the same factor.

(p. 30)
1. 93 2. 34 3. 85
Examples 3, 4 Evaluate each expression.
(p. 31)
4. 24 5. 72 6. 103

7. POPULATION There are approximately 710 people living in the United States.
About how many people is this?

Example 5 Write each product in exponential form.

(p. 31)
8. 5 · 5 · 5 · 5 · 5 · 5 9. 1 · 1 · 1 · 1 10. 4 · 4 · 4 · 4 · 4

Extra Examples at [Link] Lesson 1-2 Powers and Exponents 31

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write each power as a product of the same factor.
For See 11. 15 12. 42 13. 38
Exercises Examples 14. 86 15. 93 16. 104
11–16 1, 2
17–24 3, 4 Evaluate each expression.
25–28 5
17. 26 18. 43 19. 74
20. 46 21. 110 22. 101

23. BIKING In a recent year, the number of 12- to 17-year-olds that went
off-road biking was 106. Write this number in standard form.

24. TRAINS The Maglev train in China is the fastest passenger train in
the world. Its average speed is 35 miles per hour. Write this speed in
standard form.

Write each product in exponential form.

25. 3 · 3 26. 7 · 7 · 7 · 7
27. 1 · 1 · 1 · 1 · 1 · 1 · 1 · 1 28. 6 · 6 · 6 · 6 · 6

Write each power as a product of the same factor.

29. four to the fifth power 30. nine squared

Evaluate each expression.

31. six to the fourth power 32. 6 cubed

GEOMETRY For Exercises 33 and 34, use the figures below.

33. Find the number of unit cubes that make up each cube. Write your answers
using exponents.
34. Why do you think the expression 23 is sometimes read as 2 cubed?

35. NUMBERS Write 5 · 5 · 5 · 5 · 4 · 4 · 4 in exponential form.

36. COMPUTERS A gigabyte is a measure of computer data storage capacity.

%842!02!#4)#% One gigabyte stores 230 bytes of data. Use a calculator to find the number
See pages 679, 715. in standard form that represents two gigabytes.

Self-Check Quiz at Order the following powers from least to greatest.

[Link]
37. 65, 114, 410, 173 38. 28, 152, 63, 35 39. 53, 46, 211, 72

32 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

H.O.T. Problems 40. CHALLENGE Write two different powers that have the same value.

41. Which One Doesn’t Belong? Identify the number that does not belong with
the other three. Explain your reasoning.

4 9 16 50

42. OPEN ENDED Select a number between 1,000 and 2,000 that can be
expressed as a power.

43. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Analyze the number pattern

(

*/
24 = 16
shown at the right. Then write a convincing
23 = 8
argument as to the value of 20. Based on your 22 = 4
argument, what do you think will be the 21 = 2
value of 2-1? 20 = ?

44. Which model represents 63?

A C




B D

45. RACING The graph shows which numbered cars ,UCKY #AR .UMBERS
have the most wins at the Indianapolis 500.
How many times more did the number 3 car 
win than the number 14 car? (Lesson 1-1)
#AR .UMBER



46. PRODUCTION A machine on a production

line fills 8 soft drink cans per minute.

How many cans does it fill in 8 hours?
           
(Lesson 1-1)
.UMBER OF 7INS

3OURCE INDYCOM

PREREQUISITE SKILL Multiply.

47. 2 · 2 48. 3 · 3 49. 5 · 5 50. 7 · 7

Lesson 1-2 Powers and Exponents 33

 1-3 Squares and Square Roots

Main IDEA
Find squares of numbers A square with an area of 36 square units
and square roots of is shown.
perfect squares.
1. Using tiles, try to construct squares
Preparation for with areas of 4, 9, and 16 square units.
Standard 7NS2.4
Use the inverse 2. Try to construct squares with areas 12, 18, and 20 square units.
relationship between
raising to a power and 3. Which of the areas form squares?
extracting the root of
a perfect square; for an 4. What is the relationship between the lengths of the sides and the
integer that is not square, areas of these squares?
determine without a
calculator the two integers 5. Using your square tiles, create a square that has an area of 49
between which its square square units. What are the lengths of the sides of the square?
root lies and explain why.

NEW Vocabulary The area of the square at the right is 5 · 5 or

square
25 square units. The product of a number  UNITS  UNITS
perfect squares and itself is the square of the number.
square root So, the square of 5 is 25.
 UNITS
radical sign

Find Squares of Numbers

1 Find the square of 3.
 UNITS  UNITS
3·3=9 Multiply 3 by itself.
 UNITS

2 Find the square of 28.

28 Multiply 28 by itself.
× 28
_____
224
+ 560
______ Annex a zero.
784

Find the square of each number.

a. 8 b. 12 c. 23

Numbers like 9, 16, and 225 are called square numbers or

perfect squares because they are squares of whole numbers.

34 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

 The factors multiplied to form perfect squares are called square roots.
A radical sign, √, is the symbol used to indicate the square root of a
number.

READING Math
Square Roots Read
+%9 #/.#%04 Square Root

16 = 4 as the square
√ Words A square root of a number is one of its two equal factors.
root of 16 is 4.
Examples Numbers Algebra
2
4 · 4 = 16, so √16
 = 4. If x · x or x = y, then √y = x.

Find Square Roots

3 Find √
81 .
9 · 9 = 81, so √
81 = 9. What number times itself is 81?

4 Find √
225 .
15 · 15 = 225, so √
225 = 15. What number times itself is 225?

Find each square root.

d. √
64 e. √
289

ND BASE
5 SPORTS The infield of a baseball
field is a square with an area of
8,100 square feet. What are the 0ITCHERS
dimensions of the infield? -OUND

The infield is a square. RD BASE ST BASE

By finding the square root of

the area, 8,100, you find the
length of one side of the infield.
90 · 90 = 8,100, so √
8,100 = 90. (OME PLATE

Real-World Link The length of one side of the infield is 90 feet. So,
The average lifespan the dimensions of the infield are 90 feet by 90 feet.
of a major league
baseball is 7 pitches.
Source: [Link]

f. SPORTS The largest ring in amateur boxing is a square with an area

of 400 square feet. What are the dimensions of the ring?
Personal Tutor at [Link]

Extra Examples at [Link] Lesson 1-3 Squares and Square Roots 35

CORBIS
 Examples 1, 2 Find the square of each number.
(p. 34)
1. 6 2. 10 3. 17 4. 30

Examples 3, 4 Find each square root.

(p. 35)
5. √
9 6. √
36 7. √
121 8. √
169

Example 5 9. ROAD SIGNS Historic Route 66 from Chicago to

(p. 35) Los Angeles is known as the Main Street of America.
If the area of a Route 66 sign measures 576 square
inches and the sign is a square, what are the
--
dimensions of the sign?

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find the square of each number.

For See 10. 4 11. 1 12. 7 13. 11
Exercises Examples 14. 16 15. 20 16. 18 17. 34
10–17 1, 2
18–25 3, 4 Find each square root.
26–27 5
18. √
4 19. √
16 20. √
49 21. √
100
22. √
144 23. √
256 24. √
529 25. √
625

26. MEASUREMENT Emma’s bedroom is shaped like a square. What are the
dimensions of the room if the area of the floor is 196 square feet?

27. SPORTS For the floor exercise, gymnasts perform their tumbling skills on a
mat that has an area of 1,600 square feet. How much room does a gymnast
have to run along one side of the mat?

28. What is the square of 12? 29. Find the square of 19.

30. GARDENING A square garden has an area of 225 square feet. How much
fencing will a gardener need to buy in order to place fencing around
the garden?

GEOGRAPHY For Exercises 31–33, refer to the TX

squares in the diagram. They represent the
MI
approximate areas of Texas, Michigan, 518 mi
311 mi

and Florida. FL
31. What is the area of Michigan in square miles?
%842!02!#4)#%
See pages 679, 715. 32. How much larger is Texas than Florida? 256 mi

33. The water areas of Texas, Michigan, and Florida are about 6,724 square
Self-Check Quiz at miles, 40,000 square miles, and 11,664 square miles, respectively. Make a
[Link]
similar diagram comparing the water areas of these states. Label the squares.

36 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

 34. MEASUREMENT A chessboard has an area of
324 square inches. There is a 1-inch border
around the 64 squares on the board.
What is the length of one side of the
region containing the small squares?

H.O.T. Problems 35. CHALLENGE The area of a square that is

8 meters by 8 meters is how much greater
than the area of a square containing
9 square meters? Explain.

36. OPEN ENDED Write a number whose square is between 200 and 300.

CHALLENGE For Exercises 37 and 38,

use the diagram shown. 10 ft
37. Could the garden area be made
larger using the same amount of 50 ft
fencing? Explain.
38. Describe the largest garden area possible using the same amount of
fencing. How do the perimeter and area compare to the original garden?

39. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Explain why raising a number to the second power
(

*/
is called squaring the number.

40. Which model represents the square 41. Which measure can be the area of a
of 4? square if the measure of the side
A C length is a whole number?
F 836 sq ft
G 949 sq ft
B D H 1,100 sq ft
J 1,225 sq ft

Write each power as a product of the same factor. (Lesson 1-2)

42. 34 43. 85 44. 72 45. 26

46. SHIPPING Jocelyn spent a total of $24 to ship 4 packages. If the packages are
equal in size and weight, how much did it cost to ship each package? (Lesson 1-1)

PREREQUISITE SKILL Add, subtract, multiply, or divide.

47. 13 + 8 48. 10 - 6 49. 5 × 6 50. 36 ÷ 4

Lesson 1-3 Squares and Square Roots 37

 1-4 Order of Operations

Main IDEA
Evaluate expressions using SPORTS The Kent City football team made one 6-point touchdown
the order of operations. and four 3-point field goals in its last game. Kaitlyn and Percy each
use an expression to find the total number of points the team scored.
Standard 6AF1.3
Apply algebraic Kaitlyn Percy
order of operations
and the commutative, 6 + 4 · 3 = 6 + 12 (6 + 4) · 3 = 10 · 3
associative, and distributive = 18 = 30
properties to evaluate The team scored 18 points. The team scored 30 points.
expressions; and justify
each step in the process.
Standard 6AF1.4 Solve 1. List the differences between their calculations.
problems manually by
2. Whose calculations are correct?
using the correct order of
operations or by using 3. Make a conjecture about what should be the first step in
a scientific calculator.
simplifying 6 + 4 · 3.

NEW Vocabulary The expression 6 + 4 · 3 is a numerical expression. To evaluate

numerical expression
expressions, use the order of operations. These rules ensure that
order of operations numerical expressions have only one value.

+%9 #/.#%04 Order of Operations

1. Evaluate the expressions inside grouping symbols.

2. Evaluate all powers.
3. Multiply and divide in order from left to right.
4. Add and subtract in order from left to right.

Use Order of Operations

1 Evaluate 5 + (12 - 3). Justify each step.
5 + (12 - 3) = 5 + 9 Subtract first, since 12 - 3 is in parentheses.
= 14 Add 5 and 9.

2 Evaluate 8 - 3 · 2 + 7. Justify each step.

8-3·2+7=8-6+7 Multiply 3 and 2.
=2+7 Subtract 6 from 8.
=9 Add 2 and 7.
READING
in the Content Area
For strategies in reading Evaluate each expression. Justify each step.
this lesson, visit
[Link]. a. 39 ÷ (9 + 4) b. 10 + 8 ÷ 2 - 6

38 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions Extra Examples at [Link]

 Use Order of Operations
3 Evaluate 5 · 3 2 - 7. Justify each step.
5 · 32 - 7 = 5 · 9 - 7 Find the value of 32.
= 45 - 7 Multiply 5 and 9.
= 38 Subtract 7 from 45.

Evaluate each expression. Justify each step.

c. 3 × 10 4 d. (5 - 1) 3 ÷ 4

In addition to using the symbols × and ·, multiplication can be indicated

by using parentheses. For example, 2(3 + 5) means 2 × (3 + 5).

Use Order of Operations

4 Evaluate 14 + 3(7 - 2). Justify each step.
14 + 3 (7 - 2) = 14 + 3(5) Subtract 2 from 7.
= 14 + 15 Multiply 3 and 5.
= 29 Add 14 and 15.

Evaluate each expression. Justify each step.

e. 20 - 2(4 - 1) · 3 f. 6 + 8 ÷ 2 + 2(3 - 1)

5 VIDEO GAMES Evita is buying a Item Quantity Unit Cost

video game station, three extra
game station 1 $180
controllers, and four new video
controller 3 $24
games. What is the total cost?
game 4 $35

cost of 1 cost of 3 cost of 4

Words + +
game station controllers games
Expression $180 + 3 × 24 + 4 × 35

180 + 3 × 24 + 4 × 35 = 180 + 72 + 140 Multiply from left to right.

= 392 Add.
The total cost is $392.

Real-World Link
A team of 500
engineers and g. What is the total cost of a video game station, four extra controllers,
technicians built the
first video game and three new video games?
console in 1966.
Source: [Link] Personal Tutor at [Link]

Lesson 1-4 Order of Operations 39

Chuck Savage/CORBIS
 Evaluate each expression. Justify each step.
Examples 1, 2 1. 8 + (5 - 2) 2. 25 ÷ (9 - 4)
(p. 38)
3. 14 - 2 · 6 + 9 4. 8 · 5 - 4 · 3
2
Examples 3, 4 5. 4 × 10 6. 45 ÷ (4 - 1) 2
(p. 39)
7. 17 + 2(6 - 3) - 3 × 4 8. 22 - 3(8 - 2) + 12 ÷ 4

Example 5 9. COINS Isabelle has 3 nickels, 2 quarters, 2 dimes, and 7 pennies. Write
(p. 39) an expression that can be used to find how much money Isabelle has
altogether. How much money does Isabelle have?

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Evaluate each expression. Justify each step.

For See 10. (1 + 8) × 3 11. 10 - (3 + 4) 12. (25 ÷ 5) + 8
Exercises Examples 13. (11 - 2) ÷ 9 14. 3 · 2 + 14 ÷ 7 15. 4 ÷ 2 - 1 + 7
10–17 1, 2
16. 12 + 6 ÷ 3 - 4 17. 18 - 3 · 6 + 5 18. 6 × 10 2
18–23 3
24–27 4 19. 3 × 10 4 20. 5 × 4 3 + 2 21. 8 × 7 2 - 6
28, 29 5 22. 8 ÷ 2 × 6 + 6 2 23. 9 2 - 14 ÷ 7 · 3
24. (17 + 3) ÷ (4 + 1) 25. (6 + 5) · (8 - 6)
26. 6 + 2(4 - 1) + 4 × 9 27. 3(4 + 7) - 5 · 4 ÷ 2

For Exercises 28 and 29, write an expression for Item Cost

each situation. Then evaluate to find the solution.
box of favors $7
28. MONEY Julian orders nine rolls of crepe paper, box of balloons $5
four boxes of balloons, and two boxes of favors
roll of crepe paper $2
for the school dance. What is the total cost?

29. TRAINING On Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, Jacob trains for a

marathon for 2 hours a day. On Tuesdays and Thursdays, he trains for
3 hours a day, and on Saturdays, he trains for 4 hours. On Sundays,
he does not train. How many hours does Jacob train per week?

Evaluate each expression. Justify each step.

30. (2 + 10) 2 ÷ 4 31. (3 3 + 8) - (10 - 6) 2
32. 3 · 4(5.2 + 3.8) + 2.7 33. 7 × 9 - (4 - 3.2) + 1.8

34. MONEY Suppose that your family orders 2 pizzas, Mario’s Pizza Shop
%842!02!#4)#% 2 orders of garlic bread, and 1 order of BBQ
Item Cost
See pages 680, 715. wings from Mario’s Pizza Shop. Write an
expression to find the amount of change you 14” pizza $8
would receive from $30. Then evaluate the garlic bread $2
Self-Check Quiz at
[Link] expression. BBQ wings $4

40 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

H.O.T. Problems 35. FIND THE ERROR Yutaka and Cynthia are evaluating 16 - 24 ÷ 6 · 2.
Who is correct? Explain your reasoning.

16 - 24 ÷ 6 · 2
= 16 - 24 ÷ 12
= 16 - 2 or 14

16 - 24 ÷ 6 · 2
= 16 - 4 · 2
= 16 - 8 or 8
Yutaka Cynthia

36. CHALLENGE Insert parentheses to make 72 ÷ 9 + 27 - 2 = 0 a true statement.

37. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Write a real-world problem in which you would need
(

*/
to use the order of operations to solve it.

38. Simplify 3 2 + 9 ÷ 3 + 3. 40. The steps Alana took to evaluate the

A 3 C 15 expression 4y + 4 ÷ 4 when y = 7 are
shown below.
B 9 D 18
39. Grace has 2 boxes that contain 4y + 4 ÷ 4 when y = 7
4 × 7 = 28
24 straws each and 3 boxes that 28 + 4 = 32
contain 15 cups each. Which 32 ÷ 4 = 8
expression cannot be used to find
the total number of items she has? What should Alana have done
differently in order to evaluate the
F 2(24) + 3(15)
expression correctly?
G 3 × 15 + 2 × 24
A divided (28 + 4) by (28 × 4)
H 5 × (24 + 15)
B divided (28 + 4) by (28 + 4)
J 15 + 15 + 15 + 24 + 24
C added (4 ÷ 4) to 28
D added 4 to (28 ÷ 4)

Find each square root. (Lesson 1-3)

41. √
64 42. √
2,025 43. √
784

44. INTERNET Each day, Internet users perform 25 million searches using a
popular search engine. How many searches is this? (Lesson 1-2)

45. PREREQUISITE SKILL A Chinese checkerboard has 121 holes. How many
holes can be found on eight Chinese checkerboards? (Lesson 1-1)

Lesson 1-4 Order of Operations 41

(l)Michael Newman/PhotoEdit, (r)David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit
 1-5 Problem-Solving Investigation
MAIN IDEA: Solve problems using the guess and check strategy.
Standard 6MR1.1 Analyze problems by identifying relationships, . . . , and observing patterns. Reinforcement of Standard
5NS2.1 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide with decimals; add with negative integers; subtract positive integers from negative
integers; and verify the reasonableness of the results.

e-Mail: GUESS AND CHECK

Your MISSION: Use guess and check to solve the
problem.

THE PROBLEM: How many adult and student tickets

were sold?

▲
Justin: The total ticket sales for the school
play were $255. Adult tickets cost $7 and
student tickets cost $4. Also, twice as many
students bought tickets as adults.

EXPLORE You know adult tickets are $7, student tickets are $4, and twice as many students
bought tickets than did adults.
PLAN Make a guess and check it. Adjust the guess until you get the correct answer.
SOLVE Make a guess.
10 adults, 20 students 7(10) + 4(20) = $150 >>>>>> too low
Adjust the guess upward.
20 adults, 40 students 7(20) + 4(40) = $300 >>>>>>> too high
Adjust the guess downward slightly.
18 adults, 36 students 7(18) + 4(36) = $270 >>>>>>> too high
Adjust the guess downward again.
17 adults, 34 students 7(17) + 4(34) = $255 >>>>>>> correct
So, there were 17 adult and 34 student tickets sold.
CHECK Seventeen adult tickets cost $119, and 34 student tickets cost $136. Since
$119 + $136 = $255 and 34 tickets are twice as many as 17 tickets,
the guess is correct.

1. Explain why you must keep a cafeful record of each of your guesses and their
results in the solve step of the problem-solving plan.
2. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Write a problem that could be solved by guess and check.
(

*/
Then write the steps you would take to find the solution to your problem.

42 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

CMCD/Getty Images
Use the guess and check strategy to solve 8. GEOMETRY What are the next two figures in
Exercises 3–6. the pattern?
3. MONEY A band sponsored a car wash to
help pay for their uniforms. They charged
$4 for a car and $6 for an SUV. During the
first hour, they washed 16 vehicles and
earned $78. How many of each type of
vehicle did they wash?
9. ALGEBRA What are the next two numbers in

4. NUMBERS A number is multiplied by 6.

the pattern?
Then 4 is added to the product. The result is 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, ,
82. What is the number?
10. SOUVENIRS A souvenir shop sells standard-
5. ANALYZE TABLES Flor is burning a CD. sized postcards in packages of 5 and large-
Suppose the CD holds 30 minutes of music. sized postcards in packages of 3. If Juan
Which songs should she select from the list bought 16 postcards, how many packages
below to record the maximum time on the of each did he buy?
CD without going over?

MIN S
MIN S For Exercises 11 and 12, select the appropriate
MIN S
operation(s) to solve the problem. Justify your
MIN S
MIN S selection(s) and solve the problem.
MIN S 11. ANALYZE TABLES The table gives the average
MIN S
snowfall, in inches, for Valdez, Alaska, for
MIN S
the months October through April.

6. MONEY Kelly has $2.80 in change in her Month Snowfall

purse. If she has an equal number of nickels, October 11.6
dimes, and quarters, how many of each does November 40.3
she have?
December 73.0
January 65.8
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 7–10.
February 59.4
Some strategies are shown below.
March 52.0
April 22.7
G STRATEGIES
PROBLEM-SOLVIN Source: [Link]
• Use the four-s
tep plan.
• Guess and ch
eck. How many inches total of snowfall could a
resident of Valdez expect to receive from
October to April?
7. BRIDGES The total length of wire used in the
cables supporting the Golden Gate Bridge in 12. ROLLER COASTERS The Wicked Twister roller
San Francisco is about 80,000 miles. This is coaster can accommodate 1,056 passengers
5,300 miles longer than three times the per hour. The coaster has 8 vehicles. If each
distance around Earth at the Equator. What vehicle carries 4 passengers, how many runs
is the distance around Earth at the Equator? are made in one hour?

Lesson 1-5 Problem-Solving Investigation: Guess and Check 43

 1-6 Algebra: Variables and
Expressions
Main IDEA
Evaluate simple algebraic The pattern is made up of triangles, each with side lengths of 1.
expressions.
 
Standard 6AF1.2
    

Write and evaluate    
an algebraic
expression for a given
situation, using up to 1. Draw the next three figures in the pattern.
three variables.
Standard 6AF1.4 Solve
2. Find the perimeter of each figure and record your data in a table
problems manually by like the one shown below. The first three are completed for you.
using the correct order of
operations or by using a Number of Triangles 1 2 3 4 5 6
scientific calculator.
Perimeter 3 4 5

NEW Vocabulary 3. Without drawing the figure, determine the perimeter of a figure
variable made up of 10 triangles. Check by making a drawing.
algebra
4. Find a relationship between the number of triangles and the
algebraic expression
coefficient perimeter at each stage of the pattern.

In the Mini Lab, you found that the perimeter of the figure is two more
than the number of triangles. You can use a placeholder, or variable,
to represent the number of triangles. A variable is a symbol that
represents an unknown quantity.

number of triangles n+2

perimeter of figure

The branch of mathematics that involves expressions with variables is

called algebra. The expression n + 2 is called an algebraic expression
because it contains variables, numbers, and at least one operation.

Evaluate an Algebraic Expression

REVIEW Vocabulary 1 Evaluate n + 3 if n = 4.
evaluate find the value n+3=4+3 Replace n with 4.
(Lesson 1-2)
=7 Add 4 and 3.

Evaluate each expression if c = 8 and d = 5.

a. c - 3 b. 15 - c c. c + d

44 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

 In algebra, the multiplication sign is often omitted.
6d 9st mn
Interactive Lab [Link]
6 times d 9 times s times t m times n

The numerical factor of a multiplication expression that contains a

variable is called a coefficient. So, 6 is the coefficient of 6d.

Evaluate Expressions
2 Evaluate 8w - 2v if w = 5 and v = 3.
8w - 2v = 8 (5) - 2 (3) Replace w with 5 and v with 3.
= 40 - 6 Do all multiplications first.
= 34 Subtract 6 from 40.

3 Evaluate 4y 2 + 2 if y = 3.
4y 2 + 2 = 4 (3)2 + 2 Replace y with 3.
= 4(9) + 2 Evaluate the power.
= 38 Multiply, then add.

Evaluate each expression if a = 4 and b = 3.

d. 9a - 6b e. _
ab
f. 2a 2 + 5
2

The fraction bar is a grouping symbol. Evaluate the expressions in the

numerator and denominator separately before dividing.

4 HEALTH Use the formula at the left to find Kaylee’s minimum

training heart rate if she is 15 years old.
3(220 - a)
_ 3(220 - 15)
=_ Replace a with 15.
5 5
3(205)
_
= Subtract 15 from 220.
5
=_615
Multiply 3 and 205.
5
= 123 Divide 615 by 5.
Kaylee’s minimum training heart rate is 123 beats per minute.
Real-World Link
Athletic trainers use the
3(220 - a)
formula _ , g. MEASUREMENT To find the area of a triangle, you can use the
5
where a is a person’s
age, to find their formula _bh
, where h is the height and b is the base. What is the area
2
minimum training in square inches of a triangle with a height of 6 inches and base of
heart rate.
Source: CMPMedica Ltd. 8 inches?

Extra Examples at [Link] Lesson 1-6 Algebra: Variables and Expressions 45

SW Productions/Getty Images
 Example 1 Evaluate each expression if a = 3 and b = 5.
(p. 44)
1. a + 7 2. 8 - b 3. b - a

4. HEALTH The standard formula for finding your maximum heart rate is
220 - a, where a represents a person’s age in years. What is your maximum
heart rate?

Examples 2–4 Evaluate each expression if m = 2, n = 6, and p = 4.

(p. 45)
5. 6n - p 6. 7m - 2n 7. 3m + 4p
8. n 2 + 5 9. 15 - m 3 10. 3p 2 - n

11. _
mn
12. _
3n
13. _
5n + m
4 9 8

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Evaluate each expression if d = 8, e = 3, f = 4, and g = 1.

For See 14. d + 9 15. 10 - e 16. 4f + 1 17. 8g - 3
Exercises Examples
18. f - e 19. d + f 20. 10g - 6 21. 8 + 5d
14–29 1–3
30–31 4 (5 + g) 2
22. _d 23. _
16
24. _
5d - 25
25. _
5 f 5 2
2 2
26. 6f 2 27. 4e 28. d 2 + 7 29. e - 4

30. BOWLING The expression 5n + 2 can be used to find the total cost in dollars
of bowling where n is the number of games bowled. How much will it cost
Vincent to bowl 3 games?

31. HEALTH A nurse can use the expression 110 + _ , where A is a person’s age,
A
2
to estimate a person’s normal systolic blood pressure. Estimate the normal
systolic blood pressure for a 16-year old.

Evaluate each expression if x = 3.2, y = 6.1, and z = 0.2.

32. x + y - z 33. 14.6 - (x + y + z) 34. xz + y 2

35. CAR RENTAL A car rental company charges $19.99 per day and $0.17 per
mile to rent a car. Write an expression that gives the total cost in dollars to
rent a car for d days and m miles.

36. MUSIC A Web site charges $0.99 to download a song onto an MP3 player
and $12.49 to download an entire album. Write an expression that gives the
total cost in dollars to download a albums and s songs.

46 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

 32t 2
_
37. SCIENCE The expression gives the falling distance of an object in
2
feet after t seconds. How far would a bungee jumper fall 2 seconds
after jumping?

%842!02!#4)#% 38. GEOMETRY To find the total number of diagonals POLYGON

for any given polygon, you can use the expression
See pages 680, 715.
n(n - 3)
_ , where n is the number of sides of the DIAGONAL
2
Self-Check Quiz at polygon. What is the total number of diagonals
[Link]
for a 10-sided polygon?

H.O.T. Problems 39. OPEN ENDED Write an algebraic expression with the variable x that has a
value of 3 when evaluated.

40. CHALLENGE Name values of x and y so that the value of 7x + 2 is greater

than the value of 3y + 23.

41. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Tell whether the statement below is sometimes, always,
(

*/
or never true. Justify your reasoning.
The expressions x - 3 and y - 3 represent the same value.

42. Which expression could be used to 43. Tonya has x quarters, y dimes, and
find the cost of buying b baseball bats z nickels in her pocket. Which of the
at $74.99 each and g baseball gloves at following expressions gives the total
$98.50 each? amount of change she has in her pocket?
A 74.99b + 98.50g F $0.25x + $0.05y + $0.10z
B 74.99b - 98.50g G $0.25x + $0.10y + $0.05z
C 173.49(b + g) H $0.05x + $0.25y + $0.10z
D 173.49(bg) J $0.10x + $0.05y + $0.25z

44. SHOPPING A grocery store sells hot dog buns in packages of 8 and 12.
How many 8-packs and 12-packs could you buy if you needed 44 hot
dog buns? Use the guess and check strategy. (Lesson 1-5)

Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 1-4)

45. 6(5) - 2 46. 9 + 9 ÷ 3 47. 4 · 2(8 - 1) 48. (17 + 3) ÷ 5

49. Find √

361 . (Lesson 1-3)

PREREQUISITE SKILL Determine whether each sentence is true or false. (Lesson 1-4)

50. 15 - 2(3) = 9 51. 20 ÷ 5 × 4 = 1 52. 4 2 + 6 · 7 = 154

Lesson 1-6 Algebra: Variables and Expressions 47

 APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
1 Lessons 1-1 through 1-6

1. STANDARDS PRACTICE A cycling club is Find the square of each number. (Lesson 1-3)
planning a 1,800-mile trip. The cyclers 7. 4 8. 12
average 15 miles per hour. What additional
information is needed to determine the Find each square root. (Lesson 1-3)
number of days it will take them to complete
9. √
64 10. √
289
the trip? (Lesson 1-1)
A The number of cyclists in the club 11. LANDSCAPING A bag of lawn fertilizer covers
B The number of miles of rough terrain 2,500 square feet. Describe the largest square
C The number of hours they plan to cycle that one bag of fertilizer could cover.
(Lesson 1-3)
each day
D Their average speed per minute Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 1-4)
2(7 - 3)
_
12. 25 - (3 2 + 2 × 5) 13.
Write each power as a product of the same 22
factor. (Lesson 1-2)
14. MEASUREMENT The perimeter of a rectangle
2. 4 5 3. 9 6 is 42 inches and its area is 104 square inches.
Find the dimensions of the rectangle. Use
4. OCEANS The world’s largest ocean, the the guess and check strategy. (Lesson 1-5)
Pacific Ocean, covers approximately 4 3
million square miles. Write this area in 15. STANDARDS PRACTICE Ana buys some
standard form. (Lesson 1-2) baseball bats at $35 each and some
baseball gloves at $48 each. Which
5. ZOOS The Lincoln Park Zoo in Illinois is expression could be used to find the total
2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 years old. Write this age cost of the sports items? (Lesson 1-6)
in exponential form. (Lesson 1-2) A 35b · 48g
B _
35b
6. STANDARDS PRACTICE The model below 48g
represents √
49 = 7. C 35b + 48g
D 48g - 35b

Evaluate each expression if x = 12, y = 4, and

z = 8. (Lesson 1-6)
16. x - 5 17. 3y + 10z
2
yz
_ (y + 8)
_
Which arrangement of small squares 18. 19. x
2
can be used to model a large square
20. HEALTH The expression _, where w is a
w
that represents √
324 ? (Lesson 1-3) 30
F 9 rows of 36 squares person’s weight in pounds, is used to find
the approximate number of quarts of blood
G 18 rows of 18 squares
in the person’s body. How many quarts of
H 12 rows of 27 squares blood does a 120-pound person have?
(Lesson 1-6)
J 6 rows of 54 squares

48 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

 1-7 Algebra: Equations

Main IDEA
Write and solve equations BASKETBALL The table shows the
using mental math. number of wins for six WNBA
teams after playing 34 games each.
Standard
6AF1.1 Write and 1. How many losses did each team
solve one-step Women’s National Basketball
linear equations in one have? Association, 2005
variable.
2. Write a rule to describe how Team Wins Losses
you found the number of
Sacramento 25 ?
losses.
NEW Vocabulary Los Angeles 17 ?
3. Let w represent the number
Houston 19 ?
equation of wins and
represent the
solution Seattle 20 ?
number of losses. Rewrite
solving an equation Minnesota 14 ?
defining the variable your rule using numbers,
Phoenix 16 ?
variables, and an equals sign.
Source: [Link]

An equation is a sentence that contains an equals sign, =. The equals

sign tells you that the expression on the left is equivalent to the
expression on the right.
7=8-1 3(4) = 12 17 = 13 + 2 + 2
An equation that contains a variable is neither true nor false until
the variable is replaced with a number. A solution of an equation
is a numerical value for the variable that makes the sentence true.
The process of finding a solution is called solving an equation.
Some equations can be solved using mental math.

Solve an Equation Mentally

1 Solve 18 = 14 + t mentally.
18 = 14 + t Write the equation.
18 = 14 + 4 You know that 14 + 4 is 18.
18 = 18 Simplify.
So, t = 4. The solution is 4.

Solve each equation mentally.

a. p - 5 = 20 b. 8 = y ÷ 3 c. 7h = 56

Lesson 1-7 Algebra: Equations 49

Getty Images
 2 Each day, Sierra cycles 3 miles on a bicycle trail. The equation
3d = 36 represents how many days it will take her to cycle
Backsolving To find 36 miles. How many days d will it take her to cycle 36 miles?
which answer choice is
the solution, you can A 10 B 12 C 15 D 20
also substitute each
value for x to see
which answer choice Read the Item
makes the left side of
the equation equal to Solve 3d = 36 to find how many days it will take to cycle 36 miles.
the right side.
Solve the Item
3d = 36 Write the equation.
3 · 12 = 36 You know that 3 · 12 is 36.
Therefore, d = 12. The answer is B.

d. Jordan has 16 video games. This is 3 less than the number Casey
has. To find how many video games Casey has, the equation
v - 3 = 16 can be used. How many video games v does Casey have?
F 13 G 15 H 18 J 19
Personal Tutor at [Link]

Choosing a variable to represent an unknown quantity is called

defining the variable.

3 FOOD The total cost of a hamburger, and a soft drink is $5.50.

If the drink costs $2.50, what is the cost of the hamburger?

Words cost of a cost of a

plus is $5.50.
hamburger soft drink
Defining the Variable
Although any symbol Variable Let h represent the cost in dollars of the hamburger.
can be used, it is a
good idea to use the
first letter of the word Equation h + 2.50 = 5.50
you are defining as a
variable. For example:
h stands for the cost of h + 2.50 = 5.50 Write the equation.
a hamburger.
3 + 2.50 = 5.50 Replace h with 3 to make the equation true.

So, h = 3. The cost of the hamburger is $3.00.

e. Aaron buys a movie rental, popcorn, and a soft drink for a total
cost of $6.25. What is the cost of the popcorn if the movie rental
and soft drink cost $4.70 together?

50 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

 Example 1 Solve each equation mentally.
(p. 49)
1. 75 = w + 72 2. y - 18 = 20 3. _r = 6
9

Example 2 4. STANDARDS PRACTICE David scored 7 points in a football game.

(p. 50) Together, he and Jason scored 28 points. Solve the equation 7 + p = 28
to find how many points p Jason scored.
A 14 B 21 C 23 D 35

Example 3 5. MONEY Jessica buys a notebook and a pack of pencils for a total of $3.50.
(p. 50) What is the cost of the notebook if the pack of pencils costs $1.25?

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Solve each equation mentally.

For See 6. b + 7 = 13 7. 8 + x = 15 8. y - 14 = 20
Exercises Examples 9. a - 18 = 10 10. 25 - n = 19 11. x + 17 = 63
6–17 1
14. n = _
30
12. 77 = 7t 13. 3d = 99
18–19 6
2
15. 16 = _
33–34 u
16. 20 = y ÷ 5 17. 84 ÷ z = 12
4
20–21 3
18. MONEY Maria charges $9 per hour of baby-sitting. Solve the equation
9h = 63 to find how many hours h Maria needs to baby-sit to earn $63.

19. SNACKS A box initially contained 25 snack bars. There are 14 snack bars
remaining. Solve the equation 25 - x = 14 to find how many snack bars x
were eaten.

For Exercises 20 and 21, define a variable. Then write and solve an equation.
20. BASKETBALL During one game of his rookie year, LeBron James scored 41 of
the Cleveland Cavaliers’ 107 points. How many points did the rest of the
team score?

21. EXERCISE On Monday and Tuesday, Derrick walked a total of 6.3 miles. If
he walked 2.5 miles on Tuesday, how many miles did he walk on Monday?

Solve each equation mentally.

22. 1.5 + j = 10.0 23. 1.2 = m - 4.2 24. n - 1.4 = 3.5
25. 13.4 - h = 9.0 26. 9.9 + r = 24.2 27. w + 15.8 = 17.0

%842!02!#4)#% 28. PENGUINS The table shows the average

Type of Penguin Height (in.)
See pages 681, 715. height of Emperor and Adelie penguins.
Write and solve an addition equation to Emperor 51
Self-Check Quiz at find how much taller Emperor penguins Adelie 18
[Link] are than Adelie penguins.

Extra Examples at [Link] Lesson 1-7 Algebra: Equations 51

 29. WHALES Each winter, Humpback whales migrate 1,500 miles to the Indian
Ocean. However, scientists tracked one whale that migrated 5,000 miles in
one season. Write and solve an equation that can be used to find how many
miles farther than normal the whale traveled.

H.O.T. Problems 30. CHALLENGE Find the values of a and b if 0 · a = b. Explain your reasoning.

31. FIND THE ERROR Joshua and Ivan each solved w - 25 = 50. Whose solution
is correct? Explain your reasoning.

w = 25
w = 75

Joshua Ivan

32. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Explain what it means to solve an equation.

(

*/

33. The diagram shows the distance 34. What value of h makes the following
from Madison to Hudson and from equation true?
Lawrence to Hudson. Which equation h ÷ 4 = 32
can be used to find how many more
F 8
miles x Lawrence is from Hudson
than Madison? G 28
,AWRENCE -ADISON (UDSON H 36
 MI J 128
 MI

A 58 = x + 36 C 36 · 58 = x
B 58 = _x
D x - 36 = 58
36

35. ALGEBRA Evaluate 3a + b 2 if a = 2 and b = 3. (Lesson 1-6)

Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 1-4)

36. 11 · 6 ÷ 3 + 9 37. 5 · 13 - 6 2 38. 1 + 2(8 - 5)2

39. DINING Four hundred sixty people are scheduled to attend a banquet. If each
table seats 8 people, how many tables are needed? (Lesson 1-1)

PREREQUISITE SKILL Multiply. (Lesson 1-4)

40. 2 · (4 + 10) 41. (9 · 1) · 8 42. (5 · 3)(5 · 2) 43. (6 + 8) · 12

52 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

(l)David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit, (r)Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit
 1-8 Algebra: Properties

Main IDEA
Use Commutative, RESTAURANTS Land-Ho! Fish
Associative, Identity, and Market is having a special.
Distributive properties to
solve problems. 1. Find the total cost for a
5-member family, without
Standard 6AF1.3
Apply algebraic tax and tip, if each one
order of operations orders a fish-bake dinner
and the commutative,
associative, and distributive
and cheesecake.
properties to evaluate 2. Describe the method you used to find the total cost.
expressions; and justify
each step in the process.
Here are two ways to find the total cost of the dinner:
cost of 5 cheesecakes number of people

NEW Vocabulary 5($9 ) + 5($2 ) 5($9 + $2 )

equivalent expressions
properties cost of 5 dinners 1 dinner and 1 cheesecake

The expressions 5($9) + 5($2) and 5($9 + $2) are equivalent

expressions because they have the same value, $55. This shows how
Vocabulary Link the Distributive Property combines addition and multiplication.
Distribute
Everyday Use to
divide among several,
as in distribute a deck
+%9 #/.#%04 Distributive Property
of cards
Words To multiply a sum by a number, multiply each addend of the
Distributive sum by the number outside the parentheses.
Math Use property
that allows you to Examples Numbers Algebra
multiply a sum by
a number 3(4 + 6) = 3(4) + 3(6) a(b + c) = a(b) + a(c)
5(7) + 5(3) = 5(7 + 3) a(b) + a(c) = a(b + c)

Write Sentences as Equations

Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Then
evaluate it.
1 5(3 + 2) 2 3(7) + 3(4)
5(3 + 2) = 5(3) + 5(2) 3 (7) + 3 (4) = 3(7 + 4)
= 15 + 10 Multiply. = 3(11) Add.
= 25 Add. = 33 Multiply.

a. 6(1 + 4) b. 6(9) + 6(3)

Lesson 1-8 Algebra: Properties 53

 You can use the Distributive Property to solve problems mentally.

3 HISTORY The Pony Express riders carried mail from Missouri to

California in eight days. On average, the riders covered 250 miles
each day. About how far did the riders travel?
Use the Distributive Property to multiply 8(250) mentally.
8(250) = 8(200 + 50) Rewrite 250 as 200 + 50.
= 8(200) + 8(50) Distributive Property
= 1,600 + 400 Multiply.
= 2,000 Add.
The riders traveled about 2,000 miles.

c. Jennifer saved $120 each month for five months. How much did
she save in all? Explain your reasoning.
Personal Tutor at [Link]

Properties are statements that are true for all numbers.

#/.#%04 3UMMARY Real Number Properties

Commutative The order in which two numbers are added or multiplied

Properties does not change their sum or product.

Associative The way in which three numbers are grouped when

Properties they are added or multiplied does not change their
sum or product.

Identity The sum of an addend and 0 is the addend. The product

Properties of a factor and 1 is the factor.

Use Properties to Evaluate Expressions

4 Find 4 · 12 · 25 mentally. Justify each step.
4 · 12 · 25 = 4 · 25 · 12 Commutative Property of Multiplication
Mental Math Look = (4 · 25) · 12 Associative Property of Multiplication
for sums or products
that end in zero. They = 100 · 12 or 1,200 Multiply 100 and 12 mentally.
are easy to compute
mentally.

Find each of the following. Justify each step.

d. 40 · (7 · 5) e. (89 + 15) + 1

54 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

 Examples 1, 2 Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Then evaluate it.
(p. 53)
1. 7(4 + 3) 2. 5(6 + 2) 3. 3(9) + 3(6) 4. 6(17) + 6(3)

Example 3 5. MENTAL MATH Admission to a baseball game is $12, and a hot dog costs $5.
(p. 54) Use the Distributive Property to mentally find the total cost for 4 tickets
and 4 hot dogs. Explain your reasoning.

6. MENTAL MATH A cheetah can run 65 miles per hour at maximum speed.
At this rate, how far could a cheetah run in 2 hours? Use the Distributive
Property to multiply mentally. Explain your reasoning.

Example 4 Find each expression mentally. Justify each step.

(p. 54)
7. 44 + (23 + 16) 8. 50 · (33 · 2)

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Then evaluate it.
For See 9. 2(6 + 7) 10. 5(8 + 9) 11. 4(3) + 4(8) 12. 7(3) + 7(6)
Exercises Examples
9–12 1, 2 Find each expression mentally. Justify each step.
13–22 4 13. (8 + 27) + 52 14. (13 + 31) + 17
23, 24 3
15. 91 + (15 + 9) 16. 85 + (46 + 15)
17. (4 · 18) · 25 18. (5 · 3) · 8
19. 15 · (8 · 2) 20. 2 · (16 · 50)
21. 5 · (30 · 12) 22. 20 · (48 · 5)

MENTAL MATH For Exercises 23 and 24, use the Distributive Property to
multiply mentally. Explain your reasoning.
23. TRAVEL Each year about 27 million people visit Paris, France. About how
many people will visit Paris over a five-year period?

24. ROLLER COASTERS One ride on a roller coaster lasts 108 seconds. How long
will it take to ride this coaster three times?

The Distributive Property also can be applied to subtraction. Use the

Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Then evaluate it.
25. 7(9) - 7(3) 26. 12(8) - 12(6) 27. 9(7) - 9(3) 28. 6(12) - 6(5)

ALGEBRA Use one or more properties to rewrite each expression as an

equivalent expression that does not use parentheses.
29. (y + 1) + 4 30. 2 + (x + 4) 31. 4(8b) 32. (3a)2
33. 2(x + 3) 34. 4(2 + b) 35. 6(c + 1) 36. 3(f + 4) + 2f

Extra Examples at [Link] Lesson 1-8 Algebra: Properties 55

%842!02!#4)#% MILEAGE For Exercises 37 and 38, use the table that shows the driving
distance between certain cities in Alaska.
See pages 681, 715.
37. Write a sentence that compares
Driving
the mileage from Petersburg to From To
Self-Check Quiz at Distance (mi)
[Link] Eagle to Fairbanks and the Petersburg Eagle 610
mileage from Fairbanks to Eagle
Eagle Fairbanks 195
to Petersburg.
38. Name the property that is illustrated by this sentence.

H.O.T. Problems 39. OPEN ENDED Write an equation that illustrates the Associative Property
of Addition.

40. NUMBER SENSE Analyze the statement (18 + 35) × 4 = 18 + 35 × 4. Then

tell whether the statement is true or false. Explain your reasoning.

41. CHALLENGE A counterexample is an example showing that a statement is not

true. Provide a counterexample to the following statement.
Division of whole numbers is associative.

42. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Write about a real-world situation that can be solved
(

*/
using the Distributive Property. Then use it to solve the problem.

43. Which expression can be written as 44. Jared deposited $5 into his savings
6(9 + 8)? account. Six months later, his account
A 8·6+8·9 balance had doubled. If his old balance
was b dollars, which of the following
B 6·9+6·8
would be equivalent to his new
C 6·9·6·8 balance of 2(b + 5) dollars?
D 6+9·6+8 F 2b + 5 H b + 10
G 2b + 7 J 2b + 10

Name the number that is the solution of the given equation. (Lesson 1-7)

45. 7.3 = t - 4; 10.3, 11.3, 12.3 46. 35.5 = 5n; 5.1, 7.1, 9.1

47. PETS It is believed that a dog ages 7 human years for every calendar year.
This situation can be represented by the expression 7y where y is the age of
the dog in calendar years. Find the human age of a dog that has lived for
12 calendar years. (Lesson 1-6)
48. Evaluate (14 - 9)4. (Lesson 1-4)

PREREQUISITE SKILL Find the next number in each pattern.

49. 2, 4, 6, 8, 50. 10, 21, 32, 43, 51. 1.4, 2.2, 3.0, 3.8,

56 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

 1-9 Algebra: Arithmetic
Sequences
Main IDEA
Describe the relationships Use centimeter cubes to make
and extend terms in the three figures shown.
arithmetic sequences.
1. How many centimeter cubes
Standard 6AF1.2 are used to make each figure? ˆ}ÕÀiÊ£ ˆ}ÕÀiÊÓ ˆ}ÕÀiÊÎ
Write and evaluate
an algebraic 2. What pattern do you see? Describe it in words.
expression for a given
situation, using up to three 3. Suppose this pattern continues. Copy and complete the table to
variables. find the number of cubes needed to make each figure.
Figure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
NEW Vocabulary Cubes Needed 4 8 12
sequence
term 4. How many cubes would you need to make the 10th figure? Explain
arithmetic sequence your reasoning.

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers. Each number in a sequence is

called a term. In an arithmetic sequence, each term is found by adding
the same number to the previous term. An example of an arithmetic
sequence is shown.
8, 11, 14, 17, 20, … In this sequence, each term
is found by adding 3 to the
+3 +3 +3 +3 previous term.

Describe and Extend Sequences

1 Describe the relationship between the terms in the arithmetic
sequence 8, 13, 18, 23, … Then write the next three terms in
the sequence.
8, 13, 18, 23, …
+5 +5 +5

Each term is found by adding 5 to the previous term. Continue the

pattern to find the next three terms.
23 + 5 = 28 28 + 5 = 33 33 + 5 = 38
The next three terms are 28, 33, and 38.

Describe the relationship between the terms in each arithmetic

sequence. Then write the next three terms in the sequence.
a. 0, 13, 26, 39, … b. 4, 7, 10, 13 …

Lesson 1-9 Algebra: Arithmetic Sequences 57

 Arithmetic sequences can also involve decimals.

Describe and Extend Sequences

2 Describe the relationship between the terms in the arithmetic
sequence 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, … Then write the next three terms in
the sequence.
0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, …
+0.2 +0.2 +0.2

Each term is found by adding 0.2 to the previous term. Continue the
pattern to find the next three terms.
1.0 + 0.2 = 1.2 1.2 + 0.2 = 1.4 1.4 + 0.2 = 1.6
The next three terms are 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6.

Describe the relationship between the terms in each arithmetic

sequence. Then write the next three terms in the sequence.
c. 1.0, 1.3, 1.6, 1.9, … d. 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, …
Personal Tutor at [Link]

In a sequence, each term has a specific position within the sequence.

Animation [Link] Consider the sequence 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …

2 nd position 4 th position

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …

1 st position 3 rd position 5 th position

The table below shows the position of each term in this sequence.
Notice that as the position number increases by 1, the value of the term
increases by 2.

Position Operation Value of Term

1 1·2= 2 2
+1 +2
2 2·2= 4 4
+1 +2
3 3·2= 6 6
+1 +2
4 4·2= 8 8
+1 +2
5 5 · 2 = 10 10

You can also write an algebraic expression to represent the relationship

between any term in a sequence and its position in the sequence.
In this case, if n represents the position in the sequence, the value of
the term is 2n.

58 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

 3 GREETING CARDS The homemade greeting cards that Meredith
makes are sold in boxes at a local gift store. Each week, the store
Arithmetic Sequences sells five more boxes than the previous week.
When looking for a
pattern between the
position number
and each term in the
sequence, it is often
helpful to make 7EEK  7EEK  7EEK 
a table.
If this pattern continues, what algebraic expression can be used
to help her find the total number of boxes sold at the end of the
100th week? Use the expression to find the total.

Make a table to display the sequence.

Position Operation Value of Term
1 1·5 5
2 2·5 10
3 3·5 15
n n·5 5n

Each term is 5 times its position number. So, the expression is 5n.
5n Write the expression.
5 (100) = 500 Replace n with 100.
So, at the end of 100 weeks, 500 boxes will have been sold.

e. GEOMETRY If the pattern continues,

what algebraic expression can be
used to find the number of circles
used in the 50th figure? How many
circles will be in the 50th figure? ˆ}ÕÀiÊ£ ˆ}ÕÀiÊÓ ˆ}ÕÀiÊÎ

Examples 1, 2 Describe the relationship between the terms in each arithmetic sequence.
(pp. 57–58) Then write the next three terms in each sequence.
1. 0, 9, 18, 27, … 2. 4, 9, 14, 19, …
3. 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, … 4. 5, 5.4, 5.8, 6.2, …

Example 3 5. PLANTS The table shows the height of a certain Month Height (in.)
(p. 59) plant each month after being planted. If this
1 3
pattern continues, what algebraic expression
2 6
can be used to find the height of the plant
at the end of twelve months? Find the plant’s 3 9
height after 12 months. 4 12

Extra Examples at [Link] Lesson 1-9 Algebra: Arithmetic Sequences 59

 Describe the relationship between the terms in each arithmetic sequence.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0
Then write the next three terms in each sequence.
For See
Exercises Examples 6. 0, 7, 14, 21, … 7. 1, 7, 13, 19, … 8. 26, 34, 42, 50, …
6–11 1 9. 19, 31, 43, 55, … 10. 6, 16, 26, 36, … 11. 33, 38, 43, 48, …
12–17 2
12. 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, 1.0, … 13. 2.4, 3.2, 4.0, 4.8, … 14. 2.0, 3.1, 4.2, 5.3, …
18, 19 3
15. 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, 9.0, … 16. 1.2, 3.2, 5.2, 7.2, … 17. 4.6, 8.6, 12.6, 16.6, …

18. COLLECTIONS Hannah is starting a doll collection. Each year, she buys
6 dolls. Suppose she continues this pattern. What algebraic expression can
be used to find the number of dolls in her collection after any number of
years? How many dolls will Hannah have after 25 years?

19. EXERCISE The table shows the number of

Number
laps that Jorge swims each week. Jorge’s Week
of Laps
goal is to continue this pace. What algebraic
1 7
expression can be used to find the total
2 14
number of laps he will swim after any
3 21
given number of weeks? How many laps
will Jorge swim after 6 weeks? 4 28

Describe the relationship between the terms in each arithmetic sequence.

Then write the next three terms in each sequence.
20. 18, 33, 48, 63, … 21. 20, 45, 70, 95, … 22. 38, 61, 84, 107, …

In a geometric sequence, each term is found by multiplying the previous term

by the same number. Write the next three terms of each geometric sequence.
23. 1, 4, 16, 64, … 24. 2, 6, 18, 54, … 25. 4, 12, 36, 108, …

26. GEOMETRY Kendra is stacking boxes of tissues for a store display. Each
minute, she stacks another layer of boxes. If the pattern continues, how
many boxes will be displayed after 45 minutes?

5%3
4)33
5%3 5%3
4)33 4)33
5%3 5%3 5%3
4)33 4)33 4)33

£Êˆ˜ÕÌi Óʈ˜ÕÌià Îʈ˜ÕÌiÃ

NUMBER SENSE Find the 100th number in each sequence.

27. 12, 24, 36, 48, … 28. 14, 28, 42, 56, …
%842!02!#4)#%
29. 0, 50, 100, 150, … 30. 0, 75, 150, 225, …
See pages 681, 715.
31. RESEARCH The Fibonacci sequence is one of the most well-known sequences
Self-Check Quiz at in mathematics. Use the Internet or another source to write a paragraph
[Link]
about the Fibonacci sequence.

60 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

H.O.T. Problems CHALLENGE Not all sequences are arithmetic. But, there is still a pattern.
Describe the relationship between the terms in each sequence. Then write
the next three terms in the sequence.
32. 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, … 33. 0, 2, 6, 12, 20, …

34. OPEN ENDED Write five terms of an arithmetic sequence and describe the
rule for finding the terms.

35. SELECT A TOOL Suppose you want to begin saving $15 each month.
Which of the following tools would you use to determine the amount
you will have saved after 2 years? Justify your selection(s). Then use the
tool(s) to solve the problem.

paper/pencil real object technology

36. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Janice earns $6.50 per hour running errands for her
(

*/
neighbor. Explain how the hourly earnings form an arithmetic sequence.

37. Which sequence follows the rule 38. Which expression can be used to find
3n - 2, where n represents the position the nth term in this sequence?
of a term in the sequence?
Position 1 2 3 4 5 n th
A 21, 18, 15, 12, 9, …
Value
B 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, … 2 5 10 17 26
of Term
C 1, 7, 10, 13, 16, …
F n2 + 1
D 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, …
G 2n + 1
H n+1
J 2n 2 + 2

Find each expression mentally. Justify each step. (Lesson 1-8)

39. (23 + 18) + 7 40. 5 · (12 · 20)

Solve each equation mentally. (Lesson 1-7)

41. f - 26 = 3 42. _a = 8 43. 30 + y = 50

4
44. SCIENCE At normal temperatures, sound travels through water at a rate
of 5 · 10 3 feet per second. Write this rate in standard form. (Lesson 1-2)

PREREQUISITE SKILL Find the value of each expression. (Lesson 1-6)

45. 2x if x = 4 46. d - 5 if d = 8 47. 3m - 3 if m = 2

Lesson 1-9 Algebra: Arithmetic Sequences 61

 Extend Algebra Lab
1-9 Exploring Sequences
Main IDEA
Explore patterns in Use toothpicks to build the figures below.
sequences of geometric
figures.

Standard 6AF1.2
Write and evaluate
ˆ}ÕÀiÊ£ ˆ}ÕÀiÊÓ ˆ}ÕÀiÊÎ
an algebraic
expression for a given
situation, using up to Make a table like the one Figure Number of
three variables. shown and record the figure Number Toothpicks
Standard 6MR2.4
Use a variety of methods, number and number of 1 4
such as words, numbers, toothpicks used in each figure. 2
symbols, charts, graphs,
tables, diagrams, and 3
Construct the next figure in this
models, to explain
pattern. Record your results.

mathematical reasoning.

Repeat Step 3 until you have found the next four figures
in the pattern.

ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. How many additional toothpicks were used each time to form the
next figure in the pattern? Where is this pattern found in the table?
2. Based on your answer to Exercise 1, how many toothpicks would be
in Figure 0 of this pattern?
3. Remove one toothpick from your pattern so that
Figure 1 is made up of just three toothpicks as
shown. Then create a table showing the number of
toothpicks that would be in the first 7 figures by ˆ}ÕÀiÊ£
continuing the same pattern as above.
4. How many toothpicks would there be in Figure n of this new pattern?
5. How could you adapt the expression you wrote in Exercise 4 to find
the number of toothpicks in Figure n of the original pattern?

6. MAKE A PREDICTION How many toothpicks would there be in Figure

10 of the original pattern? Explain your reasoning. Then check your
answer by constructing the figure.
7. Find the number of toothpicks in Figure n of the pattern below, and
predict the number of toothpicks in Figure 12. Justify your answer.

ˆ}ÕÀiÊ£ ˆ}ÕÀiÊÓ ˆ}ÕÀiÊÎ

62 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

 1-10 Algebra: Equations
and Functions
Main IDEA
Make function tables and FAST FOOD Suppose you can buy Hamburgers
write equations. hamburgers for $2 each.
Multiply
Number Cost ($)
Standard 6AF1.2 1. Copy and complete the table by 2
Write and evaluate to find the cost of 2, 3, and
an algebraic 1 2×1 2
expression for a given 4 hamburgers. 2
situation, using up to
2. Describe the pattern in the table 3
three variables.
Standard 6MR2.4 between the cost and the number 4
Use a variety of methods, of hamburgers.
such as words, numbers,
symbols, charts, graphs,
tables, diagrams, and
models, to explain A relationship that assigns exactly one output value for each input value
mathematical reasoning. is called a function. In a function, you start with an input number,
perform one or more operations on it, and get an output number.
The operation performed on the input is given by the function rule.
NEW Vocabulary
function
function rule Function
Input Output
function table Rule
domain
range

You can organize the input numbers, output numbers, and the function
rule in a function table. The set of input values is called the domain,
and the set of output values is called the range.

Make a Function Table

1 MONEY MATTERS Suppose you Input Function Rule Output
earn $5 each week. Make a
function table that shows Number Multiply Total
your total earnings after 1, 2, 3, of Weeks by 5 Earnings ($)
and 4 weeks. Then identify 1 5×1 5
the domain and range. 2 5×2 10
The domain is {1, 2, 3, 4}, and 3 5×3 15
the range is {5, 10, 15, 20}. 4 5×4 20

a. Suppose a student movie ticket costs $3. Make a function table

that shows the total cost for 1, 2, 3, and 4 tickets. Then identify
Interactive Lab [Link] the domain and range.

Lesson 1-10 Algebra: Equations and Functions 63

 Functions are often written as equations with two variables—one to
represent the input and one to represent the output. Here’s an equation
for the situation in Example 1.

Input and Output Input: number of weeks.

When x and y are
used in an equation, Function rule: multiply by 5 5x = y Output: total earnings
x usually represents
the input, and y
usually represents
the output.

2 ANIMALS An armadillo sleeps

19 hours each day. Write an
equation using two variables to
show the relationship between the number
of hours h an armadillo sleeps in d days.

Input Function Rule Output

Number of Multiply Number of Hours

Days (d ) by 19 Slept (h)
1 1 × 19 19
2 2 × 19 38
3 3 × 19 57
d d × 19 19d

Number of equals number times 19 hours

Words
hours slept of days each day.

Variable Let d represent the number of days.

Let h represent the number of hours.

Equation h = 19d

3 How many hours does an armadillo sleep in 4 days?

h = 19d Write the equation.
h = 19 (4) Replace d with 4.
h = 76 Multiply.
An armadillo sleeps 76 hours in 4 days.

Real-World Career
How Does a Botanist
Use Math? A botanist BOTANIST A botanist discovers that a certain species of bamboo
gathers and studies grows 4 inches each hour.
plant statistics to solve
problems and draw b. Write an equation using two variables to show the relationship
conclusions about between the growth g in inches of this bamboo plant in h hours.
various plants.
c. Use your equation to explain how to find the growth in inches of
this species of bamboo after 6 hours.
For more information,
go to [Link]. Personal Tutor at [Link]

64 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

(t)Eric and David Hosking/CORBIS, (b)Noel Hendrickson/Digital Vision
 Example 1 Copy and complete each function table. Then identify the domain and range.
(p. 63)
1. y = 3x 2. y = 4x

x 3x y x 4x y
1 3·1 3 0 4·0
2 3·2 1 4·1
3 3·3 2
4 3

3. MUSIC Jonas downloads 8 songs each month onto his digital music player.
Make a function table that shows the total number of songs downloaded
after 1, 2, 3, and 4 months. Then identify the domain and range.
Examples 2, 3 SPORTS For Exercises 4 and 5, use the following information.
(p. 64)
The top speed reached by a standing skateboarder is 80 feet per second.
4. Write an equation using two variables to show the relationship between
the number of feet f that a skateboarder can travel in s seconds.
5. Use your equation to explain how to find the distance in feet the
skateboarder will travel in 4 seconds.

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Copy and complete each function table. Then identify the domain and range.
For See 6. y = 2x 7. y = 6x 8. y = 9x
Exercises Examples
x 2x y x 6x y x 9x y
6–10 1
11–14 2, 3 0 2·0 0 1 1
1 2·1 2 2
2 3 3
3 4 4

Make a function table for each situation. Then identify the domain
and range.
9. PIZZA A pizza shops sells 25 pizzas each hour. Find the number of pizzas
sold after 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours.
10. TYPING Suppose you can type 60 words per minute. What is the total
number of words typed after 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes?
INTERNET For Exercises 11 and 12, use the following information.
An Internet provider charges a customer $20 each month of service.
11. Write an equation using two variables to show the relationship between
the total amount charged c, after m months of Internet service.
12. Use your equation to explain how to find the total cost for 6 months of
Internet service.

Extra Examples at [Link] Lesson 1-10 Algebra: Equations and Functions 65

 INSECTS For Exercises 13 and 14, use the following information.
A cricket will chirp approximately 35 times per minute when the outside
temperature is 72°F.
13. Write an equation using two variables to show the relationship
between the total number of times a cricket will chirp t, after m minutes
at this temperature.
14. Use your equation to explain how to find the number of times a cricket will
Real-World Link have chirped after 15 minutes at this temperature.
Crickets are among
the 800,000 different Copy and complete each function table. Then identify the domain
types of insects in
the world. and range.
Source: [Link] 15. y = x - 1 16. y = x + 5

x x-1 y x x+5 y
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4

17. y = x + 0.25 18. y = x - 1.5

x x + 0.25 y x x - 1.5 y
0 2
1 3
2 4
3 5

MEASUREMENT For Exercises 19 and 20, use the following information.

The formula for the area of a rectangle whose length is 6 units is A = 6w.
19. Make a function table that shows the area in square units of a rectangle
whose width is 2, 3, 4, and 5 units.
20. Study the pattern in your table. Explain how the area of a rectangle whose
length is 6 units changes when the width is increased by 1 unit.

ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 21–23, use Orbital Velocity Around Sun
the table that shows the approximate
Velocity
velocity of certain planets as they orbit Planet
(mi /s)
the Sun.
Mercury 30
21. Write an equation to show the Earth 19
relationship between the total Jupiter 8
number of miles m Jupiter travels in
Saturn 6
%842!02!#4)#% s seconds as it orbits the Sun.
Neptune 5
See pages 682, 715. 22. What equation can be used to show
the total number of miles Earth travels?
Self-Check Quiz at 23. Use your equation to explain how to find the number of miles Jupiter and
[Link]
Earth each travel in 1 minute.

66 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

Herbert Kehrer/CORBIS
H.O.T. Problems CHALLENGE Write an equation for the function shown in each table.
24. 25. 26.
x y x y x y
1 3 2 6 1 3
2 4 4 12 2 5
3 5 6 18 3 7
4 6 8 24 4 9

27. OPEN ENDED Write about a real-world situation that can be represented
by the equation y = 3x.

28. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Explain the relationship among an input, an

(

*/
output, and a function rule.

29. The table shows the number of hand- 30. Cristina needs to have 50 posters
painted T-shirts Mi-Ling can make printed to advertise a community
after a given number of days. book fair. The printing company
charges $3 to print each poster. Which
Number of Total Number of
Days (x) T-Shirts (y)
table represents this situation?

1 6 F posters cost ($) H posters cost ($)

2 12 3 3 1 3
3 18 6 6 2 6
4 24 9 9 3 9
p p p 3+p
Which function rule represents
the data?
G posters cost ($) J posters cost ($)
A y = 4x C y = 6x
1 3 3 1
B y = 5x D y = 12x
2 6 6 2
3 9 9 3
p 3p p p÷3

31. ALGEBRA Write the next three terms of the sequence 27, 36, 45, 54, … (Lesson 1-9)
Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Then evaluate it. (Lesson 1-8)
32. 5(9 + 7) 33. (12 + 4)4 34. 8(7) - 8(2) 35. 10(6) - 10(5)

ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression if a = 2 and b = 5. (Lesson 1-6)

36. 8 + a 37. a + b 38. 2b - a 39. 3a 2 - b

40. ALLOWANCE If Karen receives a weekly allowance of $8, about how much money
in all will she receive in two years? (Lesson 1-1)

Lesson 1-10 Algebra: Equations and Functions 67

 Extend Graphing Calculator Lab
1-10 Functions and Tables
You can use a graphing calculator to represent functions.
Main IDEA
Use technology to
represent and compare
functions.
1 GROCERIES A grocery store has 12-ounce bottles of sports drink
Standard 6AF1.2 on sale for $1.80 each, with no limit on how many you can buy.
Write and evaluate In addition, you can use a coupon for $1 off one bottle. Make a
an algebraic
expression for a given table showing the cost for 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 bottles of this drink.
situation, using up to
three variables.
Write an equation to show the relationship between the
Standard 6MR2.4 Use a number of bottles purchased x and their cost y.
variety of methods, such
as words, numbers, symbols, Cost is $1.80 per bottle less $1.
charts, graphs, tables,
diagrams, and models, to y = 1.80x -1
explain mathematical
reasoning.

Press on your calculator. Next, set up a table of x- and

Then enter the function into y-values. Press 2nd [TBLSET] to
Y1 by pressing 1.80 X,T,␪,n display the table setup screen.
1 ENTER . Then press ENTER to
highlight Indpnt: Ask.

Access the table by

pressing 2nd [TABLE].
Then key in each number
of bottles, pressing ENTER
after each entry.

ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Analyze the table to determine how many bottles you can buy for
$10. Explain your reasoning.

2. MAKE A CONJECTURE Notice that you can purchase 5 bottles for the
whole dollar amount of $8. How many bottles will you be able to
purchase for $9, the next whole dollar amount? Use the calculator
to test your conjecture.

68 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

 2 CAMPING Out-There Campground charges each group a camping
fee of $20 plus $4.25 per person per night. Roughing-It
Campground charges $6.25 per person per night. Make a table
showing the one-night fee for 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 people to camp
at each campground.
Write an equation to show the relationship between the
number of people x and the one-night fee y for them to
camp at each campground.
READING Math Out-There Campground Roughing-It Campground
The phrase $4.25 per person Fee is $20 plus $4.25 per person. Fee is $6.25 per person.
means $4.25 for each
person. y = 20 + 4.25x y = 6.25x

Enter the function for the

Out-There Campground
into Y1 and the function
for the Roughing-It
Campground into Y2.

Next, set up a table of x-

and y-values as in Activity 1.

Then access the table and

key in each number of people.

ANALYZE THE RESULTS

3. For 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 people, which campground charges the greater
total nightly cost to camp?
4. MAKE A CONJECTURE Will the total nightly cost to camp at each
campground ever be the same? If so, for what number of people?
5. Use the graphing calculator to test your conjecture from Exercise 4.
Were you correct? If not, use the graphing calculator to guess and
check until you find the correct number of people.
6. If all other aspects of these two campgrounds are equal, write a
recommendation as to which campground a group of n people
should choose based on your cost analysis.

Extend 1-10 Graphing Calculator Lab: Functions and Tables 69

 APTER
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Study Guide
1 and Review
Download Vocabulary
Review from [Link]

Key Vocabulary
algebra (p. 44) function rule (p. 63)
Be sure the following
Key Concepts are noted
£‡£
£‡Ó
£‡Î
algebraic expression (p. 44) numerical expression (p. 38)
£‡{
˜Ì £‡x
Àœ
in your Foldable. `ÕV £‡È arithmetic sequence (p. 57) order of operations (p. 38)
Ì Ìˆœ˜

} œ
iL
> À>
base (p. 30) perfect square (p. 34)
՘ ˜`
V̈
œ˜Ã coefficient (p. 45) powers (p. 30)
defining the variable (p. 50) radical sign (p. 35)
domain (p. 63) range (p. 63)
Key Concepts equation (p. 49) sequence (p. 57)

Squares and Square Roots (Lesson 1-3)

equivalent expressions solution (p. 49)
(p. 53) square (p. 34)
• The square of a number is the product of a
number and itself. evaluate (p. 31) square root (p. 35)
• A square root of a number is one of its two exponent (p. 30) term (p. 57)
equal factors. factors (p. 30) variable (p. 44)
Order of Operations (Lesson 1-4) function (p. 63)
• Do all operations within grouping symbols first.
Evaluate all powers before other operations.
Multiply and divide in order from left to right.
Add and subtract in order from left to right.
Vocabulary Check
Properties (Lesson 1-8) State whether each sentence is true or false.
• Distributive Property If false, replace the underlined word or
5(2 + 4) = 5 · 2 + 5 · 4 number to make a true sentence.
(3 + 2)4 = 3 · 4 + 2 · 4
• Commutative Property 1. Numerical expressions have the same
3+2=2+3 value.
7·4=4·7
2. Two or more numbers that are multiplied
• Associative Property together are called powers.
6 + (3 + 8) = (6 + 3) + 8
5 · (2 · 3) = (5 · 2) · 3 3. The range of a function is the set of input
values.
• Identity Property
4+0=4 4. A function assigns exactly two output
4·1=4 values for each input value.
5. An equation is a sentence that contains an
Functions (Lesson 1-10)
equals sign.
• A function is a relationship that assigns exactly
one output value for each input value. 6. A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
• In a function, the function rule gives the operation 7. The product of a number and itself is the
to perform on the input. square root of the number.

70 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions Vocabulary Review at [Link]

Lesson-by-Lesson Review
1-1 A Plan for Problem Solving (pp. 25–29)

Use the four-step plan to solve each Example 1 A bag of mulch covers
problem. 25 square feet of garden space. Taylor
8. CELLULAR PHONES Sherita’s service uses 7 bags of mulch to cover her garden.
charges a monthly fee of $20.00 plus How large is Taylor’s garden?
$0.15 per minute. One monthly bill Explore Taylor used 7 bags of mulch,
is $31.25. How many minutes did each covering 25 square feet.
Sherita use during the month?
Plan Multiply 25 by 7.
9. CAR RENTAL ABC Car Rental charges
$25 per day to rent a mid-sized car Solve 25 · 7 = 175
plus $0.20 per mile driven. Mr. Ruiz Taylor’s garden is
rents a mid-sized car for 3 days and 175 square feet.
drives a total of 72 miles. Find the Check 175 ÷ 7 = 25, so the
amount of Mr. Ruiz’s bill. answer is reasonable.
10. WORK Alan was paid $9 per hour and
earned $128.25. How many hours did
he work?

1-2 Powers and Exponents (pp. 30–33)

Write each power as a product of the Example 2 Write 2 3 as a product of the

same factor. same factor.
11. 3 4 12. 9 6 The base is 2. The exponent 3 means that
13. 5 1
14. 7 5 2 is used as a factor 3 times.
15. Write 5 to the fourth power as a product 23 = 2 · 2 · 2
of the same factor.
Evaluate each expression. Example 3 Evaluate 4 5.
16. 3 5 17. 7 9 The base is 4. The exponent 5 means
18. 2 8
19. 18 2 that 4 is used as a factor 5 times.
20. 10 4 21. 100 1 45 = 4 · 4 · 4 · 4 · 4
22. Write 15 · 15 · 15 in exponential form. = 1,024

23. PATHS At the edge of a forest, there

are two paths. At the end of each path,
there are two additional paths. If at the
end of each of those paths there are
two more paths, how many paths are
there at the end?

Chapter 1 Study Guide and Review 71

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1 Study Guide and Review

1-3 Squares and Square Roots (pp. 34–37)

Find the square of each number. Example 4 Find the square of 15.
24. 4 25. 13 15 · 15 = 225 Multiply 15 by itself.
Find each square root. Example 5 Find the square root of 441.
26. √
81 27. √
324 21 · 21 = 441, so √441
 = 21.

28. MEASUREMENT The area of a certain

kind of ceramic tile is 25 square inches.
What is the length of one side?

1-4 Order of Operations (pp. 38–41)

Evaluate each expression. Example 6 Evaluate 24 - (8 ÷ 4)4.

29. 24 - 8 + 3 2 30. 48 ÷ 6 + 2 · 5 24 - (8 ÷ 4) 4 = 24 - 2 4 Divide 8 by 4.
31. 9 + 3(7 - 5) 3 32. 15 + 9 ÷ 3 - 7
= 24 - 16 Find the value
33. SEATING In planning for a ceremony, of 2 4.
36 guests need to be seated with =8 Subtract.
4 guests per table. An additional
12 guests need to be seated with
3 guests per table. Write an expression
to determine how many tables are
needed. Then evaluate the expression.

1-5 PSI: Guess and Check (pp. 42–43)

Solve. Use the guess and check strategy. Example 7 Find two numbers with a
34. TRAVEL Lucinda is driving away from product of 30 and a difference of 13.
Redding at 50 miles per hour. When Make a guess, and check to see if it is
she is 100 miles away, Tom leaves correct. Then adjust the guess until
Redding, driving at 60 miles per hour it is correct.
in the same direction. After how many 5 and 6 5 · 6 = 30 and 6 - 5 = 1
hours will Tom pass Lucinda? incorrect
3 and 10 3 · 10 = 30 and 10 - 3 = 7
35. FARMING A farmer sells a bushel of
incorrect
soybeans for $5 and a bushel of corn
for $3. If he hopes to earn $164 and 2 and 15 2 · 15 = 30 and 15 - 2 = 13
plans to sell 40 bushels in all, how correct
many bushels of soybeans does he
The two numbers are 2 and 15.
need to sell?

72 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

 Mixed Problem Solving
For mixed problem-solving practice,
see page 715.

1-6 Algebra: Variables and Expressions (pp. 44–47)

Evaluate each expression if a = 10, b = 4, Example 8 Evaluate 2m 2 - 5n if m = 4

and c = 8. and n = 3.
36. (a - b) 2 37. ab ÷ c 2m 2 - 5n = 2(4) 2 - 5(3) Replace m with 4
(b + c)2 and n with 3.
38. 3b 2 + c 39. _
3 = 2(16) - 5(3) Find the value
of 4 2.
40. PRODUCTION The cost of producing
T-shirts is given by the expression = 32 - 15 Multiply.
350 + 0.82x, where x is the number = 17 Subtract.
of T-shirts produced. Find the cost of
producing 750 T-shirts.

1-7 Algebra: Equations (pp. 49–52)

Solve each equation mentally. Example 9 Solve 14 = 5 + x mentally.

41. h + 9 = 17 42. 31 - y = 8 14 = 5 + x Write the equation.
43. _t = 12 44. 100 = 20g 14 = 5 + 9 You know that 5 + 9 = 14.
9
14 = 14 Simplify.
45. COUNTY FAIRS Five friends wish to
ride the Ferris wheel, which requires The solution is 9.
3 tickets per person. The group has a
total of 9 tickets. Write and solve an
equation to find the number of
additional tickets needed for everyone
to ride the Ferris wheel.

1-8 Algebra: Properties (pp. 53–56)

Find each expression mentally. Justify Example 10 Find 8 + (17 + 22)

each step. mentally. Justify each step.
46. (25 · 15) · 4 8 + (17 + 22)
47. 14 + (38 + 16) = 8 + (22 + 17) Commutative Property
of Addition
48. 8 · (11 · 5)
= (8 + 22) + 17 Associative Property
49. ROSES Wesley sold roses in his of Addition
neighborhood for $2 a rose. He sold = 30 + 17 or 47 Add 30 and 17
15 roses on Monday and 12 roses mentally.
on Tuesday. Use the Distributive
Property to mentally find the total
amount Wesley earned. Explain
your reasoning.

Chapter 1 Study Guide and Review 73

 APTER
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1 Study Guide and Review

1-9 Algebra: Arithmetic Sequences (pp. 57–61)

Describe the relationship between the Example 11 At the end of day 1, Sierra
terms in each arithmetic sequence. Then read 25 pages of a novel. By the end of
find the next three terms in each days 2 and 3, she read a total of 50 and
sequence. 75 pages, respectively. If the pattern
50. 3, 9, 15, 21, 27, ... continues, what expression will give the
total number of pages read after any
51. 2.6, 3.4, 4.2, 5, 5.8, ...
number of days?
52. 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, ...
Make a table to display the sequence.
MONEY For Exercises 53 and 54, use the Position Operation Value of Term
following information. 1 1 · 25 25
Tanya collected $4.50 for the first car 2 2 · 25 50
washed at a band fundraiser. After the 3 3 · 25 75
second and third car were washed, the n n · 25 25n
donations totaled $9 and $13.50,
respectively. Each term is 25 times its position number.
53. If this donation pattern continues, So, the expression is 25n.
what algebraic expression can be used
to find the amount of money earned
for any number of cars washed?
54. How much money will be collected
after a total of 8 cars have been
washed?

1-10 Algebra: Equations and Functions (pp. 63–67)

Copy and complete the function table. Example 12 Create and complete a
Then identify the domain and range. function table for y = 3x. Then identify
55. y = 4x the domain and range.
x 4x y Select any four values for the input x.
5 x 3x y
6 3 3 ( 3) 9
7 4 3 ( 4) 12
8 5 3 ( 5) 15
6 3 ( 6) 18
56. NAME TAGS Charmaine can make
32 name tags per hour. Make a The domain is {3, 4, 5, 6}.
function table that shows the number The range is {9, 12, 15, 18}.
of name tags she can make in 3, 4, 5,
and 6 hours.

74 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions

 APTER
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Practice Test
1
1. PIZZA Ms. Carter manages a pizza parlor. Find each expression mentally. Justify each
The average daily costs are $40, plus $52 to step.
pay each employee. It also costs $2 to make 18. 13 + (34 + 17) 19. 50 · (17 · 2)
each pizza. If 42 pizzas were made one day,
requiring the work of 7 employees, what 20. STANDARDS PRACTICE The table shows
were her total costs that day? the number of hours Teodoro spent
studying for his biology test over four days.
Write each power as a product of the same
If the pattern continues, how many hours
factor. Then evaluate the expression.
will Teodoro study on Sunday?
2. 3 5 3. 15 4
Day Study Time (hours)
4. MEASUREMENT Gregory wants to stain the Monday 0.5
15-foot-by-15-foot deck in his backyard. Tuesday 0.75
One can of stain covers 200 square feet of
Wednesday 1.0
surface. Is one can of stain enough to cover
Thursday 1.25
his entire deck? Explain your reasoning.
F 1.5 hours H 2.0 hours
Find each square root. G 1.75 hours J 2.5 hours
5. √
121 6. √
900
Describe the relationship between the terms
7. STANDARDS PRACTICE What is the in each arithmetic sequence. Then write the
value of 8 + (12 ÷ 3)3 - 5 × 9? next three terms in the sequence.
A 603 C 27 21. 7, 16, 25, 34, … 22. 59, 72, 85, 98, …
B 135 D 19
23. TRAVEL Beth drove at the rate of 65 miles
8. ANIMALS Irene has 6 pets, some dogs and
some birds. Her animals have a total of 16 per hour for several hours. Make a function
legs. How many of each pet does Irene have? table that shows her distance traveled after
2, 3, 4, and 5 hours. Then identify the
Evaluate each expression if x = 12, y = 5, domain and range.
and z = 3.
9. x - 9 10. 8y
MONEY For Exercises 24 and 25, use the
_
xz following information.
11. (y - z) 3 12.
y + 13 Anthony earns extra money after school doing
Solve each equation mentally. yard work for his neighbors. He charges $12
for each lawn he mows.
13. 9 + m = 16 14. d - 14 = 37
24. Write an equation using two variables to
15. 32 = _
96
16. 6x = 126 show the relationship between the number
t
of lawns mowed m and number of dollars
17. SAVINGS Deb is saving $54 per month to buy
earned d.
a new camera. Use the Distributive Property
to mentally find how much she has saved 25. Then find the number of dollars earned if
after 7 months. Explain. he mows 14 lawns.

Chapter Test at [Link] Chapter 1 Practice Test 75

 APTER
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1 California
Chapter 1
Standards Practice

Read each question. Then fill in 3 Which description shows the relationship
the correct answer on the answer between a term and n, its position in the
document provided by your teacher sequence?
or on a sheet of paper. Position 1 2 3 4 5 n
1 A store owner bought some paperback Value of Term 3 6 9 12 15
books and then sold them for $4.50 each.
A Add 2 to n C Multiply n by 3
He sold 35 books on Monday and 52 books
on Tuesday. What piece of information is B Divide n by 3 D Subtract n from 2
needed to find the amount of profit made
from sales on Monday and Tuesday?
A Number of books sold on Wednesday
Question 3 Have students eliminate
B Number of hardback books sold on unlikely answer choices. Since the value
Monday and Tuesday of each term is greater than its position,
answer choices B and D can be eliminated.
C Total number of paperback books sold
D How much the owner paid for each of 4 Andrew spent
_1 of his Saturday earnings on
2
the paperback books
a pair of jeans and _
1
of the remaining
2
2 The table shows the number of milkshakes
amount on a DVD. After he spent $7.40 on
lunch, he had $6.10 left. How much in
sold at an ice cream shop each day last week.
dollars did Andrew earn on Saturday?
Number of F $13.50
Day of Week
Milkshakes
Sunday 31 G $27
Monday 9 H $54
Tuesday 11
J $108
Wednesday 15
Thursday 18
Friday 24 5 Lemisha drove an average of 50 miles per
Saturday 28 hour on Sunday, 55 miles per hour on
Monday, and 53 miles per hour on Tuesday.
Which statement is not supported by If s represents the number of hours she
these data? drove on Sunday, m represents the number
F There were almost three times as many of hours she drove on Monday, and t
milkshakes sold on Sunday as on represents the number of hours she drove
Tuesday. on Tuesday, which of the following
expressions gives the total distance Lemisha
G There were half as many milkshakes sold
traveled?
on Monday as on Thursday.
A 50s + 53m + 55t
H There were 11 more milkshakes sold on
Tuesday than on Saturday. B 55s + 50m + 53t
J The total number of milkshakes sold C 50s + 55m + 53t
during the week was 136. D 53s + 55m + 50t

76 Chapter 1 Introduction to Algebra and Functions Standards Practice at [Link]

 More California
Standards Practice
For practice by standard,
see pages CA1–CA39.

6 Mrs. Albert drove 850 miles and the average 9 Emily bought 2.5 pounds of salami for $1.99
price of gasoline was $2.50 per gallon. What per pound. About how much did she pay?
information is needed to find the amount A Less than $4.00
Mrs. Albert spent on gasoline for the trip?
B Between $4 and $4.50
F Number of hours the trip took
C Between $4.50 and $5.50
G Number of miles per hour traveled
D More than $5.50
H Average number of miles the car traveled
per gallon of gasoline
10 Which of the following is true when
J Average number of miles Mrs. Albert correctly evaluating the expression
drove per day 4 × (5 + 4) - 27?
F Add first since 5 + 4 is in parentheses.
7 Mr. Thompson wants to estimate the total G Multiply first since multiplication comes
amount he spends on insurance and fuel for before addition and subtraction.
his car each month. Insurance costs about H Subtract first since subtraction comes
$300 per month, and he expects to drive an before multiplication.
average of 150 miles per week. What else J Multiply first since all operations occur
does he need to estimate his monthly in order from left to right.
expenses?
A The cost of fuel and the one-way distance Pre-AP
to work
Record your answers on a sheet of paper.
B The cost of fuel and the number of miles Show your work.
per gallon his car gets
11 Figures 1, 2, and 3 are made of equal-size
C The cost of fuel and his weekly pay squares.
D The gallons of fuel needed per week

&IGURE  &IGURE  &IGURE 

8 Jeremy bought 3 hamburgers at $1.99 each,
2 orders of onion rings at $0.89 each, and Each side in Figure 1 is 2 units in length.
4 soft drinks at $1.25 each. He paid 6.75% The table shows the perimeter of the first
tax on the whole order. What other 2 figures.
information is necessary to find Jeremy’s Figure 1 2 3 4 5 6
correct change? Perimeter 8 12
F Total cost of the order
a. Extend the pattern to find the perimeters
G Amount he paid in tax of Figures 3–6.
H Reason for buying the food b. Is the sequence of perimeters arithmetic?
J Amount he gave the cashier Explain.

NEED EXTRA HELP?

If You Missed Question... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
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Chapter 1 California Standards Practice 77