EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION
1- REFERENCES
- Standard of Energy Ministry, No. 459
- IEEE Std. 80
- IEEE Std. 837
- ABB Switchgear Manual
DATE SIGN CLIENT CONSULTANT CONTRACTOR PROJECT SCALE: -
1401/09/07 M.K. DESIGN
EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION
B 1401/09/07 ACC MEET. 1401/09/06 1401/09/07 M.J. DRAWN UNIT: -
63/20KV
A 1401/08/08 ACC. LETT. 22/781978 1401/09/07 H.N. CHECKED
Substation
Z 1401/06/20 ORIGINAL ISSUE 1401/09/07 H.M APPROVED DWG NO. SHEET: 3
REV. DATE DESCRIPTION S-AMKR-FJZ-CO-D-CAL-HV-050-B NEXT: 4
EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION
2- DEFINITIONS
2-1- GENERAL DATA
tc Fault Duration for sizing ground conductor (sec)
tf Fault Duration for Decrement Factor (sec)
ts Shock Duration (sec)
X/R X/R ratio
Sf Split Factor
ρ Soil Resistivity (Ω.m)
ρs Surface Layer Resistivity (Ω.m)
h Depth of ground grid conductor (m)
hS Surface layer thickness (m)
L Length of substation (m)
W Width of substation (m)
LX Maximum Length of grid conductor in X direction (m)
LY Maximum Length of grid conductor in Y direction (m)
LP Perimeter of ground grid (m)
LRiser Total Length of Riser (m)
Lr Length of Ground Rod at each location (m)
nr Number of Rod
Dm Maximum distance between any two point on grid (m)
D Spacing between parallel conductors (m)
A Total area enclosed by ground grid (m2)
Tm Maximum allowable temperature (ºC)
Ta Ambient temperature (ºC)
Tr Refrence temperature (ºC)
α0 Thermal Coefficient of resistivity at 0 degree (1/ºC)
αr Thermal Coefficient of resistivity at Tr (1/ºC)
ρr Resistivity conductor at Tr (μΩ.cm)
K0 Thermal Coefficient of resistivity at Tr (ºC)
TCAP Thermal capacity per unit Volume (J/cm3.ºC)
If3phase 3 phase symmetrical fault current (KA)
If1phase 1 phase symmetrical fault current (KA)
2-2- CROSS SECTION CALCULATION
Tm Maximum allowable temperature (ºC)
αr Thermal Coefficient of resistivity at Tr (1/ºC)
ρr Resistivity conductor at Tr (μΩ.cm)
K0 Thermal Coefficient of resistivity at Tr (ºC)
TCAP Thermal capacity per unit Volume (J/cm3.ºC)
Amm2 Cross section (mm2)
d Diameter of Conductor (m)
2-3- NEUTRAL OF TRANSFORMER RETURN CURRENT CALCULATION
Sb Base apparent power (MVA)
Vb Base voltage (KV)
Zb Base impedance (ohm)
Ib Base current (KA)
Xin Positive sequence reactance of transformer (ohm)
Xinp Positive sequence reactance of transformer in per – unit (per-unit)
X0t Zero sequence reactance of transformer in per – unit (per-unit)
X0t total total zero sequence reactance of transformers in per – unit (per-unit)
Xon Zero sequence reactance of network in per-unit (per-unit)
iot Zero sequence of It in per-unit (per-unit)
io Zero sequence current in per-unit (per-unit)
if Fault current in per-unit (per-unit)
it It in per-unit (per-unit)
It Current supplied by local transformer (A)
DATE SIGN CLIENT CONSULTANT CONTRACTOR PROJECT SCALE: -
1401/09/07 M.K. DESIGN
EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION
B 1401/09/07 ACC MEET. 1401/09/06 1401/09/07 M.J. DRAWN UNIT: -
63/20KV
A 1401/08/08 ACC. LETT. 22/781978 1401/09/07 H.N. CHECKED
Substation
Z 1401/06/20 ORIGINAL ISSUE 1401/09/07 H.M APPROVED DWG NO. SHEET: 4
REV. DATE DESCRIPTION S-AMKR-FJZ-CO-D-CAL-HV-050-B NEXT: 5
EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION
2-4- EARTHING CALCULATION
Ta Time constant (sec)
Df Decrement Factor
Cs Surface Layer derating Factor
ns,h Number of horizental conductor
ns,v Number of vertical conductor
n Geometric Factor Composed of na , nb , nc , nd
na Geometric Factor na
nb Geometric Factor nb
nc Geometric Factor nc
nd Geometric Factor nd
LR Total Length of Ground Rod (m)
LC Total Length of Grid conductor (m)
LT Total effective Length of grounding system conductor (m)
LM Total Length of Grid conductor for mesh voltage (m)
LS Total Length of Grid conductor for step voltage (m)
K Reflection Factor
KS Factor for calculating step voltage
Km Factor for calculating mesh voltage
Kh Corrective weighting factor
Ki Correction factor for grid geometry
Kii Corrective weighting factor
Em Mesh Voltage (V)
Es Step Voltage (V)
Es,50 Telorable Step Voltage (50kg) (V)
Es,70 Telorable Step Voltage (70kg) (V)
Et,50 Telorable Touch Voltage (50kg) (V)
Et,70 Telorable Touch Voltage (70kg) (V)
Rg Resistance of Grounding system (Ω)
Amm2 conductor cross section (mm2)
d Diameter of grid conductor (m)
GPR Ground Potential Rise (V)
IG Maximum grid current (KA)
Ig Symmetrical grid current (KA)
DATE SIGN CLIENT CONSULTANT CONTRACTOR PROJECT SCALE: -
1401/09/07 M.K. DESIGN
EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION
B 1401/09/07 ACC MEET. 1401/09/06 1401/09/07 M.J. DRAWN UNIT: -
63/20KV
A 1401/08/08 ACC. LETT. 22/781978 1401/09/07 H.N. CHECKED
Substation
Z 1401/06/20 ORIGINAL ISSUE 1401/09/07 H.M APPROVED DWG NO. SHEET: 5
REV. DATE DESCRIPTION S-AMKR-FJZ-CO-D-CAL-HV-050-B NEXT: 6
EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION
3- GENERAL DATA
ITEM DESCRIPTION SYMBOL VALUE
1 Fault Duration for sizing ground conductor (sec) tc 1
2 Fault Duration for Decrement Factor (sec) tf 1
3 Shock Duration (sec) ts 0.5
4 X/R ratio X/R 3.85
5 Split Factor Sf 0.39
6 Soil Resistivity (Ω.m) ρ 150
7 Surface Layer Resistivity (Ω.m) ρs 3000
8 Depth of ground grid conductor (m) h 0.5
9 Surface layer thickness (m) hS 0.15
10 Total Length of Riser (m) LRiser 0
11 Length of Ground Rod at each location (m) Lr 3
12 Number of Rod nr 16
13 Maximum allowable temperature of conductors (ºC) Tm 600
14 Ambient temperature (ºC) Ta 50
15 Reference temperature (ºC) Tr 20
16 1 phase symmetrical fault current (KA) If1phase 17.38
DATE SIGN CLIENT CONSULTANT CONTRACTOR PROJECT SCALE: -
1401/09/07 M.K. DESIGN
EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION
B 1401/09/07 ACC MEET. 1401/09/06 1401/09/07 M.J. DRAWN UNIT: -
63/20KV
A 1401/08/08 ACC. LETT. 22/781978 1401/09/07 H.N. CHECKED
Substation
Z 1401/06/20 ORIGINAL ISSUE 1401/09/07 H.M APPROVED DWG NO. SHEET: 6
REV. DATE DESCRIPTION S-AMKR-FJZ-CO-D-CAL-HV-050-B NEXT: 7
EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION
4- CROSS SECTION CALCULATION
4-1- MESH CONDUCTOR
Conductor type for Mesh grid: copper annealed soft - drawn
ITEM DESCRIPTION SYMBOL VALUE
1 Maximum allowable temperature (ºC) Tm 600
2 Thermal Coefficient of resistivity at Tr (1/ºC) αr 0.00393
3 Resistivity conductor at Tr (μΩ.cm) ρr 1.72
4 Thermal Coefficient of resistivity at Tr (ºC) K0 234
5 Thermal capacity per unit Volume (J/cm3.ºC) TCAP 3.42
𝐼𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴= = 74.44 𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑠ℎ = 95 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇𝐶𝐴𝑃. 10−4 𝐾 + 𝑇𝑚
× 𝑙𝑛 0
𝑡𝑐 𝛼𝑟 𝜌𝑟 𝐾0 + 𝑇𝑎
The Mesh with 95 mm2 cross section is selected. A (Mesh) = 95 mm2
4-2- RISER CONDUCTOR
Conductor type for Riser: copper annealed soft - drawn
ITEM DESCRIPTION SYMBOL VALUE
1 Maximum allowable temperature (ºC) Tm 250
2 Thermal Coefficient of resistivity at Tr (1/ºC) αr 0.00393
3 Resistivity conductor at Tr (μΩ.cm) ρr 1.72
4 Thermal Coefficient of resistivity at Tr (ºC) K0 234
5 Thermal capacity per unit Volume (J/cm3.ºC) TCAP 3.42
𝐼𝑓
𝐴= = 105.82 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇𝐶𝐴𝑃. 10−4 𝐾 +𝑇
𝑡𝑐 𝛼𝑟 𝜌𝑟 × 𝑙𝑛 𝐾0 + 𝑇𝑚
0 𝑎
The Riser with 120 mm2 cross section is selected. A (Riser) = 120 mm2
4-3- ROD CONDUCTOR
Conductor type for Rod: copper - clad steel
ITEM DESCRIPTION SYMBOL VALUE
1 Maximum allowable temperature (ºC) Tm 1083
2 Thermal Coefficient of resistivity at Tr (1/ºC) αr 0.00378
3 Resistivity conductor at Tr (μΩ.cm) ρr 8.62
4 Thermal Coefficient of resistivity at Tr (ºC) K0 245
5 Thermal capacity per unit Volume (J/cm3.ºC) TCAP 3.85
𝐼𝑓 130.35
𝐴= = 130.35 𝑚𝑚2 → 𝑑𝑟 = 2 × = 12.88 𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝐶𝐴𝑃. 10−4 𝐾0 + 𝑇𝑚 𝜋
× 𝑙𝑛
𝑡𝑐 𝛼𝑟 𝜌𝑟 𝐾0 + 𝑇𝑎
The Rod with 16mm diameter is selected. dr = 16mm
DATE SIGN CLIENT CONSULTANT CONTRACTOR PROJECT SCALE: -
1401/09/07 M.K. DESIGN
EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION
B 1401/09/07 ACC MEET. 1401/09/06 1401/09/07 M.J. DRAWN UNIT: -
63/20KV
A 1401/08/08 ACC. LETT. 22/781978 1401/09/07 H.N. CHECKED
Substation
Z 1401/06/20 ORIGINAL ISSUE 1401/09/07 H.M APPROVED DWG NO. SHEET: 7
REV. DATE DESCRIPTION S-AMKR-FJZ-CO-D-CAL-HV-050-B NEXT: 8
EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION
5- GRID RESISTANCE CALCULATION
Refer to “IEEE Std.80”, surface layer derating factor (Cs) will be obtain as follows: 46
ρ: Soil resistivity (Ω.m)
54
A: Total area enclosed by ground grid (m2)
h: Surface layer thickness (m)
LT: Total effective length of grounding system (m) = Total length of mesh and rod
87
67
Acc. To ETAP Simulation
LT = LC + LR LT = 1903 + 48 = 1951 m
𝐴 = 46 × 87 + (67 × 54) = 7620 m2
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑅𝑔 = 𝜌 + × (1 + ) 𝑅𝑔 = 150 + × (1 + ) = 0.836 Ω
𝐿𝑇 20×𝐴 20 1951 20×7620 20
1+ℎ 1+0.5 7620
𝐴
6- SURFACE LAYER DERATING FACTOR CALCULATION
Refer to “IEEE Std.80”, surface layer derating factor (Cs) will be obtain as follows:
ρ: Soil resistivity (Ω.m)
ρs: Surface layer resistivity (Ω.m)
hs: Surface layer thickness (m)
𝜌
0.09 1 − 𝜌 150
𝑠 0.09 1−3000
𝐶𝑠 = 1 − 𝐶𝑠 = 1 − = 0.781
2ℎ𝑠 + 0.09 2(0.15)+0.09
7- TOLERABLE STEP & TOUCH VOLATGES
Based on equations of mentioned reference (IEEE 80), tolerable step and touch voltage for body are as bellow:
ts: Duration of shock (Sec)
0.157 0.157
𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝, 𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 1000 + 6𝐶𝑠 . 𝜌𝑠 𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝, 𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 1000 + 6(0.781 × 3000)
𝑡𝑠 0.5
0.157 0.157
𝐸𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ, 𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 1000 + 1.5𝐶𝑠 . 𝜌𝑠 𝐸𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ, 𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 1000 + 1.5(0.781 × 3000)
𝑡𝑠 0.5
𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝, 𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 3342.4 𝑉
𝐸𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ, 𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 1002.1 𝑉
DATE SIGN CLIENT CONSULTANT CONTRACTOR PROJECT SCALE: -
1401/08/08 M.K. DESIGN
EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION
1401/08/08 M.J. DRAWN UNIT: -
63/20KV
B 1401/08/08 ACC. LETT. 22/781978 1401/08/08 H.N. CHECKED
Substation
A 1401/06/20 ORIGINAL ISSUE 1401/08/08 H.M APPROVED DWG NO. SHEET: 8
REV. DATE DESCRIPTION S-AMKR-FJZ-CO-D-CAL-HV-050-B NEXT: 9
EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION
8- SPLIT FACTOR CALCULATION
Consider one transmission and distribution feeder ground electrode and according IEEE Std.80-2013:
𝒛𝒆𝒒
Sf = | |
𝑹𝒈 +𝒁𝒆𝒒
Number of Transmission Lines: 2
Number of Transformer Nuetrals: 2
𝟎.𝟒𝟓𝟓+𝒋𝟎.𝟐𝟒𝟏
Sf = | |
𝑹𝒈 +𝟎.𝟒𝟓𝟓+𝒋𝟎.𝟐𝟒𝟏
Rg = 0.836 (Acc. to Calculation)
Sf = 0.39
DATE SIGN CLIENT CONSULTANT CONTRACTOR PROJECT SCALE: -
1401/08/08 M.K. DESIGN
EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION
1401/08/08 M.J. DRAWN UNIT: -
63/20KV
B 1401/08/08 ACC. LETT. 22/781978 1401/08/08 H.N. CHECKED
Substation
A 1401/06/20 ORIGINAL ISSUE 1401/08/08 H.M APPROVED DWG NO. SHEET: 9
REV. DATE DESCRIPTION S-AMKR-FJZ-CO-D-CAL-HV-050-B NEXT: 10