Introduction to Anatomy Basics
Uploaded by
sndyanhsn00Introduction to Anatomy Basics
Uploaded by
sndyanhsn00CHAPTER 1
Introduction to
Anatomy
Assist [Link]. Muna AL-Aameli
ANATOMY
Ana = apart
Tomy = cut
■ Anatomy is the study of the structures of body and the
relation of it's parts. The subject is usually studied by
dissection and observation.
■ It is one of the oldest branches of biological science dating
back at least to the 4th century B.C. when the Greek
philosopher Aristotle published some of his observation on
structures of fish and animals for his work. Aristotle won the
distinction of being called the father of anatomy.
The study of anatomy involves three basic factors of
information (name, location or position and function of the
anatomic structures).
Types of Anatomy
•Microscopic anatomy: anatomy of structures so small
that a microscope is required to view them clearly.
•Macroscopic anatomy: anatomy that deals with body
parts large enough to be seen with the unaided eye such
as organs, muscles and bones.
•Regional anatomy: study of individual areas or “regions”
of the body.
•Systemic anatomy: study of individual systems of the
body.
•There may be overlap in some of these areas
Classification of Anatomy
1- Histology : including microscopic anatomy .
2- Embryology : studying the development of organs
of body from fertilization of ovum in uterus until birth .
3- Systemic anatomy : Dealing with systems of the
body for example respiratory system, Nervous system .
4- Comparative anatomy : Limited to the domestic
animals and
poultry.
5- Topographic anatomy : which describe the relative
position and functional interaction of organs and
structures of the various region of the body .
Both systemic and topographic anatomy constitute the
foundation of clinical practice
Radiological anatomy
Modern technology applied in veterinary medicine deal with X- ray ,
Ultrasound, Computer tomography or magnetic resonance tomography
which help for clinical knowledge.
The 4 anatomical planes
• The 4 anatomical planes
of reference are:
1. Sagittal plane:
A plane that runs the length of the
body and divides it into left and right
parts that are not necessarily equal
halves.
2. Median plane (mid-sagittal
plane):
A special kind of sagittal plane that
runs down the center of the body
lengthwise and divides it into equal
left and right halves.
Anatomical
Planes
3. Transverse plane:
A plane across the body that divides it into cranial (head-end) and
caudal (tail-end) parts that are not necessarily equal.
4. Dorsal plane:
A plane at right angles to the sagittal and transverse planes. It divides
the body into dorsal (toward the back) and ventral (toward the belly) parts
that are not necessarily equal. In humans, this is known as the frontal plane.
Topographical or directional terms
1- Cranial Toward the head
2- Rostral toward the tip of nose
3- Caudal toward the tail 16-Internal located inside
4- Dorsal toward the back 17-Superficial located near the
5- Ventral toward the belly surface
6- Medial center 18-Deep located in the depth
7- Lateral side 19-Temporal located toward the
8- Median middle temporal bone
9- Proximal trunk 20-Nasal located toward the nose
10-Distal a way the trunk 21-Superior above
11-Palmar toward the palm of hand 22-Inferior below
12-Plantar sole of foot 23-Apical toward the tip
13-Axial axis of digit 24-Oral toward the mouth
14-A baxial a way the axis of digit
15- External located outside
body
Directional Terms
• Left and right refer to the
ANIMAL’s left and right.
• Cranial and caudal refer to the
two ends of the animal as it
stands on four legs.
• cranial = toward the head
• caudal = toward the tail
•
• Rostral means towards the tip of
the nose and only describes
positions or directions on the
head.
• Dorsal and ventral refer to “up
and down” or towards the back
and towards the belly.
Directional Terms
• Medial and lateral refer to positions
relative to the median plane
• medial = toward the midline
• lateral = away from the midline
• Deep and Superficial refer to the position
of something relative to the center or
surface of the body.
• deep = toward the center of the body
(internal)
• superficial = toward the surface of the body
or a body part (external).
• Proximal and distal describe positions
only on extremities relative to other parts
of the body.
• proximal = toward the body
• distal = away from the body
Directional terms of the limbs
• Based on whether one is referring to the distal or proximal
portion of the limb and whether it is the front or hind limb.
• The proximal/distal dividing line for the front leg is the carpus
(wrist) and for the rear leg it is the tarsus (ankle).
• The front surface of both the front and hind limbs is termed
“cranial” proximal to the carpus and “dorsal” distal to the carpus.
• The back surface of both the front and hind limbs that is proximal
to the carpus/tarsus is called the caudal surface.
• The back surface of the front leg distal to the carpus is called the
palmar surface.
• The back surface of the back leg distal to the tarsus is called the
plantar surface.
Directional terms of the limbs
Dorsal surface
Palmar surface (Fore)
Plantar surface (hind)
General Plan of the Animal’s Body
• Bilateral symmetry is the idea that left and right
halves of animal’s body are essentially mirror images
of one another.
• kidneys, lungs, arms
• Single structures in the body are generally found
near the median plane.
• brain, heart, GI tract
General Plan of the Animal’s Body
• Body Cavities: animals have two
main cavities (spaces).
1. The dorsal body cavity contains the
brain and spinal cord (CNS)
• spherical cranial cavity (cranium)
• long, narrow spinal cavity (spinal
canal)
2. The ventral body cavity is much
larger than the dorsal one and
contains most of the soft organs
(viscera) of the body.
• divided by the diaphragm into:
• the cranial thoracic cavity
(thorax), which is covered by
pleura
• the caudal abdominal cavity
(abdomen), which is covered by
peritoneum