Tourism Planning Policy and Development
6
“Historical Development”
MS. AIRA MAE PAPA
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TPC5-TTPD
“Historical Development”
• Explain the importance of studying history.
• Know the historical development of tourism.
• Identify five factors that influence the way history
is told
• Understand the social sciences and policy studies.
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Study of History
❑ means to identify and explain what issues, values, and beliefs
were important at a certain time and how values and value
systems influenced individuals’ , groups , and agencies’
decisions, actions and events.
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Example
Cultural History, it alerts us to many angles or
viewpoints from which history can be constructed
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It was explored by different
contributors or writers:
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John Urry (1990-1995)
▪ a noted sociologist. He
traced the development of
tourism in the context of
the transcendental
restructuring of social and
economic systems over the
last two centuries.
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Stephen Britton (1991)-
▪ a geographer. He explored the historic-spatial
development of tourism with reference to social
and economic processes.
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Davidson and Spearitt (2000)
▪ a latter a well-known historian. He examined the
development of tourism in Australia and drew
together the cultural shifts taking place and the
rise of increasingly powerful business interests in
tourism.
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John Richardson (1999)
▪ a formal tourism consultant, journalist and general
manager of the Australian Tourist Commission, presented
a “history of the business of Australian travel and
tourism”.
▪ In fact, it is broader in scope than business because,
among other things, it does indeed amply demonstrate
that “The history of Australian Tourism represents a
significant contribution to the development of Australian
nationhood”.
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Each of the above contributors or writers presented
history according to their life and educational
experiences and understandings.
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Five (5) Factors that Influence the Way History is
Told
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Historical Settings and Context
❑ The history of tourism planning and policy cannot
exist outside its settings and context; society,
politics, culture and economic systems are the
super-structures that support and give meaning to
history (Gordon 2004).
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Constraints
▪ Simply means limitation or restriction.
▪ For example, given time and other constraints, it
might be possible to present only a partial history
that can contribute to, but not wholly explain,
policy events and circumstances.
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Values and value systems
▪ Values mean the worth of something while a value
system coherent set of values adopted and/or
evolved by a person, organization, or society as a
standard to guide its behavior in preferences in all
situations.
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Inherent bias
▪ Books, journals, diaries, and letters all carry
meanings forward; all carry the inherent biases of
their writers.
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History as more than description
▪ History is not simply about description. History
should seek to identify and interpret the meanings
and influences of historical cues on current events
and circumstances.
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Social Sciences and Policy Studies
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▪ Also known as the “Age of reason”
▪ It denotes a scholarly breaking with the darkness of
blind religious faith and ignorance to a new
enlightened truth based on science.
▪ During the Enlightenment, dominating religious
explanations of the world were rejected in favor of
increasingly rational and scientific understandings
of the social and physical worlds.
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Modernity
- denotes a period in the history of Western culture
when traditional societies were transformed from
small, religious, authoritarian communities by the
growth of the science and rationality associated with
the Enlightenment.
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Positivism
- denotes a commitment to rational scientific
explanations, of cause and effect and the belief that a
single, real and objective truth exists.
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❑ By the 1960’s, the well-established rational
scientific paradigm was increasingly being criticized,
and the new wave of social science development
began.
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Post-modernism
- a late-20th-century style and concept in the arts,
architecture, and criticism that represents a
departure from modernism and has at its heart a
general distrust of grand theories and ideologies as
well as a problematical relationship with any notion of
“art.”
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Managerial Economics