Unit-II: Vector Calculus

Vector Differentiation
Vector Function of Single Variable:

Basic Concepts- Vector function of a single variable and the derivative of a vector:

Let the position vector of a point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) in a space be 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘

If 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are all functions of a single parameter 𝑡, then 𝑟⃗ is said to be a vector function of 𝑡

which is also referred as a vector point function usually denoted as 𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟(𝑡). As the parameter
𝑡 varies, the point traces a curve in space.

∴ 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑖 + 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑗 + 𝑧(𝑡) 𝑘 is called as the vector equation of the curve.

𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑟 1 (𝑡) = 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑡 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑡 𝑘 is a vector along the tangent to the curve at 𝑝. Or
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Let 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘 be the vector point function 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) then the derivative is given by
𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝛿𝑟⃗ 𝑟⃗ (𝑡+𝛿𝑡)−𝑟⃗ (𝑡)
= lim = lim { }
𝑑𝑡 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑡 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑡

𝑑𝑟⃗
Here represents a tangent vector to curve C whose position vector at any point is 𝑟⃗ and also
𝑑𝑡
called as velocity at P.
𝑑𝑟⃗
𝐼𝑓 𝑡 is the time variable then 𝑣⃗ = gives the velocity of the particle at time 𝑡.
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑑2 𝑟⃗
𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟, 𝑎⃗ = 𝑑𝑡 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) = represents the rate of change of velocity 𝑣⃗ and is called the
𝑑𝑡 2
acceleration of the particle at time t.
𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑠
𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟, |𝑣⃗| = | 𝑑𝑡 | = is the speed of 𝑝 where 𝑠 is the arc length measured from a
𝑑𝑡
fixed point on the curve onto the point 𝑝 along the curve.

Differentiation of Scalar product and Vector product:

𝑑 𝑑𝐺 𝑑𝐹 ⃗ ⃗
1. (𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝐺⃗ ) = 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡 ∙ 𝐺⃗
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑑𝐺 𝑑𝐹 ⃗ ⃗
2. (𝐹⃗ × 𝐺⃗ ) = 𝐹⃗ × 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡 × 𝐺⃗
𝑑𝑡

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
Where 𝐹⃗ × 𝐺⃗ = | 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3 |
𝑔1 𝑔2 𝑔3
 Tangent vector to the space curve:

Let 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘 be the position vector of the space curve C at point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). Then
⃗⃗ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 +
⃗⃗ and defined by 𝑇
the tangent vector to the curve at the point 𝑃 is denoted by 𝑇 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑗 + 𝑑𝑡 𝑘
𝑑𝑡

𝑇 ⃗⃗
Note : Unit tangent vector is = 𝑇̂ = |𝑇⃗⃗|

Normal vector to the space curve: If 𝑇̂ is the unit tangent vector to the space curve.
𝑑𝑇̂
Then the normal vector to the space curve = 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑑𝑠

⃗⃗
𝑛
Note : Unit normal vector to the space curve is = 𝑛̂ = |𝑛⃗⃗|

Note:

1. Component of a vector 𝐴⃗ along a given vector (direction) 𝐷

⃗⃗ is the resolved part of 𝐴⃗ given
𝐷⃗⃗
by 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ where 𝑛̂ = |𝐷⃗⃗|

2. Component of a vector 𝐴⃗ perpendicular to the vector 𝐷 ⃗⃗ (along the normal) is given by

|𝐴⃗ − (resolved part of 𝐴⃗ along 𝐷
⃗⃗) | = |𝐴⃗ − (𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂)𝑛̂|

Problems:

1. If 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1, 𝑦 = 4𝑡 − 3, 𝑧 = 2𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 represents the parametric equation of a curve,

determine the following.

i) The unit tangent vector at any point on the curve

ii) The angle between the tangents at 𝑡 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 2

Solution: We have the position vector 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘

𝑟⃗ = (𝑡 2 + 1) 𝑖 + (4𝑡 − 3) 𝑗 + (2𝑡 2 − 6𝑡) 𝑘

⃗⃗ = 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 2𝑡 𝑖 + 4 𝑗 + (4𝑡 − 6)𝑘

∴ Tangent Vector 𝑇 𝑑𝑡

𝑇 ⃗⃗
𝑖) The unit tangent vector 𝑇̂ = |𝑇⃗⃗|

⃗⃗
𝑇 2𝑡 𝑖+4 𝑗+(4𝑡−6)𝑘
𝑇̂ = |𝑇⃗⃗| =
√(2𝑡)2 +42 +(4𝑡−6)2
 2[𝑡 𝑖+2 𝑗+(2𝑡−3)𝑘]
𝑇̂ = √20 𝑡 2 −48𝑡 +52

[𝑡 𝑖+2 𝑗+(2𝑡−3)𝑘]
𝑇̂ = √5 𝑡 2 −12 𝑡 +13

ii) The angle between the tangents at 𝑡 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 2

⃗⃗)
(𝑇 𝑡=1
= 2 𝑖 + 4 𝑗 − 2 𝑘 ⟹ 𝐴⃗

⃗⃗)
(𝑇 ⃗⃗
= 4𝑖+4𝑗+2𝑘 ⟹ 𝐵
𝑡=2

Let 𝜃 be the angle between the tangents at 𝑡 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 2

𝐴⃗∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗
We have cos 𝜃 = |𝐴⃗| |𝐵⃗⃗|

(2 𝑖+4 𝑗−2 𝑘 ) ∙ (4 𝑖+4 𝑗+2 𝑘)

cos 𝜃 = √ 22 +42 +22 √ 42 +42 +22

20
cos 𝜃 =
√24 6

20 5
cos 𝜃 = 12√6 = 3√6

5
∴ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (3√6 ) is the required angle.

2. A particle moves along a curve whose parametric equations are: 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡, 𝑧 =

2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 where t is the time. Find the velocity and acceleration at any time 𝑡 and also their
magnitudes at 𝑡 = 0.

Solution: We have the vector equation of the curve 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘

𝑟⃗ = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑖 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 𝑗 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 𝑘
𝑑𝑟⃗
∴ velocity 𝑣⃗ = = −𝑒 −𝑡 𝑖 − 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 𝑗 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 𝑘
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑑2 𝑟⃗
Acceleration 𝑎⃗ = 𝑑𝑡 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) = = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑖 − 18 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 𝑗 − 18𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 2

|𝑣⃗| = √ (−𝑒 −𝑡 )2 + (−6 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡)2 + (6𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡)2

|𝑣⃗| = √𝑒 −2𝑡 + 36( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑡)

|𝑣⃗| = √𝑒 −2𝑡 + 36
 |𝑣⃗| 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0 𝑖𝑠 √37

|𝑎⃗| = √ (𝑒 −𝑡 )2 + (−18 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡)2 + (−18𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡)2

|𝑎⃗| = √𝑒 −2𝑡 + 324( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑡)

|𝑎⃗| = √𝑒 −2𝑡 + 324

|𝑎⃗| 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0 𝑖𝑠 √325

3. A particle moves along the curve, 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡 3 , 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑡 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2𝑡 − 5

i. Determine its velocity and acceleration

ii. Find the components of velocity and acceleration at 𝑡 = 1 in the direction 2𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑘

Solution: We have the position vector 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘

𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡 3 ) 𝑖 + (1 + 𝑡 2 ) 𝑗 + (2𝑡 − 5) 𝑘
𝑑𝑟⃗
i) velocity 𝑣⃗ = = −3𝑡 2 𝑖 + 2𝑡 𝑗 + 2𝑘
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑑2 𝑟⃗
Acceleration 𝑎⃗ = 𝑑𝑡 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) = = −6𝑡 𝑖 + 2 𝑗
𝑑𝑡 2

ii) Components of velocity and acceleration at 𝑡 = 1 in the direction 2𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑘

⃗⃗ (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
(𝑣⃗)𝑡=1 = −3 𝑖 + 2 𝑗 + 2 𝑘 ⟹ 𝑉

(𝑎⃗)𝑡=1 = −6 𝑖 + 2 𝑗 ⟹ 𝐴⃗ (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
2 𝑖+𝑗+2𝑘
Now the unit vector in the given direction 𝑑⃗ = 2 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑘 is 𝑛̂ =
√4+1+4

2 𝑖+𝑗+2𝑘
∴ 𝑛̂ = 3

∴ required velocity component in the direction of 𝑑⃗ is given by 𝑣⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂

2 𝑖+𝑗+2𝑘
𝑣⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ = (−3 𝑖 + 2 𝑗 + 2 𝑘) ∙
√4+1+4

−6 + 2 + 4
𝑣⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ = =0
3

Also the required acceleration component in the given direction 𝑑⃗ is

 2 𝑖+𝑗+2𝑘
𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ = (−6 𝑖 + 2 𝑗) ∙
√4+1+4

−12+2 −10
𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ = =
3 3

4. Find velocity and acceleration of a particle moving along the curve given by

𝑟⃗ = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑖 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡 𝑗 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 𝑘 at any time t.

5. A particle move along the curve 𝑟⃗ = (𝑡 3 − 4𝑡) 𝑖 + (𝑡 2 + 4𝑡) 𝑗 + (8𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 3 ) 𝑘 . Find

velocity and acceleration at time 𝑡 and their magnitude at 𝑡 = 2

6. Find the unit tangent vector of the space curve 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡 3 , 𝑦 = 2𝑡 3 , 𝑧 = 2 − 𝑡 3

Scalar and Vector point functions:

If to every point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) of a region 𝑅 in space these corresponding a scalar ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

then ∅ is called scalar point function and we say that a scalar field ∅ is defined in R.

Ex. ∅ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , . ∅ = 𝑥 𝑦2𝑧3

If to every point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) of a region 𝑅 in space these corresponding a vector 𝐴⃗(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

then 𝐴⃗ is called a vector point function and we say that a vector field 𝐴⃗ is defined in R.

Ex. 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑖 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘

Operators:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
1) The vector differential operators ∇ is defined as ∇= 𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘
𝜕𝑦

𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
2) The Laplacian operator ∇2 is defined by ∇2 = 𝜕𝑥 2 + + 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝑦 2

Gradient, Divergence, Curl and Laplacian:

1) Gradient of a scalar field:

If ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a continuously differentiable scalar function then the gradient of

∅ 𝑜𝑟 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∅) is defined to be

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∅ = ∇∅ = ( 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘) ∅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∅ = ∇∅ = 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Therefore, gradient of a scalar function is a vector function.

Geometrical meaning of 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅 ∅: If ∅ is a scalar point function then 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∅ is a vector
normal to the surface defined by ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐.

Unit Normal Vector:

We know that ∇∅ is the normal vector to the surface ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐 then unit
⃗⃗
𝑛 ∇∅
normal vector is denoted by 𝑛̂ and is defined as 𝑛̂ = |𝑛
⃗⃗|
= |∇∅| where 𝑛⃗⃗ =
∇∅ = 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

Directional derivative :

If ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐 is a scalar function and 𝑑⃗ is a given direction then ∇∅ ∙ 𝑛̂ where

𝑑⃗
𝑛̂ = |𝑑⃗| is called as the directional derivative of ∅ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑛̂.

Directional derivative = ∇∅ ∙ 𝑛̂

𝑑⃗
Directional derivative = ∇∅ ∙ |𝑑⃗ |

Angle between two surfaces:

∇∅1 ∙∇∅2
If 𝜃 is the angle between the two surfaces ∅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅2 then 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = |∇∅1 ||∇∅2 |
where 𝜃 is
the angle between the normal of 𝜃 = 𝜋/2 then the surfaces are said to intersect each other
orthogonally.
𝜋
When 𝜃 = 𝜋/2, 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 2 ) = 0 ⟹ ∇∅1 ∙ ∇∅2 = 0
Divergence of a vector field:

If 𝐴⃗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a continuously differentiable vector function then the divergence of

𝐴⃗ 𝑜𝑟 (𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐴⃗) is denoted by ∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗

If 𝐴⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑎2 𝑗 + 𝑎3 𝑘 where 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 are all functions of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 then we have

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐴⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗ = ( 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘) ∙ 𝐴⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐴⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗ = ( 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘) ∙ (𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑎2 𝑗 + 𝑎3 𝑘)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑎1 𝜕 𝑎2 𝜕𝑎3
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐴⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗ = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Therefore, divergence of a vector function is a scalar function.

Solenoidal Vector:

A vector 𝐴⃗ is said to be solenoidal vector or divergence free vector if ∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗ = 0

or div𝐴⃗ = 0

Curl of a Vector function:

If 𝐴⃗(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a differential vector function then curl of 𝐴⃗ (curl𝐴⃗) is defined by ∇ × 𝐴⃗

If 𝐴⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑎2 𝑗 + 𝑎3 𝑘 where 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 are all functions of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 then we have

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
curl𝐴⃗ = ∇ × 𝐴⃗ = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
𝜕𝑎 𝜕𝑎2 𝜕𝑎 𝜕𝑎1 𝜕𝑎 𝜕 𝑎1
= 𝑖 ( 𝜕𝑦3 − ) − 𝑗 ( 𝜕𝑥3 − ) + 𝑘 ( 𝜕𝑥2 − )
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦

Therefore, Curl𝐴⃗ is a vector quantity.

Irrotatational Vector (or Conservative force or potential field)

A vector 𝐴⃗ is said to be irrotatational vector or conservative force field or potential field if

curl𝐴⃗ = 0 𝑜𝑟 ∇ × 𝐴⃗ = 0

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
curl𝐴⃗ = ∇ × 𝐴⃗ = | |=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3

Scalar potential:

A vector 𝐴⃗ which can be derived from the scalar field ∅ such that 𝐹 = ∇∅ is called
conservative field and ∅ is called scalar potential.

Tangent Plane and normal line :

If ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐 be the equation of a surface and 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a point on it. Then the
equation of the tangent plane at the point 𝑝 is given by

𝐴(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝐵(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝐶(𝑧 − 𝑧1 ) = 0

𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
Also the equation of the normal line is given by = =
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
Where 𝐴 = (𝜕𝑥 ) 𝐵 = (𝜕𝑦) 𝐶 = (𝜕𝑧 )
(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) (𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) (𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)

1. Given 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑥𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑥𝑦𝑘 find 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐴⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐴⃗

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐴⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗ = ( 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘) ∙ (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑥𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑥𝑦𝑘 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧) + (𝑦 2 𝑧𝑥) + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑧 2 𝑥𝑦))
𝜕𝑦

= 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑥𝑦

= 6𝑥𝑦𝑧

curl𝐴⃗ = ∇ × 𝐴⃗

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=| 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|
2 2 2
𝑥 𝑦𝑧 𝑦 𝑧𝑥 𝑧 𝑥𝑦
 = 𝑖(𝑧 2 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑥) − 𝑗(𝑧 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑘(𝑦 2 𝑧 − 𝑥 2 𝑧)

curl𝐴⃗ = ∇ × 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥(𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑖 − 𝑦(𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑗 + 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑘

2. Find the unit vector normal to the surface 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 = 4 at the point (2, −2, 3)

Let ∅ = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 4

Normal vector to the surface = ∇∅

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∴ ∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∅
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 4)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 4)𝑖 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 4)𝑗 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 4)𝑘)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

∇∅ = (2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑧)𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 2𝑥𝑘

[∇∅](2,−2,3) = −2𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 4𝑘

[∇∅](2,−2,3) = 2(−𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 2𝑘)

∇∅
Required unit vector normal 𝑛̂ = |∇∅|

2(−𝑖+2𝑗+2𝑘)
=
√22 ((−1)2 +22 +22

(−𝑖+2𝑗+2𝑘)
=
√9

(−𝑖+2𝑗+2𝑘)
𝑛̂ = 3

3. Find the unit vector normal to the surface 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2 = 4 at the point (−1, −1, 2)

Let ∅ = 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2 − 4

Normal vector to the surface = ∇∅

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∴ ∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∅
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) (𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2 − 4)
𝜕𝑦
 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 (𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2 − 4)𝑖 + (𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2 − 4)𝑗 + (𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2 − 4)𝑘)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

∇∅ = 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 𝑖 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑗 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧𝑘

[∇∅](−1,−1,2 ) = −4𝑖 − 12𝑗 + 4𝑘

[∇∅](−1,−1,2) = −4(𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 𝑘)

∇∅
Required unit vector normal 𝑛̂ = |∇∅|

−4(𝑖+3𝑗−𝑘)
=
√(−4)2 (12 +32 +12

− (𝑖+3𝑗−𝑘)
=
√11

− (𝑖+3𝑗−𝑘)
𝑛̂ =
√11

4. Find the unit vector normal to the surface 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦 2 𝑧 4 = 10 at the point (2, 1, −1)

Let ∅ = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦 2 𝑧 4 − 10

Normal vector to the surface = ∇∅

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∴ ∇∅ = ( 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘) ∅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦 2 𝑧 4 − 10)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦 2 𝑧 4 − 10)𝑖 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦 2 𝑧 4 − 10)𝑗 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦 2 𝑧 4 − 10)𝑘)

∇∅ = (2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑧)𝑖 + (𝑥 2 + 4𝑦𝑧 4 ) 𝑗 + (−2𝑥 + 8𝑦 2 𝑧 3 )𝑘

[∇∅](2,1,−1 ) = 6𝑖 + 8𝑗 − 12𝑘

[∇∅](2,1,−1) = 2(3𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 6𝑘)

∇∅
Required unit vector normal 𝑛̂ = |∇∅|

2(3𝑖+4𝑗−6𝑘)
=
√(2)2 (32 +42 +(−6)2

3𝑖+4𝑗−6𝑘
𝑛̂ =
√61
6. Find the directional derivatives of 𝜑 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 𝑎𝑡 (1, −2, −1) 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 2𝑖 − 𝑗 − 2𝑘

𝑑⃗
Solution : we have Directional derivative = ∇∅ ∙ 𝑛̂ where 𝑛̂ = |𝑑⃗|

𝜑 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 )
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 )𝑖 + (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 )𝑗 + (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 )𝑘)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= (2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 )𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 𝑗 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 8𝑥𝑧)𝑘

[∇∅](1,−2,−1 ) = 8𝑖 − 𝑗 − 10𝑘

The unit vector in the direction of 2𝑖 − 𝑗 − 2𝑘 is

𝑑⃗ 2𝑖−𝑗−2𝑘
𝑛̂ = |𝑑⃗|
=
√22 +(−1)2 +(−2)2

2𝑖−𝑗−2𝑘 2𝑖−𝑗−2𝑘
𝑛̂ = =
√9 3

2𝑖−𝑗−2𝑘
Directional derivative = ∇∅ ∙ 𝑛̂ = (8𝑖 − 𝑗 − 10𝑘) ∙
3

16+1+20 37
Directional derivative = ∇∅ ∙ 𝑛̂ = =
3 3

7. Find the directional derivatives of 𝜑 = 4𝑥𝑧 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑎𝑡 (2, −1,2) 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 2𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 6𝑘

𝑑⃗
Solution : we have Directional derivative = ∇∅ ∙ 𝑛̂ where 𝑛̂ = |𝑑⃗|

𝜑 = 4𝑥𝑧 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) (4𝑥𝑧 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 )
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝜕𝑥 (4𝑥𝑧 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 )𝑖 + (4𝑥𝑧 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧)𝑗 + (4𝑥𝑧 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧)𝑘)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= (4𝑧 3 − 6𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 )𝑖 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + (12𝑥𝑧 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑘

[∇∅](2,−1,2 ) = 8𝑖 + 48𝑗 + 84𝑘

 The unit vector in the direction of 2𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 6𝑘 is

𝑑⃗ 2𝑖−3𝑗+6𝑘
𝑛̂ = |𝑑⃗|
=
√22 +(−3)2 +(6)2

2𝑖−3𝑗+6𝑘 2𝑖−3𝑗+6𝑘
𝑛̂ = =
√4+9+36 7

2𝑖−3𝑗+6𝑘
Directional derivative = ∇∅ ∙ 𝑛̂ = (8𝑖 + 48𝑗 + 84𝑘) ∙ 7

16−48(3)+84(6) 376
Directional derivative = ∇∅ ∙ 𝑛̂ = =
7 7

𝑥𝑧
8. Find the directional derivatives of 𝜑 = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑎𝑡(1, −1,1) in the direction of 𝐴⃗ = 𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘

𝑑⃗
Solution : we have Directional derivative = ∇∅ ∙ 𝑛̂ where 𝑛̂ = |𝑑⃗|

𝑥𝑧
𝜑 = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝑥𝑧
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝑥𝑧 𝜕 𝑥𝑧 𝜕 𝑥𝑧
= 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2) 𝑖 + ( ) 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2) 𝑘
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) 𝑧−𝑥𝑧 2𝑥 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) 0−𝑥𝑧 2𝑦 (𝑥 2 +𝑦2 ) 𝑥−𝑥𝑧 0

= { (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
} 𝑖+{ (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
} 𝑗+ { (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
}𝑘

𝑧 (𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 ) 𝑥𝑧 2𝑦 𝑥
= (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
𝑖 − (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2 𝑗 + (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )
𝑘

1 1
[∇∅](1,−1,1 ) = 0𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘
2 2

The unit vector in the direction of 𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘 is

𝑑⃗ 𝑖−2𝑗+𝑘
𝑛̂ = |𝑑⃗|
=
√12 +(−2)2 +(1)2

𝑖−2𝑗+𝑘 𝑖−2𝑗+𝑘
𝑛̂ = =
√1+4+1 √6

1 1 𝑖−2𝑗+𝑘
Directional derivative = ∇∅ ∙ 𝑛̂ = (0𝑖 + 2 𝑗 + 2 𝑘) ∙
√6

1
−1+ −1
2
Directional derivative = ∇∅ ∙ 𝑛̂ = =
√6 2√6
9. Find the directional derivatives of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 at the point (1,1, −1) in the direction
of the tangent to the curve 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 1 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 where −1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1

𝑑⃗
Solution : we have Directional derivative = ∇𝑓 ∙ 𝑛̂ where 𝑛̂ = |𝑑⃗ |

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇𝑓 = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) 𝑓
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇𝑓 = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 ) 𝑖 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 ) 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 ) 𝑘)
𝜕𝑦

= 2𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑖 + 2 𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑗 + 2𝑧 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘

[∇𝑓](1,1,−1 ) = 2𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 2𝑘 − − − − − −(1)

In order to find the direction of the tangent, we have position vector 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘

𝑟⃗ = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑖 + (1 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) 𝑗 + (𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) 𝑘

𝑑𝑟⃗
⃗⃗ =
𝑇 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑖 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑗 + (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) 𝑘
𝑑𝑡
We have 𝑃 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1,1, −1) by data

∴ 𝑒 𝑡 = 1; 1 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 1; 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = −1

Here 𝑒 𝑡 = 1 ⟹ 𝑡 = 0 this value of t satisfies all the equation.

𝑑𝑟⃗
Thus [ 𝑑𝑡 ] = 𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 𝑘 is the direction of the tangents and unit vector in this direction is
𝑡=0

𝑑⃗ 𝑖+2𝑗+𝑘
𝑛̂ = |𝑑⃗|
=
√12 +(2)2 +(1)2

𝑑⃗ 𝑖+2𝑗+𝑘
𝑛̂ = |𝑑⃗|
=
√6

Therefor, the required directional derivative of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) along the tangent to the given
curves is

Directional derivative = ∇𝑓 ∙ 𝑛̂
𝑖+2𝑗+𝑘
= (2𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 2𝑘 ) ∙
√6

2+4−2 4
= =
√6 √6
10. Find the directional derivative of the function 𝑥𝑦𝑧 along the direction of the normal to the
surface 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑧𝑥 2 = 3 at the point (1,1,1).

𝑑⃗
Let we have Directional derivative = ∇∅ ∙ 𝑛̂ where 𝑛̂ = |𝑑⃗ |

Given ∅ = 𝑥𝑦𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = ( 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘) 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑦

∇∅ = 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘

[∇∅](1,1,1 ) = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 … … … … (1)

Let 𝜓 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑧𝑥 2 − 3
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇𝜓 = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) (𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑧𝑥 2 − 3)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇𝜓 = (𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑧𝑥 2 − 3) 𝑖 + (𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑧𝑥 2 − 3) 𝑗 + (𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑧𝑥 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
− 3) 𝑘

∇𝜓 = (𝑦 2 + 2𝑧𝑥)𝑖 + (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2 )𝑗 + (2𝑧𝑦 + 𝑥 2 )𝑘

[∇𝜓](1,1,1 ) = 3𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 3𝑘 is the normal to the given surface at (1,1,1)

𝑑⃗ 3(𝑖+𝑗+𝑘)
The unit vector along 3(𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘) is 𝑛̂ = |𝑑⃗|
=
√9 [12 +(1)2 +(1)2 ]

𝑑⃗ (𝑖+𝑗+𝑘)
𝑛̂ = |𝑑⃗|
=
√3

The required directional derivative of ∅ along the normal to the given surface is
(𝑖+𝑗+𝑘)
∇∅ ∙ 𝑛̂ = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 ∙
√3

1+1+1 3
∇∅ ∙ 𝑛̂ = =
√3 √3
11. In which direction the directional derivative of 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 3 is maximum at (2,1,-1) and find the
magnitude of this maximum.

Solution: W.K.T The directional derivative is maximum along the normal vector which
being ∇∅

Let ∅ = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 3
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∅
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 3
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 3 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 3 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 3 𝑘)
𝜕𝑦

∇∅ = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 3 𝑗 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑘

[∇∅](2,1,−1 ) = −4𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 12𝑘 which is required direction in which the

directional derivative is maximum.

The magnitude of this is √(−4)2 + (−4)2 + (12)2 = 4√11

12. If the directional derivative of 𝜑 = 𝑎𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑏𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐𝑧 2 𝑥 3 at (-1,1,2) has a maximum

magnitude of 32 units in the direction parallel to y-axis find 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐.

Solution: Directional derivative is maximum along the normal vector (∇∅) and in the
direction parallel to y-axis the magnitudes is given to 32 units.

∴ ∇∅ ∙ 𝑗 = 32 𝑎𝑡 (−1,1,2) − − − − − (1)
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∅
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) (𝑎𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑏𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐𝑧 2 𝑥 3 )
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 (𝑎𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑏𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐𝑧 2 𝑥 3 ) 𝑖 + (𝑎𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑏𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐𝑧 2 𝑥 3 ) 𝑗 +
𝜕𝑦
𝜕
(𝑎𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑏𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐𝑧 2 𝑥 3 )𝑘)
𝜕𝑧

∇∅ = (𝑎𝑦 2 + 3𝑐𝑧 2 𝑥 2 )𝑖 + (2𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑧)𝑗 + (𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑐𝑧𝑥 3 )𝑘

[∇∅](−1,1,2 ) = (𝑎 + 12𝑐)𝑖 + (−2𝑎 + 2𝑏)𝑗 + (𝑏 − 4𝑐)𝑘

Now, ∇∅ ∙ 𝑗 = (−2𝑎 + 2𝑏) = 32 by using equation(1)

 −𝑎 + 𝑏 = 16

Since ∇∅ is parallel to the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 we must have, 𝑎 + 12𝑐 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 − 4𝑐 = 0

Thus by solving the three equation ,

−𝑎 + 𝑏 = 16 , 𝑎 + 12𝑐 = 0, 𝑏 − 4𝑐 = 0

We obtain 𝑎 = −12, 𝑏 = 4, 𝑐 = 1

13. Find the angle between the surfaces 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9 and 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3 at (2, -1, 2)

Solution: The angle between the surfaces is defined to be equal to the angle between their normal
∇∅ ∙∇∅
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = |∇∅ 1||∇∅2 |
1 2

W.K.T ∇∅ is a vector normal to the surface.

We have the equation of the two surfaces given by

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9 and 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 3

Let ∅1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 9 and ∅2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 − 3
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
We have ∇∅1 = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∅1
𝜕𝑦

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅1 𝜕∅1
∇∅1 = ( 𝜕𝑥1 𝑖 + 𝑗+ 𝑘)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅1 = (𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 9) 𝑖 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 9) 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 9) 𝑘)
𝜕𝑦

∇∅1 = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘

[∇∅1 ](2,− 1,2 ) = 4𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 4𝑘 − − − −(𝑖)

𝜕∅2 𝜕∅2 𝜕∅2

∇∅2 = ( 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜕
∇∅2 = ( (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 − 3) 𝑖 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 − 3) 𝑗 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 − 3) 𝑘)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

∇∅2 = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 − 𝑘

[∇∅2 ](2,− 1,2 ) = 4𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 𝑘 − − − − − −(𝑖𝑖)

 If 𝜃 is the angle between these two normal,
∇∅ ∙∇∅
then we have 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = |∇∅ 1||∇∅2 |
1 2

(4𝑖−2𝑗+4𝑘)∙(4𝑖+4𝑗−𝑘)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
√(4)2 +(−2)2 +(4)2 √(4)2 +(4)2 +(−1)2

16−8−4 8
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = 3√21
√16+4+16 √16+16+1

8
∴ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (3√21)

14. Find the angle between the normal to the surface 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑧 2 at the points (4,1,2) and (3,3,-3)

Solution: If 𝜃 is the angle between the vectors 𝐴⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵

⃗⃗,

𝐴⃗∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗
Then we have 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = |𝐴⃗|| 𝐵⃗⃗|

Let ∅ = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧2 and W.K.T ∇∅ is a vector normal to the surface.

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∅
𝜕𝑦

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧2 ) 𝑖 + (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧2 ) 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧2 ) 𝑘)
𝜕𝑦

∇∅ = 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑥𝑗 − 2𝑧𝑘

[∇∅](4,1,2 ) = 𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 4𝑘 − − − − − −𝐴⃗(𝑠𝑎𝑦)

⃗⃗ (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
[∇∅](3,3,−3 ) = 3𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 6𝑘 − − − − − −𝐵

𝐴⃗∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ (𝑖+4𝑗−4𝑘)∙(3𝑖+3𝑗+6𝑘)
we have 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = |𝐴⃗|| 𝐵⃗⃗| =
√(1)2 +(4)2 +(−4)2 √(3)2 +(3)2 +(6)2

3+12−24 −3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = =
√33 √54 √33 √6

−3
∴ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
√33 √6

15. Find the value of the constants 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 such that the surfaces 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑏𝑦𝑧 = (𝑎 + 2)𝑥 and
4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑧 3 = 4 are orthogonal at the point (1, −1,2)

Solution: first we have to ensure that the given point lies on the surface substituting (1,-1,2) onto
the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑏𝑦𝑧 = (𝑎 + 2)𝑥 we obtain
 𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 𝑎 + 2 ⟹ 2𝑏 = 2 ⟹ 𝑏 = 1

Also if (1, −1,2) is substituted onto the LHS of the equation 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑧 3 = 4 . we will get 4 which is
equal to R.H.S

Therefore, the given point lies on both the surface when 𝑏 = 1

In order to find, we have to use the orthogonally condition 𝑖. 𝑒 ∇∅1 ∙ ∇∅2 = 0

∅1 = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑏𝑦𝑧 = (𝑎 + 2)𝑥 and ∅2 = 4𝑥2 𝑦 + 𝑧3 − 4

∇∅1 = {2𝑎𝑥 − (𝑎 + 2)}𝑖 − 𝑏𝑧𝑗 − 𝑏𝑦𝑘

∇∅2 = 8𝑥𝑦𝑖 + 4𝑥2 𝑗 + 3𝑧2 𝑘

[∇∅1 ](1,−1,2 ) = (𝑎 − 2)𝑖 − 2𝑏𝑗 + 𝑏𝑘

[∇∅2 ](1,−1,2 ) = −8𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 12𝑘

∴ ∇∅1 ∙ ∇∅2 = −8(𝑎 − 2) − 8𝑏 + 12𝑏 = 0

−8(𝑎 − 2) − 8𝑏 + 12𝑏 = 0 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑏 = 1 and hence we get 𝑎 = 5/2

5
Therefor 𝑎 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 1 are the required values

16. If 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑥 2 𝑖 − 3𝑦𝑧𝑗 + 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘 and 𝜑 = 2𝑧 − 𝑥 3 𝑦, compute 𝐴⃗ ∙ ∇𝜑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴⃗ × ∇𝜑 at (1,-1,1)

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Solution: ∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∅
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 (2𝑧 − 𝑥3 𝑦) 𝑖 + (2𝑧 − 𝑥3 𝑦) 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 (2𝑧 − 𝑥3 𝑦) 𝑘)
𝜕𝑦

∇∅ = −3𝑥2 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑥3 𝑗 + 2𝑘

[∇∅](1,−1,1 ) = 3𝑖 − 𝑗 + 2𝑘

𝐴⃗ = 2𝑥 2 𝑖 − 3𝑦𝑧𝑗 + 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘

[⃗𝐴⃗](1,−1,1 ) = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 𝑘

∴ ⃗𝐴⃗ ∙ ∇𝜑 = (2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 𝑘) ∙ (3𝑖 − 𝑗 + 2𝑘)

∴ ⃗𝐴⃗ ∙ ∇𝜑 = 6 − 3 + 2 = 5

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝐴⃗ × ∇𝜑 = |2 3 1| = 7𝑖 − 𝑗 − 11𝑘
3 −1 2
17. Find 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ and 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ where 𝐹⃗ = ∇(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧)

Solution: Let ∅ = 𝑥3 + 𝑦3 + 𝑧3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐹⃗ = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑∅ = ∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜕𝑦
𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∅

∴ 𝐹⃗ = (3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧)𝑖 + (3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧)𝑗 + (3𝑧 2 − 3𝑦𝑥)𝑘

Now, 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=(
𝜕𝑥
𝑖+ 𝜕𝑦
𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∙ (3𝑥2 − 3𝑦𝑧)𝑖 + (3𝑦2 − 3𝑥𝑧)𝑗 + (3𝑧2 − 3𝑦𝑥)𝑘

= 6𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 6𝑧

𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 6(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Also 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗ =| 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 | on expanding we get
(3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧) (3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧) (3𝑧 2 − 3𝑦𝑥)

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0

18. If 𝐹⃗ = ∇(x𝑦 3 𝑧 2 ) find 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ and 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ at the point (1, -1, 1)

Solution: Let ∅ = x𝑦3 𝑧2

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐹⃗ = ∇(x𝑦 3 𝑧 2 ) = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜕𝑦
𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) x𝑦 3 𝑧 2

𝐹⃗ = 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 𝑖 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑗 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜕𝑦
𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∙ 𝐹⃗

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜕𝑦
𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∙ (𝑦 3 𝑧 2 𝑖 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑗 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑘)

𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = 6𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 3

∴ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ 𝑎𝑡 (1, −1,1) = −6 − 2 = −8

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Also 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗ =| 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
𝑦3𝑧2 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 2𝑥𝑦 3

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 𝑖(6𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 − 6𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧) − 𝑗(2𝑦 3 𝑧 − 2𝑦 3 𝑧) + 𝑘(3𝑦 2 𝑧 2 − 3𝑦 2 𝑧 2 )

 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0

19. If 𝐹⃗ = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑖 + (𝑥𝑧 3 + 𝑦 4 )𝑗 − 2𝑥 3 𝑧 2 𝑘, find 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 (𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ ) at (2, -1, 0)

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Solution: 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜕𝑦
𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∙ 𝐹⃗

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜕𝑦
𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∙ ((3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑖 + (𝑥𝑧 3 + 𝑦 4 )𝑗 − 2𝑥 3 𝑧 2 𝑘)

𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 6𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 − 4𝑥 3 𝑧 = ∅ (𝑠𝑎𝑦)

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 (𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ ) = ∇∅ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜕𝑦
𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∅

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 (𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ ) = ∇∅ = ( 𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜕𝑦
𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘)

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 (𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ ) = ( (6𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 − 4𝑥 3 𝑧) 𝑖 + (6𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 − 4𝑥 3 𝑧) 𝑗 + (6𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 − 4𝑥 3 𝑧) 𝑘)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 (𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ ) = (6𝑦 − 12𝑥 2 𝑧)𝑖 + (6𝑥 + 12𝑦 2 )𝑗 − 4𝑥 3 𝑘

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 (𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ ) 𝑎𝑡 (2, −1,0) = −6𝑖 + 24𝑗 − 32𝑘

20. If 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥𝑧 3 𝑖 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑗 + 2𝑦𝑧 4 𝑘 find ∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗, ∇ × 𝐴⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∇ ∙ (∇ × 𝐴⃗) at the point (1,-1,1).

Solution: Let 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥𝑧 3 𝑖 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑗 + 2𝑦𝑧 4 𝑘

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Now, ∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜕𝑦
𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∙ (𝑥𝑧 3 𝑖 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑗 + 2𝑦𝑧 4 𝑘)

∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗ = 𝑧 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑧 + 8𝑦𝑧 3

∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗ 𝑎𝑡 (1, −1,1) = 1 − 2 − 8 = −9

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ × 𝐴⃗ = curl𝐴⃗ =| 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
3 2 4
𝑥𝑧 −2𝑥 𝑦𝑧 2𝑦𝑧

∇ × 𝐴⃗ = curl𝐴⃗ = 2(𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑧 4 )𝑖 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑗 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑘

∇ × 𝐴⃗ = curl𝐴⃗ 𝑎𝑡 (1, −1,1) = 3𝑗 + 4𝑘

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ ∙ (∇ × 𝐴⃗) = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜕𝑦
𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∙ 2(𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑧 4 )𝑖 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑗 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑘

∇ ∙ (∇ × 𝐴⃗) = 4𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦

∇ ∙ (∇ × 𝐴⃗) 𝑎𝑡 (1, −1,1) = 4 − 4 = 0

21. If 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)𝑖 + 𝑗 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑘, show that 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ = 0

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Solution: ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = curl𝐹⃗ =| 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) 1 −(𝑥 + 𝑦)

∇ × 𝐹⃗ = curl𝐹⃗ = −𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ = ((𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)𝑖 + 𝑗 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑘). (−𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘)

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ = −(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) + 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ = 0

22. Find 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙(𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐴⃗) given that 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑦𝑘

Solution: Let 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑦𝑘

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐴⃗ = ∇ × 𝐴⃗ =| 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
𝑥𝑦 𝑦2𝑧 𝑧2𝑦

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐴⃗ = ∇ × 𝐴⃗ = 𝑖(𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − 𝑗(0 − 0) + 𝑘(0 − 𝑥)

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐴⃗ = ∇ × 𝐴⃗ = 𝑖(𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − 𝑘𝑥

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Now, 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙(𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐴⃗) = ∇ × (∇ × 𝐴⃗) = | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
(𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 0 −𝑥

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙(𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐴⃗) = ∇ × (∇ × 𝐴⃗) = (1 + 2𝑧)𝑗 + 2𝑦𝑘

23. Given 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑥𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑥𝑦𝑘 find 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐴⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐴⃗

Solution: Let 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑥𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑥𝑦𝑘

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Now, 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐴⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗ = ( 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∙ (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑥𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑥𝑦𝑘 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐴⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑦𝑧

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐴⃗ = ∇ × 𝐴⃗ =| 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑥 𝑧 2 𝑥𝑦

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐴⃗ = ∇ × 𝐴⃗ = 𝑖(𝑧 2 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑥) − 𝑗(𝑧 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑘(𝑦 2 𝑧 − 𝑥 2 𝑧)

 𝑥𝑖+𝑦𝑗+𝑧𝑘 2
⃗⃗ =
24. If 𝑉 ⃗⃗ =
then show that 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑉 ⃗⃗ = ⃗0⃗
and 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑉
√𝑥 2 +𝑦2 +𝑧 2 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2

𝑥𝑖+𝑦𝑗+𝑧𝑘
⃗⃗ =
Solution: Given 𝑉
√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2

⃗⃗ , so we can write
Now, Observing the symmetric nature in 𝑉

⃗⃗ = ( 𝜕 𝑖 +
⃗⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝑉
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑉
𝜕 𝜕
𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∙ [
𝑥𝑖
+
𝑦𝑗
+
𝑧𝑘
]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2

𝜕 𝑥𝑖
⃗⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝑉
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑉 ⃗⃗ = ∑ 𝑖 ∙
𝜕𝑥 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2

2𝑥
√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥
2√𝑥2 +𝑦2 +𝑧2
⃗⃗ = ∑ [
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑉 ]
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2

𝑥 2 +𝑦2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥 2
⃗⃗ = ∑ [
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑉 ]
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 ) √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2

𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
⃗⃗ = ∑ [
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑉 ]
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 ) √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2

𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 𝑥 2 +𝑧 2 𝑦 2 +𝑥 2
⃗⃗ =
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑉 + +
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 ) √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2+𝑧 2 ) √𝑥 2 +𝑦2 +𝑧 2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 ) √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2

𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 +𝑥 2 +𝑧 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑥 2 2
⃗⃗ =
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑉 =
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 ) √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⃗⃗ = ∇ × 𝑉
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑉 ⃗⃗ = || 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 ||
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
√𝑥 2 +𝑦2 +𝑧 2 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2

⃗⃗ = ∇ × 𝑉
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑉 ⃗⃗ = 0𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 0𝑘

𝑥𝑖+𝑦𝑗
25. Show that 𝐹⃗ = is both solenoidal and irrotational.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

Solution: A vector 𝐹⃗ is said to be solenoidal vector if ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 0 or div𝐹⃗ = 0

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∙ 𝐹⃗
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝑥𝑖+𝑦𝑗
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∙ 𝑥2 +𝑦2
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝑥 𝜕 𝑦
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = (𝜕𝑥 (𝑥2 +𝑦2 ) + (
𝜕𝑦 𝑥2 +𝑦2
))
 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 )−𝑥2𝑥 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 )−𝑦2𝑦 2 2
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = (𝑥2 +𝑦2 )2 + (𝑥2 +𝑦2 )2

2
(−𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑥 −𝑦 ) 2 2 2
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = (𝑥2 +𝑦2 )2
=0 ∴ ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 is solenoidal vector

WKT, A vector 𝐹⃗ is said to be irrotatational vector or conservative force field or

potential field if curl𝐹⃗ = 0 𝑜𝑟 ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
curl𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 | =0
𝑥 𝑦
0
𝑥2 +𝑦2 𝑥2 +𝑦2

∴ Vector 𝐹⃗ is irrotatational vector

26. Show that the vector field 𝑓 = 2𝑥 2 𝑧𝑖 − 10𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑗 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘 is solenoidal vector.

Solution: WKT A vector 𝐹⃗ is said to be solenoidal vector if ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 0 or div𝐹⃗ = 0

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∙ 𝐹⃗
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∙ (2𝑥2 𝑧𝑖 − 10𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑗 + 3𝑥𝑧2 𝑘 )
𝜕𝑦

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 4𝑥𝑧 − 10𝑥𝑧 + 6𝑥𝑧 = 0 ∴ ⃗⃗⃗

𝐹 is solenoidal vector

27. Show that the vector field 𝑓 = (𝑧 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)𝑖 + (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑗 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑘 is irrotational.

Solution: WKT, A vector 𝐹⃗ is said to be irrotatational vector or conservative force field or

potential field if curl𝐹⃗ = 0 𝑜𝑟 ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
curl𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑧 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑥−𝑦

curl𝐹⃗ = 𝑖(−1 + 1) − 𝑗(1 − 1) + 𝑘(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦) = 0

∴ Vector 𝐹⃗ is irrotatational vector

28. Find the constants a and b such that 𝑓 = (𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖 + (3𝑥 2 − 𝑧)𝑗 + (𝑏𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦)𝑘 is
irrotational. Then find φ such that 𝑓 = ∇φ

Solution: WKT, A vector 𝐹⃗ is said to be irrotatational vector or

conservative force field or potential field if curl𝐹⃗ = 0 𝑜𝑟 ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0
 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
curl𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|=0
𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 2
3𝑥 − 𝑧 2
𝑏𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦

𝑖(−1 + 1) − 𝑗(𝑏𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 2 ) + 𝑘(6𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥) = 0

𝑖(0) − 𝑧 2 𝑗(𝑏 − 3) + 𝑥𝑘(6 − 𝑎) = 0

It is possible only when 𝑏 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 = 6

Given that, 𝑓 = ∇φ or
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
(𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖 + (3𝑥 2 − 𝑧)𝑗 + (𝑏𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦)𝑘 =( 𝑖+ 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Substitute a and b
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
(6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖 + (3𝑥 2 − 𝑧)𝑗 + (3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦)𝑘 =( 𝑖+ 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕∅
= 6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 integrate we get
𝜕𝑥

∅ = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑧 3 𝑥 + 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧) − − − − − − − (1)
𝜕∅
= 3𝑥 2 − 𝑧 integrate we get
𝜕𝑦

∅ = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑧𝑦 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧) − − − − − − − −(2)
𝜕∅
= 3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦 integrate we get
𝜕𝑧

∅ = 𝑥𝑧 3 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦) − − − − − − − −(3)

∴ ∅ = 𝑥𝑧 3 − 𝑦𝑧 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦

29. Show that 𝐹⃗ = (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑖 + (𝑧 + 𝑥)𝑗 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑘 is irrotational. Also find a scalar function φ such that
𝐹⃗ = ∇φ

Solution: Solution: WKT, A vector 𝐹⃗ is said to be irrotatational vector or

conservative force field or potential field if curl𝐹⃗ = 0

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Curl𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑦+𝑧 𝑧+𝑥 𝑥+𝑦

Curl𝐹⃗ = 𝑖(𝑜) − 𝑗(1 − 1) + 𝑘(1 − 1) = 0 ⃗⃗ 𝑖𝑠 irrotatational vector

∴ 𝐹
 Given that, 𝑓 = ∇φ or
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
(𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑖 + (𝑧 + 𝑥)𝑗 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑘 =( 𝑖+ 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕∅
=𝑦+𝑧 integrate we get
𝜕𝑥

∅ = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧) − − − − − − − (1)
𝜕∅
=𝑧+𝑥 integrate we get
𝜕𝑦

∅ = 𝑧𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧) − − − − − − − −(2)
𝜕∅
=𝑥+𝑦 integrate we get
𝜕𝑧

∅ = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦) − − − − − − − −(3)

∴ ∅ = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥

30. Show that 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 + (2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧 2 )𝑗 + (2𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑘 is conservative force field.
Find its scalar potential.

Solution: Solution: WKT, A vector 𝐹⃗ is said to be irrotatational vector or

conservative force field or potential field if curl𝐹⃗ = 0

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Curl𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|
2𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑦𝑧 2𝑥2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧2 2𝑦2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦

Curl𝐹⃗ = 𝑖(4𝑦𝑧 − 4𝑦𝑧) − 𝑗(𝑦 − 𝑦) + 𝑘(4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧) = 0

∴ ⃗𝐹⃗ 𝑖𝑠 irrotatational vector or conservative force field

Given that, 𝑓 = ∇φ or
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
(2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 + (2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧 2 )𝑗 + (2𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑘 =( 𝑖+ 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕∅
= 2𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑦𝑧 integrate we get
𝜕𝑥

∅ = 𝑥2 𝑦2 + 𝑧𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧) − − − − − − − (1)

𝜕∅
= 2𝑥2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧2 integrate we get
𝜕𝑦

∅ = 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑧𝑦 + 𝑦2 𝑧2 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧) − − − − − − − −(2)

 𝜕∅
= 2𝑦2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦 integrate we get
𝜕𝑧

∅ = 𝑧2 𝑦2 + 𝑦𝑥𝑧 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦) − − − − − − − −(3)

From equation (1) (2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3) 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑧2 𝑦2 , 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧) = 0, 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦2 𝑥2

∴ ∅ = 𝑧2 𝑦2 + 𝑦𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧2 𝑦2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2

31. Find the constant a so that the vector field 𝑓 = (𝑥 + 3𝑦)𝑖 + (𝑦 − 2𝑧)𝑗 + (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑧)𝑘 is solenoidal.

Solution: WKT A vector 𝐹⃗ is said to be solenoidal vector if ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 0 or div𝐹⃗ = 0

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∙ 𝐹⃗
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ = (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘) ∙ ((𝑥 + 3𝑦)𝑖 + (𝑦 − 2𝑧)𝑗 + (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑧)𝑘) = 0
𝜕𝑦

1+1−𝑎 =0 ∴𝑎=2

32. Find the constant 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 such that the vector field

𝑓 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧)𝑖 + (𝑏𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑗 + (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦)𝑘 is irrotational. Also find scalar field

33. Find the constant 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 such that the vector field

𝑓 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧)𝑖 + (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 2𝑧)𝑗 + (𝑏𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑘 is irrotational

34. Show that the surfaces 𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 = 3𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 3 + 6𝑦 = 0 intersect orthogonally at(1,1-2)

35. Prove that ∇(r n ) = nr n−2 r⃗

36. Prove that ∇. (r n r⃗) = (n + 3)r n

37. Prove that Curl(gradφ) = 0

38. Prove that div( curl𝐴⃗ ) = 0

39. Prove div (φ𝐴⃗ ) = φ div 𝐴⃗ + 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑑φ . 𝐴⃗

40. Prove that curl (φ𝐴⃗ ) =φ curl𝐴⃗ + 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑑φ x 𝐴⃗