First Year Numerical Problems Physics

CHAPTER NO. 1(MEASUREMENTS)

Question 1.1:- A light year is the distance light travels in one year. How many metres are there
in one light year: (speed of light = 3.0 x 108 m s-1).
Solution:- Speed of light = c = 3.0 x 108 m s-1
Time = t = 1 year = 365 days = 365 x 24 hours = 365 x 24 x 60 mints = 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 s
t = 31,536,000 s = 3.1536 x 107 s
Distance = S = Speed x Time = c x t = (3.0 x 108 m s-1) x (3.1536 x 107 s) = 9.4608 x 1015 m
One light year = 9.5 x 1015 m (rounded off to two significant figures)
Question 1.2:- a) How many seconds are there in 1 year?
b) How many nanoseconds in 1 year?
c) How many years in 1 second?
Solution:- a) Time = t = 1 year = 365 days = 365 x 24 hours = 365 x 24 x 60 minutes = 365 x
24 x 60 x 60 s
1 year = 31,536,000 s = 3.1536 x 107 s
b) Time = t = 1 year = 365 days = 365 x 24 hours = 365 x 24 x 60 minutes = 365 x 24 x 60 x
60 s
1 year = 31,536,000 s = 3.1536 x 107 s
We know that 1 ns = 10-9 s
Rearranging gives 1 s = 109 s
1 year = 3.1536 x 107 x 109 ns = 3.1536 x 1016 ns
c) We have already calculated number of seconds in 1 year as under:-
1 year = 3.1536 x 107 s
Divide both sides by 3.1536 x 107
1 year
1s= 7 = 0.31 x 10 year = 3.1 x 10 year
-7 -8
3.1536 x 10
1 s = 3.1 x 10-8 year
Question 1.3:- The length and width of a rectangular plate are measured to be 15.3 cm and
12.80 cm, respectively. Find the area of the plate.
Solution:- Length = L = 15.3 cm
Width = W = 12.80 cm
Area = A = Length x Width = L x W = (15.3 cm) x (12.80 cm) = 195.84 cm2
Area = A = 196 cm2 (rounded off to three significant figures)
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

Question 1.4:- Add the following masses given in kg upto appropriate precision. 2.189, 0.089,
11.8 and 5.32.
Solution:- m1 = 2.189 kg
m2 = 0.089 kg
m3 = 11.8 kg
m4 = 5.32 kg
M = m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 = 2.189 + 0.089 + 11.8 + 5.32 = 19.398 kg
M = 19.4 kg (only one digit will retained after decimal point)

Question 1.5:- Find the value of ‘g’ and its uncertainty using T = 2π
√ l
g
from the following

measurements made during an experiment

Length of simple pendulum = l = 100 cm
Time for 20 vibrations = 40.2 s
Length was measured by a metre scale of accuracy upto 1 mm and time by stop watch of
accuracy upto 0.1 s.

Solution:- T = 2π
√ l
g

√ l l
Squaring both sides of T = 2π and rearranging gives g = 4 π2 2
g T
Time for 20 vibrations = t = 40.2 s
Number of vibrations = n = 20
t 40.2
Time period = T = = = 2.01 s
n 20
Uncertainty in time = Δt = 0.1 s
Uncertainty in time period = ΔT = Δt/n = 0.1/20 = 0.005 s
Length of simple pendulum = l = 100 cm = 1 m
Uncertainty in length = Δl = 1 mm = 0.001 m
1
g = 4 (3.14)2 2 = 9.76 m s
-2
(2.01)
Δl 0.001
Percentage error of length = x 100 % = x 100 % = 0.1 %
l 1
ΔT 0.005
Percentage error of time period = x 100 % = x 100 % = 0.25 %
T 2.01
Percentage error of g = (Percentage error of length) + 2 (Percentage error of time period)
Percentage error of g = (0.1 %) + 2 (0.25 %) = 0.6 %
First Year Numerical Problems Physics
Percentage error of g 0.6
Absolute error of g = x Value of g = x 9.76 = 0.06 m s-2
100 100
g = (9.76 ± 0.06) m s-2
Question 1.6:- What are the dimensions and units of gravitational constant G in the formula F
m1 m2
=G 2 ?
r
m1 m2
Solution:- Given that F = G 2
r
2
r
G=F
m1 m2
( Unit of F ) (Unit of r )2 (N )(m)2
Unit of G = =
( Unit of m1 ) (Unit of m2 ) (kg )(kg)
Unit of G = N m2 kg-2
−2
[ F ] [r 2 ] [ M L T ][L ]
2
Dimension of G = [G] = = 2
[m1 m2 ] [M ]
Dimension of G = [G] = [M-1 L3 T-2]
Question 1.7:- Show that the expression vf = vi + at is dimensionally correct, where vi is the
velocity at t = 0, a is the acceleration and vf is the velocity at time t.
Solution:- According to principle of homogeneity of dimensions, an equation is correct
dimensionally if dimensions of quantities on both sides of the equation are same.
Given equation vf = vi + at contains three terms i.e. vf, vi and at.
Dimension of vf =[vf] = [L T-1]
Dimension of vi =[vi] = [L T-1]
Dimension of at =[at] = [L T-2] [T] = [L T-1]
It is clear that all the terms in the equation v f = vi + at have same dimensions, so equation is
correct dimensionally.
Question 1.8:- The speed v of sound waves through a medium may be assumed to depend on
(a) the density ρ of the medium and (b) its modulus of elasticity E which is the ratio of stress
to strain. Deduce by the method of dimensions, the formula for the speed of sound.
Solution:- Dimension of speed = [v] = [L T-1]
Dimension of mass [M ]
Dimension of density = [ρ] = = = [M L-3]
Dimension of volume [ L¿ ¿ 3]¿
Dimension of stress
Dimension of modulus of elasticity = [E] =
Dimension of strain
First Year Numerical Problems Physics
−2
Dimension of force [M LT ]
2
Dimension of area [L ]
= = = [M L-1 T-2]
Dimension of volume 3
[L ]
Dimension of change∈volume 3
[L ]
Given that v α ρa Eb
v = Constant ρa Eb -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq. (1)
Using dimensional analysis, we can apply dimensions on both sides of above equation as
under:-
[v] = [ρ]a [E]b ∴Constant appearing in dimensional analysis is always dimensionless
[L T-1] = [M L-3]a [M L-1 T-2]b
[M0 L T-1] = [M]a+b [L-1]-3a-b [T]-2b
Comparing powers of M, L and T on both sides gives:-
Power of M: 0=a+b
Rearranging gives a = -b ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Eq. (2)
Power of L: 1 = -3a – 2b
Power of T: -1 = -2b ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq. (3)
1
Rearranging Eq. (3) gives b =
2
1
Putting the value of b from Eq. (3) in Eq. (2) gives a = -
2
−1 1
Put values of a and b in Eq. (1) gives v = Constant ρ 2
E2
1
2
E
v = Constant 1
ρ2

v = Constant
√ E
ρ
Question 1.9:- Show that the famous “Einstein equation” E = mc2 is dimensionally consistent.
Solution:- E = m c2
L.H.S. of equation is energy, which can be found by multiplying force with displacement.
Dimension of E = [E] = [F] [d] = [M L T-2] [L] = [M L2 T-2]
R.H.S. of equation is product of mass with square of speed of light.
Dimension of m c2 = [m c2] = [M] [L T-1]2 = [M L2 T-2]
Dimension of L.H.S. = Dimension of R.H.S.
The famous “Einstein equation” is dimensionally consistent.
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

Question 1.10:- Suppose, we are told that the acceleration of a particle moving in a circle of
radius r with uniform speed v is proportional to some power of r, say r n, and some power of v,
say vm, determine the powers of r and v?
Solution:- Dimension of acceleration = [a] = [L T-2]
Dimension of radius = [r] = [L]
Dimension of speed = [v] = [L T-1]
Given that a α rn vm
a = Constant rn vm -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq. (1)
Using dimensional analysis, we can apply dimensions on both sides of above equation as
under:-
[a] = [r]n [v]m ∴Constant appearing in dimensional analysis is always dimensionless
[L T-2] = [L]n [L T-1]m
[L T-2] = [L]n+m [T]-m
Comparing powers of L and T on both sides gives:-
Power of L: 1=n+m
Rearrange as n = 1 – m -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq. (2)
Power of T: -2 = -m –----------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq. (3)
Rearranging Eq. (3) gives m = 2
After putting the value of m from Eq. (3) in Eq. (2) gives n = 1 – 2 = -1.
n = -1, m = -2
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

CHAPTER NO. 2 (VECTORS AND EQUILIBRIUM)

Question 2.1:- Suppose, in rectangular coordinate system, a vector A has its tail at point P (-2,
-3) and its tip at Q (3, 9). Determine the distance between these two points.
^ ^j .
Solution:- Position vector of any point (a, b) is written as r⃗ = a i+b
Position vector of point P = ⃗ ^
r P = -2 i−3 ^j

Position vector of point Q = ⃗ ^ ^j

r Q = 3 i+9
⃗
A=⃗
rQ - ⃗ ^ ^j ) – (-2 i−3
r P = (3 i+9 ^ ^j ¿
⃗ ^
A = 5 i+12 ^j

Magnitude of a vector ⃗ ^ y ^j is determined by A = √ x 2+ y2

A = x i+
A = √ 52 +122 = √ 169
A = 13 units
Question 2.2:- A certain corner of a room is selected as the origin of a rectangular coordinate
system. If an insect is sitting on an adjacent wall at a point having coordinates (2, 1), where
the units are in metres, what is the distance of the insect from this corner of the room?
^ ^j .
Solution:- Position vector of any point (a, b) is written as r⃗ = a i+b
^ ^j ) m
Position vector of point (2, 1) = r⃗ = (2 i+
^ ^j is determined by r = √ a2 +b 2
Magnitude of position vector r⃗ = q i+b
r = √ 22 + 12 = √ 5
r = 2.2 m
Question 1.3:- What is the unit vector in the direction of the vector ⃗ ^ ^j ?
A = 4 i+3
Solution:- ⃗ ^ ^j
A = 4 i+3
⃗
A
A is determined as ^
Unit vector in the direction of a vector ⃗ A=
A
A = A = √ 4 2+ 32 = √ 25
Magnitude of ⃗
A=5
⃗ ^ ^j
A 4 i+3
^
A= =
A 5
^ ^j
4 i+3
^
A=
5
Question 2.4:- Two particles are located at r 1 = 3 i^ +7 ^j and r2 = -2 i+3
^ ^j respectively. Find

both the magnitude of the vector (r2 – r1) and its orientation with respect to x-axis.
Solution:- ⃗ ^ ^j
r 1 = 3 i+7
⃗ ^ ^j
r 2 = -2 i+3
First Year Numerical Problems Physics
r2 - ⃗
⃗ ^ ^j ) – (3 i+7
r 1 = (-2 i+3 ^ ^j ) = (-2 i^ - 3 i^ ) + (3 ^j - 7 ^j )
r 1 = -5 i^ - 4 ^j
r2 - ⃗
⃗

Magnitude of ⃗
r2 - ⃗
r 1 = |⃗ r 1| = √ (−5)2 +(−4)2 = √ 41
r2 - ⃗

|⃗
r2 - ⃗
r 1| = 6.4
Since both x and y-components of vector ⃗
r2 - ⃗
r 1 are negative, so vector lies in third quadrant.
y
First of all we find ϕ = tan-1 ( ¿ by neglecting negative signs of y and x.
x
4
ϕ = tan-1 ( ¿ = tan-1 (0.8) = 38.65o = 39o
5
Orientation of ⃗
r2 - ⃗
r 1 with respect to x-axis in third quadrant is θ = 180o + ϕ
θ = 180o + 39o
θ = 219o
^ ^j . If B is subtracted from A,
Question 2.5:- If a vector B is added to vector A, the result is 6 i+
^ ^j . What is the magnitude of vector A?
the result is -4 i+7
Solution:- ⃗
A+⃗ ^ ^j
B = 6 i+
⃗
A-⃗ ^ ^j
B = -4 i+7
Adding both sides of these two equations gives
(⃗ B) + (⃗
A+⃗ B) = (6 i^ + ^j ) + (-4 i+7
A-⃗ ^ ^j )

2⃗ ^ ^j
A = 2 i+8
⃗ ^
A = i+4 ^j ∴ Dividing both sides by 2
A = √ (1)2 +(4)2 = √ 17
A = 4.1
^ ^j and B = 3 i−4
Question 2.6:- Given that A = 2 i+3 ^ ^j , find the magnitude and angle of (a) C =

A + B and (b) D = 3A – 2B.

Solution:- ⃗ ^ ^j
A = 2 i+3
⃗ ^
B = 3 i−4 ^j

C =⃗
⃗ A+⃗
B D = 3⃗
⃗ A -2⃗
B
⃗ ^ ^j ) + (3 i−4
C = (2 i+3 ^ ^j ) ⃗ ^ ^j ) – 2 (3 i−4
D = 3 (2 i+3 ^ ^j )
⃗ ^ i^ ) + (3 ^j−4 ^j )
C = (2 i+3 ⃗ ^ ^j ) + (-6 i+8
D = (6 i+9 ^ ^j )
⃗ ^ ^j
C = 5 i− ⃗ ^
D = (6 i−6 i^ ) + (9 ^j+ 8 ^j)
C = √ (5)2 +(−1)2 = √ 26 D = 17 ^j
⃗

C = 5.1 D = √ (0)2 +(17)2 = √ 289

x-component of ⃗
C is positive and y- D = 17
component is negative, ⃗
C lies in 4th quadrant. x-component of ⃗
D is zero and y-component is
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

We can find ϕ = tan-1 (1/5) = 11o positive, ⃗

D lies on positive y-axis.
θ = 360o – ϕ = 360o – 11o θ = tan-1 (17/0) = tan-1 (∞)
θ = 349o θ = 90o
^ ^j and B = 2 i+4
Question 2.7:- Find the angle between two vectors, A = 5 i+ ^ ^j.

Solution:- ⃗ ^ ^j
A = 5 i+
⃗ ^
B = 2 i+4 ^j
⃗
A.⃗
B = A B cos θ
⃗
A .⃗
B
cos θ =
AB
⃗
A .⃗
B
θ = cos-1 ( )
AB
( 5 i^ + ^j ) .(2 i^ + 4 ^j ) ( 5 ) (2 )+(1)(4) 14
θ = cos-1 = cos-1 = cos-1 ( ¿
√(5) +(1) √(2) +(4)
2 2 2 2
√26 √20 √520
θ = cos-1 (0.61)
θ = 52o
^ ^j moves in a
Question 2.8:- Fid the work done when the point of application of the force 3 i+2
straight line from the point (2, -1) to the point (6, 4).
Solution:- ⃗ ^ ^j
F = 3 i+2
Position vector of initial point (2, -1) = ⃗ ^ ^j
r 1 = 2 i−
Position vector of final point (6, 4) = ⃗ ^
r 2 = 6 i+4 ^j

Displacement = d⃗ = ⃗
r2 - ⃗ ^
r 1 = (6 i+4 ^j¿ – (2 i−
^ ^j¿
^ ^j
d⃗ = 4 i+5
F . d⃗
W=⃗
^ ^j ¿ .¿ 4 i+5
W = (3 i+2 ^ ^j ¿

W = (3)(4) + (2)(5)
W = 12 + 10
W = 22 units
^ ^j+ k^ , 2 i−3
Question 2.9:- Show that the three vectors i+ ^ ^j+ k^ and 4 i+
^ ^j−5 k^ are mutually
perpendicular.
Solution:- ⃗ ^ ^j+ k^
A = i+
⃗ ^
B = 2 i−3 ^j+ k^
⃗ ^ ^j−5 k^
C = 4 i+
Two vectors are mutually perpendicular if their scalar or dot product is zero.
⃗
A.⃗ ^ ^j+ k^ ).(2 i−3
B = (i+ ^ ^j+ k^ ¿ = (1)(2)+(1)(-3)+(1)(1) = 0
First Year Numerical Problems Physics
⃗ ^
⃗ = (2 i−3
B .C ^j+ k^ ¿ . ¿ 4 i+
^ ^j−5 k^ ¿ = (2)(4)+(-3)(1)+(1)(-5) = 0
⃗
C.⃗ ^ ^j−5 k^ ¿ . ( i+
A = (4 i+ ^ ^j+ k^ ) = (4)(1)+(1)(1)+(-5)(1) = 0
⃗
A.⃗
B, ⃗ ⃗ and ⃗
B .C A all are zero, we can deduce that ⃗
C.⃗ A,⃗ ⃗ are mutually perpendicular.
B∧C
^
Question 2.10:- Given that A = i−2 ^j+3 k^ and B = 3 i−4
^ k^ , find the projection of A on B.
Solution:- ⃗ ^
A = i−2 ^j+3 k^
⃗ ^
B = 3 i−4 k^
⃗
B
Projection of ⃗
A on ⃗ A . ^B = ⃗
B = A cos θ = ⃗ A.
B
^
( i−2 ^j+3 k^ ) .(3 i−4
^ k^ ) ( 1 )( 3 )+ (−2 )( 0 )+(3)(−4)
A cos θ = =
√(3) +(−4)
2 2
5
−9
Projection of ⃗
A on ⃗
B = A cos θ =
5
Question 2.11:- Vectors A, B and C are 4 units north, 3 units west and 8 units east,
respectively. Describe carefully (a) A x B (b) A x C (c)
B x C.
Solution:- We can create a correspondence between
directions of map and Cartesian coordinates.
A = 4 ^j
⃗
B = - 3 i^
⃗

C = 8 i^
⃗

(a) ⃗ B = (4 ^j ) x (- 3 i^ ¿ = -12 ( ^j x i^ ¿ = -12 (-k^ ¿ = 12 k^ (12 units vertically upwards)

Ax⃗
(b) ⃗ C = (4 ^j ) x (8 i^ ¿ = 32 ( ^j x i^ ¿ = 32 (-k^ ¿ = -32 k^ (32 units vertically downwards)
Ax⃗
(c) ⃗ C = (- 3 i^ ) x (8 i^ ¿ = -24 (i^ x i^ ¿ = 0⃗ (Zero)
Bx⃗
Question 2.12:- The torque or turning effect of force about a given point is given by r x F
where r is the vector from the given point to the point of application of F. Consider a force F =
^ ^j+5 k^ (newton) acting on the point 7 i+3
-3 i+ ^ ^j+ k^ (m). What is the torque in N m about the
origin?
Solution:- ⃗ ^ ^j+5 k^ ¿ N
F = (-3 i+
^ ^j+ k^ ) m
r⃗ = (7 i+3
We know that τ⃗ =⃗r x ⃗
F
Writing the cross product in determinant form as under:-
i^ ^j k^
τ⃗ = 7 3 1
−3 1 5
^ (3)(5)-(1)(1)] + ^j [(1)(-3)-(7)(5)] + k^ [(7)(1)-(3)(-3)]
τ⃗ =i¿
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

τ⃗ =¿- 38 ^j + 16 k^ ) N m
^
Question 2.13:- The line of action of force F = i−2 ^j , passes through a point whose position

vector is (- ^j+ k^ ¿. Find (a) the moment of F about the origin, (b) the moment of F about the
^ k^ .
point of which the position vector is i+
Solution:- ⃗ ^
F = i−2 ^j
r P = - ^j + k^
⃗
(a) We know that τ⃗ =⃗r x ⃗
F
In order to determine the torque of ⃗
F about origin ⃗
r P = r⃗
Writing the cross product in determinant form as under:-
i^ ^j k^
τ⃗ =0 −1 1
1 −2 0
^ (-1)(0)-(1)(-2)] + ^j [(1)(1)-(0)(0)] + k^ [(0)(-2)-(1)(1)]
τ⃗ =i¿
τ⃗ =2 i^ + ^j + k^
(b) In order to find the toque of ⃗ ^ k^ (other
F about a point A whose position vector is r⃗A ¿ i+
than origin), first of all we have to find position vector between point of application of force P
and the pivot i.e. A as under:-
r⃗ = ⃗ r A = (- ^j+ k^ ¿ – (i+
rP - ⃗ ^ k^ ¿
^ ^j
r⃗ = −i−
Now, we will find torque as τ⃗ =⃗r x ⃗
F.
Writing the cross product in determinant form as under:-
i^ ^j k^
τ⃗ =−1 −1 0
1 −2 0
^ (-1)(0)-(0)(-2)] + ^j [(0)(1)-(0)(0)] + k^ [(-1)(-2)-(-1)(1)]
τ⃗ =i¿
τ⃗ =¿ 3 k^
Question 2.14:- The magnitude of dot and cross products of two vectors are 6 √ 3 and 6
respectively. Find the angle between the vectors.
Solution:- ⃗
¿A .⃗
B| = A B cos θ = 6√ 3 -------------------------------------------------------- Eq. (1)
⃗
¿A x⃗
B| = A B sin θ = 6 --------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq. (2)
Divide Eq. (1) by Eq. (2)
A B sin θ 6
=
A B cos θ 6 √ 3
sin θ 1
=
cos θ √3
First Year Numerical Problems Physics
1
tan θ =
√3
1
θ = tan-1 ( ¿
√3
θ = 30o
Question 2.15:- A load of 10.0 N is suspended from a clothes line. This distorts the line so that
it makes an angle of 15o with the horizontal at each end. Find the tension in the clothes line.
Solution:- W = 10.0 N
θ = 15o
We can draw the free body diagram as shown in
figure. As angle of distortion on both sides is same,
so tension on both sides is same.
Apply first condition of equilibrium on x-axis as ΣFx = 0.
+ T cos θ + (-T cos θ) = 0
Apply first condition of equilibrium on y-axis as ΣFy = 0.
+ T sin θ + T sin θ – W = 0
2 T sin θ = W
W 10
T= =
2sin θ 2sin 15 o
T = 19.3 N
Question 2.16:- A tractor of weight 15,000 N crosses a single span bridge of weight 8000 N
and the length 21.0 m. The bridge span is supported half a metre from either end. The
tractor’s front wheels take 1/3 of total weight of the tractor, and the rear wheels are 3 m
behind the front wheel. Calculate the force on the bridge supports when the rear wheels are
at the middle of the bridge span.
Solution:- Weight of the bridge = WB = 8,000 N
Total weight of the tractor = W = 15,000 N
W
Weight of front wheels = WF = = 15,000/3 =
3
5,000 N
Weight of rear wheels = W R = W – WF = 15,000 -
5,000 = 10, 000 N
Consider the free body diagram. The upward directed reaction forces of the bridge supports
are R1 and R2 are acting on point A and B, respectively. Weight of the bridge W B and weight of
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

the rear wheel WR are acting downwards at point D exactly in the middle of the bridge.
Weight of front wheels WF is acting downward at point C.
Given AB = 20 m, AD = 10 m, AC = 7 m, CD = 3 m and BD = 10 m
All forces are in vertical direction, we can apply first condition of equilibrium ΣF y = 0.
R1 + R2 + (–WB) + (–WR) + (–WF) = 0
R1 + R2 = WB + WR + WF
R1 + R2 = 8,000 + 10,000 + 5,000
R1 + R2 = 23,000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq. (1)
Now, we will apply second condition of equilibrium to the geometry as Στ = 0.
We can choose A as pivot point. It is clear that R 2 will produce counter-clockwise torque
about A. WB, WF and WR will produce clockwise torque about A.
(R2 x AB) – (WF x AC) – (WB + WR) x AD = 0
20 R2 – (5,000 x 7) – (10,000 + 8,000) x 10 = 0
20 R2 = 35,000 + 180,000 = 215,000
R2 = 215,000/20
R2 = 10, 750 N = 10.75 kN put value of R2 in Eq. (1)
R1 + 10,750 = 23,000
R1 = 23,000 – 10,750
R1 = 12,250 N = 12.25 kN
Question 2.17:- A spherical ball of weight 50 N is to be lifted over the step as shown in the
figure. Calculate the minimum force needed just to lift it above the floor.
Solution:- W = 50 N
OA = OD = 20 cm, AE = CD = 5 cm and OC = 15 cm
In right angle triangle OAC, OA2 = OC2 + AC2
AC2 = OA2 – OC2 = (20)2 – (15)2 = 175
AC = 13.2 cm = 13 cm
AB = OC + OF = 15 + 10
AB = 25 cm
In order to lift the ball over the step at point A, the
force F acting at point F is producing counter-clockwise torque while weight of the ball acting
downwards at O is producing the clockwise torque at point A.
Apply second condition of equilibrium at point A as Στ = 0.
F x AB – W x AC = 0
F x AB = W x AC
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

F x 25 = 50 x 13
F = 26 N
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

Question 2.18:- A uniform sphere of weight 10.0 N is held by a string attached to a frictionless
wall so that the string makes an angle of 30 o with the wall as shown in the figure. Find the
tension on the string and the force exerted on the sphere by the wall.
Solution:- W = 10.0 N
θ = 30o
The tension in the string can be divided
into two parts as T cos θ towards the wall
and T sin θ upwards. Weight of the ball is
acting downwards at point O and force of
the wall is acting on the ball rightwards.
Apply first condition of equilibrium along x-axis as ΣFx = 0.
+FW + (-T sin θ) = 0
FW = T sin θ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq. (1)
Apply first condition of equilibrium along y-axis as ΣFy = 0.
-W + (T cos θ) = 0
W = T cos θ
T = W/cos θ = 10/cos 30o = 10/0.866
T = 11.547 N = 11.6 N Put value of T in Eq. (1)
FW = (11.54) sin 30o = 11.54 (0.5)
FW = 5.77 N
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

CHAPTER NO. 3(MOTION AND FORCE)

Question 3.1:- A helicopter is ascending vertically at the rate of 19.6 m s -1. When it is at a
height of 156.8 m above the ground, a stone is dropped. How long does the stone take to
reach the ground?
Solution:- When the stone is dropped from the vertically rising helicopter, it has initial
momentum directed upwards. It moves upwards initially, comes to rest after reaching the
highest point and moves downwards till it reaches the ground.
We will divide the journey of stone in two parts i.e. upwards and downwards.
Upward Journey:
Initial height = S = 156.8 m
Initial velocity directed upwards = vi = 19.6 m s-1
Time taken by stone to reach maximum height = t1
Velocity at top of the path = vf = 0
Acceleration = a = -g = -9.8 m s-2
Apply first equation of motion vf = vi + a t1
0 = 19.6 + (-9.8) t1
t1 = 19.6/9.8 = 2 s
The stone also covers some distance while rising upwards which can be calculated by
applying third equation of motion as 2 a S1 = vf2 – vi2
2 (-9.8) S1 = (0)2 – (19.6)2
S1 = 19.6 m
Downward journey:
Total height before downward journey = Initial height + Distance travelled in moving
upwards
S2 = S + S1
S2 = 156.8 + 19.6 = 176.4 m
Now, we will consider the top point as initial (or reference) point.
Initial velocity at top point = vi = 0
Acceleration downward = a = g = 9.8 m s-2
Time taken by stone to reach ground level from maximum height = t2
1
Apply second equation of motion as S2 = vi t2 + gt 2
2 2
1
176.4 = (0) t2 + (9.8) t22
2
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

t22 = 36
t2 = 6 s
Total time taken by stone = t = t1 + t2
t=2+6
t=8s
Question 3.2:- Using the following data, draw a velocity-time graph for a short journey on a
straight road of a motorbike.
Velocity (m s-1) 0 10 20 20 20 20 0
Time (s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Use the graph to calculate (a) the initial acceleration (b) the final acceleration and (c) the
total distance travelled by the motorcyclist.
Solution:- Graph:-
(a) The motorbike accelerated from O to A which can be
measured by taking slope of line OA.
Time taken by motorbike to reach from O to A = t1 = 60 s
Velocity at point O = vO = 0
Velocity at point A = vA = 20 m s-1
v A −v O 10−0
Initial acceleration from O to A = ai = =
t1 60
ai = 0.33 m s-2
(b) The motorbike decelerated from B to C which can be measured by taking slope of line BC.
Time taken by motorbike to reach from B to C = t3 – t2 = 180 – 150 = 30 s
Velocity at point B = vB = 20 m s-1
Velocity at point C = vC = 0
v C −v B 0−20
Final acceleration from B to C = af = = = -0.67 m s-2
t 3−t 2 30
af = -0.67 m s-2
(c) The total distance can be determined by measuring the area between the velocity time
graph and the time axis.
Total distance travelled by motor cyclist = S = Area of triangle OAD + Area of rectangle ABDE
+ Area of triangle BCE
1 1
S= (base)(altitude) + (length)(width) + (base)(height)
2 2
1 1
S= (OD)(DA) + (DA)(DE) + (EB)(EC)
2 2
First Year Numerical Problems Physics
1 1
S= (60)(20) + (20)(90) + (20)(30) = 600 + 1800 + 300
2 2
S = 2700 m = 2.7 km
Question 3.3:- A proton moving with speed of 1.0 x 10 7 m s-1 passes through a 0.020 cm thick
sheet of paper and emerges with a speed of 2.0 x 10 6 m s-1. Assuming uniform deceleration,
find retardation and time taken to pass through the paper.
Solution:- Initial velocity of proton = vi = 1.0 x 107 m s-1
Final velocity of proton = vf = 2.0 x 106 m s-1
Distance travelled in paper sheet = S = 0.020 cm = 0.020 x 10-2 m = 2.0 x 10-4 m
Apply third equation of motion to find retardation as 2 a S = vf2 – vi2
2 (a) (2 x 10-4) = (2.0 x 106)2 – (1.0 x 107)2
a (4 x 10-4) = (4.0 x 1012) - (1.0 x 1014) = -9.6 x 1013
a = (-9.6 x 1013) / (4 x 10-4)
a = - 2.4 x 1017 m s-2
Retardation = Magnitude of negative acceleration = 2.4 x 1017 m s-2
Time taken by proton to pass through paper sheet = t
Time taken can be determined by applying first equation of motion as v f = vi + a t
v f −v i (2.0 x 10 6)−(1.0 x 10 7) −8.0 x 106
t== = = 17
a −2.4 x 1017 −2.4 x 10
t = 3.3 x 10-11 s
Question 3.4:- Two masses m1 and m2 are initially at rest with a spring compressed between
them. What is the ratio of magnitude of their velocities after the spring has been released?
Solution:- Both masses are initially at rest with spring
compressed between them. When the spring is released,
both masses move in opposite direction. Assume that m 1
moves towards left with velocity v 1 while m2 moves
towards right with velocity v2.
We can apply law of conservation of linear momentum.
Total initial momentum of the system = 0
Total final momentum of the system = -m1v1 + m2v2
Velocities towards right are considered as positive and
We can apply law of conservation of linear momentum as under:-
Total final momentum of the system = Total initial momentum of the system
-m1v1 + m2v2 = 0
First Year Numerical Problems Physics
v 1 m2
=
v 2 m1
Question 3.5:- An amoeba of mass 1.0 x 10 -12 kg propels itself through water by blowing a jet
of water through a tiny orifice. The amoeba ejects water with a speed of 1.0 x 10 -4 m s-1 and at
a rate of 1.0 x 10-13 kg s-1. Assume that the water is being continuously replenished so that the
mass of the amoeba remains the same.
(a) If there were no force on amoeba other than the reaction force caused by the emerging jet,
what would be the acceleration of the amoeba?
(b) If amoeba moves with constant velocity through water, what is force of surrounding
water (exclusively of jet) on the amoeba?
Solution:- Mass of amoeba = M = 1.0 x 10-12 kg
Speed of ejecting water jet = v = 1.0 x 10-4 m s-1
Mass flow rate of water from jet = Mass per second = m = 1.0 x 10-13 kg s-1
m v 1.0 x 10−13 x 1.0 x 10−4
(a) Acceleration of the amoeba = a = =
M 1.0 x 10
−12

a = 1.0 x 10-5 m s-2

(b) Force on the amoeba = F = m v = 1.0 x 10-13 x 1.0 x 10-4
F = 1.0 x 10-17 N
Question 3.6:- A boy places a firecracker of negligible mass in an empty can of 40 g mass. He
then plugs the end with a wooden block of mass 200 g. After igniting the firecracker, he
throws the can straight up. It explodes at the top of its path. If the block shoots out with a
speed of 3.0 m s-1, how fast will the can be going?
Solution:- Mass of the can = m1 = 40 g
Mass of the wooden block = m2 = 200 g
When both the can and wooden block are top, their velocity is zero. After the explosion, both
the can and wooden block shoot out in opposite directions in order to conserve the
momentum.
Speed of the wooden block = v2 = 3.0 m s-1
Speed of the can = v1
We will apply law of conservation of linear momentum as under:-
Total final momentum of the system = Total initial momentum of the system
-m1v1 + m2v2 = 0
-(40)(v1) + (200)(3.0) = 0
v1 = 600/40
v1 = 15 m s1
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

Question 3.7:- An electron (m = 9.1 x 10 -31 kg) travelling at 2.0 x 107 m s-1 undergoes a head
on collision with a hydrogen atom (m = 1.67 x 10 -27 kg) which is initially at rest. Assuming the
collision to be perfectly elastic and motion to be along a straight line, find the velocity of
hydrogen atom.
Solution:- Mass of the electron = m1 = 9.1 x 10-31 kg
Mass of the hydrogen atom = m2 = 1.67 x 10-27 kg
Initial velocity of the electron = v1 = 2.0 x 107 m s-1
Initial velocity of the hydrogen atom = v2 = 0
Using the results of elastic collision in one dimension, we can determine final velocity of the
hydrogen atom as under:-
2 m1 m2−m1
v2’ = v1 + v
m1+ m2 m1+ m2 2
Put v2 = 0
−31
2 m1 2 x (9.1 x 10 )
v =
2
’
v=
m1+ m2 1 (9.1 x 10 ¿¿−31)+(1.67 x 10−27)(2.0 x 10¿ ¿7 )¿ ¿
−24
36.4 x 10
v = −27
2
’
10 (0.00091+1.67)
v2’ = 2.2 x 104 m s-1
Question 3.8:- A truck weighing 2500 kg and moving with a velocity of 21 m s -1 collides with
stationary car weighing 1000 kg. The truck and the car move together after the impact.
Calculate their common velocity.
Solution:- Mass of the truck = m1 = 2500 kg
Mass of the car = 1000 kg
Initial velocity of the truck = v1 = 21 m s-1
Initial velocity of the car = v2 = 0
The truck and the car move with the combined velocity v after the collision. Apply law of
conservation of linear momentum as under:-
Total momentum after the collision = Total momentum before the collision
m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m2)v
m1 v 1 +m2 v 2
v=
m1 +m2
( 2500 ) ( 21 )+(1000)(0)
v=
(2500+1000)
v = 15 m s-1
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

Question 3.9:- Two blocks of masses 2.0 kg and 0.50 kg are attached at the two ends of a
compressed spring. The elastic potential energy stored in the spring is 10 J. Find the velocities
of the blocks if the spring delivers its energy to the blocks when released.
Solution:- Mass of the first block = m1 = 2.0 kg
Mass of the second block = m2 = 0.50 kg
Elastic potential energy of the spring = P.E. = 10 J
Initial momentum of system before release of spring = 0
When the spring is released, it delivers its P.E. to both blocks.
Velocity of first block after release of spring = v1
Velocity of second block after release of spring = v2
Apply law of conservation of momentum as under:-
Total momentum after the release = Total momentum before the release
m1v1 + m2v2 = 0
2 v1 + 0.50 v2 = 0
v2 = -4 v1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq. (1)
Apply law of conservation of energy as under:-
Loss in P.E. of the spring = Gain in K.E. of the blocks
1 1
10 = m1 v12 + m2 v22
2 2
1 1
10 = (2) v12 + (0.50) (4 v1)2
2 2
10 = v12 + 4 v12
5 v12 = 10
v12 = 2
v1 = 1.4 m s-1
Put value if v1 in Eq. (1)
v2 = -4 v1 = -4 (1.4)
v2 = -5.6 m s-1
Question 3.10:- A football is thrown upward with an angle of 30 o with respect to horizontal.
To throw a 40 m pass what must be the initial speed of the ball?
Solution:- Angle of projection with respect to horizontal = θ = 30o
Required range of the projectile = R = 40 m
2
vi
Range of the projectile = R = sin 2θ
g
First Year Numerical Problems Physics
gR
Rearranging gives v 2i =
sin 2θ

vi =
√ gR
sin 2 θ
=
√(9.8)(40)
sin 60o

vi =
√ 392
0.866
vi = 21 m s-1
Question 3.11:- A ball is thrown horizontally from a height of 10 m with a velocity of 21 m s -1.
How far off it hit the ground and with what velocity?
Solution:- Initial height of the projectile = Y = 10 m
Initial horizontal velocity of the projectile = vx = 21 m s-1
Initial vertical velocity of the projectile = viy = 0
We know that for a projectile which is projected horizontally from some height Y, we can
1 2
express Y = gt
2

t=
√ √
2Y
g
=
2(10)
9.8
t = 1.43 s
We can determine horizontal distance X by using the equation S = v t as under:-
X = vx t = (21) (1.4)
X = 30 m
We can determine final vertical velocity by applying first equation of motion as under:-
vfy = viy + a t
vfy = 0 + (9.8) (1.43)
vfy = 14 m s-1
Final velocity before hitting the ground = vf = √ v x 2+ v fy 2

vf = √(21)2 +(14 )2 = √ 637

vf = 25 m s-1
Question 3.12:- A bomber dropped a bomb from a height of 490 m when its velocity along the
horizontal was 300 km h-1. (a) How long was it in air? (b) At what distance from the point
vertically below the bomber at the instant the bomb was dropped, did it strike the ground?
Solution:- Initial height of the bomb = Y = 490 m
1000 −1
Initial horizontal velocity of the bomb = vx = 300 km h-1 = 300 x m s = 83.3 m s-1
3600
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

We know that for a projectile which is projected horizontally from some height Y, we can
1 2
express Y = gt
2

t=
√ √
2Y
g
=
2(490)
9.8
t = 10 s
We can determine horizontal distance X by using the equation S = v t as under:-
X = vx t = (83.3) (10)
X = 833 m
Question 3.13:- Find the angle of projection of a projectile for which its maximum height and
horizontal range are equal.
2 2
v i sin θ
Solution:- Height of the projectile = H =
2g
2
v i sin 2θ
Range of the projectile = R =
g
Height of the projectile = Range of the projectile
H=R
2 2 2
v i sin θ v i sin 2θ
=
2g g
2 2
v i sin θ
= v 2i ¿ ¿
2g
sin θ
=4
cos θ
tan θ = 4
θ = tan-1 (4)
θ = 76o
Question 3.14:- Prove that for angles of projection, which exceed or fall short of 45 o by equal
amounts, the ranges are equal.
Solution:- According to statement of question, we have to prove that range of projectile at an
angle which exceed 45o by some amount is equal to its range at an angle which falls short of
45o by the same amount.
We choose two angles as under:-
θ1 = 45o + θ (θ1 is the angle which exceeds 45o by amount θ)
θ2 = 45o – θ (θ2 is the angle which falls short of 45o by amount θ)
First Year Numerical Problems Physics
2 2 o o 2
v i sin 2θ1 v i sin 2(45 + θ) (¿ 90 + 2θ) v cos 2 θ
R1 = = = v 2i sin ¿= i ∴sin (90o +
g g g g
2θ) = cos 2θ
2 2 o o 2
v i sin 2θ 2 v i sin 2(45 −θ) (¿ 90 −2 θ) v cos 2 θ
R2 = = = v 2i sin ¿= i ∴sin (90o - 2θ)
g g g g
= cos 2θ
We can see the R1 = R2
Alternately, we can show it by using particular value of θ (say θ = 15o)
θ1 = 45o + 15o = 60o
θ2 = 45o – 15o = 30o
2 2 o o 2
v i sin 2θ1 v i sin 2(60 ) (¿ 120 ) v (0.866)
R1 = = = v 2i sin ¿= i
g g g g
2 2 o o 2
v i sin 2θ 2 v i sin 2(30 ) 2 (¿ 60 ) v (0.866)
R2 = = = v i sin ¿= i
g g g g
We can see that R1 = R2
Question 3.15:- A SLBM(submarine launched ballistic missile) is fired from a distance of 3000
km. If the Earth is considered flat and the angle of launch is 45 o with horizontal, find the
velocity with which the missile is fired and the time taken by SLBM to hit the target.
Solution:- Range of the projectile = R = 3000 km = 3 x 106 m
Angle of projection with horizontal = θ = 45o
2
vi
Range of the projectile = R = sin 2θ
g
gR
Rearranging gives v 2i =
sin 2θ

vi =
√ gR
sin 2 θ
=
√(9.8)(3 x 10 6)
sin 90 o

√
6
vi = 29.4 x 10 = 5.42 x 103 m s-1
1
vi = 5.42 km s-1
2 vi
Time of flight of projectile = t = sin θ
g
3 3
2 x 5.42 x 10 2 x 5.42 x 10
t= sin 45o = (0.707) = 782 s
9.8 9.8
t = 13 minutes
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

CHAPTER NO. 4(WORK AND ENERGY)

Question 4.1:- A man pushes a lawn mower with a 40 N force directed at an angle of 20 o
downward from the horizontal. Find the work done by the man as he cuts the strip of grass 20
m long.
Solution:- Applied force = F = 40 N
Displacement covered = d = 20 m
Angle between force and displacement = θ = 20o
Work done = W = F d cos θ
W = (40)(20)(cos 20o)
W = (40)(20)(0.94) = 750 J
W = 7.5 x 102 J
Question 4.2:- A rain drop (m = 3.35 x 10-5 kg) falls vertically at a constant speed under the
influence of forces of gravity and friction. In falling through 100 m, how much work is done by
(a) gravity and (b) friction.
Solution:- Mass of rain drop = m = 3.35 x 10-5 kg
Distance covered in falling = h = 100 m
Force of gravity = Fg = mg
The rain droplet falls with constant speed, its acceleration is zero which means net force on it
is also zero.
Ff + F g = 0
Ff = - Fg = -mg
(a) Work done by gravity = Wg = Fg (h) = mgh = (3.35 x 10-5)(9.8)(100)
Wg = 0.0328 J
(a) Work done by friction = Wf = Ff (h) = -mgh = -(3.35 x 10-5)(9.8)(100)
Wg = -0.0328 J
Question 4.3:- Ten bricks, each 6.0 cm thick and mass 1.5 kg, lie flat on a table. How much
work is required to stack them on the top of another?
Solution:- Number of bricks = N = 10
Thickness of each brick = h = 6.0 cm = 0.06 m
Mass of each brick = m = 1.5 kg
We can consider the case of stacking bricks one on top of another. First brick is already lying
flat, no work is done on it. In order to stack second brick over first brick, the work is done to
place it over first brick is mgh, two place third brick over first two bricks is 2mgh and so on.
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

Work done in stacking Nth brick = WN = (N-1)mgh

Total work = (work done on 1 st brick) + (work done on 2 nd brick) + (work done on 3 rd brick)
+ (work done on 4th brick) + (work done on 5 th brick) + (work done on 6 th brick) + (work
done on 7th brick) + (work done on 8th brick) + (work done on 9th brick) + (work done on
10th brick)
W = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 + W5 + W6 + W7 + W8 + W9 + W10
W = 0 + mgh + (2mgh) + (3mgh) + (4mgh) + (5mgh) + (6mgh) + (7mgh) + (8mgh) +
(9mgh)
W = 45mgh = 45(1.5)(9.8)(0.06)
W = 40 J
Question 4.4:- A car of mass 800 kg travelling at 54 km h -1 is brought to rest in 60 metres. Find
the average retarding force on the car. What has happened to the original kinetic energy?
Solution:- Mass of the car = m = 800 kg
1000
Initial velocity of the car = vi =54 km h-1 = 54 m s-1 = 15 m s-1
3600
Final velocity of the car = vf = 0
Displacement covered = d = 60 m
Work energy principle state that:-
Work done = Change in kinetic energy
1 1
Fd= m vf2 - m vi2
2 2
1 1
F (60) = (800) (0) - (800) (15)2
2 2
F (60) = -90,000
F = -1500 N
The negative sign indicates retardation i.e. opposing force.
Average retarding force = 1500 N
Original kinetic energy has utilized in doing work against road friction and braking force.
Question 4.5:- A 1000 kg automobile at the top of an incline 10 metre high and 100 m long is
released and rolls down the hill. What is its speed at the bottom of the incline if the average
retarding force due to friction is 480 N?
Solution:- Mass of the car = m = 1000 kg
Height of the inclined plane = h = 10 m
Length of the inclined plane = S = 100 m
Average force of friction = f = 480 N
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

According to law of conservation of kinetic energy:-

Potential energy of car at top = Kinetic energy of car at bottom + Work done against friction
1
mgh= m v2 + f S
2
1
m v2 = m g h – f S
2
1
(1000) v2 = (1000) (9.8) (10) – (480) (100) = 50,000
2
500 v2 = 50,000
v2 = 100
v = 10 m s-1
Question 4.6:- 100 m3 of water is pumped from a reservoir into a tank, 10 m higher than the
reservoir, in 20 minutes. If density of water is 1000 kg m -3, find (a) the increase in P.E. (b) the
power delivered by the pump.
Solution:- Volume of water pumped = V = 100 m3
Height of tank = h = 10 m
Time taken in pumping water = t = 20 minutes = 1200 s
Density of water = ρ = 1000 kg m-3
(a) Increase in P.E. = Work done = m g h = ρ V g h = 1000 x 100 x 9.8 x 10
Increase in P.E. = 9.8 x 106 J
(b) Power delivered by the pump = P = Work done / time taken
P = m g h / t = ρ V g h / t = (1000 x 100 x 9.8 x 10)/(1200)
P = 8166.66 W
P = 8.2 kW
Question 4.7:- A force (thrust) of 400 N is required to overcome road friction and air
resistance in propelling an automobile at 80 km h -1. What power (kW) must the engine
develop?
Solution:- Required force of the engine = F = 400 N
1000
Velocity of automobile = v = 80 km h-1 = 80 m s-1 = 22.22 m s-1
3600
Power of the engine = P = Force x velocity = F v
P = (400) (22.22) = 8888 W
P = 8.9 kW
Question 4.8:- How large a force is required to accelerate an electron (m = 9.1 x 10 -31 kg) from
rest to a speed of 2.0 x 107 m s-1 through a distance of 5.0 cm?
Solution:- Mass of the electron = m = 9.1 x 10-31 kg
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

Initial velocity of the electron = vi = 0

Final velocity of the electron = vf = 2.0 x 107 m s-1
Distance = d = 5.0 cm = 0.05 m
Work energy principle state that:-
Work done = Change in kinetic energy
1 1
Fd= m vf2 - m vi2
2 2
1 1
F (0.05) = (9.1 x 10-31) (2.0 x 107)2 - (9.1 x 10-31) (0)2
2 2
F (0.05) = 9.1 x 10-17
F = (9.1 x 10-17) / 0.05
F = 3.6 x 10-15 N
Question 4.9:- A diver weighing 750 N dives from a board 10 m above the surface of a pool of
water. Use the conservation of mechanical energy to find his speed at a point 5.0 m above the
water surface, neglecting air friction.
Solution:- Weight of the diver = W = mg = 750 N
Initial height of the diver above the water surface = h1 = 10 m
Final height of the diver above the water surface = h2 = 5 m
Initial velocity of the diver at height h1 = v1
Final velocity of the diver at height h2 = v2 = v
According to law of conservation of energy:-
Loss in potential energy = Gain in kinetic energy
1 1
m g h 1 – m g h2 = m v22 - m v12
2 2
1
m g (h1 – h2) = m v2
2
v2 = 2 g (h1 – h2) = 2 (9.8) (10 – 5)
v2 = 98
v = 9.9 m s-1
Question 4.10:- A child starts from rest at the top of a slide of height 4.0 m. (a) What is his
speed at the bottom if the slide is frictionless? (b) if he reaches the bottom, with a speed of 6
m s-1, what percentage of his total energy at the top of the slide is lost as a result of friction?
Solution:- Height of the slide = h = 4.0 m
(a) Law of conservation of energy states that loss in P.E. = Gain in K.E.
Potential energy at top = Kinetic energy at bottom
First Year Numerical Problems Physics
1
mgh= m v2
2
v = √ 2 g h = √ 2(9.8)(4)
v = 8.8 m s-1
(a) Speed at the bottom in the presence of friction = v = 6 m s-1
Loss of energy
Percentage loss of energy = x 100%
Total energy
Initial potential energy−Final kinetic energy
Percentage loss of energy = x 100%
Initial potential energy
1 2 1 2
mgh− m v gh− v
Percentage loss of energy = 2 x 100% = 2 x 100%
mgh gh
1
Percentage loss of energy = ( 9.8 )( 4 )− ¿ ¿ x 100%
2
Percentage loss of energy = 54 %
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

CHAPTER NO. 5(CIRCULAR MOTION)

Question 5.1:- A tiny laser beam is directed from the Earth to the Moon. If the beam is to have
a diameter of 2.50 at the Moon, how small must the divergence angle be for the beam? The
distance of Moon from the Earth is 3.8 x 108 m.
Solution:- Diameter of beam on moon = Arc length = S = 2.50 m
The distance between Moon and Earth = Radius of circular curve = r = 3.8 x 10 8 m
S=rθ
θ=S/r
θ = (2.50)/(3.8 x 108)
θ = 0.66 x 10-8 rad
θ = 6.6 x 10-9 rad
Question 5.2:- A gramophone record turntable accelerates from rest to an angular velocity of
45.0 rev min-1 in 1.60 s. What is its average angular acceleration?
Solution:- Initial velocity = ωi = 0 rad s-1
2π
Final velocity = ωf = 45.0 rev min-1 = 45.0 x rad s-1
60
ωf = 4.71 rad s-1
Time taken = Δt = 1.60 s
Average angular acceleration = α = Δω/Δt = 4.71/1.60
α = 2.94 rad s-2
Question 5.3:- A body of moment of inertia I = 0.80 kg m 2 about a fixed axis, rotates with a
constant angular velocity of 100 rad s-1. Calculate its angular momentum L and the torque to
sustain this motion.
Solution:- Moment of inertia = I = 0.80 kg m2
Angular velocity = ω = 100 rad s-1
Angular momentum = L = I ω = (0.80) (100)
L = 80 J s
Torque = τ = I α = I (Δω/Δt) = (0.80)(0/Δt) ∴ ω is constant so Δω is zero.
τ=0Nm
Question 5.4:- Consider the rotating cylinder shown in figure. Suppose that m = 5.0 kg, F =
0.60 N and r = 0.20 m. Calculate (a) the torque acting on the cylinder, (b) the angular
1
acceleration of the cylinder. (Moment of inertia of the cylinder = m r2)
2
Solution:- Mass of the cylinder = M = 5.0 kg
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

Force = F = 0.60 N
Radius = r = 0.20 m
(a) Torque = τ = r F = (0.20)(0.60)
τ = 0.12 N m
(b) Angular acceleration = α
1 1
Moment of inertia = I = m r2 = (5) (0.20)2 = 0.1 kg m-2
2 2
τ=Iα
α = τ/I = 0.12/0.1
α = 1.2 rad s-2
Question 5.5:- Calculate the angular momentum of a star of mass 2.0 x 10 30 kg and radius 7.0 x
105 km. If it makes one complete rotation about its axis once in 20 days, what is its kinetic
energy?
Solution:- Mass of the star = m = 2.0 x 1030 kg
Radius of the star = R = 7.0 x 105 km = 7.0 x 108 m
Time period about its own axis = T = 20 days = 20 x 86400 s = 1.728 x 106 s
2π
Angular velocity = ω = 2π/T = 6 = 3.63 x 10 rad s
-6 -1
(1.728 x 10 )
2 2
Angular momentum = L = I ω = ( M R2) ω = (2.0 x 1030) (7.0 x 108)2 (3.63 x 10-6)
5 5
L = 142 x 1040 J s
L = 1.42 x 1042 J s
1 1 2 1
Rotational kinetic energy = [Link] = I ω2 = ( M R2) ω2 = M R2 ω2
2 2 5 5
1
[Link] = (2.0 x 1030) (7.0 x 108)2 (3.63 x 10-6)2 = 258 x 1034 J
5
[Link] = 2.58 x 1036 J
Question 5.6:- A 1000 kg car travelling with a speed of 144 km h -1 round a curve of radius 100
m. Find the necessary centripetal force.
Solution:- Mass of the car = m = 1000 kg
1000
Speed of the car = v = 144 km h-1 = 144 m s-1 = 40 m s-1
3600
Radius of circular path = r = 100 m
2 2
v 40
Centripetal force = FC = m = (1000) ( ¿ = 16000 N
r 100
FC = 1.6 x 104 N
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

Question 5.7:- What is the least speed at which an aeroplane can execute a vertical loop of 1.0
km radius so that there will be no tendency for the pilot to fall down at the highest point?
Solution:- Radius of vertical circular loop = r = 1.0 km = 1000 m
The pilot will not topple over at the highest point of vertical loop if all the required centripetal
2
v
force is provided by its weight at that point i.e. m =mg
r
v =gr
2

v=√ g r = √ (9.8)(1000) = √ 9800

v=¿ 99 m s-1
Question 5.8:- The Moon orbits the Earth so that same side always faces the Earth. Determine
the ratio of its spin angular momentum (about its own axis) and its orbital angular
momentum. (In this case, treat the Moon as a particle orbiting the Earth). Distance between
the Earth and the Moon is 3.85 x 108 m. Radius of the Moon is 1.74 x 106 m.
Solution:- Distance between the Earth and the Moon = R = 3.85 x 108 m
Radius of the Moon = RM = 1.74 x 106 m
2
LS = IS ω = ( M RM2) (ω)
5
LO = I ω = (M R2) (ω)
2 2
M RM ω
LS 5
=
LO 2
MR ω
2 2
R
LS 5 M
= 2
LO R
LS 2
= (1.74 x 106)2/ (3.85 x 108)2
LO 5
LS
=¿ 0.082 x 10-4
LO
LS
=¿ 8.2 x 10-6
LO
Question 5.9:- The Earth rotates on its axis once a day. Suppose, by some process the Earth
contracts so that its radius is only half as large as at present. How fast will it be rotating then?
Solution:- Initial time period of rotation of the Earth = T1 = 24 h
Initial radius of the Earth = R1 = R
Radius of the Earth after contraction = R2 = R/2
Time period of rotation of the Earth after contraction = T2
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

According to law of conservation of angular momentum I1 ω1 = I2 ω2

2 2 2 2
M R 1 ω1 = M R 2 ω2
5 5
2 2
R 1 ¿) = R 2 ¿ )
Put value of R1 and R2 in above equation.
2π R
2
R( ) = ( ¿ ¿)
T1 4
T2 = T1/4 = 24 h/4
T2 = 6 h
Question 5.10:- What should be the orbiting speed to launch a satellite in a circular orbit 900
km above the surface of the Earth? (Take mass of the Earth as 6.0 x 10 24 kg and its radius as
6400 km).
Solution:- Mass of the Earth = M = 6.0 x 1024 kg
Radius of the Earth = R = 6400 km = 6.4 x 106 m
Height of orbit above the surface of the Earth = h = 900 km = 9.0 x 10 5 m
Distance of the satellite from the centre of the Earth = r = R + h = 6400 km + 900 km
r = 7300 km = 7.3 x 106 m

Orbital velocity = v =
√ GM
r
=
√
(6.67 x 10−11 )(6.0 x 1024 )
7.3 x 106
v = √ 54.8 x 106
v = 7.4 x 103 m s-1
v = 7.4 km s-1
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

CHAPTER NO. 6(FLUID DYNAMICS)

Question 6.1:- Certain globular protein particle has a density of 1246 kg m -3. It falls through
pure water (ƞ = 8.0 x 10-4 N m-2 s) with a terminal speed of 3.0 cm h -1. Find the radius of the
particle.
Solution:- Density of particle = ρ = 1246 kg m-3
Coefficient of viscosity of water = ƞ = 8.0 x 10-4 N m-2 s
0.01
Terminal speed = vt = 3.0 cm h-1 = 3.0 m s-1 = 8.33 x 10-6 m s-1
3600
9 η vt
r2 =
2ρg

√ √9 ( 8.0 x 10 ) (8.33 x 10 )
−4 −6
9 η vt
r= =
2ρ g 2(1246)(9.8)
r = 1.6 x 10-6 m
Question 6.2:- Water flows through a hose, whose internal diameter is 1 cm at a speed of 1 m
s-1. What should be the diameter of the nozzle if the water is to emerge at 21 m s -1?
Solution:- Diameter at first point = d1 = 1 cm = 0.01 m
Speed at first point = v1 = 1 m s-1
Diameter at second point = d2
Speed at second point = v2 = 21 m s-1
A2 v2 = A1 v1
2 2
v2 (πd 2/4) = v1 (πd 1/4)
v2 d22 = v1 d12
(21) d22 = (1)(0.01)2
d22 = 10-4/21
d22 = 4.76 x 10-6 m2
d2 = 0.002 m
d2 = 2 cm
Question 6.3:- The pipe near the lower end of a large water storage tank develops a small leak
and a stream of water shoots from it. The top of water in the tank is 15 m above the point of
leak.
a) With what speed the does the water rush from the hole?
b) If the hole has an area of 0.060 cm2, how much water flows out in one second?
Solution:- Height of water above the hole = h = 15 m
(a) The speed of ejection of water = v = √ 2 g h = √ 2 ( 9.8 ) ( 15 )
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

v = 17 m s-1
(b) Area of hole = A = 0.060 cm2 = 0.060 x 10-4 m2
Volume flow in one second = A v = (0.060 x 10-4)(17)
Volume flow in one second = 1.02 x 10-4 m3
Volume flow in one second = 102 x 10-6 m3
Volume flow in one second = 102 cm3
Question 6.4:- Water is flowing smoothly through a closed pipe system. At one point the
speed of water is 3.0 m s-1, while at another point 3.0 m higher, the speed is 4.0 m s -1. If the
pressure is 80 kPa at the lower point, what is the pressure at the upper point?
Solution:- Speed of water at lower point = v1 = 3.0 m s-1
Height of water at lower point = h1 = 0 m
Pressure of water at lower point = P1 = 80 kPa = 80000 Pa
Speed of water at upper point = v2 = 4.0 m s-1
Height of water at upper point = h2 = 3.0 m
Density of pure water = ρ = 1000 kg m-3
Pressure of water at upper point = P2
1 1
The Bernoulli’s equation states that P1 + ρ v 21 + ρ g h1 = P2 + ρ v 22 + ρ g h2
2 2
1
P2 = P1 + ρ g (h1 – h2) + ρ ( v 21 - v 22)
2
1
P2 = 80000 + (1000) (9.8) (0 – 3) + (1000) (9 – 16)
2
P2 = 80000 – 29400 – 3500 = 47100 Pa
P2 = 47 kPa
Question 6.5:- An airplane wing is designed so that when the speed of air across the top of the
wing is 450 m s-1, the speed of air below the wing is 410 m s -1. What is the pressure difference
between the top and bottom of the wings? (Density of air = 1.29 kg m-3)
Solution:- Speed of air on upper part of wing = v1 = 450 m s-1
Speed of air on lower part of wing = v2 = 410 m s-1
Density of air = ρ = 1.29 kg m-3
Pressure difference between the bottom and the top = P2 – P1
1 1
The Bernoulli’s equation states that P1 + ρ v 21 + ρ g h1 = P2 + ρ v 22 + ρ g h2
2 2
1
P2 – P1 = ρ g (h1 – h2) + ρ ( v 21 - v 22)
2
For horizontal flow of air, h1 = h2 i.e, h1 – h2 = 0
First Year Numerical Problems Physics
1 1
P2 – P1 = ρ ( v 21 - v 22) = (1.29) [(450)2 – (410)2]
2 2
P2 – P1 = (0.645) (34400) = 22188 Pa
P2 – P1 = 22 kPa
Question 6.6:- The radius of aorta is about 1.0 cm and the blood flowing through it has a
speed of about 30 cm s-1. Calculate the average speed of the blood in the capillaries using the
fact that although each capillary has a diameter of about 8.0 x 10 -4 cm, there are literally
millions of them so that their total cross section is about 2000 cm 2.
Solution:- Radius of aorta = r1 = 1.0 cm = 0.01 m
Speed of blood through aorta = v1 = 30 cm s-1 = 0.30 m s-1
Area of cross section of aorta = A1 = π r12 = 3.14 (0.01)2 = 3.14 x 10-4 m2
Area of cross section of capillaries = A2 = 2000 cm2 = 2000 x 10-4 m2
Speed of blood in capillaries = v2
We can use equation of continuity as A1 v1 = A2 v2
(3.14 x 10-4) (0.30) = (2000 x 10-4) v2
v2 = (3.14)(0.30)/2000 = 0.00047 m s-1 = 4.7 x 10-4 m s-1
v2 = 5 x 10-4 m s-1
Question 6.7:- How large must a heating duct be if air moving 3.0 m s -1 along it can replenish
the air in a room of 300 m 3 volume every 15 min? Assume that the air’s density remains
constant.
Solution:- Speed of the air = v = 3.0 m s-1
Volume of the room = V = 300 m3
Time = t = 15 min = 900 s
We know that A v = V/t
π r2 (v) = V/t
(3.14) r2 (3.0) = 300/900
r2 = 1/(3)(3.0)(3.14)
r2 = 0.035 m2
r = 0.188 m
r = 19 cm
Question 6.8:- An airplane design calls for a ”lift” due to the net force on the moving air on the
wing of about 1000 N m-2 of wing area. Assume that air flows past the wing of an aircraft with
streamline flow. If the speed of flow past the lower wing surface is 160 m s -1, what is the
required speed over the upper surface to give a “lift” of 1000 N m -2? The density of air is 1.29
kg m-3 and assume maximum thickness of the wing to be one metre.
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

Solution:- Speed of air pas the lower surface = v1 = 160 m s-1

Density of air = ρ = 1.29 kg m-3
Pressure difference = P1 – P2 = 1000 N m-2
Thickness of wing = h2 – h1 = 1 m
1 1
The Bernoulli’s equation states that P1 + ρ v 21 + ρ g h1 = P2 + ρ v 22 + ρ g h2
2 2
1 1
(P1 – P2) + ρ g (h1 – h2) + ρ v 21 = ρ v 22
2 2
1 1
(1.29) v 22 = 1000 + (1.29) (9.8) (1) + (1.29) (160)2
2 2
0.645 v 22 = 1000 + 11.61 + 16512
0.645 v 22 = 17523.61
2
v 2 = 27168.39 m2 s-2
v2 = 164.8 m s-1
v2 = 165 m s-1
Question 6.9:- What gauge pressure is required in the city mains for a stream from a fire hose
connected to the mains to reach a vertical height of 15.0 m?
Solution:- Density of water = ρ = 1000 kg m-3
Gauge pressure = P = P2 – P1
Vertical height = h = h1 – h2 = 15.0 m
1 1
The Bernoulli’s equation states that P1 + ρ v 21 + ρ g h1 = P2 + ρ v 22 + ρ g h2
2 2
1
P2 – P1 = ρ g (h1 – h2) + ρ ( v 21 - v 22)
2
1 2 2
P2 – P1 = ρ g (h1 – h2) ∴ ρ ( v 1 - v 2) = 0 as speed remains same everywhere in mains
2
P2 – P1 = (1000)(9.8)(15.0)
P2 – P1 = 147000 Pa
P = P2 – P1 = 1.47 x 105 Pa
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

CHAPTER NO. 7(OSCILLATIONS)

Question 7.1:- A 100.0 g body hung on a spring elongates the spring by 4.0 cm. When a certain
object is hung on the spring and is set vibrating, its period is 0.568 s. What is the mass of the
object pulling the spring?
Solution:- Mass of hanging object = M = 100.0 g = 0.1 kg
Elongation in the spring = x = 4.0 cm = 0.04 m
According to Hook’s law F = k x
k = F/x = Mg/x = (0.1)(9.8)/(0.04) = 24.5 N m-1
Time period of oscillation = T = 0.568 s
Mass of hanging object = m

Time period of oscillation of spring mass system is T = 2π

√ m
k
m
T2 = 4π2
k
m = kT2/4π2
m = (24.5)(0.568)2/(4)(3.14)2
m = 0.20 kg
Question 7.2:- A load of 15.0 g elongates a spring by 2.00 cm. If a body of mass 294 g is
attached to the spring and is set into vibration with an amplitude of 10.0 cm, what will be its
(i) period (ii) spring constant (iii) maximum speed of its vibration.
Solution:- Load = M = 15.0 g = 0.015 kg
Extension in the spring = x = 2.00 cm = 0.02 m
According to Hook’s law F = k x
k = F/x = Mg/x = (0.015)(9.8)/(0.02) = 7.35 N m-1
Amplitude of vibration = xo = 10.0 cm = 0.10 m
Mass of vibrating object = m = 294 g = 0.294 kg

(i) Time period of oscillation of spring mass system is T = 2π

√ m
k

T = 2(3.14)
√ 0.294
7.35
= (6.28)(0.2)

T = 1.26 s
(ii) Spring constant = k = 7.35 N m-1

(iii) Maximum speed of vibration = vo = xo

√ k
m
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

vo = (0.10)
√ 7.35
0.294
= (0.10)(5) = 0.5 m s-1

vo = 50 cm s-1
Question 7.3:- An 8.0 kg body executes SHM with amplitude 30 cm. The restoring force is 60 N
when the displacement is 30 cm. Find (i) Period (ii) Acceleration, speed, kinetic energy and
potential energy when the displacement is 12 cm.
Solution:- Mass of the object = m = 8.0 kg
Amplitude of vibration = xo = 30 cm = 0.30 m
Restoring force = F = 60 N
Extension = x = 30 cm = 0.30 m
According to Hook’s law F = k x
k = F/x = (60)/(0.30) = 200 N m-1

(i) Time period of oscillation of spring mass system is T = 2π

√ m
k

T = 2π
√ 8
200
= (6.28)(0.2) = 1.256 s

T = 1.3 s
(ii) Instantaneous displacement of object = x = 12 cm = 0.12 m
Acceleration = a = F/x = kx/m = (200)(0.12)/8
a = 3.0 m s-2

Speed = v = ω √ x o2−x 2 =
√ k
m
√ √
x o2−x 2 =
200
8
√(0.30)2−(0.12)2 = 1.37 m s-1
v = 1.4 m s-1
1 1
Kinetic energy = K.E. = m v2 = (8)(1.4)2
2 2
K.E. = 7.6 J
1 1
Potential energy = P.E. = k x2 = (200)(0.12)2
2 2
P.E. = 1.44 J
Question 7.4:- A block of mass 4.0 kg is dropped from a height of 0.80 m on to a spring of
spring constant k = 1960 N m -1, find the maximum distance through which the spring will be
compressed.
Solution:- Mass of the block = m = 4.0 kg
Height of block above the spring = h = 0.80 kg
Spring constant = k = 1960 N m-1
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

The block at the top of the spring has gravitational potential energy. When block is dropped
on the spring, its gravitational potential energy is converted into maximum elastic potential
energy of the spring as the spring will be compressed.
[Link] = [Link]
1
mgh= k xo2
2
1
(4) (9.8) (0.80) = (1960) (xo2)
2
xo2 = 0.032 m2
xo = 0.18 m
Question 7.5:- A simple pendulum is 50.0 cm long. What will be its frequency of vibration at a
place where g = 9.8 m s-2?
Solution:- Length of simple pendulum = l = 50.0 cm = 0.50 m
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8 m s-2

The frequency of oscillation of simple pendulum is f =

1
2π √ g
l

√
1 9.8
f= = 4.43/6.28
( 2 ) (3.14) 0.50
f = 0.70 Hz

Alternately, the time period of oscillation of simple pendulum is given as T = 2π

√ l
g

T = 2(3.14)
√ 0.50
9.8
= (6.28) (0.23) = 1.4 s

f = 1/T = 1/1.4
f = 0.70 Hz
Question 7.6:- A block of mass 1.6 kg is attached to a spring
with spring constant 1000 N m -1, as shown in figure. The spring
is compressed through a distance of 2.0 cm and the block is
released from rest. Calculate the velocity of the block as it
passes through the equilibrium position, x = 0, if the surface is
frictionless.
Solution:- Mass of the block = m = 1.6 kg
Spring constant = k = 1000 N m-1
Amplitude of vibration = xo = 2.0 cm = 0.02 m

Velocity at mean position = vo = xo

√ k
m √
= (0.02)
1000
1.6
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

vo = (0.02) (25)
vo = 0.50 m s-1
Question 7.7:- A car of mass 1300 kg is constructed using a frame supported by four springs.
Each spring has a spring constant 20,000 N m -1. If two people riding in the car have a
combined mass of 160 kg, find the frequency of vibration of car, when it is driven over a pot
hole in the road. Assume the weight is evenly distributed.
Solution:- Mass of the car = Mcar = 1300 kg
Mass of the riders = Mriders = 160 kg
Total mass = m = Mcar + Mriders = 1300 + 160 = 1460 kg
Spring constant of one spring = k1 = 20000 N m-1
Number of springs = n = 4
When n-identical springs are connected in parallel, net spring constant is k = n k 1 = (4)
(20000) = 80000 N m-1

Time period of oscillation of spring mass system is T = 2π

√ m
k

T = 2(3.14)
√ 1460
80000
= (6.28)(0.14)

T = 0.85 s
f = 1/T = 1/0.85 = 1.178 Hz
f = 1.18 Hz
Question 7.8:- Find the amplitude, frequency and period of an object vibrating at the end of a
π
spring, if the equation for its position, as a function of time, is x = 0.25 cos ( )t. What is the
8
displacement of the object after 2.0 s?
π
Solution:- The instantaneous displacement of harmonic oscillator is given as x = 0.25 cos (
8
)t
The standard representation of instantaneous displacement of harmonic oscillator (started
from extreme position) is given as x = xo cos ωt
π
Comparing both equations gives xo = 0.25 m and ω = rad s-1
8
Amplitude = xo = 0.25 m
1
Frequency = f = ω/2π = ¿)
2π
f = 1/16 Hz
Time period = T = 1/f = 1/(1/16)
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

T = 16 s
π π
Instantaneous displacement at t = 2 s is x = 0.25 cos ( )(2) = 0.25 cos ( ) = (0.25)(0.707)
8 4
x = 0.18 m
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

CHAPTER NO. 8(WAVES)

Question 8.1:- The wavelength of signals from radio transmitter is 1500 m and the frequency
are 200 kHz. What is the wavelength of the transmitter operating at 1000 kHz and with what
speed radio waves travel?
Solution:- Wavelength of signal from first transmitter = λ1 = 1500 m = 1.5 x 103 m
Frequency of signal from first transmitter = f1 = 200 kHz = 200 x 103 Hz
f1 = 2.0 x 105 Hz
Frequency of signal from second transmitter = f2 = 1000 kHz = 1000 x 103 Hz
f2 = 1.0 x 106 Hz
Wavelength of signal from second transmitter = λ2
Both transmitters emit radiowaves, so speed of radiated signal would be same from both.
Since, v = f λ
f 1 λ1 = f 2 λ2
(2.0 x 105) (1.5 x 103) = (1.0 x 106) λ2
λ2 = 3.0 x 102 m
λ2 = 300 m
Speed of radio waves = v = f1 λ1 = f2 λ2
We use v = f1 λ1
v = (2.0 x 105) (1.5 x 103)
v = 3.0 x 108 m s-1
Question 8.2:- Two speakers are arranged in Fig 8.24. The distance between them is 3 m and
they emit a constant tone of 344 Hz. A microphone P is moved along a line parallel to and 4.00
m from the line connecting the two speakers.
It is found that tone of maximum loudness is
heard and displayed on CRO hen
microphone is on the center of the line and
directly opposite each speaker. Calculate the
speed of the sound.
Solution:- Frequency of note = f = 340 Hz
For constructive interference, ΔS = n λ
At point O, ΔS = S1O – S2O = 0 as n = 0.
The next loud signal is heard at point P, it means n = 1 at point P.
ΔS = S1P – S2P = λ
We can find ΔS by using Pythagorean theorem to right angle triangle S 1S2P.
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

S1S2 = 3.0 m
S2P = 4.0 m
S1P = √ S 1 S 22+ S 2 P2
S1P = 5.0 m
ΔS = 5.0 – 4.0 = 1.0 m
Speed of sound = v = f λ = (344) (1)
v = 344 m s-1
Question 8.3:- A stationary wave is established in a string which is 120 cm long and fixed at
both ends. The string vibrates in four segments at a frequency of 120 Hz. Determine its
wavelength and fundamental frequency?
Solution:- Length of the string = l = 120 cm = 1.2 m
Harmonic generated = n = 4
Frequency of harmonic generated = f4 = 120 Hz
Wavelength of nth harmonic in stretched string is λn = 2l/n
λ4 = 2l/4 = l/2 = 1.2/2
λ4 = 0.6 m
Fundamental harmonic = f1
Frequency of nth harmonic in stretched string is fn = n f1
f 4 = 4 f1
f1 = f4/4 = 120/4
f1 = 30 Hz
Question 8.4:- The frequency of the note emitted by a stretched string is 300 Hz. What will be
the frequency of this note when
(a) The length of the wave is reduced by one-third without changing the tension.
(b) The tension is increased by one-third without changing the length of the wire.
v
Solution:- Frequency of note from stretched string = f = = 300 Hz
λ
(a) The length of wave is reduced by one third by keeping tension constant.
λ 2λ
λ1 = λ - =
3 3
Now, the new frequency with reduced wavelength is f1.
v
v 3v
f1 = = 2 λ = = 1.5 f
λ1 2λ
3
f1 = 1.5 (300)
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

f1 = 450 Hz

(b) Frequency of fundamental frequency on a stretched string is f =

√
1 F
2l m
The tension is increased by one third without changing the length of the wire.
F 4F
F2 = F + =
3 3
Now, the new frequency with increased tension is f2.

√ √
4F
f2 = 1
2l
F2
m
=f= 1
2l m
3 =
√
1 4F
2l 3 m

f2 =
√ √ √
4 1 F
(
3 2l m
)=
4
3
f

f2 = 1.154 f = 1.154 (300)

f2 = 346 Hz
Question 8.5:- An organ pipe has a length of 50 cm. Find the frequency of its fundamental note
and the next harmonic when it is (a) Open at both ends (b) Closed at one end.
(speed of sound=350 m s-1)
Solution:- Length of organ pipe = l = 50 cm = 0.50 m
Speed of sound = v = 350 m s-1
(a) Pipe is open at both ends
f1 = v/2l = 350/(2)(0.50)
f1 = 350 Hz
fn = n f1 where n is an integer.
f2 = 2 f1 = 2 (350)
f2 = 700 Hz
(a) Pipe is closed at one end
f1 = v/4l = 350/(4)(0.50)
f1 = 175 Hz
fn = n f1 where n is an odd integer.
f3 = 3 f1 = 3 (175)
f3 = 525 Hz
Question 8.6:- A church organ consists of pipes, each open at one end, of different lengths. The
minimum length is 30 mm and the longest is 4 m. Calculate the frequency range of the
fundamental notes. (Speed of sound=340 m s-1)
Solution:- Length of smallest pipe = lmin = 30 mm = 0.03 m
Length of longest pipe = lmax = 4 m
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

Speed of sound = v = 340 m s-1

Pipe is closed at one end so we will use the relation for fundamental harmonic f 1 = v/4l
fmin = v/4lmax = 340/(4)(4)
fmin = 21 Hz
fmax = v/4lmin = 340/(4)(0.03)
fmax = 2833 Hz
Frequency range of fundamental harmonics is 21 Hz to 2833 Hz.
Question 8.7:- Two tuning forks exhibit beats at a beat frequency of 3 Hz. The frequency of
one fork is 256 Hz. Its frequency is then lowered slightly by adding a bit of wax to one of its
prongs. The two forks then exhibit a beat frequency of 1 Hz. Determine the frequency of
second fork.
Solution:- Beat frequency = n = 3 Hz
Frequency of one tuning fork = f1 = 256 Hz
We know that beat frequency of two tuning fork is f1 – f2 = ±n
f2 = f1 ± n
f2 = 256 ± 3 = 259 Hz or 253 Hz
It means there are two possibilities for frequency of second tuning fork.
If we consider f2 = 259 Hz correct and frequency of first tuning fork f 1 is decreased by loading
wax on one of its prongs, the beat frequency will increase but actually beat frequency is
decreasing. It means f2 = 259 Hz is wrong.
So correct frequency is f2 = 253 Hz.
Question 8.8:- Two cars P and Q are travelling along a motorway in the same direction. The
leading car P travels at a steady speed of 12 m s -1, the other car Q, travelling at a steady speed
of 20 m s-1, sound its horn to emit a steady which P’s driver estimates, has a frequency of 830
Hz. What frequency does Q’s own driver hear? (Speed of sound=340 m s -1).
Solution:- Speed of car P = vP = 12 m s-1
Speed of car Q = vQ = 20 m s-1
Relative speed of car Q w.r.t. car P = us = vQ - vP = 8 m s-1
Speed of sound = v = 340 m s-1
Apparent frequency = f ‘ = 830 Hz
Actual frequency = f
When source is moving towards observer, apparent frequency and actual frequency are
v
linked as f ‘ = f
v−u s
First Year Numerical Problems Physics
340
(830) = f
340−8
f = (830)(332)/(340)
f = 810 Hz
Question 8.9:- A train sounds its horn before it sets off from the station and an observer
waiting on the platform estimates its frequency at 1200 Hz. The train then moves off and
accelerates steadily. 50 seconds after departure, the driver sound the horn again and the
platform observer estimates the frequency at 1140 Hz. Calculate the train speed 50 s after
departure. How far from the station is the train after 50 s? (Speed of sound = 340 m s -1)
Solution:- Actual frequency = f = 1200 Hz
Apparent frequency = f = 1140 Hz
Speed of sound = v = 340 m s-1
When source is moving away from observer, apparent frequency and actual frequency are
v
linked as f ‘ = f
v +u s
340
1140 = 1200
340+us
340 + us = (340(1200)/(1140)
340 + us = 357.9
Us = 17.9 m s-1
Time taken by train = t = 50 s
u
Distance travelled = S = vav t = ( s ) (t)
2
1
S= (17.9) (50)
2
S = 448 m
Question 8.10:- The absorption spectrum of faint galaxy is measured and the wavelength of
one of the lines identified as the calcium α lines is found to be 478 nm. The same line has a
wavelength of 397 nm when measured in a laboratory. (a) Is the galaxy moving towards or
away from the earth? (b) Calculate the speed of the galaxy relative to earth. (speed of
light=3.0 x 108 m s-1).
Solution:- Speed of light = c = 3.0 x 108 m s-1
Apparent wavelength = λ’ = 478 nm = 4.78 x 10-7 m
Apparent frequency = f ’ = c/λ’ = (3 x 108)/(4.78 x 10-7) = 6.27 x 1014 Hz
Actual wavelength = λ = 397 nm = 3.97 x 10-7 m
Actual frequency = f = c/λ = (3 x 108)/(3.97 x 10-7) = 7.56 x 1014 Hz
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

(a) The apparent wavelength is greater than actual wavelength, it means galaxy is moving
away from the earth.
OR
The apparent frequency is less than actual frequency, it means galaxy is moving away from
the earth.
(b) When source of waves is moving away from observer, apparent frequency and actual
c
frequency are linked as f ‘ = f
c+ us
f
c + us = c ( ' ) = (3.0 x 108)( 7.56 x 1014)/( 6.27 x 1014)
f
(3.0 x 108) + us = 3.61 x 108
us = (3.61 x 108) – (3.0 x 108)
us = 0.61 x 108 m s-1
us = 6.1 x 107 m s-1
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

CHAPTER NO. 9(PHYSICAL OPTICS)

Question 9.1:- Light of wavelength 546 nm is allowed to illuminate the slits of Young's
experiment. The separation between the slits is 0.10 mm and distance of screen from the slits
where interference effects are observed is 20 cm. At what angle first minimum will fall? What
will be the linear distance on the screen between adjacent maxima?
Solution:- Wavelength of light = λ = 546 nm = 546 x 10-9 m = 5.46 x 10-7 m
Slit spacing = d = 0.10 mm = 0.10 x 10-3 m = 1.0 x 10-4 m
Distance between slits and screen = L = 20 cm = 0.20 m
1
Condition for mth order minima is d sin θ = (m + ) λ
2
For first minima, m = 0
λ
d sin θ =
2
−7
λ 5.46 x 10
sin θ = = = 2.73 x 10-3
2 d 2 x 1.0 x 10−4
θ = sin-1 (2.73 x 10-3)
θ = 0.16o
λ L 0.20 x 5.46 x 10−7
Distance between two adjacent maxima on screen = ΔY = =
d 1.0 x 10
−4

ΔY = 1.1 x 10-3 m
ΔY = 1.1 mm
Question 9.2:- Calculate the wavelength of the light, illuminating two slits 0.5 mm apart and
produces an interference pattern on the screen placed 200 cm away from the slits. The first
bright fringe is observed at a distance of 2.40 mm from the central bright image.
Solution:- Slit spacing = d = 0.5 mm = 5 x 10-4 m
Distance between slits and screen = L = 200 cm = 2 m
Distance of first bright fringe from central bright fringe = Y 1 = 2.40 mm = 2.40 x 10-3 m
mλL
The position of mth order bright fringe from central bright fringe is measured as Y m =
d
In this case, m = 1
λL
Y1 =
d
Y 1 d 2.40 x 10−3 x 5 x 10−4
λ= =
L 2
λ = 6.0 x 10-7 m = 600 x 10-9 m
λ = 600 nm
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

Question 9.3:- In double slit experiment second order maximum occurs at an angle of θ =
0.25°. The wavelength is 650 nm. Determine the slit separation.
Solution:- Order of maximum = m = 2
Angle = θ = 0.25o
Wavelength of light = λ = 650 nm = 6.50 x 10-7 m
Slit separation = d
Condition for mth order maximum is d sin θ = m λ
d = mλ/sin θ = (2)(5.46 x 10-7)/sin (0.25o)
d = 0.30 x 10-3 m
d = 0.30 mm
Question 9.4:- A monochromatic light of wavelength 588 nm is allowed to fall on the half-
silvered glass plate G1 in the Michelson interferometer. If mirror M1 is moved through 0.233
mm, how many fringes will be observed to shift?
Solution:- Wavelength of light = λ = 588 nm = 5.88 x 10-7 m
Distance moved = L = 0.233 mm = 0.233 x 10-3 m
Number of fringes shifted = m
λ
L=m
2
2L
m= = (2)(0.233 x 10-3)/(5.88 x 10-7)
λ
m = 792
Question 9.5:- A second order spectrum is formed at an angle of 38.0° when light falls
normally on the diffraction grating having 5400 lines per centimeter. Determine wavelength
of light used.
Solution:- Order of spectrum = m = 2
Angle = θ = 38.0o
Number of lines on the grating = N = 5400
Length of the grating = L = 1 cm = 0.01 m
Grating element = d = L/N = 0.01/5400 = 1.85 x 10-6 m
Wavelength = λ
Condition for mth order maximum with a grating d sin θ = m λ
λ = d sin θ/m = (1.85 x 10-6)(sin 38.0o)/2
λ = (1.85 x 10-6)(0.62)/2
λ = 0.57 x 10-6 m = 570 x 10-9 m
λ = 570 nm
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

Question 9.6:- A light is incident normally on the grating which has 2500 lines per centimeter.
Compute wavelength of spectral line for which the deviation in second order is 15.0°.
Solution:- Number of lines on grating = N = 2500
Length of the grating = L = 1 cm = 0.01 m
Order of spectrum = m = 2
Angle = θ = 15.0o
Grating element = d = L/N = 0.01/2500 = 4 x 10-6 m
Wavelength = λ
Condition for mth order maximum with a grating d sin θ = m λ
λ = d sin θ/m = (4 x 10-6)(sin 15.0o)/2
λ = (4 x 10-6)(0.259)/2
λ = 0.518 x 10-6 m = 518 x 10-9 m
λ = 518 nm
Question 9.7:- Sodium line (λ = 589 nm) is incident normally on the grating having 3000 lines
per centimeter. What is the highest order of the spectrum obtained with this grating?
Solution:- Wavelength of light = λ = 589 nm = 5.89 x 10-7 m
Number of lines on grating = N = 3000
Length of the grating = L = 1 cm = 0.01 m
Grating element = d = L/N = 0.01/3000 = 3.33 x 10-6 m
Condition for mth order maximum with a grating d sin θ = m λ
In order to obtain value of highest order, θ = 90o and sin θ = sin 90o = 1
d sin 90o = mmax λ
mmax = d/λ = (3.33 x 10-6)/( 5.89 x 10-7) = 5.66
It means fifth order of spectrum are complete and sixth order is incomplete.
mmax = 5
Question 9.8:- Blue light of wavelength 480 nm illuminates a diffraction grating. The second
order image is formed at an angle of 30° from the central image. How many lines in a
centimeter of the grating have been ruled?
Solution:- Wavelength of light = λ = 480 nm = 4.80 x 10-7 m
Order of spectrum = m = 2
Angle = θ = 30o
Length of grating = L = 1 cm = 0.01 m
Number of lines = N
Condition for mth order maximum with a grating d sin θ = m λ
First Year Numerical Problems Physics
L
We know that d =
N
L
sin θ = m λ
N
o
Lsin θ (0.01)sin30
N= =
mλ (2)(4.80 x 10−7 )
N = 0.000520 x 107
N = 5200
Grating must have 5200 lines per centimeter.
Question 9.9:- X-rays of wavelength 0.150 nm are observed to undergo a first order reflection
at a Bragg angle of 13.3° from a quartz (SiO 2) crystal. What is interplanar spacing of the
reflecting planes in the crystal?
Solution:- Wavelength of x-rays = λ = 0.150 nm = 0.150 x 10-9 m
Order of diffraction = m = 1
Angle = θ = 13.3o
Bragg’s law for crystal diffraction of x-rays is 2 d sin θ = m λ
d = mλ/2sin θ
d = (1)( 0.150 x 10-9)/(2)(sin 13.3o)
d = 0.326 x 10-9 m
d = 0.326 nm
Question 9.10:- An X-ray of wavelength λ undergoes a first order reflection from a crystal
when its angle of incidence to a crystal face is 26.5°, and an X-ray beam of wavelength 0.097
nm undergoes a third order reflection when its angle of incidence to that face is 60.0°. Assume
that the two beams reflect from the same family of planes, calculate (a) the interplanar
spacing of the planes and (b) the wavelength λ.
Solution:- Wavelength of first x-ray beam = λ1 = λ
Angle of incidence = θ1 = 26.5o
Order of diffraction = m1 = 1
Bragg’s law for crystal diffraction of x-rays is 2 d sin θ1 = m1 λ1
2 d sin 26.5o = (1) λ
λ = 0.89 d ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq. (1)
Wavelength of second x-ray beam = λ2 = 0.097 nm = 0.097 x 10-9 m
Angle of incidence = θ2 = 60o
Order of diffraction = m2 = 3
Bragg’s law for crystal diffraction of x-rays is 2 d sin θ2 = m2 λ2
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

2 d sin 60o = (3) (0.097 x 10-9)

d = 0.168 x 10-9 m
d = 0.168 nm
Put value of d in Eq. (1)
λ = (0.89)(0.168 nm)
λ = 0.150 nm
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

CHAPTER NO. 10(OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS)

Question 10.1:- A converging lens of focal length 5.0 cm is used as a magnifying glass. If the
near point of observer is 25 cm and the lens is held close to the eye, calculate (i) the distance
of object from the lens (ii) the angular magnification. What is the angular magnification when
the final image is formed at infinity?
Solution:- Focal length = f = 5.0 cm
Near point = d = 25 cm
Distance of virtual image from the lens = q = d = 25 cm
1 1 1
(i) The lens formula for virtual image is = −
f p q
1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
p f q 5 25
1 5+1 6
= =
p 25 25
25
p=
6
p = 6.2 cm
d 25
(ii) Angular magnification = M = 1 + =1+ =1+5
f 5
M=6
When object is placed at focus i.e. p = f, the image will be formed at infinity.
¿ q d
M = Distance of image ¿ the lens Distance of object ¿ thelens ¿ = =
p f
25
M=
5
M=5
Question 10.2:- A telescope objective has focal length 96 cm and diameter 12 cm. Calculate
focal length and minimum diameter of a simple eye piece lens for use with the telescope, if the
linear magnification required is 24 times and all the light transmitted by an objective from a
distant point on the telescope axis is to fall on the eye piece.
Solution:- Focal length of objective lens = fo = 96 cm
Diameter of objective lens = Do = 12 cm
Magnification = M = 24
fo
M=
fe
First Year Numerical Problems Physics
96
24 =
fe
96
fe =
24
fe = 4 cm
All the light transmitted by an objective from a distant point on the telescope axis will fall on
the eye piece if ratio of focal length of both lense is equal to ratio of diameters of both lens.
f o Do
=
f e De
24 12
=
4 De
De = (12)(4)/(48)
De = 0.50 cm
Question 10.3:- A telescope is made of an objective of focal length 20 cm and an eye piece of
5.0 cm, both convex lenses. Find the angular magnification.
Solution:- Focal length of objective lens = fo = 20 cm
Focal length of eyepiece = fe = 5.0 cm
Magnification = M
fo 20
M= =
f e 5.0
M=4
Question 10.4:- A simple astronomical telescope in normal adjustment has an objective of
focal length 100 cm and an eye piece of 5.0 cm. (i) where the final image formed? (ii)
calculate the angular magnification.
Solution:- Focal length of objective lens = fo = 100 cm
Focal length of eyepiece = fe = 5.0 cm
In normal adjustment, intermediate image of the object is formed on focus of eyepiece. This
intermediate image works as object for eyepiece. When object is on focus, image is formed at
infinity.
Magnification = M
f o 100
M= =
fe 5.0
M=5
Question 10.5:- A point object is placed on the axis of and 3.6 cm from a thin convex lens of
focal length 3.0 cm. A second thin convex lens of focal length 16.0 cm is placed coaxial with
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

the first and 26.0 cm from it on the side away from the object. Find the position of final image
produced by two lenses.
Solution:- Focal length of first lens = f1 = 3.0 cm
Distance of object from first lens = p1 = 3.6 cm
Focal length of second lens = f2 = 16.0 cm
Distance between both lenses = L = q1 + p2 = 26.0 cm
First lens will produce real image between two lenses. We will apply lens formula to first lens
1 1 1
as = +
f 1 p 1 q1
1 1 1
= −
q1 f 1 p 1
1 1 1 3.6−3.0
= − =
q1 3 3.6 (3.0)(3.6)
1 0.6
=
q1 (3.0)(3.6)
q1 = 18 cm
L = q1 + p2 = 26.0 cm
L – q1 = p2 = 26 – 18
p2 = 8 cm (This image will act as object for second lens)
1 1 1
We will apply lens formula to first lens as = +
f 2 p 2 q2
1 1 1 1 1 1−2
= − = − =
q2 f 2 p 2 16 8 16
q2 = -16 cm
The image is formed at a distance of 16 cm from the second lens. The negative sign indicates
that image formed by second lens is virtual.
Question 10.6:- A compound microscope has lenses of focal length 1.0 cm and 3.0 cm. An
object is placed 1.2 cm from the object lens. If a virtual image is formed, 25 cm from the eye,
calculate separation of the lenses and the magnification of the instrument.
Solution:- Focal length of objective = fo = 1.0 cm
Focal length of eyepiece = fe = 3.0 cm
Distance of object from objective = pe = 1.2 cm
1 1 1
We will apply lens formula to objective as = +
f o po qo
1 1 1
= −
q o f o po
First Year Numerical Problems Physics
1 1 1 1.2−1.0
= − =
q o 1 1.2 1.2
1 0.2
=
q o 1.2
qo = 6 cm
Distance of final image from eyepiece = qe = -25 cm (Negative sign indicates virtual image)
1 1 1
We will apply lens formula to eyepiece as = +
f e p e qe
1 1 1
= −
p e f e qe
1 1 1 1 1
= − = +
p e 3 −25 3 25
1 25+3 28
= =
pe 75 75
pe = 2.7 cm
The separation between both lenses is L = qo + pe
L = 6 + 2.7
L = 8.7 cm
qo d
Magnification = M = (1+ ¿
po fe
6 25
M= (1+ ¿
1.2 3
M = (5)(9.33)
M = 47
Question 10.7:- Sodium light of wavelength 589 nm is used to view an object under
microscope. If the aperture of the objective is 0.90 cm, (i) find the limiting angle of resolution,
(ii) using visible light of any wavelength, what is the maximum limit of resolution for this
microscope.
Solution:- Wavelength of light = λ = 589 nm = 5.89 x 10-7 m
Aperture of objective lens = D = 0.90 cm = 0.90 x 10-2 m
−7
λ 5.89 x 10
(i) αmin = 1.22 = 1.22
D 0.90 x 10
−2

αmin = 8.0 x 10-5 rad

(ii) Maximum limit of resolution will be obtained with blue light of wavelength λ = 400 nm.
λ = 400 x 10-9 m = 4 x 10-7 m
−7
λ 4.0 x 10
αmin = 1.22 = 1.22
D 0.90 x 10
−2
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

αmin = 5.4 x 10-5 rad

Question 10.8:- An astronomical telescope having magnifying power of 5 consist of two thin
lenses 24 cm apart. Find the focal length of the lenses.
Solution:- Magnification = M = 5
Distance between lenses = L = 24 cm
fo
M= =5
fe
fo = 5 fe ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq. (1)
L = fo + fe = 24 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq. (2)
Put value of fo in Eq. (2)
5 fe + fe = 24
6 fe = 24
fe = 4 cm
Put value of fe in Eq. (1)
fo = 5 (4)
fo = 20 cm
Question 10.9:- A glass light pipe in air will totally internally reflect a light ray if its angle of
incidence is at least 39°. What is the minimum angle of total internal reflection if pipe is in
water? (Refractive index of water=1.33).
Solution:- Critical angle for air-glass boundary = θC = 39.0o
1
Refractive index of glass = ng = = 1/sin 39o
sin θC
ng = 1.59
Refractive index of water = nw = 1.33
Apply Snell’s law for glass-water boundary as n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
n1 = n g & n 2 = n w
θ1 = θC and θ2 = 90o for total internal reflection
ng sin θC = nw sin 90o
sin θC = (1.33)/(1.59)
θc = sin-1 (0.84)
θC = 57o
Question 10.10:- The refractive index of core and cladding of an optical fiber 1.6 and 1.4
respectively. Calculate (i) the critical angle for the interface (ii) the maximum angle of
incidence in the air of a ray which enters the fiber and is incident at the critical angle on the
interface.
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

Solution:- Refractive index of core = ncore = 1.6

Refractive index of cladding = ncladding = 1.4
(i) Apply Snell’s law for core-cladding interface as n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
n1 = ncore and n2 = ncladding
θ1 = θC and θ2 = 90o for total internal reflection
(1.6) sin θC = (1.4) sin 90o
θC = sin-1 (1.4/1.6)
θC = 61o
(ii) The critical angle for core-cladding interface is 61 o. It means the angle of refraction in core
should be θ1’ = 90o – 61o = 29o when ray of light enters in it from air.
Apply Snell’s law on air-core boundary
nair sin θi = ncore sin θ1’
(1) sin θi = (1.6) sin 29o
sin θi = 0.776
θi = sin-1 (0.776)
θi = 51o
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

CHAPTER NO. 11(HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS)

Question 11.1:- Estimate the average speed of nitrogen molecules in air under standard
conditions of pressure and temperature.
Solution:- Molar mass of nitrogen molecule = M = 28 g = 28 x 10-3 kg
Number of nitrogen molecules in one mole = NA = 6.022 x 1023
Mass of one nitrogen molecule = m = M/NA = (28 x 10-3)/(6.022 x 1023) = 4.65 x 10-26 kg
Standard temperature = T = 0 oC = 273 K
2 1
We know that T = < m v2>
3k 2
3 kT
<v2> = = (3)(1.38 x 10-23)(273)/(4.65 x 10-26)
m
<v2> = 243 x 103 m2 s-2
<v> = 493 m s-1
Question 11.2:- Show that ratio of the root mean square speeds of molecules of two different
gases at a certain temperature is equal to the root of the inverse ratio of their masses.
Solution:- We assume that there are two gases with molecular masses m 1 and m2, respectively.
Suppose, that root mean square velocity of first gas is <v 1> and that of second gas is <v2>.
Both gases are kept at same temperature.
2 1
FIRST GAS: T= < m v 2>
3k 2 1 1
2 1
SECOND GAS: T= < m v 2>
3k 2 2 2
2 1 2 1
Equating right sides of both these equations gives < m1 v12> = < m v 2>
3k 2 3k 2 2 2
<v12>/<v22> = m2/m1
Taking square root on both sides gives
¿ v1 > ¿ ¿
¿ v 2 >¿=
√
m2
m1
¿

It is proved that ratio of the root mean square speeds of molecules of two different gases at a
certain temperature is equal to the root of the inverse ratio of their masses.
Question 11.3:- A sample of gas is compressed to one half of its initial volume at constant
pressure of 1.25 x 10 5
N m-2. During the compressions, 100 J of work is done on the gas.
Determine the final volume of the gas.
Solution:- Initial volume of the gas = V1 = V
Final volume of the gas = V2 = V/2
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

Change in volume of the gas = ΔV = V1 – V2 = V/2

Applied pressure = P = 1.25 x 105 N m-2
Work done on the gas = W = 100 J
We know that W = P ΔV
ΔV = W/P = (100)/(1.25 x 105) = 80 x 10-5 m3 = 8.0 x 10-4 m3
We also know that ΔV = V2 = V/2
Final volume = V2 = 8.0 x 10-4 m3
Question 11.4:- A thermodynamic system undergoes a process in which its internal energy
decreases by 300 J. If at the same time 120 J of work is done on the system, find the heat lost
by the system.
Solution:- Change in internal energy = ΔU = -300 J ∴Negative sign indicates decrease
Work done on the system = W = -120 J ∴Negative sign indicates work done on the system
First law of thermodynamics states that Q = W + ΔU
Q = (-120) + (-300)
Q = -420 J ∴Negative sign indicates that heat is lost by the system
Question 11.5:- A Carnot engine utilize an ideal gas. The source temperature is 227 ℃ and the
sink temperature is 127 ℃. Find the efficiency of the engine. Also find the heat input from the
source and the heat rejected to the sink when 10000 J of work done.
Solution:- Temperature of the source = T1 = 227 oC = 227 + 273 = 500 K
Temperature of the sink = T2 = 127 oC = 127 + 273 = 400 K
T2
Efficiency of the Carnot engine = ƞ = (1 - ) x 100 %
T1
400
ƞ = (1 - ) x 100 % = 0.20 x 100 %
500
ƞ = 20 %
Work done by the engine = W = 10000 J
W
Efficiency can also be expressed as ƞ = x 100 %
Q1
10000
20 % = x 100 %
Q1
10000
= 0.20
Q1
Heat input from the source = Q1 = 10000/0.20
Q1 = 50000 J
Mathematical form of second law of thermodynamics is W = Q1 – Q2
Heat rejected by the engine = Q2 = Q1 – W = 50000 – 10000
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

Q2 = 40000 J
Question 11.6:- A reversible engine works between two temperatures whose difference is
100 ℃. If it absorbs 746 J of heat from the source and rejects 546 J to the sink, calculate the
temperature of the source and the sink.
Solution:- Difference of the temperature in degree celsius = Δt = t1 – t2 = 100 oC
Difference of the temperature in kelvin = ΔT = T1 – T2 = (t1 + 273) – (t2 + 273) = t1 – t2
ΔT = T1 – T2 = 100 K -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq. (1)
Heat absorbed by the engine = Q1 = 746 J
Heat rejected by the system = Q2 = 546 J
Q2 546
Efficiency of the engine = ƞ = (1 - ) = (1 - )
Q1 746
ƞ = 0.268
T2
Efficiency of the engine = ƞ = (1 - )
T1
T2
0.268 = 1 -
T1
T2
= 0.732
T1
T2 = 0.732 T1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq. (2)
Put value of T2 in Eq. (1)
T1 – 0.732 T1 = 100
0.268 T1 = 100
T1 = 373 K = 100 oC
Put value of T1 in Eq. (2)
T2 = 0.732 T1 = 0.732 (373)
T2 = 273 K = 0 oC
Question 11.7: -A mechanical engineer develops an engine, working between 327℃ and 27℃
and claims to have an efficiency of 52%. Does he claim correctly? Explain.
Solution:- Temperature of hot reservoir = T1 = 327 oC = 327 + 273 = 600 K
Temperature of cold reservoir = T2 = 27 oC = 27 + 273 = 300 K
T2
Efficiency of the Carnot engine = ƞ = (1 - ) x 100 %
T1
300
ƞ = (1 - ) x 100 % = (1 - 0.50) x 100 %
600
ƞ = 50 %
First Year Numerical Problems Physics

The claim of mechanical engineer, that efficiency is 52 %, is not correct.

Question 11.8:- A heat engine performs 100 J of work and at the same time rejects 400 J of
heat energy to the cold reservoirs. What is the efficiency of the engine?
Solution:- Work done by the engine = W = 100 J
Heat rejected by the engine = Q2 = 400 J
Mathematical form of second law of thermodynamics is W = Q1 – Q2
Q1 = W + Q2 = 100 + 400
Q1 = 500 J
Q2 400
Efficiency of the engine = ƞ = (1 - ) x 100 % = (1 - ) x 100 %
Q1 500
ƞ = (1 – 0.80) x 100 %
ƞ = 20 %
Question 11.9:- A Carnot engine whose low temperature reservoir is at 7 ℃ has an efficiency
of 50 %. It is desired to increase the efficiency to 70 %. By how many degrees the
temperature of the source be increased?
Solution:- Temperature of the sink = T2 = 7 oC = 7 + 273 = 280 K
CASE 1: Initial efficiency of the engine = ƞ1 = 50 % = 0.50
Temperature of hot reservoir = T1
T2
Efficiency of the engine = ƞ = (1 - )
T1
280
0.50 = (1 – )
T1
280
= 1 – 0.50 = 0.50
T1
T1 = 280 / 0.50
T1 = 560 K = 287 oC
CASE 2: Desired efficiency of the engine = ƞ2 = 70 % = 0.70
Temperature of hot reservoir = T1’
T2
Efficiency of the engine = ƞ2 = (1 - ' )
T1
280
0.70 = (1 – ' )
T1
280
' = 1 – 0.70 = 0.30
T1
'
T 1 = 280 / 0.30
First Year Numerical Problems Physics
'
T 1 = 933 K = 660 oC
Required increase in temperature of hot reservoir = ΔT1 = T '1 - T1 = 660 – 287
ΔT1 = 373 oC
Question 11.10:- A steam engine has a boiler that operates at 450 K. The heat changes water
to steam, which drives the piston. The exhaust temperature of the outside air is about 300 K.
What is the maximum efficiency of this steam engine?
Solution:- Temperature of the boiler = T1 = 450 K
Temperature of the exhaust air = T2 = 300 K
T2
Efficiency of the engine = ƞ = (1 - ) x 100 %
T1
300
ƞ = (1 - ) x 100 % = (1 - 0.67) x 100 %
450
ƞ = 33 %
Question 11.11:- 336 J of energy is required to melt 1 g of ice at 0 ℃. What is the change in
entropy of 30 g of water at 0 ℃ as it is changed to ice at 0 ℃ by a refrigerator?
Solution:- We know that heat absorbed by one gram of solid to convert to its liquid phase is
called latent heat of fusion. Conversely, heat extracted from one gram of liquid to convert it to
its solid phase is called latent heat of freezing.
Latent heat of fusion = Lf = 336 J g-1
Latent heat of freezing = -(Latent heat of fusion) = -336 J g-1
Mass of water = m = 30 g
Temperature = T = 0 oC = 273 K
Change in entropy = ΔS = ΔQ/T
ΔQ = (Mass) (Latent heat of freezing) = (30) (-336) = -10080 J
ΔS = (-10080)/273
ΔS = -36.9 J K-1