What is a computer?

A computer is an electronic device that manipulates

information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve,
and process data. You probably already know that you can use
a computer to type documents, send email, play games,
and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or
create spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos.
Hardware vs. software
Before we talk about different types of computers, let's talk about two
things all computers have in common:hardware and software.

 Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical structure,

such as the keyboard or mouse. It also includes all of the computer's
internal parts, which you can see in the image below.

 Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. It
is what guides the hardware and tells it how to accomplish each task.
Some examples of software include web browsers, games, and word
processors. Below, you can see an image of Microsoft PowerPoint,
which is used to create presentations.
 Everything you do on your computer will rely on both hardware and
software. For example, right now you may be viewing this lesson in
a web browser (software) and using your mouse (hardware) to click
from page to page. As you learn about different types of computers, ask
yourself about the differences in their hardware. As you progress
through this tutorial, you'll see that different types of computers also
often use different types of software.

What are the different types of

computers?
When most people hear the word computer, they think of a personal
computer such as a desktop or laptop. However, computers come in
many shapes and sizes, and they perform many different functions in
our daily lives. When you withdraw cash from an ATM, scan groceries at
the store, or use a calculator, you're using a type of computer.
Desktop computers

Many people use desktop computers at work, home, school, or the

library. They can be small, medium, or large in style, and they usually sit
on a desk. Once you add a monitor, mouse, and keyboard, you have
what is typically known as a desktop computer.

Most desktop computers are easy to upgrade and expand or add new
parts. Another benefit of desktop computers is their cost. If you compare
a desktop and laptop with the same features, you will most likely find
that the desktop is less expensive.

Laptop computers

The second type of computer you may be familiar with is a laptop

computer, or a laptop. Laptops are battery- or AC-powered personal
 computers that are more portable than desktop computers, allowing
you to use them almost anywhere.

Because a laptop is smaller than a desktop, it's more difficult to access

its internal components. This means you may not be able to upgrade
them as easily as a desktop.

Tablet computers

Tablet computers—or tablets—are handheld computers that are even

more portable than laptops. Instead of a keyboard or touchpad, tablets
use a touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation. The iPad is an
example of a tablet.

Tablets can't necessarily do anything a laptop or a desktop can do, so

you may still want a desktop or laptop to run programs or create
documents. But if you just want to be able to play games,
check email and social media, or stream music and videos, a tablet
may be a good computer replacement.
Servers

A server is a computer that serves up information to other computers on

a network. Many businesses have file servers employees can use to
store and share files. A server can look like a regular desktop computer,
or it can be much larger.

Servers also play an important role in making the Internet work: They
are where webpages are stored. When you use your browser to click a
link, aweb server delivers the page you requested.

Other types of computers

Today, there are many everyday devices that are basically specialized
computers, even though we don't always think of them as computers.
Here are a few common examples:

 Mobile phones: Many mobile phones can do a lot of things computers

can do, such as browsing the Internet and playing games. These phones
are often called smartphones.
 Game consoles: A game console is a specialized kind of computer that
is used for playing video games. Although they are not as fully featured
as desktop computers, many newer consoles allow you to perform
nongaming tasks like browsing the Web.
 TVs: Many TVs now include applications—or apps—that let you
access various types of online content. For example, you can view
your Facebook News Feed or watch streaming movies on Netflix.
What is an application?

You may have heard people talking about using an application or

an app. But what exactly does that mean? An app is a type of software
that allows you to perform specific tasks. Applications for desktop or
laptop computers are sometimes called desktop applications, and
those for mobile devices are called mobile apps. When you open an
application, it runs inside the operating system until you close it. Most
of the time, you will have more than one application open at the same
time, and this is known as multitasking.

Watch the video to learn about how applications are used.

App is a common term for an application, especially for simple

applications that can be downloadedinexpensively or even for
free. Many apps are also available for mobile devices and even
some TVs.

Types of desktop applications

There are countless desktop applications out there, and they fall into
many different categories. Some are morefull-featured (like Microsoft
Word), while others may only do one or two things (like gadgets).
Below are just a few types of applications you might use:
 Word processors: A word processor allows you to write a letter, design
a flyer, and create many other types of documents. The most well-known
word processor is Microsoft Word.
 Personal finance: Personal finance software, such as Quicken, allows
you to keep track of your income and expenses and create a budget,
among other tasks. Most personal finance programs can automatically
download information from your bank so you don't have to manually
type in all of your transactions.
 Web browsers: A web browser is the tool you use to access
theInternet. Most computers come with a web browser pre-installed,
but you can also download a different one if you prefer. Examples of
browsers include Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome,
and Safari.

 Games: There are many different games you can play on your computer.
They range from card games such as Solitaire to action games like Halo
2. Many action games require a lot of computing power, so they may
not work unless you have a newer computer.
 Media players: If you want to listen to MP3s or watch moviesyou've
downloaded, you'll need to use a media player. Windows Media
Player and iTunes are popular media players.
  Gadgets: Sometimes called widgets, these are simple applications you
can place on your desktop (or on the Dashboard if you're using a Mac).
There are many different types of gadgets, and they
includecalendars, calculators, maps, and news headlines.

Installing applications
In order to work, an application usually has to be installed on your
computer. Typically, installation is as simple as inserting the installation
disc and following the instructions on the screen. For
software downloaded from the Internet, you can usually double-
click it after it is finished downloading and then follow the instructions on
the screen. Many applications include a readme file (for
example, [Link]), which includes installation instructions and other
information.

Use caution when downloading software because it can

contain viruses or other malware. If you have anantivirus program,
you should scan the downloaded software before installing it. For
more information, learn about Protecting Your Computer from
Internet Threats in our Internet Safety tutorial.

Files and applications

Each application on your computer has a group of file types—
or formats—it is able to open. You generally won't have to figure out
which application will open your files. When you double-click a file, your
computer will automatically use the correct application to open it, as long
as the application is installed on your computer.

If you don't have the correct application installed, you may not be able to
open the file. However, in some cases you can open the file with a web
application that runs in your browser. For example, if you don't have
Microsoft Word, you can open Word documents with Google Docs. To
learn more, you can visit our lesson on Understanding the Cloud.

If you're not sure what a file's format is, you can look at
the extension at the end of the file name (such as .docx, .txt,
 or .jpg). On some computers, the extension may be hidden, and you
may need to look at the icon to determine the file format.

Mobile apps

Desktop and laptop computers aren't the only devices that can run apps.
You can also download apps for mobile devices
like smartphones and tablets, which opens up many new possibilities.
Here are a few examples of mobile apps:

 Flipboard: Flipboard allows you to create a personal news feed by

choosing topics, authors, and publications you like. The app will keep track
of what you like and deliver content that interests you. You can even create
your own online magazine for other Flipboard users to read.
 Wolfram|Alpha: Wolfram|Alpha is basically a giant
searchable encyclopedia for any kind of science, language, or math question
you might have. You can access Wolfram|Alpha on the Web or download
the app for your mobile device, and the company makes specific reference
apps for different subjects as well. But the basic Wolfram|Alpha app will
give you access to data on the greatest number of subjects from your tablet
or phone.
 TuneIn Radio: TuneIn Radio allows you to stream talk radio, music,
and podcastsfrom around the world. It can be downloaded on your
 computer as well as to your phone or tablet, so you can listen to whatever
interests you anywhere you have Internet access.
Compared with traditional applications, mobile apps are relatively
inexpensive. Some of them cost as little as$0.99 and others are free,
although they may require you to make in-app purchases to access
some functions. If your mobile device has an Internet connection, you
can download apps directly onto it. Otherwise, you can sometimes
download them to your computer and then transfer them over.

[Link] offers a variety of educational mobile apps. You

can go to our Mobile Apps pageto download them for free.

Challenge!
 What are some examples of applications you have on your computer?
Did you have to install them, or did they come pre-installed on your
computer?
 Try double-clicking some files on your computer. Which applications
open up?
 What are some examples of mobile apps?
 If you have a mobile device, research some of the apps available
for Apple iOS or Android.

What is the cloud?

You may have heard people using terms like the cloud, cloud
computing, or cloud storage. But what exactly is the cloud? Basically,
the cloud is the Internet—more specifically, it's all of the things you
can access remotelyover the Internet. When something is in the cloud,
it means it is stored onservers on the Internet instead of on your
computer. It lets you access your calendar, email, files, and more from
any computer that has an Internet connection.

Watch the video to learn about the cloud.

If you've ever used web-based email, you've used the cloud. All of the
emails in your inbox are stored on servers. However, there are many
 other services that use the cloud in different ways. Here are just a few
examples:

 Dropbox is a cloud storage service that lets you easily store and share files
with others, and it lets you access your files from a mobile device as well.
 Evernote lets you type notes, clip webpages, take photos, and organize all
of them from your computer or mobile device.
 Mozy and Carbonite can automatically back up your data in case your
computer is lost, stolen, or damaged.

There are also apps you can use that live in the cloud so you
can use them without installing them on your computer. These
apps are sometimes called web apps. Web apps include things
like Google Docs, which allows you to create documents and
spreadsheets online; and Runescape, which is a game you can
play in your browser without downloading anything. Why
use the cloud?

There are many reasons to use the cloud, but the main reasons
are convenience and reliability. Saving a file to the cloud ensures that
you'll be able to access it with any computer that has an Internet
connection, so you won't need to worry about using CD-ROMs or USB
 flash drives. The cloud also makes it much easier to share a file with
coworkers and friends.

With the cloud, you're much less likely to lose your databecause it is
stored on servers. However, just like anything online, there is always a
risk that someone may try to gain access to your personal data, so it's
important to choose astrong password and pay attention to
any privacy settings for the service you're using.

What is a web app?

Previously, we talked about how desktop applications allow you to

perform tasks on your computer. However, there are also web
applications—or web apps—which run in the cloud and do not need
to be installed on your computer. These are sometimes called cloud
apps.

Examples of web apps

Many of the most popular sites on the Internet are actually web apps.
You may have even used a web app without realizing it! Here are just a
few examples:

 Online email services: Services like Gmail and Yahoo! Mail run within
your browser and can do many of the same things email programs
like Microsoft Outlook can do. After you sign up for an online email
service, you can begin using it immediately—no installation is required.
Instead of being stored on your computer, your emails are stored in the
cloud.
 Facebook: Facebook lets you create an online profile and interact with
your friends. Profiles and conversations are constantly evolving, so
Facebook uses web app technologies throughout the site to keep the
information up to date. There are also games and other web apps you can
add to your Facebook profile.
 Google Docs: Google Docs (shown below) is an office suite that runs in
your browser. Much like Microsoft Office, you can use it to
create documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and more. Your
documents are stored in the cloud, which makes it easy to share them with
others.

What is an operating system?

An operating system is the most important software that runs on a

computer. It manages the computer's memory, processes, and all of
itssoftware and hardware. It also allows you to communicate with the
computer without knowing how to speak the computer's
[Link] an operating system, a computer is useless.

The operating system's job

Your computer's operating system (OS) manages all of
the software and hardware on the computer. Most of the time, there are
many different computer programs running at the same time, and they
all need to access your computer's central processing unit
(CPU), memory, and storage. The operating system coordinates all of
this to make sure each program gets what it needs.

Types of operating systems

Operating systems usually come preloaded on any computer you buy.
Most people use the operating system that comes with their computer,
but it's possible to upgrade or even change operating systems.
 The three most common operating systems for personal computers
are Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X, andLinux.

Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface,

or GUI (pronounced gooey). A GUI lets you use your mouse to
click icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly displayed on
the screen using a combination ofgraphics and text.

Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you
switch to a different operating system it may seem unfamiliar at first.
However, modern operating systems are designed to be easy to use,
and most of the bBefore GUIs, computers had a command-line
interface, which meant users had to type every single command to the
computer and the computer would only display [Link] principles are
the same.

Challenge!
 What is the cloud?
 Do you use any apps or websites now that you think are cloud-based?
 What are some other ways you could use the cloud?
 How is a web app different from a desktop application?

Computer Basics

Basic Parts of a Computer

274 20 36

Introduction
 The basic parts of a desktop computer are the computer
case, monitor,keyboard, mouse, and power cord. Each part plays
an important rolewhenever you use a computer.

Watch the video to learn about the basic parts of a desktop computer.

Computer case

The computer case is the metal and plastic box that contains the main
componentsof the computer. It houses the motherboard, central processing unit
(CPU), power supply, and more.

Computer cases come in different shapes and sizes. A desktop case lies flat on
a desk, and the monitor usually sits on top of it. A tower case is tall and sits
next to the monitor or on the floor. The front of the case usually has an on/off
switch and one or more optical drives.

Most of the personal computers you can purchase today include tower
cases rather than desktop cases; however, some computers are being made
with all of the internal components built into the monitor, which eliminates
the need for a tower.
Monitor

The monitor works with a video card, located inside the computer
case, to display images and text on the screen. Newer monitors usually
have LCD (liquid crystal display) or LED (light-emitting diode) displays.
These can be made very thin, and they are often called flat-panel
displays. Older monitors use CRT (cathode ray tube) displays. CRT
monitors are much larger and heavier, and they take up more desk
space.

Most monitors have control buttons that allow you to change your
monitor's display settings, and some monitors also have built-in
speakers.

LED displays are actually LCDs that are backlit with light-emitting
diodes. This allows for greater contrast than a traditional LCD.
Power cord

The power cord is the link between the power outlet and the power
supply unit in the computer casing. If the power cord is not plugged in,
the computer will not power on. To protect your computer from voltage
spikes, you can plug the power cord in to a surge protector. You can
also use an uninterruptable power supply (UPS), which acts as a surge
protector and proviKeyboard

The keyboard is one of the primary ways we communicate with the

computer and enter data. There are many different types of computer
keyboards, including wired, wireless, ergonomic, and multimedia.
Although there may be differences in the location of some keys or
features, keyboards are very similar and allow you to accomplish
basically the same tasks.

Click the buttons in the interactive below to learn about the different
parts of the keyboard.
If you want to learn how to type or improve your touch-typing skills,
check out our free Typing Tutorial.
des temporary power if there is a blackout. Mouse

The mouse is a peripheral that is known as a pointing device. It lets

you point to objects on the screen, click on them, and move them.

There are two main types of mice: optical and mechanical.

The opticalmouse uses an electronic eye to detect movement and is
easier to clean. The mechanical mouse uses a rolling ball to detect
movement. Generally, a mechanical mouse is less expensive, although
it may require regular cleaning to keep it working properly.

Traditionally, a mouse connects to the computer using

a USB or PS/2connection. However, you can also buy
a wireless mouse, which can reduce clutter on your desktop.

To learn the basics of using a mouse, check out our interactive Mouse
Tutorial.

Mouse alternatives
There are other devices that can do the same thing as a mouse but that
have a different look and feel. Many people find them to be easier to
use, and they also require less desk space than a mouse. The most
common mouse alternatives include:
 Trackball: A trackball has a ball on top that can rotate freely. Instead of
moving the device like a mouse, you can roll the ball with your fingers to
move the pointer. Some mobile devices have miniature trackballs that can be
controlled with your thumb.

Touchpad: A touchpad—also called a trackpad—is a touch-sensitive

pad that lets you control the pointer by making a drawing motion with
your finger. Touchp

Challenge!
 Think about the desktop computers you've seen at work, school, the
library, a store, or a friend's house. What did they look like? Were
they all-in-one, or did they have a separate tower?
 Review the keyboard interactive on page 3 of this lesson. Are there any
keys you haven't used before?
 If you're using a mouse, flip it over to see whether
it's optical or mechanical.
 Is your monitor LCD, LED, or CRT?
 If your monitor has control buttons, try adjusting
the brightness and contrast.

ads are common on laptop computers. Computer Basics

 Buttons and Ports on a Computer
87 11 7

Introduction

Take a look at the front and back of your computer case, and count the
number of buttons, sockets, and slots you see. Now look at your
monitor and count any that appear there. You probably counted at least
20.

Each computer is different, so the buttons, slots, and sockets will vary
from computer to computer. However, there are certain features you
can expect to find on most desktop computers. Being familiar with the
names of each and how they are commonly used will help you later on
when you connect a new printer, mouse, digital camera, or other device.

Watch the video to learn about the buttons, sockets, and slots on a
desktop computer.

Front of computer case

Click the buttons in the interactive below to become familiar with the
front of a computer.

Back of computer case

 On the back of the computer case are connection ports that are made
to fit specific devices. The arrangement of these varies from computer
to computer, and many companies have their own special connectors for
specific devices. Some of the ports may be color coded to match a
color on the device, which will help you determine which port is used
with a particular device.

Click the buttons in the interactive below to become familiar

with connection ports. Other types of ports
There are many other types of ports computers can have. For example,
some Macs have a FireWire port, which is similar to USB. There are
also newer ports such as Thunderbolt, which can transmit data at very
high speeds, making them ideal for use with high-resolution
monitors and external hard drives. If your computer has ports you
don't recognize, consult your manual for more information.

Now you try it! Practice connecting the cables with an

Peripherals you can use
interactive game.
with your computer
The most basic computer setup usually includes the computer
case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse, but you can plug many different
types of devices into the extra ports on your computer. These devices
are called peripherals. Below are a few examples of peripherals.

 Printers: A printer is used to print documents, photos, and anything

else that appears on your screen. There are many types of printers
available, includinginkjet, laser, and photo printers. You can also buy
an all-in-one printer, scanner, and copier.
 Scanners: A scanner allows you to copy an image or document and
save it to your computer as a digital (computer-readable) image. Many
scanners are included as part of an all-in-one printer, scanner, and copier,
although you can also buy a separate flatbed or handheld scanner.
 Speakers/headphones: Speakers and headphones are output devices,
which means they are devices that communicate information from the
computer to the user. They allow you tohear sound and music.
Depending on the model, they may connect to the audio port or
the USB port. Some monitors also have built-in speakers.

 Microphones: A microphone is a type of input device, or a device that

receives information from a user. You can connect the microphone to the
computer and use the computer to record sound or to communicate with
another computer user over the Internet. Many computers come with
built-in microphones.
 Web cameras: A web camera—or webcam—is a type of input device
that can record videos and take pictures. It can also transmit video over
the Internet in real time, allowing you to do video chat or video
conferencing with someone in a different part of the world. Webcams
are used often in business, and they also help many friends and families
stay connected.

 Joystick or game controller: A joystick is a lever that is used to control

computer games. There are many other types of controllers you can use,
and you can also use your mouse and keyboard to control most games.
 Digital cameras: A digital camera lets you capture a picture or video in
digital form. By connecting the camera to your computer's USB port,
 you can transfer the images from the camera to the computer. You can
then print the images, emailthem to a friend, or post them on the Web.
 Mobile phones, MP3 players, tablet computers, and other
devices: When you buy an electronic device such as a mobile phone or
MP3 player, check to see if it comes with a USB cable. If it does, this
means you can connect it to your computer. With many devices, you
can synchronize—or sync—them with your computer, which
automatically keeps your contacts, music, and other data up to date
whenever you connect the device to your computer.

Challenge!
 Find out what types of drives are on your computer (CD-ROM, DVD-
ROM, etc.).
 Count the number of USB ports on your computer.
 What are some of the peripherals you can use with your computer?
 Does your mobile phone include an adapter cable that connects to your
computer?

Inside a computer

Have you ever looked inside a computer case before, or seen pictures
of the inside of one? The small parts may look complicated, but the
inside of a computer case really isn't all that mysterious. This lesson will
help you master some of the basic terminology and understand a bit
more about what goes on inside a computer casing.

Watch the video to learn about what's inside a desktop computer.

A look inside a computer
Let's explore the inside of a computer tower.

CPU/processor

The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor, is located

inside thecomputer case on the motherboard. It is sometimes called the
brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out commands. Whenever
you press a key, click the mouse, or start an application, you're sending
instructions to the CPU.

The CPU is generally a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon

chip located inside. The chip is usually about the size of a thumbnail.
The CPU fits into the motherboard'sCPU socket, which is covered by
the heat sink, an object that absorbs heat from the CPU.

A processor's speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions of

instructions per second; and gigahertz (GHz), or billions of instructions
per second. A faster processor can execute instructions more quickly.
However, the actual speed of the computer depends on the speed of
many different components—not just the processor.

There are many processor manufacturers for personal computers,

but the most well-known ones are Inteland AMD.
Motherboard

The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board. It's a thin plate
that holds the CPU, memory, connectors for the hard drive and optical
drives, expansion cards to control the video and audio, and connections
to your computer's ports (such as USB ports). The motherboard
connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer.

Power supply unit

The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall
outlet to the type of power needed by the computer. It sends power
through cables to the motherboard and other components.

If you decide to open the computer case and take a look, make sure
to unplug the computer first. Before touching the inside of the
computer, you should touch a grounded metal object—or a metal part
of the computer casing—to discharge any static buildup. Static
electricity can be transmitted through the
RAM (random access memory)

RAM is your system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer performs

calculations, it temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed.

This short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're
working on a document, spreadsheet, or other type of file, you'll need to save it
to avoid losing it. When you save a file, the data is written to the hard drive,
which acts as long-term storage.

RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB). The more

RAM you have, the more things your computer can do at the same time. If you
don't have enough RAM, you may notice that your computer is sluggish when
you have several programs open. Because of this, many people add extra
RAM to their computers to improve performance.

Hard drive
 The hard drive on your computer is where the software is installed, and it's also
where your documents and other files are stored. The hard drive is long-term
storage, which means the data is still saved even if you turn the computer off or
unplug it.

When you run a program or open a file, the computer copies some of the data
from the hard drive onto the RAM. When you save a file, the data is copied
back to the hard drive. The faster the hard drive is, the faster your computer
can start up and load programs.

Expansion cards
Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow
you to add various types of expansion cards. These are sometimes
called PCI (peripheral component interconnect) cards. You may
never have to add any PCI cards because most motherboards have
built-in video, sound, network, and other capabilities. However, if you
want to boost the performance of your computer or update the
capabilities of an older computer, you can always add one or more
cards. Below are some of the most common types of expansion cards.

Video card

The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most
computers have a GPU (graphics processing unit) built into the
motherboard instead of having a separate video card. If you like playing
graphics-intensive games, you can add a faster video card to one of
theexpansion slots to get better performance.
Sound card
The sound card, also called an audio card, is responsible for what you
hear in the speakers or headphones. Most motherboards have
integrated sound, but you can upgrade to a dedicated sound card for
higher-quality sound.

Network card
The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network
and access the Internet. It can either connect with an Ethernet cable or
through a wireless connection (often called Wi-Fi). Many motherboards
have built-in network connections, and a network card can also be
added to an expansion slot.

Bluetooth card

Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short

distances. It's often used in computers to communicate with
wireless keyboards, mice, and printers. It's often built into the
motherboard or included in a wireless network card. For computers
that don't have Bluetooth, a USB adapter, called a dongle, can be
purchased.

1234 Challenge!
 Review the parts of the computer identified in this lesson. Make sure
you know the function of each part.
 Think creatively! In the videos, we compared the CPU to a brain, the
hard drive to a closet, and the motherboard to a blueprint. Do any of the
computer parts listed remind you of anything else?
  Find out your computer's processor speed. Is it measured
in gigahertz or megahertz? How much RAMdoes your computer have?

What is a laptop computer?

A laptop is a personal computer that can be easily carried and used in a variety
of locations. Many laptops are designed to have all of the functionality of a
desktop computer, which means they can generally run the same software and
open the same types of files. However, some laptops, such as netbooks,
sacrifice some functionality in order to be even more portable.

Watch the video to learn about the basic parts of a laptop computer.

How is a laptop different from a

desktop?
Because laptops are designed for portability, there are some important
differences between them and desktop computers. A laptop has an all-
in-one design, with a built-in monitor, keyboard, touchpad (which
replaces the mouse), and speakers. This means it is fully functional,
even when there are no peripherals attached to it. A laptop is quicker to
set up, and there are fewer cables to get in the way. Some newer
laptops even have touchscreens, so you may not even need to use a
keyboard or mouse.

There also is the option of connecting a regular mouse, larger monitor,

and other peripherals. This basically turns your laptop into a desktop
computer, with one main difference: You can easily disconnect the
peripherals and take the laptop with you wherever you go.
 Here are the main differences you can expect with a laptop.

 Touchpad: A touchpad—also called a trackpad—is a touch-sensitive pad

that lets you control the pointer by making a drawing motion with your
finger. Many touchpads now includemulti-touch gestures, which allow you
to perform specific tasks by making gestures with more than one finger. For
example, a pinch gesture is often used to zoom in or out.

 Battery: Every laptop has a battery, which allows you to use the laptop
when it's not plugged in. Whenever you plug in the laptop, the
battery recharges. Another benefit of having a battery is that it can
provide backup power to the laptop if the power goes out.

 AC adapter: A laptop usually has a specialized power cable called an AC

adapter, which is designed to be used with that specific type of laptop.
Some of these cables use magneticMagSafe connectors that will safely pull
out if someone trips over the power cable. This helps to prevent damage to
the cable and the laptop.

 Ports: Most laptops have the same types of ports desktop computers have
(such as USB), although they usually havefewer ports to save space.
However, some ports may be different, and you may need an adapter in
 order to use them. For example, the monitor port is often a Mini
DisplayPort, which is a smaller version of the normal DisplayPort.

Because some ports have a similar appearance, you may need to

look at your manual to determine what types of ports your laptop
has.

Challenge!
 If you've used a laptop before, think about some of the ways it was
different from a desktop computer. Was it easier or more difficult to use?
 What are some advantages to using a laptop or netbook? Are there any
disadvantages?
 If you are thinking about buying a laptop, think about how you would
use it. Are there any parks, coffee shops, or bookstores where you
could use your laptop?
 Would a laptop, netbook, or tablet computer work best for you?

What is a mobile device?

A mobile device is basically any handheld computer. It is designed to
be extremely portable, often fitting in the palm of your hand or in your
pocket. Some mobile devices are more powerful, and they allow you to
do many of the same things you can do with a desktop or laptop
computer. These include tablet computers, e-readers,
andsmartphones.

Tablet computers
 Like laptops, tablet computers are designed to be portable. However,
they provide a different computing experience. The most obvious
difference is that tablet computers don't have keyboards or touchpads.
Instead, the entire screen is touch-sensitive, allowing you to type on
a virtual keyboard and use your finger as a mouse pointer.

Tablet computers can't necessarily do everything traditional computers

can do. For many people, a traditional computer like
adesktop or laptop is still needed in order to use some programs.
However, the convenience of a tablet computer means it may be ideal
as a second computer. Below are some of the main features you can
expect with a tablet computer.

 Mobile OS: Different types of tablets use different operating systems.

Examples include Android and iOS. You'll usually be able to
download free updates to your OS as they become available.

 Solid-state drives: Tablet computers usually use solid-state drives, which

allow the computer to boot up and open programs more quickly. They are
also more durablethan hard disk drives.
 Wi-Fi and 3G/4G: Because they are optimized for Internet use, tablet
computers have built-in Wi-Fi. For a monthly fee, you can also purchase
a 3G or 4G data plan, allowing you to access the Internet from almost
anywhere.

 Bluetooth: In order to save space, tablet computers have very few ports. If
you want to use an externalkeyboard or other peripherals, they will often
use a wireless Bluetooth connection.

E-Book readers
E-book readers—also called e-readers—are similar to tablet
computers, except they are mainly designed for reading e-
books (digital, downloadable books). Examples include the Amazon
Kindle and the Barnes & Noble Nook.

E-book readers have either an e-paper display or an LCD display.

 E-Paper: Short for electronic paper, this type of display can usually
only display black and white. It is designed to look a lot like an actual
page in a book. Unlike an LCD display, it is not backlit, so the text stays
readable even if you're outdoors in full sun. Many people consider e-
paper to be more pleasant to read because it causes less eye strain.
However, it generally can't be used for videos or other applications
because the refresh rate is too low.

 LCD: This is the same type of screen found on tablet

computers and laptops. It's more versatile than e-paper, but it's often
more difficult to view in bright sunlight because the image
becomes washed out. Because an LCD screen can display colors, this
 type of e-reader is better for viewing magazines and books with photos.
Many LCD e-readers (such as the Nook Color) are basically tablet
computers because they can perform many different tasks in addition to
displaying e-books.

You don't need an e-reader to read an e-book. E-books can

usually be read on tablet computers,smartphones, laptops,
and desktops. Smartphones

A smartphone is a powerful mobile phone that is designed to run a

variety of applications in addition to providing phone service.
Smartphones are basically smalltablet computers, and they can be
 used for web browsing, watching videos, reading e-books,
and playing games.

Smartphones use touchscreens and operating systems similar to

those used by tablet computers. Many of them use a virtual keyboard,
but others have a physical keyboard, which allows the entire screen to
be used for display purposes.

Internet access is an important feature of smartphones. Generally, you

will need to purchase a 3G, 4G, or LTE data plan in addition to
normal cell service. Smartphones can also connect to Wi-Fi when it is
available; this allows you to use the Internet without using up your
monthly data allotment.

3G, 4G, and LTE—sometimes called 4G LTE—are different types

of networks for cell phones. 3G is the slowest of the three
networks, but it is also the most widely used. 4G has the
potential to be much faster than 3G, but most phones are not
yet equipped to use it. 4G networks are also not available
everywhere—you're more likely to be able to use one if you live
in a big city. LTE is the most recent version of 4G. As more
phones become 4G compatible, the number of
peop Challenge!
 Think about how a tablet computer is different from a laptop. What are
some advantages and disadvantages to using a tablet?
 If you're thinking about buying an e-reader, think about what types of
things you like to read. Do you mostly read books or magazines? What
type of screen do you think would be best?
 Smartphones can have virtual keyboards or physical keyboards. What
are some advantages and disadvantages to each one?

le who use 4G and LTE networks will likely grow.

Setting up a computer
 You have a new computer and are ready to set it up. While this may
seem like an overwhelming and difficult task, it is actually quite simple. It
doesn't matter what brand of computer you have because most
computers are set up in a similar way.

If you're setting up a newly purchased computer that's still in the box,

you'll probably find a how-to guide in the packaging that includes step-
by-step details. However, even if it didn't include instructions you can
still set up the computer in a few easy steps. In this lesson, we'll go
through the different steps needed to set up a typical computer.

Watch the video to learn how to set up a desktop computer.

Setting up a laptop computer

If you have a laptop, setup should be easy: Just open it and press the
power button. If the battery isn't charged, you'll need to plug in the AC
adapter. You can continue using the laptop while it charges.

If your laptop has any peripherals, like external speakers, you may
want to read the instructions below because laptops and desktops
generally use the same types of connections.
Setting up a desktop computer

Step 1

Unpack the monitor and computer case from the box. Remove any
plastic covering or protective tape. Place the monitor and computer case
where you want on a desk or work area.

Think about where you want your desk or work area to be located, and
where you want your monitor, computer case, and other hardware to be.
Be sure to place your computer case in an area that is well
ventilated and that has good air flow. This will help to prevent
overheating.

Step 2
 Locate the monitor cable. There are several types of monitor cables, so
the one on your computer may not look like the one in the image at the
left. If you're having trouble finding your monitor cable, refer to the
instruction manual for your computer. (If you have an all-in-
one computer that's built into the monitor, you can skip to Step 4).

Step 3

Connect one end of the cable to the monitor port on the back of
thecomputer case and the other end to the monitor. Hand tighten the
plastic-covered screws on the monitor cable to secure it.

Many computer cables will only fit a specific way. If the cable doesn't
fit, don't force it or you might damage the connectors. Make sure the
plug aligns with the port, then connect it.

To figure out which cables belong in which ports, try our Connecting
Cables interactive.
Step 4

Unpack the keyboard and determine whether it uses

a USB(rectangular) connector or a PS/2 (round) connector. If it uses a
USB connector, plug it into any of the USB ports on the back of the
computer. If it uses a PS/2 connector, plug it into the purple keyboard
port on the back of the computer.

Step 5

Unpack the mouse and determine whether it uses a USB (rectangular)

connector or a PS/2 (round) connector. If it uses a USB connector, plug
it into any of the USB ports on the back of the computer. If it uses a PS/2
connector, plug it into the green mouse port on the back of the
computer.
 If your keyboard has a USB port, you can connect your mouse to the
keyboard instead of connecting it directly to your computer.

If you have a wireless mouse or keyboard, you may need to connect

a Bluetooth dongle (USB adapter) to your computer. However, many
computers have built-in Bluetooth, so a dongle may not be
necessary.

Step 6

If you have external speakers or headphones, you can connect them

to your computer's audio port (either on the front or the back of the
computer case). Many computers have color-coded
ports. Speakers orheadphones connect to the green port, and
a microphone connects to the pink port. The blue port is the line in,
which can be used with other types of devices.
Some speakers, headphones, and microphones have USB
connectorsinstead of the usual audio plug. These can be connected to
any USB port. In addition, many computers have speakers or
microphones built into the moStep 7

Locate the two power supply cables that came with your computer.
Plug the first power supply cable into the back of the computer case,
and then into a surge protector. Then, using the other cable, connect
the monitor to the surge protector.

Step 8

Finally, plug the surge protector into a wall outlet. You may also need
to turn on the surge protector if it has a power switch.

If you don't have a surge protector, you can plug the computer
directly into the wall. However, this is not recommended because
electrical surges can damage your computer.
Setup complete
Your basic computer hardware is now set up. Before you start it up,
spend some time arranging your workspace. A workspace that is
arranged well can improve your productivity and promote health.

For more information on arranging your workspace, you can view

the Computer Safety and Maintenance lesson in this tutorial.

nitor. Challenge!
 If you have a desktop computer that is already set up at home, take a
look at it.
o Look at the monitor cable, and see where it connects to the computer
case and monitor.
o Locate the power cords for the monitor and computer case.
o Locate the audio ports.
 Does your computer have a VGA monitor port, or another kind?
 Do you have a USB or PS/2 mouse?
 Do you have a USB or PS/2 keyboard?
 Is your computer plugged into a surge protector?

Starting up a new computer

When you start up a new computer for the first time, it will walk you
through several steps to set up and personalize it. These steps usually
only take a few minutes, and some of them are optional. The exact steps
will vary depending on what type of operating system you are using, but
here are a few things you will usually be able to do.
 Choose a language and location: Your operating system may have many
different languages installed, so you'll need to choose the one you want to
use. You may also have the option of choosing your location.

 Watch a welcome video: Your computer may play a brief welcome video
during the setup process, so it's a good idea to turn your speakers on to get
the full experience.

 Create a profile or account name: Your computer will need to have at

least one account name that you'll use to sign in. You can also choose to
create a password for extra security. If others will be using the computer,
you can set up separate accounts for each person later on.

 Choose a wireless network: If you have an existing wireless network, you

can select it during the setup process. If you don't have one, you can skip
this step (we'll talk about Internet and network settings in the Connecting to
the Internet lesson).
 Register your computer: You'll probably have the option of registering
your computer, which will send yourname, address, and other
information to the computer company. If you don't want to register at this
point, you can skip it.

If you're not sure what to do at a particular step, read the instructions

on the screen carefully. There may be a recommended option you
can choose, which will keep setup as simple as possible. In
 addition, some steps are optional, so if you're still not sure, you
can skip it.

If you're interested in creating multiple accounts, you can learn more

in our Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows XP tutorials.
Whenever you're creating a password, it's important to create
a strong one that will be difficult for others to guess. For tips on
creating a strong password, check out our Password Tips lesson.

Migrating your files and settings

If you have another computer that has all of your files andsettings,
you'll probably want to copy them to the new computer. This is known
as migrating. It's possible to manually move your files using an external
hard drive, DVD-ROM discs, or an existing home network. This can
be time consuming, and you may not be able to move all of your settings
to the new computer.

However, your computer probably has a built-in tool to help you

migrate your files and settings, and it may appear automatically during
the setup process. This tool will let you choose what you want to move,
and it will automatically move the selected items to the new
computer. PCs and Macs have different tools for this purpose.
  PCs use Windows Easy Transfer, which will either be on your
installation disc or can be downloaded. To download it, go to
the Windows Easy Transfer page.
 Macs use Migration Assistant, which is built into every Mac. For more
information, go to the Apple Support

 Installing peripherals


 If you have a printer, scanner, webcam, or other peripherals, you
can connect them at this point. Many peripherals are plug and play,
which means they will be recognized by your computer as soon as
they are plugged in. Other peripherals may include software that
needs to be installed before you can begin using them. Use the
instructions included with the device to install it if necessary.
 Generally, peripherals are optional, and you can add new ones
at any time—you don't have to add all peripherals during the
initial setup of your computer.
 Setup complete!
 You have now finished setting up your computer, and you can start
using it. In the next lesson, we'll go over the basics of using your
operating system so you can become comfortable with the way your
computer works.

Challenge!
 Is your computer brand new, or is it used? If it is brand new, what are
some of the setup steps you had to take when you first turned it on?
  If you have old files on another computer, how will you move them to
the new computer? Does your computer have a built-in tool to help you
do this?
 How many people use your computer? Would it make sense to
create multiple accounts?
 Try creating a strong password. What makes a password strong?

Getting to know your computer's OS

The screen you see when your computer has finished starting up is called
the desktop. Depending on what kind of operating system you have, the
desktop will look different, but it generally consists of menus at the bottom,
top, and/or sides of the screen, with the rest of the screen containing a desktop
background, or wallpaper. The desktop background area can also contain
any files, applications, or shortcuts you want to have quick access to.

Watch the video to learn the basics of using Windows.

Getting to know the desktop

Both PCs and Macs have desktops, but their desktops look a bit different. The
interactives below will introduce you to the Windows and Mac desktops.

Click the buttons in the interactive below to learn more about the Windows
desktop.
Click the buttons in the interactive below to learn more about the OS X
desktop.
 If you have difficulty seeing or hearing—or if you have trouble
manipulating the mouse or keyboard—there are settings that can help make
your computer easier to use. To learn more, check out our lesson
onAccessibility Features.

Your computer's file system

No matter which operating system you use, your computer

uses folders to organize all of the different files and applications it
 contains. Folder icons on your computer are designed to look like file
folders full of documents or pictures.

Each operating system has its own file system, which helps you find
your folders and files. If your PC runs on Windows 7 or earlier, your file
system will be calledWindows Explorer (not to be confused
with Internet Explorer, which is the PC's pre-installed web browser). If
your PC runs on Windows 8, the file system will be called File
Explorer. The file system for Macs is called Finder. Here, we'll talk
about the basic functions that are common to all computer file systems.

To find out more about file systems on Macs, check out the lesson
on Working with Files in our OS X Basics tutorial. To learn more about
PC file systems, take a look at the Working with Files lesson in
ourWindows Basics tutorial.

Opening your computer's file system

Whether you're using a PC or a Mac, the file system icon will be in the
bottom-left part of the screen. On a PC, theWindows Explorer
icon looks like a folder, as in the image below.
On a Mac, the Finder icon looks like a face and will be located in your
Dock, as seen below.
 In both operating systems, you can also open the file system by clicking
a folder from your desktop.

Basic navigation
Whether you're using Windows Explorer or Finder, basic navigation is
the same. If you see the file you want, you can double-click it.
Otherwise, you can use the Navigation pane on the left side of the
window to select a different location.
Deleting files

Windows and OS X use a Trash can—or Recycle Bin—to

prevent you from accidentally deleting files. When you delete a
file, it is moved to the Trash can. If you change your mind, you
can move the file back to its original location. If you're sure you
want to permanently delete the file, you will need to empty the
trash or recycle bin

Opening applications
When you double-click a file, it will automatically open in the default
application for that file type. However, sometimes you may want to
open an application directly.
To open an application on a PC:
 Click the Start button, then select the desired application. If you don't
see it, you can click All Programs to see a complete list. In our example,
we've opened Internet Explorer. For convenience, commonly used
applications may also have a shortcut on the taskbar or on the desktop.

In Windows 8, there is no Start menu, so you'll usually open

applications from the Start screen. To learn more, check out our
lesson on Getting Started with Windows 8.
To open an application on a Mac:
 Click the application's icon on the Dock. If you don't see it, click
the Spotlight icon in the top-right corner of the screen and type the name
of the application.

If you are using OS X Lion or a more recent version of OS X, you

can also click the Launchpad icon on the Dock to select an
application.

Adjusting your computer's settings

When you start using a new computer, you may want to begin by
adjusting the computer's settings. Adjusting your settings can range from
simple tasks such as changing your desktop background to more
advanced tasks like adjusting your security or keyboard settings. On
PCs, the Control Panel is used to adjust settings. On Macs, you'll
use System Preferences.

To access your computer's settings:

 In Windows 7 or earlier, click the Start button, then select Control
Panel.
 In Windows 8, you can open the Control Panel directly from the Start
screen. Using your keyboard, typeControl Panel and press
the Enter key.
  On a Mac, click the Apple icon, then select System Preferences.

For more information on changing settings on a PC, check out

the Adjusting Your Settings lesson in ourWindows Basics tutorial.
For more information on changing settings on a Mac, take a look at
the Adjusting Your Settings lesson in our OS X Basics tutorial.

Shutting down your computer

When you're done using your computer, it's important to shut it down
properly. Depending on your operating system, the exact procedure for
shutting down will vary.
To shut down in Windows 8:
Click the Start button to access the Start screen, click

the Power button near the top-right corner,

and selectShut down.
To shut down in Windows 7 or earlier:
Click the Start button, then select Shut down (in some versions, this
may say Turn Off Computer or look like the power

symbol ).
To shut down in Mac OS X:
Click the Apple icon, then select Shut Down.
Challenge!
 Are you using a PC or a Mac? What kinds of menus and toolbars does it
have? How do they change when you open an application?
 What are folders used for?
 Try navigating different folders on your computer.
 What happens when you double-click a file?
 Where do you go to adjust settings on a PC? On a Mac?

How do I connect to the Internet?

Once you've set up your computer, you'll probably want to get Internet
access so you can send and receive email, browse the Web, watch movies, and
 more. Before you can access the Internet, there are three things you need:
an Internet service, a modem, and a web browser.

Watch the video to learn about connecting to the Internet.

Choosing an Internet service

Which service is best for me?

It all depends on where you live and how much speed you
need. Internet service providers (ISPs) usually offer different levels of
speed based on your needs. If you're mainly using the Internet
for email and social networking, a slower connection might be all you
need. However, if you want to download a lot of music or
watch streaming movies, you'll want a faster connection. You'll need to
do some research to find out what the options are in your area. Here are
some common types of Internet service.

 Dial-up: Dial-up is generally the slowest type of Internet connection, and

you should probably avoid it unless it is the only service available in your
area. Like a phone call, a dial-up modem will connect you to the Internet by
dialing a number, and it will disconnect when you are done surfing the Web.
Unless you have multiple phone lines, you will not be able to use your land
line and the Internet at the same time with a dial-up connection.

 DSL: DSL service uses a broadband connection, which makes it much

faster than dial-up. However, it is unavailable in many locations, so you'll
need to contact your local ISP for information about your area. DSL
connects to the Internet via phone line but does not require you to have a
land line at home. Unlike dial-up, it will always be on once it's set up, and
you'll be able to use the Internet and your phone line simultaneously.

 Cable: Cable service connects to the Internet via cable TV, although you do
not necessarily need to have cable TV in order to get it. It uses a broadband
connection and can be faster than both dial-up and DSL service; however, it
is only available in places where cable TV is available.

 Satellite: A satellite connection uses broadband but does not require cable
or phone lines; it connects to the Internet through satellites orbiting the
 Earth. As a result, it can be used almost anywhere in the world, but the
connection may be affected by weather patterns. A satellite connection also
relays data on a delay, so it is not the best option for people who use real-
time applications, like gaming or video conferencing.

 3G and 4G: 3G and 4G service is most commonly used with mobile phones
and tablet computers, and it connects wirelessly through your ISP's network.
If you have a device that's 3G or 4G enabled, you'll be able to use it to
access the Internet away from home, even when there is no Wi-Fi
connection. However, you may have to pay per device to use a 3G or 4G
connection, and it may not be as fast as DSL or cable.

Choosing an Internet service provider

Once you have decided which type of Internet access you're interested
in, you can determine which ISPs are available in your area that offer
the type of Internet access you want. Then you'll need to purchase
Internet service from one of the available ISPs. Talk to friends, family
members, and neighbors to see which ISPs they use. Below are some
things to consider as you research ISPs:

 Speed
 Price
 Ease of installation
 Service record
 Technical support
 Contract terms

Although dial-up has traditionally been the least expensive option,

many ISPs have raised dial-up prices to be the same as broadband.
This is intended to encourage people to switch to broadband.
Generally, you should only use dial-up if it's the only option available.

Hardware needed
Modem

Once you have your computer, you really don't need much additional
hardware to connect to the Internet. The primary piece of hardware you
need is a modem.

The type of Internet access you choose will determine the type of
modem you [Link]-up access uses a telephone
modem, DSL service uses a DSL modem, cableaccess uses a cable
modem, and satellite service uses a satellite adapter. Your ISP may
give you a modem—often for a fee—when you sign a contract, which
helps ensure that you have the right kind of modem. However, if you
would prefer to shop for a better or less expensive modem, you can
choose to buy one separately.

Router
 A router is a hardware device that allows you to connect several
computersand other devices to a single Internet connection, which is
known as a home network. Many routers are wireless, allowing you to
easily create a wireless network.

You don't necessarily need to buy a router to connect to the Internet.

It's possible to connect your computer directly to your modem using an
Ethernet cable. Also, many modems now include a built-in router, so
you have the option of creating a network without having to buy more
hardware.

Most routers also act as a hardware firewall, which helps prevent

others from gaining access to your computer through the Internet.

Network card

A network card is a piece of hardware that allows computers to

communicate over a computer network. Most newer computers have a
network card built into the motherboard, so it probably isn't something
you'll need to purchase. The network card will have an Ethernet port,
a wirelessconnection, or both.

If you have a laptop with a wireless connection, you can access the
Internet at any place that offers a Wi-Fi connection.
Many restaurants, coffee shops,bookstores, hotels, and other
businesses offer free Wi-Fi. In addition, many cities provide free Wi-Fi in
public areas such as parks and downtown areas.
Web browsers

A web browser is the tool you use to access the Web. The browser's
main job is to display webpages. It also lets you create bookmarks—
sometimes called Favorites—for sites you like so you can easily find
them again later.

The World Wide Web is a virtual network of websites connected

by hyperlinks (or links). Websites are stored on servers on the
Internet, so the World Wide Web is a part of the Internet.

Your computer probably came with a browser pre-installed. PCs come

with Internet Explorer, while Macs come with Safari. If you prefer to use
a different browser, you can download Firefox, Google Chrome,
or Opera. All of these browsers are free.

Setting up your Internet connection

Once you have chosen an ISP and purchased the appropriate modem,
you can use the instructions provided by your ISP—or included with the
modem—to set up your Internet connection. Depending on the type of
service you have, your ISP may need to send a technician to your
house to turn on the connection.

After you have everything set up, you can open your web browser and
begin using the Internet. If you have any problems with your Internet
connection, you can call your ISP's technical support number.
For more information on using the Internet, check out
our Internet 101 tutorial. Home networking
If you have multiple computers at home and want to use all of them to
access the Internet, you'll probably want to create a home network. In a
home network, all of your devices connect to your router, which is
connected to themodem. This means everyone in your family can use
the Internet at the same time, and you don't have to purchase a
separate Internet service for each computer.

How is a home network used?

Each computer on a network doesn't just connect to the Internet—it also

connects to the other computers and devices on the network. This
means you can easily share files with other computers. Some programs
even let you stream music and movies from one computer to another.
One example of this is the Home Sharingfeature in iTunes. These
types of features are easy to set up, but it's up to you whether you want
to use them.

Home networks aren't just for families! Even if you live alone, you
may have multiple devices that can connect to a network.
Many phones, printers, MP3 players, video game consoles,
 and digital video recorders (DVRs) are equipped with wireless
cards and often require very little setup to connect them to your home
network.

Wireless security

A home network can be wired (using Ethernet cables)

or wireless (using Wi-Fi). It may also be a mixture of the two, with some
devices connecting with Ethernet and others connecting wirelessly.
Wireless is generally more convenient; however, you'll need to think
about wireless security. Below are some important security terms you'll
need to know.

 SSID: A service set identifier, commonly called the SSID, is thename of a

wireless network. You should change the default SSID to something unique
that you'll remember. You may not want to use your actual name, but you
can use a hobby or other interest (likerockclimbing1).

 Encryption password: An encryption password is a series of

characters that is used to control access to the network. For even greater
security, some people use apassphrase, which is longer—and therefore
more secure—than a password. You should choose a password or
passphrase that's easy for you to remember but difficult for others to guess.

 Encryption: Encryption prevents unauthorized users from reading data that

is transmitted over your wireless network. The data is coded into an
unreadable form, and it can only be decoded by a computer that has the
correct password or passphrase. The most common types of encryption for
wireless networks are WPA (Wi-Fi protected access) and WPA2.
Although it's possible to create a wireless network that doesn't have a
password, it is very risky. You should always create a password or
passphrase to protect it from unauthorized access.

Setting up a home network

Before you set up your home network, you'll need to have aworking
Internet connection. The exact process of creating a network will vary
depending on the type of computer you have, as well as what type of
Internet service you have. You should use the instructions provided by
your ISP (or the ones included with your router) when setting up your
network. The following steps will give you an idea of what to expect.

1. If you have a separate router, connect it to the modem, and make sure it
has power through the power adapter. If you have a combined router and
modem, you won't have to do this.
2. Connect all nonwireless devices to your router usingEthernet cables.
You may also need to connect yourcomputer to the router until setup is
complete, even if your computer has a wireless card.
3. From your computer, you will need to create
the SSID and password or passphrase for your router. You now have
a wireless network that you can begin connecting wireless devices to.
4. On each wireless device, you will need to go to your network settings
and select the name (SSID) of the network you just created. You will
then be prompted to type your password.
 At this point, your home network setup is complete. If your network isn't
working, the instructions from your ISPshould include some
troubleshooting tips. You can also call your ISP's technical
support number if you're still having trouble.

To learn how to safely use a wireless network, check

out Wireless and Mobile Device Challenge!
 Research two or more Internet service providers (ISPs), and compare
their service packages. What are the different connection speeds offered
by each provider?
 Try using a few different web browsers. Do they work differently?
Which one was easier to use?
 Do you have any devices (computers, mobile phones, etc.) that
can connect wirelessly? Would it make sense to create a wireless
network in your home?

Safety in ourInternet Safety tutorial. How do I keep my

computer healthy?

Computers are expensive, and with all major purchases you probably
want to protect your investment. Luckily, it is not difficult to keep your
computer healthy and in good working order. Maintaining a computer
involves three things: keeping it physically clean, protecting it
frommalware, and backing up important files.

Watch the video to learn how to keep a computer healthy.

Keep your computer physically clean
When dealing with computers, dust isn't just unattractive—it can
potentially destroy parts of your computer. By cleaning your computer
regularly, you can help to keep it working properly and avoid
expensive repairs.

Cleaning the keyboard

A dirty keyboard doesn't look nice and can cause your keyboard tonot
work properly. Dust, food, liquid, and other particles can get stuck
underneath the keys, which can prevent them from working properly.
Check your owner's manual to see if the manufacturer has provided you
with instructions for your specific keyboard. If so, follow them. If not, the
following steps are basic cleaning tips that can help keep your
keyboard clean.

1. Unplug the keyboard from the USB or PS/2 port. If the keyboard is
plugged into the PS/2 port, you will need to shut down the computer
before unplugging it.
2. Turn the keyboard upside down, and gently shake it to remove dirt and
dust.
3. Use a can of compressed air to clean between the keys.
4. Moisten a cotton cloth or paper towel with rubbing alcohol, and use it
to clean the tops of the keys. Do not pour alcohol or any other liquid
directly onto the keys.
 5. Reconnect the keyboard to the computer once it is dry. If you are
connecting it to a PS/2 port, you will need to connect it before turning on
the computer.

Dealing with liquids

If you spill liquid on the keyboard, quickly shut down the computer and
disconnect the keyboard and turn it upside down to allow the liquid to
drain.

If the liquid is sticky, you will need to hold the keyboard on its side
under running water to rinse the sticky liquid away. Then turn the
keyboard upside down to drain for two days before reconnecting it. The
keyboard may not be repairable at this point, but rinsing the sticky liquid
off of it is the only chance for it to be usable again. The best way to
avoid this situation is to Cleaning the mouse
There are two main types of mice: optical and mechanical. Each is
cleaned in basically the same way, although the mechanical mouse
requires a bit more work.

 Optical mice require no internal cleaning because there aren't any

rotating parts; however, they can getsticky over time as dust collects
near the light emitter. This can cause erratic cursor movement or prevent
the mouse from working properly.

 Mechanical mice are especially susceptible to dust and particles that

can accumulate inside the mouse, which can make it difficult to track—
or move—properly. If the mouse pointer does not move smoothly, the
mouse may need to be cleaned.
Before you clean your mouse, check the owner's manual to see if the
manufacturer has provided you with instructions for your specific mouse.
If so, follow those instructions. If not, the following steps are basic
cleaning tips that will help keep your mouse clean.

1. Unplug the mouse from the USB or PS/2 port. If the mouse is plugged
into the PS/2 port, you will need to shut down the computer before
unplugging it.
2. Moisten a cotton cloth with rubbing alcohol, and use it to clean the top
and bottom of the mouse.
3. If you have a mechanical mouse, remove the tracking ball by turning
the ball-cover ring counterclockwise. Then clean the tracking ball and
the inside of the mouse with a cotton cloth moistened with rubbing
alcohol.

4. Let all of the parts dry before reassembling and reconnecting the
mouse. If you are connecting it to a PS/2 port, you will need to connect
it before turning on the computer.
 If you want to give the mouse a quick cleaning, place it on a clean
white sheet of paper and move the mouse back and forth. Some of
the dust and particles should rub off onto the paper.

keep drinks away from the computer area.

Cleaning the monitor

Dirt, fingerprints, and dust can make your computer screen difficult to
read; however, it's easy to clean your screen when needed. Although
there are monitor-cleaning kits you can buy, they may damage your
monitor if they are designed for a different type of monitor. For example,
a monitor cleaner that is designed for glass screens may not work with
some nonglass LCD screens. The safest method is simply to use
a soft clean cloth moistened withwater.

Do not use glass cleaner to clean a monitor. Many screens have anti-
glare coatings that can be damaged by glass cleaner.

1. Turn off the computer.

2. Unplug the monitor from the power. If you are using a laptop, unplug
the laptop.
3. Use a soft clean cloth moistened with water to wipe the screen clean.

Do not spray any liquids directly onto the screen. The liquid
Tips for cleaning
could leak into the monitor a
other computer surfaces
 From time to time, you should clean your computer case and the sides
and back of the monitor to avoid buildup of dust and dirt. Here are a few
tips you can use when cleaning these surfaces.

 Dust is your computer's main enemy. Use an antistatic wipe to lightly dust
your computer casing. Don't use furniture cleaners or strong solvents.

 Use a can of compressed air with a narrow nozzle to blow out debris from
the air intake slots.

 Spray cleaning solution—like diluted ammonia cleaner or glass cleaner—on

a paper towel or antistatic wipe. Clean the monitor housing and case—
not the monitor screen—by wiping in a downward motion.

 A safe cleaning solution for computer surfaces—not computer screens—

is ammonia diluted with water or glass cleaner comprised mostly of
ammonia and water (check the label). The milder the solution, the better.

Keep it cool
Don't restrict airflow around your computer. A computer can generate
a lot of heat, so the casing has fans that keep it from overheating. Avoid
stacking papers, books, and other items around your computer.

Many computer desks have an enclosed compartment for the

computer case. If you have this type of desk, you may want to position
the case so it is not against the back side of the desk. If the
compartment has a door, you may want to leave it open to improve
airflow.
 nd damage the internal components.

Protecting your computer

Watch the video to learn how to protect your computer from viruses,
as well as how to back up your files.

Safeguarding against malware

Malware is any type of software that is designed to damage your
computer or gain unauthorized access to your personal information. It
includes viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and spyware. Most malware
is distributed over the Internet and is often bundled with other software.

The best way to guard against malware is to install antivirus software

such as Bitdefender, Norton, or Kaspersky. Antivirus software helps
to prevent malware from being installed, and it can
also remove malware from your computer. New malware is being
created all the time, so it's important to update your antivirus software
frequently. Most antivirus programs can do this automatically, but you'll
need to make sure this feature is enabled.
It's also important to stay smart when you're browsing the Web or using
email. If a website or email attachment looks suspicious, trust your
instincts. Keep in mind that your antivirus program may not catch
everything, so it's best to avoid downloading anything that might contain
malware.
To learn more about protecting your computer from malware, check
out Protecting Your Computer from Internet Threats in our Internet
Safety tutorial.

Backing up your computer

Imagine what would happen if your computer suddenly stopped working.
Would you lose any important documents, photos, or other files? It may
be possible to repair your computer, but your files may be lost forever.
Luckily, you can prevent this by creating backup copies of all of your
files (or just the important ones) on anexternal hard drive or an online
backup service.
External hard drives

You can purchase an external hard drive and copy the contents of your
computer to it. The initial backup could take several hours, so you will
need to select a period of time when you do not need access to your
computer. Running the backup overnight usually works best. Follow-up
backups should be conducted on a regular basis but will not take as long
because the drive will only need to copy your most recent files.

Western Digital, Iomega, and Seagate produce popular external hard

drives. Conduct some research on which product best suits your storage
needs, or ask a computer sales representative for recommendations.

One drawback, compared to online backup services, is that your

external hard drive can be lost, damaged, or stolen just as your
computer might be. Therefore, it is important to keep your drive in
a secure location when not in use.

Online backup services

You can also back up your files to one of the online backup
services like Mozy, Carbonite, or Box, and your files will always be
accessible to you. The amount of storage space provided by these sites
varies, and you may have to pay a monthly or yearly fee for adequate
storage. Again, do your research because these services are constantly
changing and offer varying features.
One drawback to online backup services is that the initial backup can
be slow and may even take days to upload if you have a lot of files.
However, subsequent backups should not take as long.
Other maintenance techniques

To keep your computer running smoothly, it's important to keep files and
folders uncluttered. Cluttered or unorganized folders make it more
difficult to find the files you need. Additionally, unwanted files can
eventually fill up your hard drive, which will make your computer slower
and more difficult to use. Here are a few things you can do to delete
unwanted files and improve your computer's performance.

 Delete files: If you have any unwanted files, you can delete them
manually. To do this, drag them into theRecycle Bin or Trash, then
empty it.
 Run the Disk Defragmenter: Windows includes aDisk
Defragmenter program in the Control Panel. Itscans the files on your
hard drive and rearrangesthem so it can read them faster. If your
computer is running slowly, running Disk Defragmenter can help to
speed it up.
 Run a Disk Cleanup: Windows also includes a Disk Cleanup program
in the Control Panel. It scans your computer for temporary files and
other files that can be deleted. You can then delete the files to free up
space on your hard drive.
Creating a safe workspace

Watch the video to learn more about arranging your workspace to

avoid strain and injury.
Avoiding strain and injury
In addition to keeping your computer healthy, it's important to think
about your own health. Using a computer involves a lot of repetitive
motions such as typing and using the mouse. Over time, these motions
can begin to take their toll on your body, especially your wrists, neck,
and back. Staring at a monitor for long periods of time can also
cause eye strain. To minimize this, you should take a few moments to
make sure your workspace is arranged in a comfortable and healthy
way.

Computer ergonomics is the science of equipment design and how

specific equipment usage and placement can reduce a user's
discomfort and increase productivity. Some equipment is designed
with special attention to ergonomics, such as ergonomic
keyboards and ergonomic chairs.

Here are a few tips to help you avoid injury in your workspace.

 Adjust your chair: Make sure your chair is adjusted to allow you to sit
in a natural, comfortable position. Many office chairs are specially
designed to support the lower back and promote good posture.

 Keep the keyboard at a comfortable height: Try to place the keyboard

in a position that allows you to keep your wrists straight and relaxed to
avoid wrist strain. Many desks have a keyboard tray that can keep the
keyboard at a better height. You can also buy anergonomic
keyboard that is designed to minimize wrist strain.
 Keep the mouse close to the keyboard: If possible, place the mouse
right next to the keyboard. If the mouse is too far away, it may be
uncomfortable or awkward to reach for it.
  Place the monitor at a comfortable distance: The ideal position for a
monitor is 20 to 40 inches away from your eyes. It should also be at eye
level or slightly lower.
 Avoid clutter: The computer area can quickly become cluttered with
paper, computer accessories, and other items. By keeping this area as
uncluttered as possible, you can improve your productivity and prevent
strain and injury.
 Take frequent breaks: It's important to take breaks while you're
working at your computer. To avoid eye strain, you should look away
from the monitor every once in a while. You can also stand up and
walk around to avoid sitting in the same position for long periods of
time. Programs such as Eyes Relax andWorkrave can automatically
remind you to take breaks.
For more information on setting up a computer workspace, visit
the Computer Workstations eToolfrom the Occupational Safety &
Health Administration (OSHA).

Challenge!
 Take a look at your computer. Does it need to be cleaned?
 Clean your monitor following the steps in the lesson. Be sure not to use
glass cleaner or any harsh chemicals.
 Based on the type of mouse you have, clean your mouse following the
steps in the lesson. Do you have anoptical or mechanical mouse?
 What do you do if you spill liquids on your keyboard?
 Does your computer have antivirus software installed? If not, research
some of the different antivirus programs that are available.
 What are two ways of backing up the data on your computer?
 To minimize eye strain, how far should your monitor be from your
eyes?

Troubleshooting
Do you know what to do if your screen goes blank? What if you can't
seem to close an application—or can't hear any sound from your
speakers? Whenever you have a problem with your computer, don't
 panic! There are many basic troubleshooting techniques you can use
to fix issues like this. In this lesson, we'll show you some simple things to
try when troubleshooting, as well as how to solve common problems you
may encounter.

General tips to keep in mind

There are many different things that could cause a problem with your
computer. No matter what's causing the issue, troubleshooting will
always be a process of trial and error—in some cases, you may need
to use several different approaches before you can find a solution; other
problems may be easy to fix. We recommend starting by using the
following tips.

 Write down your steps: Once you start troubleshooting, you may want
to write down each step you take. This way, you'll be able to remember
exactly what you've done and can avoid repeating the same mistakes. If
you end up asking other people for help, it will be much easier if they
know exactly what you've tried already.
 Take notes about error messages: If your computer gives you an error
message, be sure to write down as much information as possible. You
may be able to use this information later to find out if other people are
having the same error.
 Always check the cables: If you're having trouble with a specific piece
of computer hardware, such as your monitor or keyboard, an easy first
step is to check all related cables to make sure they're properly
connected.
 Restart the computer: When all else fails, one of the best things to try is
to restart the computer. This can solve a lot of basic issues you may
experience with your computer.

Using the process of elimination

If you're having an issue with your computer, you may be able to find out
what's wrong using the process of elimination. This means you'll make
a list of things that could be causing the problem and then test them out
one by one to eliminate them. Once you've identified the source of your
computer issue, it will be easier to find a solution.
Scenario:
Leonardo is trying to print out invitations for his son's birthday party, but
his printer won't print. He has some ideas about what could be causing
this, so he goes through them one by one to see if he can eliminate any
possible causes.

First, Leonardo checks his printer to see that it's turned on and plugged
into his surge protector. He sees that it is, so that's not the issue. Next,
he checks to make sure his printer's ink cartridge still has ink and that
there is paper loaded in the paper tray. In both cases, things look good,
so he knows the issue has nothing to do with ink or paper.

Now Leonardo wants to make sure his printer and computer

are communicating correctly. If he had recently downloaded
an update to his operating system, it might interfere with his printer.
But he knows there haven't been any updates since last week and his
printer was working yesterday, so he'll have to look elsewhere. Leonardo
checks the printer's USB cord and finds that it's not plugged in. He must
have unplugged it when he plugged his phone into the computer earlier.
Once Leonardo plugs in the printer's USB cord, his printer starts to print.
It looks like his printer issue is solved.

This is just one example of an issue you might encounter while using a
computer. On the following pages of this lesson, we'll go over other
common computer problems and some ways to solve them.

Simple solutions to common problems

Most of the time, problems can be fixed using simple troubleshooting
techniques, like closing and reopening the program. It's important to try
these simple solutions before resorting to more extreme measures. If the
problem still isn't fixed, you can try other troubleshooting techniques.

Problem: Power button will not start computer

 Solution 1: If your computer does not start, begin by checking the
power cord to confirm that it is plugged securely into the back of the
computer case and the power outlet.
  Solution 2: If it is plugged into an outlet, make sure it is a working
outlet. To check your outlet, you can plug in another electrical device,
such as a lamp or cellphone, and see if it receives electricity properly.
 Solution 3: If the computer is plugged into a surge protector, verify that
it is turned on. You may have toreset the surge protector by turning it off
and then back on. You can also plug a lamp or other device into the
surge protector to verify that it is on.

 Solution 4: If you are using a laptop, the battery may not be charged.
Plug the AC adapter into the wall, then try to turn on the laptop. If it
still doesn't start up, you may need to wait a few minutes and try again.

Problem: An application is running slowly

 Solution 1: Close and reopen the application.
 Solution 2: Update the application. To do this, click the Help menu and
look for an option to check forUpdates. If you don't find this option,
another idea is to run an online search for application updates.
Problem: An application is frozen
Sometimes an application may become stuck, or frozen. When this
happens, you won't be able to close the window or click any buttons
within the application.

 Solution 1: Force quit the application. On a PC, you can press (and
hold) Ctrl+Alt+Delete (the Control, Alt, and Delete keys) on your
keyboard to open the Task Manager. On a Mac, press and
holdCommand+Option+Esc. You can then select the unresponsive
application and click End task (or Force Quiton a Mac) to close it.

 Solution 2: Restart the computer. If you are unable to force quit an

application, restarting your computer will close all open apps.

Problem: All programs on the computer run slowly

 Solution 1: Run your virus scanner. You may have malware running in
the background that is slowing things down.
 Solution 2: Your computer may be running out of hard drive space.
Try deleting any files or programs you don't need.
 Solution 3: If you're using a PC, you can run Disk
Defragmenter (called Optimize Drives in Windows 8). Doing so will
 make sure all pieces of each file or program are stored close together in
your computer, so the computer will be able to access them more
quickly. In most versions of Windows, the Disk Defragmenter can be
found in the Start menu. In Windows 8, you can find it by
typing defragment from the Start screen.
To learn more about Disk Defragmenter, check out our lesson
on Computer Safety and Maintenanc

Problem: The computer is frozen

Sometimes your computer may become completely unresponsive, or
frozen. When this happens, you won't be able to click anywhere on the
screen, open or close applications, or access shut-down options.

 Solution 1 (Windows only): Restart Windows Explorer. To do this,

press and hold Ctrl+Alt+Delete on your keyboard to open the Task
Manager. Next, locate and select Windows Explorer from
the Processes tab and click Restart. If you're using Windows 8, you may
need to click More Details at the bottom of the window to see the
Processes tab.
 Solution 2 (Mac only): Restart Finder. To do this, press and
hold Command+Option+Esc on your keyboard to open the Force Quit
Applications dialog box. Next, locate and select Finder, then
click Relaunch.
  Solution 3: Press and hold the Power button. The Power button is
usually located on the front or side of the computer, typically indicated

by the power symbol . Press and hold the

Power button for 5-10 seconds to force the computer to shut down.
 Solution 4: If the computer still won't shut down, you can unplug the
power cable from the electrical outlet. If you're using a laptop, you may
be able to remove the battery to force the computer to turn off. Note:
This solution should be your last resort after trying the other suggestions
above.

Problem: The mouse or keyboard has stopped working

 Solution 1: If you're using a wired mouse or keyboard, make sure it's
correctly plugged into the computer.
 Solution 2: If you're using a wireless mouse or keyboard, make sure it's
turned on and that its batteries are charged.
Problem: The sound isn't working
 Solution 1: Check the volume level. Click the audio button in the top-
right or bottom-right corner of the screen to make sure the sound is
turned on and that the volume is up.
 Solution 2: Check the audio player controls. Many audio and video
players will have their own separate audio controls. Make sure the sound
is turned on and that the volume is turned up in the player.

 Solution 3: Check the cables. Make sure external speakers are plugged
in, turned on, and connected to the correct audio port or a USB port. If
your computer has color-coded ports, the audio output port will usually
be green.
 Solution 4: Connect headphones to the computer, and see if you can hear
sound from the headphones.

Problem: The screen is blank

 Solution 1: The computer may be in Sleep mode. Click the mouse or
press any key on the keyboard to wake it.
 Solution 2: Make sure the monitor is plugged in and turned on.
 Solution 3: Make sure the computer is plugged in and turned on.
 Solution 4: If you're using a desktop, make sure the monitor cable is
properly connected to the computer tower and the monitor.

 Solving more difficult problems

 If you still haven't found a solution to your problem, you may need to
ask someone else for help. Try searching the Web for the problem
you're having because other users may have had similar problems.
Also, if you have a friend or family member who knows a lot about
computers, they may be able to help you.
 

Keep in mind that most computer problems have simple

solutions, although it may take some time to find them. For
difficult problems, a more drastic solution may be required,
such as reformatting your hard drive, reinstalling programs, or
reinstalling your operating system. If you're not a computer
expert, it's possible that you could make the situation worse, so
it's best to consult a professional if you believe a dra
Challenge!
 What do you do if a program on a PC is completely unresponsive?
What about a program on a Mac?
 What should you do if you've tried everything and the problem still isn't
fixed?
 Do you have a family member or friend who knows a lot about
computers and would be able to help you with a computer problem?
 stic solution is need

ringing your files with you

When you're working on a document or other computer file, you can
always save it to your computer's hard drive. But sometimes you may
want to bring your file with you and open it on a different computer. In
this lesson, we'll talk about two ways to save your files so you can
access them from almost anywhere.

 Flash drive: Flash drives are small removable hard drives that plug
into the USB ports on your computer. They are relatively inexpensive
 (usually less than $20) and can be purchased at any store with an
electronics section.
 Cloud storage: Cloud storage means you save your files on servers on
the Internet using an account with a cloud service. With cloud storage,
you can access your files from any computer with Internet access without
having to keep track of a physical device.
Flash drives and the cloud can also be used to back up your files. To
learn more, check out our lesson onBacking Up Your Files.

Using a flash drive

Flash drives make it easy to carry your important files and documents
with you in a portable form. You should always back up the files on your
flash drive elsewhere, however, just in case it gets lost or breaks.

To connect a flash drive:

1. Insert the flash drive into a USB port on your computer. You should
find a USB port on the front, back, or side of your computer (the location
may vary depending on whether you have a desktop or laptop).
2. If you're using Windows, a dialog box may appear. If it does,
select Open folder to view files. On a Mac, aflash drive icon will
usually appear on the desktop.
 3. If a dialog box does not appear, open Windows Explorer—or Finder if
you're using a Mac—and select the flash drive on the left side of the
window. Note that the name of the flash drive may vary.

To work with a flash drive:

Once you've connected a flash drive, you can work with it just like any
other folder on your computer, including moving and deleting files.

1. If you want to copy a file from your computer to the flash drive, click
and drag the file from your computer to this window.
2. The file will be duplicated, and this new version will be saved to the
flash drive. The original version of the file will still be saved to your
computer.
3. If you want to copy a file from your flash drive to your computer,
click and drag the file from this window to your computer.
4. If you want to remove a file from your flash drive, click and drag the
file to the Recycle Bin on a PC or theTrash can on a Mac. A dialog box
will appear. Click Yes to confirm that you want to permanently delete
the file.
To safely remove a flash drive:
When you're done using a flash drive, don't remove it from the USB port
just yet. You'll need to make sure to disconnect it properly to avoid
damaging files on the drive.

1. Right-click the flash drive and select Disconnect (or Eject).

2. You can now safely remove the flash drive from the USB port.

If you're using a Mac, you can also click the Eject button next to the
flash drive in Finder to eject it.

Saving files to the cloud

There are many services that allow you to create a free account and
save documents, images, and other files to the cloud. Some of the most
popular are Google Drive, OneDrive, and Dropbox. The free storage
space that comes with these accounts (usually around 15GB) should be
plenty if you're using your account for regular personal, work, or school
purposes. If you own a business and want to keep all of your documents
in the cloud, you may want to pay your cloud service for more storage.
Unlike physical media, the cloud can't break or get lost, so you don't
necessarily need to back up the files you keep on it. Files in the cloud
are also easier to share so you can collaborate with friends and
coworkers. However, when you save something online, there's always a
risk that unauthorized users will try to gain access to your personal
information. To protect your files, create a strong password and pay
attention to the privacy settings and policies of the cloud service
you're using.

To learn more about services that allow you to store your files in the
cloud, check out our tutorials onGoogle Drive and OneDrive and
Office Online.
Learning a new program
You ask a friend who is good with computers to help you do something in a new
program. The friend says she hasn't used the program before but will give it a
try. Two minutes later, she's figured out what to do.
How did she do that? If you've experienced a situation like the one just
described, it might seem like magic. But your friend probably just applied
what she knew about computers and computer programs to the program
you were trying to use. In this lesson, we'll show you how you can do the
same thing.

You know more than you think you do!

Starting to use a new computer program can seem overwhelming, but
keep in mind that you already know more than you think you know. Even
if the screen in front of you looks totally unfamiliar, everything you've
learned so far about your computer and other programs will help you
figure out what to do next. As you spend more time using the new
program, it will start to feel more familiar.
Look for similarities with programs you've used
The first thing you'll want to do when opening a new program is look
for familiar features. You may not realize it, but most computer
programs have certain basic features in common—so once you've
learned to use one program, you'll already know something about any
other ones you try to use. For example, many keyboard
shortcuts remain the same from program to program.

Most programs also have File and Edit menus, and they'll usually be in
the same place—at the top of your screen, either as a drop-down
menu or in a ribbon. The File and Edit menus tend to contain similar
functions in any program. So if you know the Print function appears in
the File menu in Microsoft Word, you'll have a good idea of where to
look for it in Google Drive, as in the image below.
 Even if you're switching from a PC to a Mac or vice versa, keyboard
shortcuts will remain mostly the same. Just substitute
the Command key on a Mac for the Ctrl key on a PC. For example,
the shortcut for the Cut function is Ctrl+X on a PC—on a Mac,
it's Command+X.

Check for hidden toolbars or panels

Let's say you've checked your new program for familiar functions, but
there are a few you just can't find. Don't give up! If you believe a
particular function should be there, you're probably right—you may just
need to open it. Many programs have toolbars, sidebars,
or panels you can hide or make visible, and they are often hidden by
default when you start the program. If you can't find a function you need,
try clicking the View or Window menu to check for hidden toolbars, as
shown in the image of the Firefox web browser below.

If you're having trouble

If the program you're trying to use has a lot of unfamiliar elements—or if
there's a feature you simply don't know how to use—don't despair. There
are still some simple things you can do to find your way around a
program.

Use the help feature

Software companies know that most users will have questions about
how to use their programs, which is why they include built-in help
features. You can usually access a program's help feature by clicking
 a Help menu (sometimes represented by a question mark icon) at the
top of your screen. There, you'll find instructions on how to do
things, troubleshooting tips, and answers to frequently asked
questions. Some help features will even include links to online help
forums, where users can post answers to each other's questions.
Remember, if something isn't obvious to you, it probably isn't obvious to
other users either, so the help section should have some information on
it.

Google it!
If you haven't found the answer in the program's help feature, try
searching for a solution on Google. You will probably find tutorials or
 posts from other users explaining how to use the program. You may also
want to searchYouTube for video tutorials on the program you're using.

For tips on how to search effectively with Google, check out our
lesson on Google Search Tip

What are accessibility features?

Accessibility features are special computer functions that help people
with disabilities use technology more easily. For example, a text-to-
speech feature may read text out loud for people with limited vision,
while a speech-recognition feature allows users with limited mobility to
control the computer with their voices. In this lesson, we'll introduce you
to some common accessibility features and show you how to find and
activate them on your computer or mobile device. We'll also
discuss assistive technology that you can attach to your computer for
additional accessibility.

Common accessibility features

Although some accessibility features require special
software downloads, many are built into the operating system of your
computer or mobile device. Here are just a few types of accessibility
features you may already have on your device:

 Features for blind or low-vision computer users: Features such as text

to speech allow blind users to hear what's on the screen instead of
reading it. Other features, such as high-contrast themes and enlarged
cursors, make it easier for users with limited vision to read the text
themselves.
 Features for deaf or low-hearing computer users: Closed-
captioning and replacing sounds with visual cues convey audio
information to deaf users in visual form. Mono audio systems transmit
right and left audio signals through both earbuds and headphones, so
users with limited hearing in one ear will not miss part of what they are
listening to.
 Features for limited-mobility computer users: Keyboard
shortcuts are convenient for many people, but they are especially helpful
to those with difficulty physically manipulating a mouse. For users who
have difficulty pressing several keys at once, sticky keys allows them to
press keys one at a time to activate a shortcut.
Finding accessibility features on your
computer
Not all computers come with the same accessibility features. To find out
which ones are available on your computer, navigate to
the Accessibility or Ease of Access menu. There, you can activate or
adjust the features you need.

To find accessibility features in Windows 8:

1. Hover your mouse in the lower-right corner of the screen to bring up
the Charms bar. If you are using a touch-screen, you can access
the Charms bar by swiping inward from the right edge of the screen.
From theCharms bar, click Settings.

2. The Settings bar will appear. In the lower-right hand corner,

click Change PC Settings.
3. The PC Settings screen will appear. On the left side of your screen,
click Ease of Access.

4. The Ease of Access screen will appear. Select a category from the menu
on the left, then adjust or enableyour setting on the right. In our
 example, we've selected the Keyboard category on the left and enabled
theSticky Keys feature on the right.

To find accessibility features in Windows 7 or earlier:

1. Click the Start button, then select Control Panel.
2. The Control Panel will appear. Click Ease of Access.
3. The Ease of Access screen will appear. From there, you can choose a
category and follow instructions to alter your settings.
 Most operating systems also include a few accessibility features in
the Display menu, so you can check there if you can't find the
feature you're looking for. The Display menu can usually be
accessed through the Control Panel or Settings menu.

To find accessibility features in OS X:

1. Click the Apple icon in the top-left corner of your screen and
select System Preferences.
2. The System Preferences menu will appear. Click the Accessibility icon
near the bottom of the menu. Note:In older versions of OS X,
accessibility is called Universal Access and is located in the upper-right
corner.
3. The Accessibility window will appear. Click a category in the left-hand
menu, then adjust your setting on the right. In our example, we've
clicked Display, then adjusted the cursor size on the right.
 To access the dictation and text-to-speech features, click Dictation
& Speech in the System Preferences menu.

Finding accessibility features on your

mobile device
On mobile devices, as on computers, accessibility features can generally
be found and adjusted by navigating to theAccessibility menu. Note
that some accessibility features, like voice recognition, may appear in
their own menus instead of in the Accessibility menu.

To find accessibility features on Android:

1. Locate and select Settings on your phone or tablet.
2. The Settings menu will appear. Select Accessibility.

3. The Accessibility menu will appear. Here, you can enable

the TalkBack feature, which provides audio narration for visual cues
 on the screen. Depending on the type of device you're using, you may be
able to adjust other accessibility features here as well.

To find accessibility features on iOS:

1. Tap the Settings icon on your Home screen, then tap General.
2. General settings will appear. Tap Accessibility.
3. The Accessibility screen will appear. If the setting you want to adjust has
a toggle next to it, you can switch it to green to turn it on. Otherwise, tap
the setting and follow the instructions on the next screen to adjust it.
Navigating the Web with accessibility
features
In addition to your computer's built-in accessibility features, most
browsers offer their own. Some of the most common ones include the
ability to zoom in and out when viewing a webpage, display webpages
in custom colors or fonts, and navigate webpages with the
keyboard—also called caret browsing.

Zooming
Before you start adjusting your browser's settings, you may want to
try zooming. Zooming is an easy way to make webpages easier to read,
and it works the same way in most browsers. If you're using a browser
 in Windows, you can zoom in or out by pressing Ctrl+ or Ctrl- (hold
down the Ctrl key and press the + or - key). If you're using a Mac, you'll
press Command+ or Command-.

To return to the default zoom level, press Ctrl+0 (hold down the Ctrl key
and press the zero key). If you're using a Mac, press Command+0.

To find accessibility features in Firefox:

1. Click the Firefox menu in the top-right corner of the browser, then
select Options.

2. The Options dialog box will appear. Click Content in the top menu and
follow instructions to change font size and display colors.
 3. To navigate the Web using the keyboard, click Advanced in the top
menu and select Always use the cursor keys to navigate within pages.

To find accessibility features in Chrome:

1. Click the Chrome menu in the top-right corner of the browser, then
select Settings.
2. The Settings tab will appear. Click Show advanced settings.

3. The Settings options will expand. Scroll down to Web Content, where
you can customize font size and color, zoom in on webpages, and choose
to navigate links on webpages using the Tab key.
To find accessibility features in Internet Explorer:
1. Click the Tools menu at the top-left of the screen. If you don't see
the Tools menu, click the gear icon at the top-right. Select Internet
options.

2. The Internet Options dialog box will appear. To customize the fonts
and colors used to display webpages, click the Font or Color button and
follow the instructions on the screen.
 Caret browsing, which allows users to navigate webpages with the
keyboard, can be activated in Internet Explorer by pressing
the F7 key.

To find accessibility features in Safari:

1. Click the Safari menu in the upper-left corner of your screen, and
select Preferences.
2. A dialog box will appear. Click Advanced in the top-right corner.

3. From here, you can set a minimum font size for webpages or choose to
navigate webpages using the Tabkey.
Adding accessibility features to your browser
In addition to their pre-installed accessibility features, some browsers
also have features that can be added by installing add-ons, extensions,
or apps. To learn more about how to install these, check out our lessons
onCustomizing Firefox, Customizing Chrome, and Customizing Internet
Explorer.

Assistive technology devices

As you've already seen, software can do a lot to make computers more
accessible to disabled users. However, some accessibility features
require extra hardware, or assistive technology. Most assistive-
technology devices are similar to keyboards and speakers—they
are peripherals that can be plugged into the main computer. Here are
some common types of assistive technology you may encounter.

 Screen magnifiers: Screen magnifiers can be placed over your

computer's monitor to ensure the content on the screen always appears
magnified. Today, most people use the magnifier or zoom features on
their operating systems to view content, but external magnifiers are still
available as well.
 Alternative keyboards: For people who have difficulty using standard
keyboards, there are a range ofalternative options. For example, users
can purchase keyboards with larger keys that are easier to see or press.
They can also buy keyboards with alternative key arrangements,
including arrangements for people who can only type with one hand or
with a limited number of fingers.
 Switch-adapted peripherals: Switch devices allow people with limited
mobility to control technology with very small motions, such as a puff
of breath or a head movement. Switch-adapted mice and
keyboardsmake it possible for disabled users to interact with computers
even if they are unable to operate peripherals with their hands.

More accessibility resources

 For more information on accessibility in specific software—or to find out
more about assistive-technology options—check out the links below.

Accessibility features in specific software

 Accessibility Features in Firefox: This is Mozilla's official help site for
Firefox's accessibility features.
 Apple Accessibility: This is Apple's overview site for accessibility
features on Macs, iPods, iPhones, and iPads. From here, you can
navigate to help documents for specific features.
 AppleVis: This community-based website offers tips, tutorials, and
product reviews for blind and low-vision users of Apple products.
 Google Accessibility: This is Google's help site for accessibility features
on Android phones and tablets and in Chrome.
 Microsoft Accessibility: Here, you'll find news on Microsoft's
accessibility projects, as well as help pages on accessibility features in
the Windows operating system and in the Microsoft Office suite.
 TutsPlus: OS X Accessibility 101: This tutorial offers in-depth
explanations of accessibility features in the OS X operating system.

Assistive technology devices

 Ablenet: Computer Access: Here, you can purchase a wide range of
assistive-technology devices. You'll also find information on what types
of devices are useful for specific disabilities.
 Compusult: Computer Access for Physical Disabilities: Compusult
offers assistive and other kinds of technology to individuals and
businesses. It also provides training courses on assistive technology.
 Inclusive Technology: Here, you'll find assistive-technology products,
as well as educational software designed for K-12 students with
disabilities.

Other resources
 Alliance for Access to Computing Careers: This website offers
information on accommodations and accessible design that can be useful
for teachers and students in technology fields.
  My Web My Way: This site was created by the BBC. Here, you can
find detailed guides on how to change a variety of settings to make your
computer more accessible and easier to use.
 National Center for Learning Disabilities: Here, you'll find useful
information on learning disabilities, assistive technology, and appropriate
accommodations for work and school.
 Tech-Ease for All: This site has resources for teachers and parents who
want to use technology and computers with disabled students.

More resources
Want to continue learning about computers? Check out these tutorials
from our site and from around the Web.

Our tutorials:
 Windows Basics
 OS X Basics
 Internet 101
 Internet Safety
 Tech Savvy Tips and Tricks

Other sites with useful tutorials:

 EveryoneOn
 Northstar Digital Literacy Project
 Learn My Way
 BBC WebWise
 In Pictures
 Tech Tutorials