Migration
1. Migration refers to movement of people from one place to another.
2. Humans have been migrating place to place since pre historic times in search of food and
shelter. But after learning the art of farming, started living settled life.
3. Today also we find some nomad tribes (Banjara) moving from place to place for fodder for their
cattle as well food and shelter for themselves.
4. We also have people moving from villages to cities or from one country to another for better job
opportunities.
5. In the process of migration people move from one place to another. The place from where they
move Is known as the place of origin and the place they move to is called the place of
destination.
6. Migration can be forced or voluntary.
7. Reasons for voluntary migration:
a. Better job oppurtunities
b. Higher income
c. Better living conditions
d. Education
8. Migration though voluntary i.e. are done willingly forced by circumstances such as cyclones,
earthquake, drought or epidemic. Some people are forced to migrate due to their race, religion
nationality etc. eg. Great migration during partition of India. The people migrated in such
conditions are called refugees in the country they have migrated.
9. Migration can also be permanent, seasonal or temporary.
10. When people migrate to another place with the intention of living there for a long period of
time it is called Permanent migration.
11. When people migrate for a short period of time with the intent to return then it is called
temporary migration. Eg. Going for vacation or short study
12. In winter pastoral people go to warmer pastor areas and return to their original place in
summers, are seasonal migration.
13. Types of Migration:
a. Internal Migration: Movement within the country, from one region to another or once
state to another state.
i. Rural to Urban Migration – People migrate from rural areas to urban ares in
search of better employment opportunities, higher income and better standard
of living. Natural disasters can also make people move to cities.
ii. Rural to Rural Migration – People migrate from one village to another in search
of better land availability, water for drinking and irrigation, etc. Women
generally migrate from one village to another after village after marriage.
iii. Urban to Rural Migration – Also known as Reverse Migration-Takes place when
the city is overly populated and there is shortage of resources, pollution,
congestion, growth of slums. Etc. So people living in the cities migrate to nearby
suburb areas which has lesser population, spacious houses and they commute
to the cities for work or other activities. During pandemic many people migrated
back from cities as they lost their jobs and they were unable to continue living in
the cities due to high cost of living.
iv. Urban to Urban Migration – People move from one city to another for better
employment opportunity. Eg. Many people from all over India move to
Bengaluru for IT jobs.
b. External migration: When people move from one country to another country. For the
country from where they are moving out, for that country migrants are called emigrant
and the process is called emigration. In the new country they are moving to, for them
they called immigrants and the process is called immigration. Eg. A person moving
from India (Emmigrant) to USA (Immigrant).
i. Intracontinental – People moving from one country to another within the same
continent is called Intracontinental migration.
ii. Intercontinental – People moving to country in other continent is called
Intercontinental migration.
14. Causes Of Migration
a. Pull Factors : These are the factors that attract people to migrate to the place and leave
their place of residence.
i. Better job opportunities
ii. Availability of regular work
iii. Higher income
iv. High standard of living
v. Better educational facilities
vi. Healthcare
vii. Sources of entertainment
viii. Favourable climate
ix. Low risk of natural disasters
x. Stable government
xi. Freedom to exercise fundamental rights
b. Push Factors : These are the factors that cause people to leave their place of residence
and migrate to some other place.
i. Lack of job oppourtunities
ii. Low income from available occupations
iii. High population leading to shortage of resources such as land, water, food
iv. Lack of basic amenities such as powersupple, health care, education, transport
v. Frequent occurrence of natural calamities such as floods, droughts,
earthquakes, landslides, storms,etc.
vi. Wars and Social – communal imbalance
15. Impacts of migration
a. Economic
i. Reduces the problem of unemployment and underemployment in the in the
donor regions.
ii. Reduces the population density of the donor region which reduces pressure on
resources.
iii. Emigrants send remittances to their families.
iv. Increases supply of labour in receiver country which is beneficial if they are
under populated.
b. Social
i. Creates a multi ethnic society
c. Demographic
d. Environmental