CHAPTER

1. An algebraic expression in which the variables involved have only non-negative integral (whole
numbers) powers is called a polynomial.

2. If a polynomial contains only one variable then it is called polynomial in one variable.
Ex: 2𝑥 + 3; 5𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2; 5𝑦 + 6; −6𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 − 5
3. In the polynomial 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥, the expressions 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥 are called the terms of the polynomial.
4. Each term of a polynomial has a coefficient. In – 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 – 𝟐
The coefficient of 𝑥 3 = −1 The coefficient of 𝑥 = 7
The coefficient of 𝑥 2 = 4 constant term = −2
5. 2, –5, 7, etc. are examples of constant polynomials.
6. The constant polynomial 0 is called the zero polynomial.
7. If the variable in a polynomial is x, we may denote the polynomial by p(x), or q(x), or r(x), etc
8. The highest power of the variable in a polynomial as the degree of the polynomial.
Example: i) 3x 2 + 7x + 5 → degree=2
ii) 7x 3 + 5x 2 + 2x  6 → degree=3
Types of polynomials according to degree
1. Constant polynomial: A polynomial of degree 0 is called constant polynomial.
Ex: 5,-7,120,…
2. Linear polynomial: A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear polynomial.
Example: 3𝑥 + 5,7𝑥 − 8, −9𝑥, …
The general form a linear polynomial in variable 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 (𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑎 ≠ 0).
3. Quadratic polynomial : A polynomial of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial.
Example: 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6,2𝑥 2 − 5,7𝑥 2 , … ..
The general form a quadratic polynomial in variable 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑎 ≠ 0).
4. Cubic polynomial : A polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic polynomial.
BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 1
 Example: 5𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1, 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 5, −3𝑥 3 − 10,…….
The general form a cubic polynomial in variable 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑎 ≠ 0).
9. The general form of nth degree polynomial in one variable 𝒙:
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 +∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ +𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 is a polynomial of nth degree ,
where 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … … … , 𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑎𝑛 are real coefficients and 𝑎0 ≠ 0.

1. Which of the following expressions are polynomials in one variable and which are not? State
reasons for your answer.
(𝒊) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕 → polynomial in one variable x
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒚𝟐 + √𝟐 → polynomial in one variable 𝑦
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟑√𝒕 + 𝒕√𝟐 → not a polynomial
𝟐
(𝒊𝒗)𝒚 + → not a polynomial
𝒚
(𝒗)𝒙𝟏𝟎 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒕𝟓𝟎 → polynomial in three variables 𝑥, 𝑦and 𝑡
2. Write the coefficient of x 2 in each of the following
(𝒊)𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 → coefficient of 𝑥 2 = 1
(𝒊𝒊)𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 → coefficient of 𝑥 2 = −1
𝝅 𝜋
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 → coefficient of 𝑥 2 =
𝟐 2
(𝒊𝒗)√𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 → coefficient of 𝑥 2 = 0
3. Give one example each of a binomial of degree 35, and of a monomial of degree 100.
𝐒𝐨𝐥: A binomial of degree 35 ∶ 𝑥 35 + 𝑥 2
A monomial of degree 100: 3𝑥100
4. Write the degree of each of the following polynomials:
Polynomial Degree
(𝑖) 5𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 7𝑥 3
(𝑖𝑖) 4 − 𝑦 2 2
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)5𝑡 − √7 1
(𝑖𝑣)3 0
5. Classify the following as linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials:
𝑺𝒐𝒍: Linear polynomials: (𝑖𝑣)1 + 𝑥 (𝑣)3𝑡
Quadratic polynomials: (𝑖)𝑥 2 + 𝑥 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 4 (𝑣𝑖) 𝑟 2
Cubic polynomials: (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 (𝑣𝑖𝑖) 7𝑥 3
Example 2 : Find the value of each of the following polynomials at the indicated value of variables

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(𝒊) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝑺𝒐𝒍: 𝑝(1) = 5(1)2 − 3(1) + 7 = 5 − 3 + 7 = 12 − 3 = 9
(𝐢𝐢) 𝒒(𝒚) = 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 + √𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒚 = 𝟐
𝑺𝒐𝒍: 𝑞(2) = 3(2)2 − 4(2) + √11 = 12 − 8 + √11 = 4 + √11
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒑(𝒕) = 𝟒𝒕𝟒 + 𝟓𝒕𝟑 − 𝒕𝟐 𝒂𝒕 𝒕 = 𝒂
𝑺𝒐𝒍: 𝑝(𝑎) = 4𝑎4 + 5𝑎3 − 𝑎2

1. A real number ‘𝑐’ is a zero of a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) if 𝑝(𝑐) = 0. In this case, ‘𝑐’ is also called a root of the
polynomial equation 𝑝(𝑥) = 0.
2. Every linear polynomial in one variable has a unique zero, a non-zero constant polynomial has no
zero.
3. Every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial.
Linear Polynomial Zero of the polynomial
𝑥+𝑎 −𝑎
𝑥−𝑎 𝑎
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 −𝑏
𝑎
𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑏
𝑎

Example 3 : Check whether –2 and 2 are zeroes of the polynomial x + 2.

Solu : Let 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2
Then 𝑝(2) = 2 + 2 = 4, 𝑝(– 2) = – 2 + 2 = 0
Therefore, –2 is a zero of the polynomial x + 2, but 2 is not.
Example 4 : Find a zero of the polynomial p(x) = 2x + 1.
𝐒𝐨𝐥: Let 𝑝(𝑥) = 0
2𝑥 + 1 = 0
2𝑥 = −1
−1
𝑥=
2
−1
𝑆𝑜, 𝑖𝑠 a zero of the polynomial 2x + 1
2
Example 5 : Verify whether 2 and 0 are zeroes of the polynomial 𝒙𝟐 – 𝟐𝒙
𝐒𝐨𝐥: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 – 2𝑥
𝑝(2) = (2)2 – 2(2) = 4 − 4 = 0

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 3

 𝑝(0) = (0)2 – 2(0) = 0 − 0 = 0
Hence, 2 and 0 are both zeroes of the polynomial 𝑥 2 – 2𝑥.

1. Find the value of the polynomial 𝟓𝒙 – 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 at (i) x = 0 (ii) x = –1 (iii) x = 2

𝑺𝒐𝒍: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑥) = 5𝑥 – 4𝑥 2 + 3
(i) 𝑝(0) = 5(0) – 4(0)2 + 3 = 0 − 0 + 3 = 3
(ii) 𝑝(−1) = 5(−1) – 4(−1)2 + 3 = −5 − 4 + 3 = −9 + 3 = −6
(iii) 𝑝(2) = 5(2) – 4(2)2 + 3 = 10 − 16 + 3 = 13 − 16 = −3
2. Find p(0), p(1) and p(2) for each of the following polynomials:
(𝒊) 𝒑(𝒚) = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚 + 𝟏
𝐒𝐨𝐥: 𝑝(0) = (0)2 − 0 + 1 = 0 − 0 + 1 = 1
𝑝(1) = (1)2 − 1 + 1 = 1 − 1 + 1 = 1
𝑝(2) = (2)2 − 2 + 1 = 4 − 2 + 1 = 5 − 2 = 3
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒑(𝒕) = 𝟐 + 𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟑
𝐒𝐨𝐥: 𝑝(0) = 2 + 0 + 2 × (0)2 − (0)3 = 2 + 0 + 0 − 0 = 2
𝑝(1) = 2 + 1 + 2 × 12 − 13 = 2 + 1 + 2 − 1 = 4
𝑝(2) = 2 + 2 + 2 × 22 − 23 = 4 + 8 − 8 = 4
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑
Sol: 𝑝(0) = 03 = 0
𝑝(1) = 13 = 1
𝑝(2) = 23 = 8
(𝒊𝒗) 𝒑(𝒙) = (𝒙 – 𝟏) (𝒙 + 𝟏)
Sol: 𝑝(0) = (0  1) (0 + 1) = (−1) × 1 = −1
𝑝(1) = (1  1)(1 + 1) = 0 × 2 = 0
𝑝(2) = (2  1) (2 + 1) = 1 × 3 = 3
3. Verify whether the following are zeroes of the polynomial, indicated against them
𝟏
(𝒊) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏; 𝒙 = −
𝟑
1 1
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑝 (− ) = 3 × (− ) + 1 = −1 + 1 = 0
3 3
1
𝑝 (− ) = 0
3
1
𝑆𝑜 , (− ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 3𝑥 + 1
3
𝟒
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙 𝝅; 𝒙 =
𝟓

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 4

 4 4
Sol: 𝑝( ) = 5 × ( ) 𝜋 = 4 − 𝜋
5 5
4
𝑝( ) ≠ 0
5
4
So is not a zero of the polynomial 5𝑥 𝜋.
5

(𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 𝟏; 𝒙 = 𝟏, −𝟏

Sol: 𝑝(1) = 12 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
𝑝(−1) = (−1)2 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
𝑝(1) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝(−1) = 0
So, 1, −1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑥 2 1.
(𝐢𝐯) 𝒑(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟏) (𝒙 – 𝟐), 𝒙 = – 𝟏, 𝟐
sol: 𝑝(−1) = (−1 + 1)(−1 – 2) = 0 × (−3) = 0
𝑝(2) = (2 + 1)(2 – 2) = 3 × 0 = 0
𝑆𝑜, −1,2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 – 2)
(𝒗) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 ; 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑝(0) = 02 = 0
So, 0 is a zero of the polynomial 𝑥 2
𝒎
(𝒗𝒊) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒙 + 𝒎, 𝒙 = −
𝒍
Sol: 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚
𝑝 (− ) = 𝑙 (− ) + 𝑚 = −𝑚 + 𝑚 = 0
𝑙 𝑙
𝟏 𝟐
(𝐯𝐢𝐢) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 – 𝟏, 𝒙 = − ,
√𝟑 √𝟑
1 1 2 1
Sol: 𝑝 (− ) = 3 (− ) – 1 = 3 × − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
√3 √3 3
2 2 2 4
𝑝( ) = 3( ) – 1 = 3 × − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3
√3 √3 3
1 2
− is the zero of the polynomial 3𝑥 2 – 1, but is not.
√3 √3
𝟏
(𝐯𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝐩(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒙 =
𝟐
1 1
Sol: p ( ) = 2 ( ) + 1 2 + 1 = 3
2 2
1
is not a zero of the polynomial 2x + 1
2
4. Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the following cases
(𝒊) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟓

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Sol: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑥) = 0
𝑥+5=0
𝑥 = −5
∴ −5 is the zero of the polynomial 𝑥 + 5
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟓
Sol: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑥) = 0
𝑥−5=0
𝑥=5
∴ 5 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑥 − 5
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
Sol: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑥) = 0
2𝑥 + 5 = 0
−5
2𝑥 = −5 ⇒ 𝑥 =
2
−5
∴ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 2𝑥 + 5
2
(𝒗𝒊) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐
Sol: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑥) = 0
3𝑥 − 2 = 0
2
3𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥 =
3
2
∴ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 3𝑥 − 2
3
(𝒗) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑥) = 0
3𝑥 = 0
𝑥=0
∴ 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 3𝑥
(𝒗𝒊) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙 , 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎
Sol: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑥) = 0
𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑥=0
∴ 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥
(𝒗𝒊𝒊) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅, 𝒄 ≠ 𝟎, 𝒄, 𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔.
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑥) = 0
𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0

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 −𝑑
𝑐𝑥 = −𝑑 ⇒ 𝑥 =
𝑐
−𝑑
∴ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
𝑐
Remainder Theorem: Let 𝑝(𝑥) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and let ‘𝑎’
be any real number. If 𝑝(𝑥) is divided by the linear polynomial (𝑥  𝑎), then the remainder is 𝑝(𝑎).
Factor Theorem : 𝑝(𝑥) is a polynomial of degree n ≥ 1 and ‘𝑎’ is any real number
(i) 𝐼𝑓 𝑝(𝑎) = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (𝑥  𝑎 )𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝(𝑥) . and
(ii) 𝐼𝑓 (𝑥  𝑎) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝(𝑎) = 0.
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟔 ∶ 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒.
𝐒𝐨𝐥: Let 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6
𝑝(−2) = (−2)3 + 3(−2)2 + 5(−2) + 6
= −8 + 12 − 10 + 6 = 18 − 18 = 0
∴ 𝑥 + 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 2𝑥 + 4 = 2(𝑥 + 2) 𝑏𝑢𝑡 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝(𝑥)
𝑆𝑜, 2𝑥 + 4 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝(𝑥)
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟕 ∶ 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝒌, 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 – 𝟏 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 – 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒌
𝐒𝐨𝐥: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 – 4𝑥 + 𝑘
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 – 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝(𝑥)𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝(1) = 0
4(1)3 + 3(1)2 – 4(1) + 𝑘 = 0
4+3−4+𝑘 = 0
3+𝑘 =0
𝑘 = −3
𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒃𝒚 𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎.
Let its factors be (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) and (𝑟𝑥 + 𝑠).
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = (px + q)(rx + s)
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑝𝑟𝑥 2 + (𝑝𝑠 + 𝑞𝑟)𝑥 + 𝑞𝑠
𝑝𝑠 × 𝑞𝑟 = 𝑎 × 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑠 + 𝑞𝑟 = 𝑏
Example 8 : Factorise 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒙 + 𝟓 by splitting the middle term, and by using the Factor Theorem
Sol: 6𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 + 5 = 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 15𝑥 + 5
= 2𝑥(3𝑥 + 1) + 5(3𝑥 + 1)
= (3𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 5)
Example 9 : Factorise 𝒚𝟐 – 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟔 by using the Factor Theorem.
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑝(𝑦) = 𝑦 2 – 5𝑦 + 6
𝑝(1) = (1)2 – 5(1) + 6 = 1 − 5 + 6 = 7 − 5 = 2

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 7

 𝑝(2) = (2)2 – 5(2) + 6 = 4 − 10 + 6 = 10 − 10 = 0
(𝑦 − 2 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝(𝑦)
𝑝(3) = (3)2 – 5(3) + 6 = 9 − 15 + 6 = 15 − 15 = 0
(𝑦 − 3 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝(𝑦)
∴ 𝑦 2 – 5𝑦 + 6 = (𝑦 − 2 )(𝑦 − 3 )
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟎 ∶ 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒙𝟑 – 𝟐𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝒙 – 𝟏𝟐𝟎.
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 – 23𝑥 2 + 142𝑥 – 120
𝑝(1) = (1)3 – 23(1)2 + 142(1) – 120 = 1 − 23 + 142 − 120 = 143 − 143 = 0
∴ (𝑥 − 1) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝(𝑥)
𝑥 3 – 23𝑥 2 + 142𝑥 – 120 = 𝑥 3 – 𝑥 2 − 22𝑥 2 + 22𝑥 + 120𝑥 – 120
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1) − 22𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 120(𝑥 − 1)
= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 22𝑥 + 120)
(𝑥 2 − 22𝑥 + 120) = (𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 120)
= 𝑥(𝑥 − 12) − 10(𝑥 − 12)
= (𝑥 − 12)(𝑥 − 10)
𝑥 3 – 23𝑥 2 + 142𝑥 – 120 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 12)(𝑥 − 10)

1. Determine which of the following polynomials has (x + 1) a factor

(𝒊) 𝐱𝟑 + 𝐱𝟐 + 𝐱 + 𝟏
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑝(𝑥) = x 3 + x 2 + x + 1
𝑝(−1) = (−1)3 + (−1)2 + (−1) + 1
= −1 + 1 − 1 + 1 = 2 − 2 = 0
(x + 1)is a factor 𝑜𝑓 x 3 + x 2 + x + 1
(𝒊𝒊) 𝐱 𝟒 + 𝐱 𝟑 + 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐱 + 𝟏
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑝(𝑥) = x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1
𝑝(−1) = (−1)4 + (−1)3 + (−1)2 + (−1) + 1
=1−1+1−1+1=3−2=1
(x + 1)is not a factor 𝑜𝑓 x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
𝑝(−1) = (−1)4 + 3 × (−1)3 + 3 × (−1)2 + (−1) + 1
=1−3+3−1+1= 1
(x + 1)is not a factor 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
(𝒊𝒗) 𝐱 𝟑 − 𝐱 𝟐 − (𝟐 + √𝟐) 𝐱 + √𝟐

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 8

 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑝(𝑥) = x 3 − x 2 − (2 + √2) x + √2

𝑝(−1) = (−1)3 − (−1)2 − (2 + √2) × (−1) + √2

= −1 − 1 + 2 − √2 + √2 = 0
(x + 1)is a factor 𝑜𝑓 x 3 − x 2 − (2 + √2) x + √2
2. Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether g(x) is a factor of p(x) in each of the following cases:
(𝒊) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐  𝟐𝒙  𝟏, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟏

Sol: 𝑝(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2  2𝑥  1

𝑝(−1) = 2(−1)3 + (−1)2  2(−1)  1

= −2 + 1 + 2 − 1 = 0

∴ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝(𝑥)

(𝑖𝑖) 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2

Sol:𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1

𝑝(−2) = (−2)3 + 3(−2)2 + 3(−2) + 1

= −8 + 12 − 6 + 1

= 14 − 14 = 0

∴ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝(𝑥)

(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3  4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 6, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥  3

Sol: 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3  4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 6

𝑝(3) = 33  4 × 3 2 + 2 + 6

= 27 − 36 + 8

= 36 − 36 = 0

∴ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝑝(𝑥)

3. Find the value of k, if x – 1 is a factor of p(x) in each of the following cases:

(𝒊) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝒌
If 𝑥 – 1 is a factor of p(x)then p(1) = 0
12 + 1 + 𝑘 = 0

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 9

 2+𝑘 =0
𝑘 = −2
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟐
If 𝑥 – 1 is a factor of p(x)then p(1) = 0
2 × 12 + 𝑘 × 1 + 2 = 0
2+𝑘+2=0
𝑘+4=0
𝑘 = −4
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒌𝒙𝟐 – √𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏
If 𝑥 – 1 is a factor of p(𝑥)then p(1) = 0
𝑘 × (1)2 – √2 × 1 + 1 = 0
𝑘 − √2 + 1 = 0
𝑘 = √2 − 1
(𝑖𝑣)𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥 2 – 3𝑥 + 𝑘
If 𝑥 – 1 is a factor of p(x)then p(1) = 0
𝑘(1)2 – 3(1) + 𝑘 = 0
𝑘−3+𝑘 =0
2𝑘 − 3 = 0
3
𝑘=
2
4. Factorise : 12 × 1
(𝒊) 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 – 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏 = 12

𝑆𝑜𝑙: 12𝑥 2 – 7𝑥 + 1 = 12𝑥 2 – 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 1 ×

−3 −4
= 3𝑥(4𝑥 − 1) − 1(4𝑥 − 1) +
= (4𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 − 1) −7
𝟐
(𝒊𝒊) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟑 2×3
=6
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 3 = 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3
×
= 2𝑥(𝑥 + 3) + 1(𝑥 + 3)
6 1
= (𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 + 1) +

(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 – 𝟔 6 × (−6) 7

= −36
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 – 6 = 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 4𝑥 – 6
×
= 3𝑥(2𝑥 + 3) − 2(2𝑥 + 3)
9 −4
= (2𝑥 + 3)(3𝑥 − 2) +
3 × (−4)
(𝒊𝒗)𝟑𝒙𝟐 – 𝒙 – 𝟒 5 = −12
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 3𝑥 2 – 𝑥 – 4 = 3𝑥 2 – 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 – 4 ×
−4 3
BALABHADRA SURESH -AMALAPURAM-98668+
45885 Page 10

−1
 = 𝑥(3𝑥 − 4) + 1(3𝑥 − 4)
= (3𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1)
5. Factorise :
(𝒊) 𝒙𝟑 – 𝟐𝒙𝟐 – 𝒙 + 𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 – 2𝑥 2 – 𝑥 + 2
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 – 2𝑥 2 – 𝑥 + 2
𝑝(1) = 13  2 × 12  1 + 2
=1−2−1+2= 0
So (𝑥 − 1) is a factor of 𝑝(𝑥)
𝑥 3  2𝑥 2  𝑥 + 2
= 𝑥 3  𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥  2𝑥 + 2 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2
−1 × 2 = −2
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1) − 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) − 2(𝑥 − 1) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
−1 + 2 = 1
= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2)
= 𝑥(𝑥 − 2) + 1(𝑥 − 2)
= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
= (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)
(𝒊𝒊)𝒙𝟑 – 𝟑𝒙𝟐 – 𝟗𝒙 – 𝟓
Sol: 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3  3𝑥 2  9𝑥  5
𝑝(−1) = (−1)3  3 × (−1)2  9 × (−1)  5
= −1 − 3 + 9 − 5
=9−9=0
So (𝑥 + 1) is a factor of 𝑝(𝑥)
𝑥 3  3𝑥 2  9𝑥  5
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 −5 × 1 = −5
= 𝑥 + 𝑥  4𝑥 − 4𝑥  5𝑥  5
3 2 2

= 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑥 − 5 −5 + 1 = −4
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) − 4𝑥(𝑥 + 1) − 5(𝑥 + 1)
= (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5) = 𝑥(𝑥 − 5) + 1(𝑥 − 5)

= (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5) = (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 1)

= (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 5)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 20
Sol: 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 20
𝑝(−1) = (−1)3 + 13 × (−1)2 + 32 × (−1) + 20
= −1 + 13 − 32 + 20
= 33 − 33 = 0
So (𝑥 + 1) is a factor of 𝑝(𝑥)
𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 20
= 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 20𝑥 + 20

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 11

 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) + 12𝑥(𝑥 + 1) + 20(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 20
= (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 20)
2 × 10 = 20
= (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 10) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 20
2 + 10 = 12
(𝒊𝒗)𝟐𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚𝟐 – 𝟐𝒚 – 𝟏 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 2) + 10(𝑥 + 2)
Sol: 𝑝(𝑦) = 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2  𝑦  1 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 10)
𝑝(−1) = (−1)3 + (−1)2  (−1)  1
= −1 + 1 + 1 − 1
=2−2=0
So (𝑦 + 1) is a factor of 𝑝(𝑦)
𝑦3 + 𝑦2  𝑦  1 = 𝑦3 + 𝑦2  𝑦  1
= 𝑦 2 (𝑦 + 1) − 1(𝑦 + 1)
= (𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 2 − 1)
= (𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 1)

(i) (𝑥 + 𝑦) 2 ≡ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
(ii) (𝑥 − 𝑦) 2 ≡ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
(iii) (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥  𝑦) ≡ 𝑥 2  𝑦 2
(iv) (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) ≡ 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏.
Example 11 : Find the following products using appropriate identities:
(𝒊)(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟑)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑦) 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 3) = (𝑥 + 3)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2 × 𝑥 × 3 + 32
= 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9
(𝒊𝒊)(𝒙 – 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟓)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
(𝑥 – 3)(𝑥 + 5) = 𝑥 2 + (−3 + 5)𝑥 + (−3) × 5
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 – 15
Example 12 : Evaluate 105 × 106 without multiplying directly
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) ≡ 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
105 × 106 = (100 + 5)(100 + 6)
= (100)2 + (5 + 6) × 100 + 5 × 6
= 10000 + 1100 + 30 = 11130
Example 13 : Factorise:
(𝒊)𝟒𝟗𝒂𝟐 + 𝟕𝟎𝒂𝒃 + 𝟐𝟓𝒃𝟐

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 12

𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
49𝑎2 + 70𝑎𝑏 + 25𝑏 2 = (7𝑎)2 + 2 × 7𝑎 × 5𝑏 + (5𝑏)2
= (7𝑎 + 5𝑏)2 = (7𝑎 + 5𝑏)(7𝑎 + 5𝑏)
𝟐𝟓 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒙 −
𝟒 𝟗
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑥 2  𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥  𝑦)
25 2 𝑦 2 5 2 𝑦 2 5 𝑦 5 𝑦
𝑥 − = ( 𝑥) − ( ) = ( 𝑥 + ) ( 𝑥 − )
4 9 2 3 2 3 2 3
𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐕 ∶ (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛 + 𝟐𝒛𝒙
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 = [(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑧]2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 + 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑧 + 𝑧 2
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 2
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥
Example 14 : Write (𝟑𝒂 + 𝟒𝒃 + 𝟓𝒄)𝟐 in expanded form
Sol: (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥
(3𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 5𝑐)2 = (3𝑎)2 + (4𝑏)2 + (5𝑐)2 + 2(3𝑎)(4𝑏) + 2(4𝑏)(5𝑐) + 2(3𝑎)(5𝑐)
= 9𝑎2 + 16𝑏 2 + 25𝑐 2 + 24𝑎𝑏 + 40𝑏𝑐 + 30𝑎𝑐
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟔 ∶ 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝒚𝒛 + 𝟒𝒙𝒛
Sol: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2
4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧
= (2𝑥)2 + (−𝑦)2 + (𝑧)2 + 2(2𝑥)(−𝑦) + 2(−𝑦)(𝑧) + 2(2𝑥)(𝑧)
= (2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 = (2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧)(2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧)
𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐕𝐈 ∶ (𝒙 + 𝒚) 𝟑 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 (𝒙 + 𝒚)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
= 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐕𝐈𝐈 ∶ (𝒙 − 𝒚) 𝟑 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚 (𝒙 − 𝒚)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 − 𝑦)3 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
= 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
Example 17 : Write the following cubes in the expanded form:
(𝒊)(𝟑𝒂 + 𝟒𝒃)𝟑
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
(3𝑎 + 4𝑏)3 = (3𝑎)3 + (4𝑏)3 + 3(3𝑎)(4𝑏)(3𝑎 + 4𝑏)
= 27𝑎3 + 64𝑏 4 + 36𝑎𝑏(3𝑎 + 4𝑏) = 27𝑎3 + 64𝑏 4 + 108𝑎2 𝑏 + 144𝑎𝑏 2
(𝒊𝒊) (𝟓𝒑 – 𝟑𝒒)𝟑
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 − 𝑦) 3 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
(5𝑝 – 3𝑞)3 = (5𝑝)3 − (3𝑞)3 − 3(5𝑝)(3𝑞)(5𝑝 − 3𝑞)

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 13

 = 125𝑝3 − 27𝑞 3 − 45𝑝𝑞(5𝑝 − 3𝑞)
= 125𝑝3 − 27𝑞 3 − 225𝑝2 𝑞 + 135𝑝𝑞 2
Example 18 : Evaluate each of the following using suitable identities:
(𝒊) (𝟏𝟎𝟒)𝟑
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
(104)3 = (100 + 4)3 = (100)3 + (4)3 + 3(100)(4)(100 + 4)
= 1000000 + 64 + 1200 × 104
= 1000000 + 64 + 124800 = 1124864
(𝒊𝒊)(𝟗𝟗𝟗)𝟑
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 − 𝑦) 3 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
(999)3 = (1000 − 1)3 = (100)3 − (1)3 − 3(100)(1)(1000 − 1)
= 1000000 − 1 − 300 × 999
= 1000000 − 1 − 2997000 = 997002999
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟗 ∶ 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝟖𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝟕𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟓𝟒𝒙𝒚𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)3
8𝑥 3 + 27𝑦 3 + 36𝑥 2 𝑦 + 54𝑥𝑦 2 = (2𝑥)3 + (3𝑦)3 + 3(2𝑥)2 (3𝑦) + 3(2𝑥)(3𝑦)2 = (2𝑥 + 3𝑦)3
𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐕𝐈𝐈𝐈 ∶ 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑  𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛 = (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐  𝒙𝒚  𝒚𝒛  𝒙𝒛)
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐𝟎 ∶ 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝟖𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐𝟕𝒛 𝟑 – 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3  3𝑥𝑦𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2  𝑥𝑦  𝑦𝑧  𝑥𝑧)
8𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 27𝑧 3 – 18𝑥𝑦𝑧 = (2𝑥)3 + (𝑦)3 + (3𝑧)3 − 3(2𝑥)(𝑦)(3𝑧)
= (2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧)[(2𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2 + (3𝑧)2 − (2𝑥)(𝑦) − (𝑦)(3𝑧) − (2𝑥)(3𝑧)]
= (2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧)(4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 9𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦𝑧 − 6𝑥𝑧)

1. Use suitable identities to find the following products

(𝒊)(𝒙 + 𝟒)(𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) ≡ 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 ; 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 10
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 10) = 𝑥 2 + (4 + 10)𝑥 + 4 × 10 = 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 40
(𝒊𝒊)(𝒙 + 𝟖)(𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) ≡ 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏; 𝑎 = 8, 𝑏 = −10
(𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 − 10) = 𝑥 2 + (8 − 10)𝑥 + 8 × (−10) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 80
(𝒊𝒊𝒊)(𝟑𝐱 + 𝟒)(𝟑𝐱 – 𝟓)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) ≡ 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏; 𝑥 = 3𝑥, 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = −5
(3x + 4)(3x – 5) = (3𝑥)2 + (4 − 5)(3𝑥) + 4 × (−5)
= 9𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 20

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 14

 𝟑 𝟑
(𝒊𝒗) (𝒚𝟐 + ) (𝒚𝟐 − )
𝟐 𝟐
3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 2  𝑏 2 ; a = 𝑦 2 , b =
2
3 3 3 2 9
(𝑦 2 + ) (𝑦 2 − ) = (𝑦 2 )2 − ( ) = 𝑦 4 −
2 2 2 4
(𝒗)(𝟑 – 𝟐𝒙)(𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 2  𝑏 2 ; 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2𝑥
(3 – 2𝑥)(3 + 2𝑥) = (3)2 − (2𝑥)2 = 9 − 4𝑥 2
2. Evaluate the following products without multiplying directly
(𝒊)𝟏𝟎𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) ≡ 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏; 𝑥 = 100, 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 7
103 × 107 = (100 + 3)(100 + 7) = (100)2 + (3 + 7)(100) + 3 × 7
= 10000 + 1000 + 21 = 11021
(𝒊𝒊) 𝟗𝟓 × 𝟗𝟔
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) ≡ 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏; 𝑥 = 90, 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 6
95 × 96 = (90 + 5)(90 + 6) = (90)2 + (5 + 6)(90) + 5 × 6
= 8100 + 990 + 30 = 9120
(𝒊𝒊𝒊)𝟏𝟎𝟒 × 𝟗𝟔
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 2  𝑏 2 ; 𝑎 = 100, 𝑏 = 4
104 × 96 = (100 + 4)(100 − 4) = (100)2 − (4)2 = 10000 − 16 = 9984
3. Factorise the following using appropriate identities
(𝒊) 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 ; 𝑎 = 3𝑥, 𝑏 = 𝑦
9𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (3𝑥)2 + 2(3𝑥)(𝑦) + (𝑦)2 = (3𝑥 + 𝑦)2
(𝒊𝒊) 𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟏
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 ; 𝑎 = 2𝑦, 𝑏 = 1
4𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 1 = (2𝑦)2 + 2(2𝑦)(1) + (1)2 = (2𝑦 + 1)2
𝒚𝟐
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒙𝟐 −
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑦
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑎 2  𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏); 𝑎 = 𝑥, 𝑏 = 10

𝑦2 𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑦
𝑥2 − = 𝑥 2 − ( ) = (𝑥 + ) (𝑥 − )
100 10 10 10
4. Expand each of the following, using suitable identities:
(𝒊)(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛)𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑎𝑐

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 15

 (𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧)2 = (𝑥)2 + (2𝑦)2 + (4𝑧)2 + 2(𝑥)(2𝑦) + 2(2𝑦)(4𝑧) + 2(𝑥)(4𝑧)
= 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 16𝑧 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 16𝑦𝑧 + 8𝑥𝑧
(𝒊𝒊)(𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛)𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑎𝑐
(𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛)2 = (2𝑥)2 + (−𝑦)2 + (𝑧)2 + 2(2𝑥)(−𝑦) + 2(−𝑦)(𝑧) + 2(2𝑥)(𝑧)
= 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧
(𝒊𝒊𝒊)(−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛)𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑎𝑐
(−2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧)2 = (−2𝑥)2 + (3𝑦)2 + (2𝑧)2 + 2(−2𝑥)(3𝑦) + 2(3𝑦)(2𝑧) + 2(−2𝑥)(2𝑧)
= 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 12𝑦𝑧 − 8𝑥𝑧
(𝒊𝒗)(𝟑𝒂 − 𝟕𝒃 − 𝒄)𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑧
(3𝑎 − 7𝑏 − 𝑐)2 = (3𝑎)2 + (−7𝑏)2 + (−𝑐)2 + 2(3𝑎)(−7𝑏) + 2(−7𝑏)(−𝑐) + 2(3𝑎)(−𝑐)
= 9𝑎2 + 49𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 42𝑎𝑏 + 14𝑏𝑐 − 6𝑎𝑐
(𝒗)(−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟑𝒛)𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑎𝑐
(−2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 3𝑧)2 = (−2𝑥)2 + (5𝑦)2 + (−3𝑧)2 + 2(−2𝑥)(5𝑦) + 2(5𝑦)(−3𝑧) + 2(−2𝑥)(−3𝑧)
= 4𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 + 9𝑧 2 − 20𝑥𝑦 − 30𝑦𝑧 + 12𝑥𝑧
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
(𝒗𝒊) [ 𝒂 − 𝒃 + 𝟏]
𝟒 𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑧
2
1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1
( 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 1) = ( 𝑎) + (− 𝑏) + (1)2 + 2 ( 𝑎) (− 𝑏) + 2 (− 𝑏) (1) + 2 ( 𝑎) (1)
4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4
1 2 1 2 1 1 𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎
= 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏 + 𝑎 = + +1− −𝑏+
16 4 4 2 16 4 4 2
5. Factorise:
(𝒊)𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝟒𝒚𝒛 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝒛
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑎𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2
4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 + 16𝑧 2 + 12𝑥𝑦 − 24𝑦𝑧 − 16𝑥𝑧
= (2𝑥)2 + (3𝑦)2 + (−4𝑧)2 + 2(2𝑥)(3𝑦) + 2(3𝑦)(−4𝑧) + 2(2𝑥)(−4𝑧)
= (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4𝑧)2
(𝒊𝒊)𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟖𝒛𝟐 − 𝟐√𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒√𝟐𝒚𝒛 − 𝟖𝒙𝒛
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑎𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2
2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑧 2 − 2√2𝑥𝑦 + 4√2𝑦𝑧 − 8𝑥𝑧
2 2
= (−√2𝑥) + (𝑦)2 + (2√2𝑧) + 2(−√2𝑥)(𝑦) + 2(𝑦)(2√2𝑧) + 2(−√2𝑥)(2√2𝑧)

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 16

 2
= (−√2𝑥 + 𝑦2√2𝑧)
6. Write the following cubes in expanded form
(𝒊)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟑
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
(2𝑥 + 1)3 = (2𝑥)3 + (1)3 + 3(2𝑥)(1)(2𝑥 + 1)
= 8𝑥 3 + 1 + 6𝑥(2𝑥 + 1)
= 8𝑥 3 + 1 + 12𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
= 8𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1
(𝑖𝑖)(2𝑎 − 3𝑏)3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
(2𝑎 − 3𝑏)3 = (2𝑎)3 − (3𝑏)3 − 3(2𝑎)(3𝑏)(2𝑎 − 3𝑏)
= 8𝑎3 − 27𝑏 3 − 18𝑎𝑏(2𝑎 − 3𝑏)
= 8𝑎3 − 27𝑏 3 − 36𝑎2 𝑏 + 54𝑎𝑏 2
𝟑
𝟑
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) [ 𝒙 + 𝟏]
𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
3
3 3 3 3 3
[ 𝑥 + 1] = ( 𝑥) + (1)3 + 3 ( 𝑥) (1) ( 𝑥 + 1)
2 2 2 2
27 3 9 3
= 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 ( 𝑥 + 1)
8 2 2
9 9 9
= 𝑥2 + 1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥
4 4 2
𝟐 𝟑
(𝒊𝒗) [𝒙 − 𝒚]
𝟑
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 3𝑎𝑏 (𝑎 − 𝑏)
2 3 3
2 3 2 2
[𝑥 − 𝑦] = (𝑥) − ( 𝑦) − 3(𝑥) ( 𝑦) (𝑥 − 𝑦)
3 3 3 3
8 2
= 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
27 3
8 4
= 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2
27 3
7. Evaluate the following using suitable identities:
(𝑖)(99)3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 − 𝑦)3 ≡ 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
(99)3 = (100 − 1)3

= 1003 − 13 − 3(100)(1)[100 − 1]

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 17

 = 1000000 − 1 − 300(99)

= 1000000 − 1 − 29700

= 9,70,299

(𝒊𝒊)(𝟏𝟎𝟐)𝟑
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 ≡ 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
(102)3 = (100 + 2)3

= (100)3 + (2)3 + 3(100)(2)[100 + 2]

= 1000000 + 8 + 600(102)

= 1000000 + 8 + 61200

= 10,61,208

(𝒊𝒊𝒊)(𝟗𝟗𝟖)𝟑
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑥 − 𝑦)3 ≡ 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
(998)3 = (1000 − 2)3

= (1000)3 − (2)3 − 3(1000)(2)[1000 − 2]

= 1000000000 − 8 − 6000(998)

= 1000000000 − 8 − 5988000

= 99,40,11,992

8. Factorise each of the following:

(𝒊) 𝟖𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒃 + 𝟔𝒂𝒃𝟐
𝑆𝑜𝑙: ∶ 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)3
8𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 12𝑎2 𝑏 + 6𝑎𝑏 2

= (2𝑎)3 + (𝑏)3 + 3(2𝑎)2 𝑏 + 3(2𝑎)(𝑏)2

= (2𝑎 + 𝑏)3
(𝒊𝒊)𝟖𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒃 + 𝟔𝒂𝒃𝟐

𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 ≡ (𝑥 − 𝑦) 3

8𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 12𝑎2 𝑏 + 6𝑎𝑏 2

= (2𝑎)3 − (𝑏)3 − 3(2𝑎)2 𝑏 + 3(2𝑎)(𝑏)2

= (2𝑎 − 𝑏)3

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 27 − 125𝑎3 − 135𝑎 + 225𝑎2

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 18

𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)3
27 − 125𝑎3 − 135𝑎 + 225𝑎2
= (3)3 − (5𝑎)3 − 3 × 32 × 5𝑎 + 3 × 3 × (5𝑎)2
= (3 − 5𝑎)3

(𝑣𝑖) 64𝑎3 − 27𝑏 3 − 144𝑎2 𝑏 + 108𝑎𝑏 2

𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)3
64𝑎3 − 27𝑏 3 − 144𝑎2 𝑏 + 108𝑎𝑏 2
= (4𝑎)3 − (3𝑏)3 − 3(4𝑎)2 (3𝑏) + 3(4𝑎)(3𝑏)2
= (4𝑎 − 3𝑏)3
1 9 1
(𝑣)27𝑝3 − − 𝑝2 + 𝑝
216 2 4
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)3
1 9 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 3
27𝑝3 − − 𝑝2 + 𝑝 = (3𝑝)3 − ( ) − 3(3𝑝)2 ( ) + 3(3𝑝) ( ) = (3𝑝 − )
216 2 4 6 6 6 6
9. Verify (𝒊) 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 = (𝒙 + 𝒚) (𝒙𝟐  𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ) (𝒊𝒊) 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑 = (𝒙 − 𝒚) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )
Sol: (𝑖) R. H. S = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2  𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥(𝑥 2  𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑦(𝑥 2  𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
= 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = L. H. S
(𝑖) R. H. S = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) − 𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
= 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = L. H. S
10. (i)Factorise 𝟐𝟕𝒚𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒛𝟑
Sol: (𝑖) 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2  𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
27𝑦 3 + 125𝑧 3 = (3𝑦)3 + (5𝑧)3 = (3𝑦 + 5𝑧)[(3𝑦)2 − (3𝑦)(5𝑧) + (5𝑧)2 ]
= (3𝑦 + 5𝑧)(9𝑦 2 − 15𝑦𝑧 + 25𝑧 2 )
(𝒊𝒊) 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝟔𝟒𝐦𝟑 – 𝟑𝟒𝟑𝐧𝟑
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
64m3 – 343n3 = (4𝑚)3 − (7𝑛)3 = (4𝑚 − 7𝑛)[(4𝑚)2 + (4𝑚)(7𝑛) + (7𝑛)2 ]
= (4𝑚 − 7𝑛)(16𝑚2 + 28𝑚𝑛 + 49𝑛2 )
11. Factorise : 𝟐𝟕𝒙𝟑𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 – 𝟗𝒙𝒚𝒛

Sol: 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3  3𝑥𝑦𝑧 ≡ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2  𝑥𝑦  𝑦𝑧  𝑥𝑧)

27𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3  9𝑥𝑦𝑧 = (3𝑥)3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3(3𝑥)(𝑦)(𝑧)

= (3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)[(3𝑥)2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − (3𝑥)(𝑦) − (𝑦)(𝑧) − (𝑧)(3𝑥)]

= (3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(9𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 3𝑥𝑧)

𝟏
12. Verify that 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛 = 𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)[(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒛)𝟐 + (𝒛 − 𝒙)𝟐 ]

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 19

Sol: 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3  3𝑥𝑦𝑧

= (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2  𝑥𝑦  𝑦𝑧  𝑥𝑧)

1
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) (2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑧 2  2𝑥𝑦  2𝑦𝑧  2𝑥𝑧)
2
1
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) [(𝑥 2  2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) + (𝑦 2  2𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) + (𝑧 2  2𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥 2 )]
2
1
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) [(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑧)2 + (𝑧 − 𝑥)2 ]
2
13. If 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟎, show that 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 = 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛.
Sol: We know that

𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3  3𝑥𝑦𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2  𝑥𝑦  𝑦𝑧  𝑥𝑧)

If 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 then

𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3  3𝑥𝑦𝑧 = (0) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2  𝑥𝑦  𝑦𝑧  𝑥𝑧)

𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3  3𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 0

𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 = 3𝑥𝑦𝑧

14. Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value of each of the following:
(𝑖) (𝟏𝟐)𝟑 + (𝟕)𝟑 + (𝟓)𝟑

Sol: Let 𝑥 = −12, 𝑦 = 7, 𝑧 = 5

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −12 + 7 + 5 = 0

We know that if 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 then 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 = 3𝑥𝑦𝑧

⇒ (12)3 + (7)3 + (5)3 = 3(−12)(7)(5)

⇒ (12)3 + (7)3 + (5)3 = −1260

(𝒊𝒊) (𝟐𝟖)𝟑 + (−𝟏𝟓)𝟑 + (−𝟏𝟑)𝟑

𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 28, 𝑦 = −15, 𝑧 = −13

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 28 − 15 − 13 = 0

We know that if 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 then 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 = 3𝑥𝑦𝑧

⇒ (28)3 + (−15)3 + (−13)3 = 3(28)(−15)(−13)

⇒ (28)3 + (−15)3 + (−13)3 = 16380

15. Give possible expressions for the length and breadth of each of the following rectangles, in which
their areas are given:

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 20

(i)Area: 25𝑎2 − 35𝑎 + 12
Sol: 25𝑎2  35𝑎 + 12 = 25𝑎2  15𝑎 − 20𝑎 + 12

= 5𝑎(5𝑎 − 3) − 4(5𝑎 − 3)

= (5𝑎 − 3)(5𝑎 − 4)

Length=5𝑎 − 3 and Breadth= 5𝑎 − 4

(𝒊𝒊)𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚: 𝟑𝟓𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟑𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐

Sol: 35𝑦 2 + 13𝑦 − 12 = 35𝑦 2 + 28𝑦 − 15𝑦 − 12

= 7𝑦(5𝑦 + 4) − 3(5𝑦 + 4)

= (5𝑦 + 4)(7𝑦 − 3)

Length=5𝑦 + 4 and Breadth= 7𝑦 − 3

16. What are the possible expressions for the dimensions of the cuboids whose volumes are given
below?
(𝒊)𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 ∶ 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙

Sol: 3𝑥 2  12𝑥 = 3𝑥(𝑥 − 4)

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 3, 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑥, ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑥 − 4

(𝒊𝒊) 𝟏𝟐𝒌𝒚𝟐 + 𝟖𝒌𝒚 − 𝟐𝟎𝒌

Sol: 12𝑘𝑦 2 + 8𝑘𝑦  20𝑘 =

= 4𝑘(3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦  5)

= 4𝑘(3𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 + 5𝑦  5)

= 4𝑘[3𝑦(𝑦 − 1) + 5(𝑦 − 1)]

= 4𝑘(3𝑦 + 5)(𝑦 − 1) = 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 4𝑘, 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ = (3𝑦 + 5), ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = (𝑦 − 1)

BALABHADRA SURESH-AMALAPURAM-9866845885 Page 21